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Kuczera K, Orłowska A, Smreczak M, Frant M, Trębas P, Rola J. Prevalence of Astroviruses in Different Animal Species in Poland. Viruses 2024; 16:80. [PMID: 38257780 PMCID: PMC10819871 DOI: 10.3390/v16010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses (AstVs) are small RNA viruses characterized by a high mutation rate, the ability to recombine, and interspecies transmission, which allows them to infect a multitude of hosts including humans, companion animals, and farmed animals as well as wildlife. AstVs are stable in the environment, and their transmission is usually through the fecal-oral route or via contaminated water and food. Although direct zoonotic transmission was not confirmed, interspecies transmission events have occurred or have been indicated to occur in the past between wild and domestic animals and humans. They cause large economic losses, mainly in the poultry sector, due to gastroenteritis and mortality. In young children, they are the second most common cause of diarrhea. This study involved 166 intestine samples and pools of spleen, lymph node, and kidney samples collected from 352 wild animals, 52 pigs, and 31 companion animals. Astroviruses were detected in the intestine samples and were separately detected in pools of tissue samples prepared for individual animals using a heminested RT-PCR protocol. Amplicons were subjected to Sanger sequencing, and a phylogenetic analysis of 320 nt RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) fragments referring to known nt sequences of astroviruses was performed. Astroviral RNA was detected in the intestine samples and/or tissue pools of red foxes (nine positive intestines and six positive tissue pools), rats (two positive intestines and three positive tissue pools), a cat (one AstV detected in an intestine sample), pigs (eight positive tissue pools), and wild boars (two positive pools of spleens, kidneys, and lymph nodes). No astroviral RNA was detected in wild mustelids, dogs, or other small wild animals including rodents. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the astroviruses detected during this study were mostly host-specific, such as porcine, canine, and rat astroviruses that were highly homologous to the sequences of reference strains. In one of two wild boars, an AstV distinct to porcine species was found with the highest nt identity to Avastroviruses, i.e., turkey astroviruses, which suggests potential cross-species transmission of the virus, as previously described. Here, we present the first detection of astroviruses in the population of wild animals, companion animals, and pigs in Poland, confirming that astroviruses are frequent pathogens circulating in animals in the field. Our study also suggests potential cross-species transmission of Avaastrovirus to wild boars; however, further molecular characterization is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Kuczera
- Voivodship Veterinary Inspectorate Katowice, ul. Brynowska 25a, 40-585 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Maciej Frant
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
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Blicharska D, Szućko-Kociuba I, Filip E, Orłowska A, Skuza L. PRIME EDITING - a new method of editing genes. Postepy Biochem 2023; 69:146-158. [PMID: 38019742 DOI: 10.18388/pb.2021_494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The Prime Editing method introduces the expected manipulations within a given genome with a Cas9-nicase and pegRNA structure and a reverse transcriptase, which is responsible for the synthesis of the segment, which is then incorporated into the edited strand. This technique is based on the previously discovered CRISPR/Cas9 method. It differs from CRISPR/Cas9 in the absence of double cracks within the DNA helix, which is due to its complex structure, including the presence of additional elements, i. e. the reverse transcriptase and the matrix within the pegRNA. PE is used to modify the DNA double helix. The work deals mainly with the creation and improvement as well as testing of the modern Prime Editing method. Information on the structure and functioning of the system is provided, as well as the research carried out so far with the use of PE, carried out within the genomes of cells derived from plant, animal, and human organisms, is described. The paper also contains information on the potential benefits and hopes related to the use of this innovative method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izabela Szućko-Kociuba
- Instytut Biologii, Uniwersytet Szczeciński oraz Centrum Biologii Molekularnej i Biotechnologii, Instytut Biologii, Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Szczecin.
| | - Ewa Filip
- Instytut Biologii, Uniwersytet Szczeciński oraz Centrum Biologii Molekularnej i Biotechnologii, Instytut Biologii, Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Szczecin.
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Instytut Biologii, Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Szczecin.
| | - Lidia Skuza
- Instytut Biologii, Uniwersytet Szczeciński oraz Centrum Biologii Molekularnej i Biotechnologii, Instytut Biologii, Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Szczecin.
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Karczyński P, Orłowska A, Kępczyńska E. Two Medicago truncatula growth-promoting rhizobacteria capable of limiting in vitro growth of the Fusarium soil-borne pathogens modulate defense genes expression. Planta 2023; 257:118. [PMID: 37173556 PMCID: PMC10181981 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION PGPRs: P. fluorescens Ms9N and S. maltophilia Ll4 inhibit in vitro growth of three legume fungal pathogens from the genus Fusarium. One or both trigger up-regulation of some genes (CHIT, GLU, PAL, MYB, WRKY) in M. truncatula roots and leaves in response to soil inoculation. Pseudomonas fluorescens (referred to as Ms9N; GenBank accession No. MF618323, not showing chitinase activity) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Ll4; GenBank accession No. MF624721, showing chitinase activity), previously identified as promoting growth rhizobacteria of Medicago truncatula, were found, during an in vitro experiment, to exert an inhibitory effect on three soil-borne fungi: Fusarium culmorum Cul-3, F. oxysporum 857 and F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis strain CBS 179.29, responsible for serious diseases of most legumes including M. truncatula. S. maltophilia was more active than P. fluorescens in suppressing the mycelium growth of two out of three Fusarium strains. Both bacteria showed β-1,3-glucanase activity which was about 5 times higher in P. fluorescens than in S. maltophilia. Upon soil treatment with a bacterial suspension, both bacteria, but particularly S. maltophilia, brought about up-regulation of plant genes encoding chitinases (MtCHITII, MtCHITIV, MtCHITV), glucanases (MtGLU) and phenylalanine ammonia lyases (MtPAL2, MtPAL4, MtPAL5). Moreover, the bacteria up-regulate some genes from the MYB (MtMYB74, MtMYB102) and WRKY (MtWRKY6, MtWRKY29, MtWRKY53, MtWRKY70) families which encode TFs in M. truncatula roots and leaves playing multiple roles in plants, including a defense response. The effect depended on the bacterium species and the plant organ. This study provides novel information about effects of two M. truncatula growth-promoting rhizobacteria strains and suggests that both have a potential to be candidates for PGPR inoculant products on account of their ability to inhibit in vitro growth of Fusarium directly and indirectly by up-regulation of some defense priming markers such as CHIT, GLU and PAL genes in plants. This is also the first study of the expression of some MYB and WRKY genes in roots and leaves of M. truncatula upon soil treatment with two PGPR suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Karczyński
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kępczyńska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415, Szczecin, Poland.
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Dafalla M, Orłowska A, Keleş SJ, Straková P, Schlottau K, Jeske K, Hoffmann B, Wibbelt G, Smreczak M, Müller T, Freuling CM, Wang X, Rola J, Drewes S, Fereidouni S, Heckel G, Ulrich RG. Hantavirus Brno loanvirus is highly specific to the common noctule bat (Nyctalus noctula) and widespread in Central Europe. Virus Genes 2023; 59:323-332. [PMID: 36542315 PMCID: PMC10025241 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bat-associated hantaviruses have been detected in Asia, Africa and Europe. Recently, a novel hantavirus (Brno loanvirus, BRNV) was identified in common noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula) in the Czech Republic, but nothing is known about its geographical range and prevalence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution and host specificity of BRNV by testing bats from neighbouring countries Germany, Austria and Poland. One thousand forty-seven bats representing 21 species from Germany, 464 bats representing 18 species from Austria and 77 bats representing 12 species from Poland were screened by L segment broad-spectrum nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or by BRNV-specific real-time RT-PCR. Three common noctules from Germany, one common noctule from Austria and three common noctules from Poland were positive in the hantavirus RNA screening. Conventional RT-PCR and primer walking resulted in the amplification of partial L segment and (almost) complete S and M segment coding sequences for samples from Germany and partial L segment sequences for samples from Poland. Phylogenetic analysis of these nucleotide sequences showed highest similarity to BRNV from Czech Republic. The exclusive detection of BRNV in common noctules from different countries suggests high host specificity. The RNA detection rate in common noctules ranged between 1 of 207 (0.5%; Austria), 3 of 245 (1.2%; Germany) and 3 of 20 (15%; Poland). In conclusion, this study demonstrates a broader distribution of BRNV in common noctules in Central Europe, but at low to moderate prevalence. Additional studies are needed to prove the zoonotic potential of this hantavirus and evaluate its transmission within bat populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysaa Dafalla
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Sinan Julian Keleş
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1a, 1160, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Straková
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kore Schlottau
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kathrin Jeske
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gudrun Wibbelt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad Martin Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Xuejing Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Stephan Drewes
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sasan Fereidouni
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1a, 1160, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Heckel
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Quartier Sorge - Batiment Amphipole, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Domańska-Blicharz K, Oude Munnink BB, Orłowska A, Smreczak M, Opolska J, Lisowska A, Trębas P, Socha W, Giza A, Bomba A, Iwan E, Rola J, Koopmans M. Cryptic SARS-CoV-2 lineage identified on two mink farms as a possible result of long-term undetected circulation in an unknown animal reservoir, Poland, November 2022 to January 2023. Euro Surveill 2023; 28. [PMID: 37078885 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.16.2300188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In late 2022 and early 2023, SARS-CoV-2 infections were detected on three mink farms in Poland situated within a few km from each other. Whole-genome sequencing of the viruses on two of the farms showed that they were related to a virus identified in humans in the same region 2 years before (B.1.1.307 lineage). Many mutations were found, including in the S protein typical of adaptations to the mink host. The origin of the virus remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bas B Oude Munnink
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Justyna Opolska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Lisowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Wojciech Socha
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Giza
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Bomba
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Ewelina Iwan
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Smreczak M, Orłowska A, Trębas P, Stolarek A, Freuling C, Müller T. Re-emergence of rabies in Mazowieckie Voivodeship, Poland, 2021. Zoonoses Public Health 2023; 70:111-116. [PMID: 36225087 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the oral vaccination of foxes against rabies most of the territory of Poland was freed from rabies of non-flying mammals. In January 2021, rabies was diagnosed in fox in the central part of Mazowieckie Voivodeship where rabies has not been detected since last 17 years. Subsequently, in the following months the rabies virus infection spread southward reaching the voivodeship of Świętokrzyskie in November 2021. Emergency actions were implemented aiming at rapid rabies elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Stolarek
- Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Conrad Freuling
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Orłowska A, Smreczak M, Thor K, Niedbalska M, Pawelec D, Trębas P, Rola J. The Genetic Characterization of the First Detected Bat Coronaviruses in Poland Revealed SARS-Related Types and Alphacoronaviruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091914. [PMID: 36146721 PMCID: PMC9501061 DOI: 10.3390/v14091914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are a major global reservoir of alphacoronaviruses (alphaCoVs) and betaCoVs. Attempts to discover the causative agents of COVID-19 and SARS have revealed horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae) to be the most probable source of the virus. We report the first detection of bat coronaviruses (BtCoVs) in insectivorous bats in Poland and highlight SARS-related coronaviruses found in Rhinolophidae bats. The study included 503 (397 oral swabs and 106 fecal) samples collected from 20 bat species. Genetically diverse BtCoVs (n = 20) of the Alpha- and Betacoronavirus genera were found in fecal samples of two bat species. SARS-related CoVs were in 18 out of 58 lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) samples (31%, 95% CI 20.6–43.8), and alphaCoVs were in 2 out of 55 Daubenton’s bat (Myotis daubentonii) samples (3.6%, 95% CI 0.6–12.3). The overall BtCoV prevalence was 4.0% (95% CI 2.6–6.1). High identity was determined for BtCoVs isolated from European M. daubentonii and R. hipposideros bats. The detection of SARS-related and alphaCoVs in Polish bats with high phylogenetic relatedness to reference BtCoVs isolated in different European countries but from the same species confirms their high host restriction. Our data elucidate the molecular epidemiology, prevalence, and geographic distribution of coronaviruses and particularly SARS-related types in the bat population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-818-893-072; Fax: +48-818-862-595
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Thor
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magda Niedbalska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Dominika Pawelec
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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Kępczyńska E, Orłowska A. Profiles of endogenous ABA, bioactive GAs, IAA and their metabolites in Medicago truncatula Gaertn. non-embryogenic and embryogenic tissues during induction phase in relation to somatic embryo formation. Planta 2021; 253:67. [PMID: 33586054 PMCID: PMC7882586 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
During the 3-week-long induction phase, when M. truncatula cells leaf explants from non-embryogenic genotype (M9) and embryogenic variant (M9-10a) were forming the callus, biosynthesis and degradation of ABA, Gas and IAA proceeded at different levels. Induction of embryo formation is related to a lower ABA content, compared to the content of IAA and that of total bioactive GAs. Endogenous phytohormones are involved in the regulation of zygotic embryogenesis, but their role, especially of ABA, a plant growth inhibitor, in inducing somatic embryogenesis (SE) in angiosperms is still incompletely known. To arrive a better understanding of the ABA role in the process, we analyzed simultaneously and in detail changes in the contents of both ABA and five bioactive GAs (GA4, GA7, GA1, GA3, GA6) and IAA in M. truncatula non-embryogenic M9 (NE) and embryogenic M9-10a (E) genotypes. The initial leaf explants of both genotypes, and particularly NE, contained many times more ABA compared to the total bioactive GAs or IAA. In tissues during the entire 21-day induction all the hormones mentioned and their metabolites or conjugates were present; however, their contents were found to differ between the lines tested. The ABA level in primary explants of NE genotype was more than two times higher than that in E genotype. An even larger difference in the ABA content was found on the last day (day 21) of the induction phase (IP); the ABA content in E callus was over six times lower than in NE callus. In contrast, the IAA and GAs contents in primary explants of both genotypes in relation to ABA were low, but the contents of IAA and GAs exceeded that of ABA in the M9-10a tissues on the last day of IP. It is shown for the first time that endogenous ABA together with endogenous bioactive GAs and IAA is involved in acquisition of embryogenic competence in Medicago truncatula leaf somatic cells. These findings have a strong functional implication as they allow to improve the SE induction protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kępczyńska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415, Szczecin, Poland
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Orłowska A, Smreczak M, Potyrało P, Bomba A, Trębas P, Rola J. First Detection of Bat Astroviruses (BtAstVs) among Bats in Poland: The Genetic BtAstVs Diversity Reveals Multiple Co-Infection of Bats with Different Strains. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020158. [PMID: 33499328 PMCID: PMC7911471 DOI: 10.3390/v13020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Astroviruses (AstVs) are common pathogens of a wide range of animal hosts, including mammals and avians, causing gastrointestinal diseases, mainly gastroenteritis and diarrhea. They prompt a significant health problem in newborns and young children and economic losses in the poultry sector and mink farms. Recent studies revealed a growing number of bat species carrying astroviruses with a noticeable prevalence and diversity. Here, we demonstrate the first detection of bat astroviruses (BtAstVs) circulating in the population of insectivorous bats in the territory of Poland. Results: Genetically diverse BtAstVs (n = 18) were found with a varying degree of bat species specificity in five out of 15 bat species in Poland previously recognized as BtAstV hosts. Astroviral RNA was found in 12 out of 98 (12.2%, 95% CI 7.1–20.2) bat intestines, six bat kidneys (6.1%, 95% CI 2.8–12.7) and two bat livers (2.0%, 95% CI 0.4–7.1). Deep sequencing of the astroviral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region revealed co-infections in five single bat individuals with highly distinct astrovirus strains. Conclusions: The detection of highly distinct bat astroviruses in Polish bats favors virus recombination and the generation of novel divergent AstVs and creates a potential risk of virus transmission to domestic animals and humans in the country. These findings provide a new insight into molecular epidemiology, prevalence of astroviruses in European bat populations and the risk of interspecies transmission to other animals including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.P.); (P.T.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-818893072 (A.O.); Fax: +48-818862595 (A.O. & M.S.)
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.P.); (P.T.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-818893072 (A.O.); Fax: +48-818862595 (A.O. & M.S.)
| | - Patrycja Potyrało
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.P.); (P.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Arkadiusz Bomba
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.P.); (P.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.P.); (P.T.); (J.R.)
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Janda K, Orłowska A, Watychowicz K, Jakubczyk K. The role of oat products in the prevention and therapy of type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.21164/pomjlifesci.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A healthy diet, of which unrefined grain products are an essential element, is crucial to maintaining health and well-being. Both oats and oat products have been used for centuries and are a widely popular dietary component. They are rich in nutrients, vitamins and minerals, as well as other biologically active compounds, which gives them many health-promoting properties. Because of their high nutritional value, these products are widely used in many branches of industry.
The aim of this article is to present the current body of knowledge about the influence of oat products on human health, and also their industrial applications. A special emphasis is placed on the relationship between the intake of products made from oats and the development and treatment of such disorders as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and excess body weight. There are many scientific reports indicating that the incorporation of oat products into the diet is associated with beneficial effects in the context of the above conditions, notably due to the high content of water-soluble dietary fibre, particularly β-glucans, which deserve special recognition. According to the body of academic literature, high consumption of the latter is linked to enhanced glycemic control, reduction in blood cholesterol and may also contribute to weight loss in overweight and obesity. For these reasons, oat products deserve special attention and should be recommended for both prophylactic and therapeutic use in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Janda
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin , Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin , Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics
| | - Katarzyna Watychowicz
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin , Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics
| | - Karolina Jakubczyk
- Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin , Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics
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11
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Domańska-Blicharz K, Woźniakowski G, Konopka B, Niemczuk K, Welz M, Rola J, Socha W, Orłowska A, Antas M, Śmietanka K, Cuvelier-Mizak B. Animal Coronaviruses in the Light of COVID-19. J Vet Res 2020; 64:333-345. [PMID: 32984621 PMCID: PMC7497757 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are extremely susceptible to genetic changes due to the characteristic features of the genome structure, life cycle and environmental pressure. Their remarkable variability means that they can infect many different species of animals and cause different disease symptoms. Moreover, in some situations, coronaviruses might be transmitted across species. Although they are commonly found in farm, companion and wild animals, causing clinical and sometimes serious signs resulting in significant economic losses, not all of them have been classified by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as hazardous and included on the list of notifiable diseases. Currently, only three diseases caused by coronaviruses are on the OIE list of notifiable terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases. However, none of these three entails any administrative measures. The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 infections that have caused the COVID-19 pandemic in humans has proved that the occurrence and variability of coronaviruses is highly underestimated in the animal reservoir and reminded us of the critical importance of the One Health approach. Therefore, domestic and wild animals should be intensively monitored, both to broaden our knowledge of the viruses circulating among them and to understand the mechanisms of the emergence of viruses of relevance to animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Director General, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Mirosław Welz
- General Veterinary Inspectorate, 00-930Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Wojciech Socha
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Marta Antas
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Śmietanka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Beata Cuvelier-Mizak
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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12
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Flannery J, Frost L, Fay P, Hicks H, Henstock M, Smreczak M, Orłowska A, Rajko-Nenow P, Darpel K, Batten C. BTV-14 Infection in Sheep Elicits Viraemia with Mild Clinical Symptoms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E892. [PMID: 32545731 PMCID: PMC7355590 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2011, Bluetongue virus serotype 14 (BTV-14) was detected in Russia during routine surveillance, and was subsequently found in a number of European countries. The strain had high sequence similarity to a BTV-14 vaccine strain. We aimed to determine the risk of this BTV-14 strain causing disease in a UK sheep breed. Four Poll Dorset sheep were infected with a Polish isolate of BTV-14 and infection kinetics were monitored over 28 days. BTV RNA was detected in EDTA blood by 4 days post-infection (dpi) and remained detectable at 28 days post-infection (dpi). Peak viraemia occurred at 6 and 7 dpi with Ct values ranging between 24.6 and 27.3 in all infected animals. BTV antibodies were detected by 10 dpi using a commercial ELISA and neutralising antibodies were detected from 10 dpi. BTV was isolated between 6 and 12 dpi. All infected sheep developed mild clinical signs such as reddening of conjunctiva and mucosal membranes, with one sheep demonstrating more overt clinical signs. Two uninoculated control animals remained clinically healthy and did not have detectable BTV RNA or antibodies. The overall mild clinical symptoms caused by this BTV-14 in this highly susceptible sheep breed were in accordance with the asymptomatic infections observed in the affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Flannery
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Lorraine Frost
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Petra Fay
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Hayley Hicks
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Mark Henstock
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Paulina Rajko-Nenow
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Karin Darpel
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Carrie Batten
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
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Cuéllar AC, Kjær LJ, Baum A, Stockmarr A, Skovgard H, Nielsen SA, Andersson MG, Lindström A, Chirico J, Lühken R, Steinke S, Kiel E, Gethmann J, Conraths FJ, Larska M, Smreczak M, Orłowska A, Hamnes I, Sviland S, Hopp P, Brugger K, Rubel F, Balenghien T, Garros C, Rakotoarivony I, Allène X, Lhoir J, Chavernac D, Delécolle JC, Mathieu B, Delécolle D, Setier-Rio ML, Scheid B, Chueca MÁM, Barceló C, Lucientes J, Estrada R, Mathis A, Venail R, Tack W, Bødker R. Modelling the monthly abundance of Culicoides biting midges in nine European countries using Random Forests machine learning. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:194. [PMID: 32295627 PMCID: PMC7161244 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culicoides biting midges transmit viruses resulting in disease in ruminants and equids such as bluetongue, Schmallenberg disease and African horse sickness. In the past decades, these diseases have led to important economic losses for farmers in Europe. Vector abundance is a key factor in determining the risk of vector-borne disease spread and it is, therefore, important to predict the abundance of Culicoides species involved in the transmission of these pathogens. The objectives of this study were to model and map the monthly abundances of Culicoides in Europe. METHODS We obtained entomological data from 904 farms in nine European countries (Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway) from 2007 to 2013. Using environmental and climatic predictors from satellite imagery and the machine learning technique Random Forests, we predicted the monthly average abundance at a 1 km2 resolution. We used independent test sets for validation and to assess model performance. RESULTS The predictive power of the resulting models varied according to month and the Culicoides species/ensembles predicted. Model performance was lower for winter months. Performance was higher for the Obsoletus ensemble, followed by the Pulicaris ensemble, while the model for Culicoides imicola showed a poor performance. Distribution and abundance patterns corresponded well with the known distributions in Europe. The Random Forests model approach was able to distinguish differences in abundance between countries but was not able to predict vector abundance at individual farm level. CONCLUSIONS The models and maps presented here represent an initial attempt to capture large scale geographical and temporal variations in Culicoides abundance. The models are a first step towards producing abundance inputs for R0 modelling of Culicoides-borne infections at a continental scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Cuéllar
- Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lene Jung Kjær
- Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andreas Baum
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Stockmarr
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Skovgard
- Department of Agroecology - Entomology and Plant Pathology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Achim Nielsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jan Chirico
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Renke Lühken
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Steinke
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ellen Kiel
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Gethmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Franz J. Conraths
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Magdalena Larska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | | | | | - Petter Hopp
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katharina Brugger
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Rubel
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Balenghien
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
- IAV Hassan II, Unité MIMC, 10 100 Rabat-Instituts, Morocco
| | - Claire Garros
- IAV Hassan II, Unité MIMC, 10 100 Rabat-Instituts, Morocco
| | | | - Xavier Allène
- IAV Hassan II, Unité MIMC, 10 100 Rabat-Instituts, Morocco
| | | | | | - Jean-Claude Delécolle
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Pathology of Strasbourg, UR7292, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Mathieu
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Pathology of Strasbourg, UR7292, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Delphine Delécolle
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Pathology of Strasbourg, UR7292, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Barceló
- Applied Zoology and Animal Conservation Research Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Javier Lucientes
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Estrada
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alexander Mathis
- Institute of Parasitology, National Centre for Vector Entomology, Vetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Parasitology, National Centre for Vector Entomology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rene Bødker
- Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
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14
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Orłowska A, Smreczak M, Freuling CM, Müller T, Trębas P, Rola J. Serological Survey of Lyssaviruses in Polish Bats in the Frame of Passive Rabies Surveillance Using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030271. [PMID: 32121200 PMCID: PMC7150987 DOI: 10.3390/v12030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bats are known to host a number of nonpathogenic viruses, as well as highly pathogenic viruses causing fatal diseases like rabies. Serological surveys as part of active and passive bat rabies surveillance mainly use seroneutralization assays, demonstrating the presence of lyssavirus-specific antibodies in a variety of European bats, particularly against European bat lyssaviruses type 1 (EBLV-1). Here, we present the first serological survey in European bats of this kind during which European bats from Poland collected in the frame of passive rabies surveillance between 2012 and 2018, as well as Serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus) and North American Big Brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) from previous experimental studies, were tested using a commercial ELISA kit for the detection of anti-lyssavirus antibodies. Results: Lyssavirus-specific antibodies were detected in 35 (30.4%) out of 115 Polish bats of both sexes, representing nine out of 13 identified bat species endemic mainly to Central Southern Europe and Western Asia, i.e., Eptesicus serotinus, Nyctalus noctula, Myotis daubentonii, Plecotus auritus, Vespertillo murinus, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Pipistrellus pipilstrellus/Pipistrellus pygmaeus, Myotis brandtii, and Barbastella barbastellus. Seroprevalence was highest in bat species of Nyctalus noctula, Eptesicus serotinus, Plecotus auritus, and Myotis daubentonii. More than 60% of the ELISA seropositive bats originated from the voivodeships of Silesia, Lower-Silesian, Warmian-Mazurian, and Mazowian. Rabies-specific antibodies were also found in Eptesicus fuscus bats from North America. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the principal application of the BioPro Rabies ELISA Ab Kit for the detection of anti-lyssavirus specific antibodies in body fluids and serum samples of bats. However, results may only be reliable for North American bats, whereas interpretation of results for European bats per se is difficult because proper validation of the test is hampered by the protected status of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-818-893-072 (A.O.); +48818-893-029 (M.S.)
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (M.S.); Tel.: +48-818-893-072 (A.O.); +48818-893-029 (M.S.)
| | - Conrad Martin Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, FLI, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (C.M.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, FLI, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (C.M.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (P.T.); (J.R.)
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Calvelage S, Smreczak M, Orłowska A, Freuling CM, Müller T, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Nadin-Davis S, Höper D, Trębas P. Population- and Variant-Based Genome Analyses of Viruses from Vaccine-Derived Rabies Cases Demonstrate Product Specific Clusters and Unique Patterns. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010115. [PMID: 31963517 PMCID: PMC7020022 DOI: 10.3390/v12010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies in wildlife has been successfully controlled in parts of Europe and North America using oral rabies vaccination, i.e., the distribution of baits containing live-attenuated virus strains. Occasionally, these vaccines caused vaccine virus-induced rabies cases. To elucidate the mechanisms of genetic selection and the effect of viral populations on these rabies cases, a next generation sequencing approach as well as comprehensive data analyses of the genetic diversity of Street Alabama Dufferin (SAD) and ERA vaccine virus strains and vaccine-induced rabies cases from Canada and several European countries were conducted. As a result, twelve newly generated sets of sequencing data from Canada and Poland were added to a pool of previously investigated samples. While the population-based analysis showed a segregation of viruses of ERA vaccine-induced rabies cases from those of SAD Bern original (SAD Bernorig)-derived rabies cases, the in-depth variant analysis revealed three distinct combinations of selected variants for the ERA vaccine-induced cases, suggesting the presence of multiple replication-competent haplotypes in the investigated ERA-BHK21 vaccine. Our findings demonstrate the potential of a deep sequencing approach in combination with comprehensive analyses on the consensus, population, and variant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten Calvelage
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (S.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.O.); (P.T.)
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.O.); (P.T.)
| | - Conrad Martin Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Christine Fehlner-Gardiner
- National Reference Centre for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory–Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K2H 8P91, Canada; (C.F.-G.); (S.N.-D.)
| | - Susan Nadin-Davis
- National Reference Centre for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory–Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K2H 8P91, Canada; (C.F.-G.); (S.N.-D.)
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (S.C.); (D.H.)
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.O.); (P.T.)
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16
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Orłowska A, Iwan E, Smreczak M, Rola J. Evaluation of Direct Metagenomics and Target Enriched Approaches for High-throughput Sequencing of Field Rabies Viruses. J Vet Res 2019; 63:471-479. [PMID: 31934655 PMCID: PMC6950431 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-throughput sequencing (HTS) identifies random viral fragments in environmental samples metagenomically. High reliability gains it broad application in virus evolution, host-virus interaction, and pathogenicity studies. Deep sequencing of field samples with content of host genetic material and bacteria often produces insufficient data for metagenomics and must be preceded by target enrichment. The main goal of the study was the evaluation of HTS for complete genome sequencing of field-case rabies viruses (RABVs). MATERIAL AND METHODS The material was 23 RABVs isolated mainly from red foxes and one European bat lyssavirus-1 isolate propagated in neuroblastoma cells. Three methods of RNA isolation were tested for the direct metagenomics and RABV-enriched approaches. Deep sequencing was performed with a MiSeq sequencer (Illumina) and reagent v3 kit. Bioinformatics data were evaluated by Kraken and Centrifuge software and de novo assembly was done with metaSPAdes. RESULTS Testing RNA extraction procedures revealed the deep sequencing scope superiority of the combined TRIzol/column method. This HTS methodology made it possible to obtain complete genomes of all the RABV isolates collected in the field. Significantly greater rates of RABV genome coverages (over 5,900) were obtained with RABV enrichment. Direct metagenomic studies sequenced the full length of 6 out of 16 RABV isolates with a medium coverage between 1 and 71. CONCLUSION Direct metagenomics gives the most realistic illustration of the field sample microbiome, but with low coverage. For deep characterisation of viruses, e.g. for spatial and temporal phylogeography during outbreaks, target enrichment is recommended as it covers sequences much more completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Ewelina Iwan
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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17
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Smreczak M, Orłowska A, Marzec A, Trębas P, Kycko A, Reichert M, Koraka P, Osterhaus AD, Żmudziński JF. The effect of combined drugs therapy on the course of clinical rabies infection in a murine model. Vaccine 2019; 37:4701-4709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Przybyszowski M, Paciorek K, Zastrzeżyńska W, Gawlewicz-Mroczka A, Trojan-Królikowska A, Orłowska A, Soja J, Pawlik W, Sładek K. Wpływ leczenia omalizumabem na remodeling dróg oddechowych oceniony za pomocą tomografii komputerowej wysokiej rozdzielczości (TKWR) u chorych na ciężką astmę alergiczną. Adv Respir Med 2019. [DOI: 10.5603/arm.64964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Wstęp: Remodeling dróg oddechowych jest istotną składową utrwalonej obturacji w ciężkiej astmie. Tomografia komputerowa wysokiej rozdzielczości (TKWR) to skuteczna metoda wykrywania zmian w strukturze dróg oddechowych. Celem pracy jest wykorzystanie TKWR do oceny zmian w remodelingu dróg oddechowych u pacjentów z ciężką astmą alergiczną leczonych biologicznie omalizumabem. Materiał i metody: U 12 pacjentów z ciężką astmą alergiczną, wykonano TKWR klatki piersiowej przed i po leczeniu omalizumabem. W wybranych oskrzelach obliczono następujące parametry: pole powierzchni ściany oskrzela (BA, bronchial wall area), również skorygowane o powierzchnię ciała (BSA, body surface area); procent powierzchni ściany oskrzela (WA%, wall area); i stosunek powierzchni światła do całkowitej powierzchni oskrzela (Ai / Ao). Odpowiedź kliniczną na leczenie oceniano za pomocą kwestionariusza kontroli astmy (ACQ, asthma control questionnaire), kwestionariusza jakości życia w astmie (AQLQ, asthma quality of life questionnaire) i liczby zaostrzeń w ciągu roku. Ocena obejmowała również spirometrię i eozynofilię krwi obwodowej. Wyniki: Leczenie spowodowało istotną poprawę ACQ (p = 0.035) i AQLQ (p = 0.001). Zaobserwowano istotną redukcję zaostrzeń w ciągu roku (p = 0.002) i zmniejszenie dziennej dawki steroidu sytemowego (p = 0.032). Natężona objętość wydechowa pierwszosekundowa (FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second) i eozynofilia krwi obwodowej nie uległy zmianie (p = 0.846 i p = 0.221). Wymiary dróg oddechowych (Ai/Ao) poszczególnych oskrzeli były zgodne ze średnią parametrów obliczonych dla wszystkich zmierzonych oskrzeli. Chociaż zaobserwowano znaczny spadek WA (p = 0.002) i WA/BSA (p = 0.002), WA% i Ai/ /Ao nie uległy poprawie (p = 0.39 i p = 0.49). Nie stwierdzono korelacji między zmianami w drogach oddechowych a zmianami w spirometrii lub parametrach klinicznych. Wniosek: Pomimo skuteczności klinicznej omalizumabu, jego wpływ na remodeling dróg oddechowych może być ograniczony.
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Przybyszowski M, Paciorek K, Zastrzeżyńska W, Gawlewicz-Mroczka A, Trojan-Królikowska A, Orłowska A, Soja J, Pawlik W, Sładek K. Influence of omalizumab therapy on airway remodeling assessed with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in severe allergic asthma patients. Adv Respir Med 2018; 86:ARM.a2018.0046. [PMID: 30594995 DOI: 10.5603/arm.a2018.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Airway remodeling is an important factor in persistent obstruction in severe asthma. High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is an effective method of detecting changes in airway structure. Our aim was to use HRCT to assess changes in airway remodeling in patients with severe allergic asthma who are treated with omalizumab. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 12 patients with severe allergic asthma, HRCT was performed before and after treatment with omalizumab. In selected bronchi airways, parameters were calculated: bronchial wall area (BA), also corrected for body surface area (BSA); percentage of wall area (WA%); and the ratio of luminal area to total bronchial area (Ai/Ao). Clinical response to treatment was assessed using an asthma control questionnaire (ACQ), asthma quality of life questionnaire (AQLQ), and number of exacerbations per year. Assessment included spirometry and blood eosinophilia. RESULTS Treatment resulted in significant improvement in ACQ (p = 0.035) and AQLQ (p = 0.001). We observed significant reduction in exacerbations per year (p = 0.002) and reduction of daily systemic steroid dose (p = 0.032). FEV₁ and peripheral blood eospinophilia did not change (p = 0.846 and p = 0.221). Airway dimensions (Ai/Ao) of particular bronchi were consistent with the mean of the parameters calculated for all bronchi measured. Although we observed a significant decrease in WA (p = 0.002) and WA/BSA (p = 0.002), WA% and Ai/Ao did not improve (p = 0.39 and p = 0.49). We found no correlations between changes in airways and changes in spirometry or clinical parameters. CONCLUSION Despite clinical effectiveness of omalizumab, its effect on airway remodeling may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Przybyszowski
- II Chair of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland.
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Cuéllar AC, Jung Kjær L, Baum A, Stockmarr A, Skovgard H, Nielsen SA, Andersson MG, Lindström A, Chirico J, Lühken R, Steinke S, Kiel E, Gethmann J, Conraths FJ, Larska M, Smreczak M, Orłowska A, Hamnes I, Sviland S, Hopp P, Brugger K, Rubel F, Balenghien T, Garros C, Rakotoarivony I, Allène X, Lhoir J, Chavernac D, Delécolle JC, Mathieu B, Delécolle D, Setier-Rio ML, Venail R, Scheid B, Chueca MÁM, Barceló C, Lucientes J, Estrada R, Mathis A, Tack W, Bødker R. Monthly variation in the probability of presence of adult Culicoides populations in nine European countries and the implications for targeted surveillance. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:608. [PMID: 30497537 PMCID: PMC6267925 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are small hematophagous insects responsible for the transmission of bluetongue virus, Schmallenberg virus and African horse sickness virus to wild and domestic ruminants and equids. Outbreaks of these viruses have caused economic damage within the European Union. The spatio-temporal distribution of biting midges is a key factor in identifying areas with the potential for disease spread. The aim of this study was to identify and map areas of neglectable adult activity for each month in an average year. Average monthly risk maps can be used as a tool when allocating resources for surveillance and control programs within Europe. METHODS We modelled the occurrence of C. imicola and the Obsoletus and Pulicaris ensembles using existing entomological surveillance data from Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Poland. The monthly probability of each vector species and ensembles being present in Europe based on climatic and environmental input variables was estimated with the machine learning technique Random Forest. Subsequently, the monthly probability was classified into three classes: Absence, Presence and Uncertain status. These three classes are useful for mapping areas of no risk, areas of high-risk targeted for animal movement restrictions, and areas with an uncertain status that need active entomological surveillance to determine whether or not vectors are present. RESULTS The distribution of Culicoides species ensembles were in agreement with their previously reported distribution in Europe. The Random Forest models were very accurate in predicting the probability of presence for C. imicola (mean AUC = 0.95), less accurate for the Obsoletus ensemble (mean AUC = 0.84), while the lowest accuracy was found for the Pulicaris ensemble (mean AUC = 0.71). The most important environmental variables in the models were related to temperature and precipitation for all three groups. CONCLUSIONS The duration periods with low or null adult activity can be derived from the associated monthly distribution maps, and it was also possible to identify and map areas with uncertain predictions. In the absence of ongoing vector surveillance, these maps can be used by veterinary authorities to classify areas as likely vector-free or as likely risk areas from southern Spain to northern Sweden with acceptable precision. The maps can also focus costly entomological surveillance to seasons and areas where the predictions and vector-free status remain uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Cuéllar
- Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lene Jung Kjær
- Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andreas Baum
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Stockmarr
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Skovgard
- Department of Agroecology - Entomology and Plant Pathology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Achim Nielsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jan Chirico
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Renke Lühken
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research National Reference Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Steinke
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ellen Kiel
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Gethmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Franz J. Conraths
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Magdalena Larska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | | | | | - Petter Hopp
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Franz Rubel
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Claude Delécolle
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Pathology of Strasbourg, EA7292, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Mathieu
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Pathology of Strasbourg, EA7292, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Delphine Delécolle
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Pathology of Strasbourg, EA7292, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Roger Venail
- EID Méditerranée, Montpellier, France
- Avia-GIS NV, Zoersel, Belgium
| | | | | | - Carlos Barceló
- Laboratory of Zoology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Javier Lucientes
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Estrada
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alexander Mathis
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - René Bødker
- Division for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
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Smreczak M, Orłowska A, Marzec A, Trębas P, Müller T, Freuling CM, Żmudziński JF. Bokeloh bat lyssavirus isolation in a Natterer's bat, Poland. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:1015-1019. [PMID: 30198169 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV), a member of the novel lyssavirus genus Bokeloh bat lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae, has been detected in Germany (five cases) and France (two cases). Here, we report the isolation of BBLV in a Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri) in Poland. The bat brain tested positive for rabies using classical diagnostics tests (FAT and RTCIT) and then subsequently confirmed by molecular techniques. Viral RNA was found in all peripheral organs tested, and the highest viral loads were detected in brain, the salivary gland and bladder. Phylogenetic analysis performed on complete viral genome sequences revealed the closest homology to representatives of BBLV lineage B, isolated previously in southern Germany. This case provides further evidence that BBLV is widespread in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Marzec
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Friedrich - Loeffler Institut, Greiifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Friedrich - Loeffler Institut, Greiifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jan F Żmudziński
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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Orłowska A, Żmudziński JF, Smreczak M, Trębas P, Marzec A. Diagnostic Reliability of Different RT-PCR Protocols for the Detection of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 14 (BTV-14). J Vet Res 2017; 61:391-395. [PMID: 29978100 PMCID: PMC5937335 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is one of the most extensively used methods for identification of animals infected with bluetongue virus (BTV). There are several RT-PCR protocols published and several real-time RT-PCR (rtRT-PCR) commercial kits available on the market. Because Poland faced BTV-14 infection in 2012, different protocols were implemented in the country to confirm the RT-PCR results positive for this virus. The article presents a comparative study of several RT-PCR protocols and discusses their diagnostic reliability and applicability. Material and Methods Six rtRT-PCR/RT-PCR protocols were compared for the laboratory diagnostic of fourteen BTV-14 isolates circulating in Poland in 2012-2014. Results All 14 isolates were positive in the protocols of Shaw et al. (18), a commercial LSI NS3 kit, and Eschbaumer et al. (5). Four out of fourteen BTV-14 isolates gave positive results in Hoffmann's 2 and 6 protocols and none of the 14 isolates yielded positive results in Maan et al. (8) method. Phylogenetic study of a short fragment of 450 nt of BTV segment 2 (258-696 positions) revealed 100% identity within Polish variants and with Russian and Spanish isolates. Conclusion The paper points to the possible false negative results in the diagnosis of BTV infections depending on the protocol used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jan F Żmudziński
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anna Marzec
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Smreczak M, Marzec A, Orłowska A, Trębas P, Reichert M, Kycko A, Koraka P, Osterhaus A, Żmudziński JF. The effect of selected molecules influencing the detrimental host immune response on a course of rabies virus infection in a murine model. Vaccine 2017; 37:4715-4723. [PMID: 29153584 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is invariably fatal, when post-exposure prophylaxis is administered after the onset of clinical symptoms. In many countries, rabies awareness is very low and the availability of post-exposure prophylaxis, as recommended by WHO guidelines, is very limited or non-existent, probably as a consequence of high cost. Therefore, new concepts for rabies therapy are needed. Innate immune mechanisms involving the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, activated after rabies infection, are thought to be involved in the neuropathogenesis of rabies. These mechanisms can contribute to a detrimental host response to the rabies virus (RABV) infection. The use of inhibitors of cytokines/chemokines are supposed to extend the survival of a sick individual. Inhibitors of TNF-α, IL-6 and MAPKs were used in RABV inoculated mice to define their influence on the survival time of rabid mice. The study demonstrated that all inhibitors extended mice survival, but at different rates. A log-rank test confirmed the statistically significant survival of mice treated with TNF-α (p = .0087) and MAPKs inhibitors (p = .0024). A delay in the time of onset of rabies was also recorded, in mice given TNF-α and MAPKs inhibitors. The highest virus load was found in the spinal cord and the lowest in the cortex, regardless of the experimental group. Significant TNF-α (p ≤ .0001) and IL-6 (p ≤ .0001) gene upregulation was observed in mice, as a consequence of RABV infection. Regarding MAPKs pathways, there was significant upregulation of the caspase 3 (p = .012, p = .0026) and Mcl-1 (p = .0348, p = .0153) genes, whereas significant downregulation of the cytochrome C (p ≤ .0001), Bcl2 (p = .0002, p = .0007) and JNK3 (p = .042) genes. Rabies pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving both virus and host influences on the course of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Smreczak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Virology, Av. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Marzec
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Virology, Av. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Orłowska
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Virology, Av. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Paweł Trębas
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Virology, Av. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Michał Reichert
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pathology, Av. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Kycko
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pathology, Av. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Ab Osterhaus
- Erasmus Medical Centre (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Franciszek Żmudziński
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Virology, Av. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
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Glińska-Suchocka K, Orłowska A, Kubiak K, Spużak J, Jankowski M. 7S Fragment of Type IV Collagen as a Serum Marker of Canine Liver Fibrosis. Pol J Vet Sci 2017; 19:647-649. [PMID: 27760026 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2016-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether the serum levels of the 7S fragment of type IV collagen may aid in diagnosing liver fibrosis in dogs. The study was carried out on 20 dogs with liver disease. Serum levels of the 7S fragment of type IV collagen were measured in all dogs. The analysis showed that healthy dogs and dogs with type 1, 2 and 3 liver fibrosis had low serum concentrations of the 7S fragment of type IV collagen compared to dogs with type 4 liver fibrosis. The study revealed that the assessment of serum levels of the 7S fragment of type IV collagen is useful in the diagnosis of advanced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.
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Glińska-Suchocka K, Orłowska A, Jankowski M, Kubiak K, Spużak J. Serum concentrations of PIIINP aminopeptide in dogs with liver fibrosis. Pol J Vet Sci 2017; 19:365-9. [PMID: 27487511 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2016-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the serum concentration of the type III procollagen aminopeptide in dogs, and to assess its utility in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis. The study was carried out on 20 dogs of different breeds and of both genders, between 7 and 15 years old. Based on the results of the histopathological examination and the evaluation of the degree of liver fibrosis, the dogs were divided into five groups. The mean serum PIIINP concentration in the group of dogs with stage 1 and 2 liver fibrosis (groups 2 and 3) was five-fold higher than in healthy dogs (group 1). In turn, the mean PIIINP concentration in the group of dogs with stage 3 (group 4) and stage 4 (group 5) fibrosis was 10-fold higher than that of the control group (group 1). Based on the results, we found that the serum PIIINP concentration correlated with the degree of liver fibrosis, assessed based on a histopathological examination. Therefore, PIIINP serum concentration tests may be a promising non-invasive diagnostic technique that could be used in veterinary hepatology to assess the degree of liver fibrosis.
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Orłowska A, Trębas P, Smreczak M, Marzec A, Żmudziński JF. First detection of bluetongue virus serotype 14 in Poland. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1969-72. [PMID: 27068167 PMCID: PMC4908167 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present the first detected cases of bluetongue virus (BTV) in native cattle from Poland. The virus was found in animals located near the Polish-Belarusian and Polish-Lithuanian borders. The positive animals were detected through an official epidemiological surveillance program. A combination of type-specific real-time RT-PCR and phylogenetic tests revealed the presence of BTV serotype 14 (BTV-14). This serotype is highly homologous to the vaccine strain and BTV-14 present in Russia, Lithuania, and Spain (from an animal imported from Lithuania). The most probable route of virus introduction to Poland was transmission through midges. All of the cases were subclinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Paweł Trębas
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Marzec
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jan F Żmudziński
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
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Glińska-Suchocka K, Orłowska A, Spużak J, Jankowski M, Kubiak K. Suitability of using serum hialuronic acid concentrations in the diagnosis of canine liver fibrosis. Pol J Vet Sci 2016; 18:873-8. [PMID: 26812832 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2015-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There are multiple dynamic changes associated with the metabolism of the extracellular matrix (ECM) which occur in the course of liver fibrosis. Therefore, the evaluation of parameters reflecting the deposition of ECM, the activity of myofibroblasts and the synthesis and degradation of collagen may aid in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis. Hyaluronic acid is considered to be a marker of ECM deposition. It is a glycosaminoglycan synthesized by hepatic stellate cells and degraded by hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of hyaluronic acid in dogs with different degrees of liver fibrosis. The study was carried out on 29 dogs with liver disease. A core needle biopsy of the liver was performed in order to assess the degree of hepatic inflammation. Then, hyaluronic acid serum concentrations were measured. The dogs were divided into five groups based on the histopathological examination and the evaluation of the degree of hepatic fibrosis. The study showed that serum hyaluronic acid concentrations were low in patients with first stage liver fibrosis and in controls, while they were twice as high as control values in the group of dogs with second stage liver fibrosis. These concentrations were three-fold greater than control values in patients with third stage liver fibrosis, and seven-fold greater in patients with liver cirrhosis. Based on the results, it was concluded that serum hyaluronic acid is a useful marker of liver fibrosis and may aid in determining the degree of its advancement.
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Zacharski M, Orłowska A, Kiczak L, Kuropka P, Pawlak A, Paslawska U. Studies on Alternative Il-1β Transcript Expression in Peripheral Blood Leucocytes in Chronic Heart Failure in Dogs. J Comp Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Orłowska A, Żmudziński JF. Genetic characterisation of the rabies virus vaccine strains used for oral immunization of foxes in Poland to estimate the effectiveness of vaccination. Arch Virol 2014; 160:509-15. [PMID: 25408374 PMCID: PMC4315525 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The main reservoir of rabies virus in Poland has been the red fox. To control rabies in wildlife, oral immunization of foxes was introduced in 1993. The vaccine is effective when it confers immunity against the virus circulating in the environment. To assess the above issue, a study of the molecular characteristics of 570-bp fragments of the N and G genes of vaccine strains SAD B19 and SAD Bern against street virus strains was performed. The results confirmed the similarity of the vaccine strains and rabies virus strains circulating in the environment and also demonstrate the genetic stability of vaccine strains that have been distributed in Poland for 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland,
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Abstract
The paper describes a phylogenetic study of 58 Polish isolates of rabies virus collected between 1992 and 2010. Sequences of the nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) genes approximately 600 bp long were compared with reference sequences (GenBank) of European rabies viruses from neighbouring countries. The study confirmed a very high level of homology (94.4–100 %) of the Polish rabies virus strains irrespective of the date of isolation. Two variants of rabies virus: NEE (Northeastern Europe variant) and CE (Central Europe variant), depending on the geographical place of isolation, were circulating in Poland from 1992 to 2010. The Polish rabies virus isolates showed high similarity to European RABV strains, especially those collected in Ukraine and Romania. They were clearly different from vaccine strains SAD B19 and SAD Bern, which have been used for oral vaccination of foxes against rabies in Poland since 1993.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland,
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Kita E, Marai H, Jach K, Orłowska A. Mixed chromium(III) complexes with pyridinedicarboxylato and oxalato ligands: kinetic studies in HClO4 solutions. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-008-9181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Smreczak M, Trebas P, Orłowska A, mudziński JF. Rabies surveillance in Poland (1992-2006). Dev Biol (Basel) 2008; 131:249-256. [PMID: 18634486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Data on the surveillance of rabies in Poland from 1992 to 2006 is presented. Between 1992 and 2006, 22,575 rabies cases were diagnosed. There were 3,963 (17.5%) cases recorded in domestic animals, 18,555 (82.2%) in wildlife and 57 (0.3%) in bats. The peak of the epizootic in wildlife was recorded in 1992 with 3,084 cases. There were 2,547 cases recorded in wildlife with 2,079 (81.6%) found in the red fox. In 1993, the decision was made to apply oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of the red fox as a method of rabies control. The programme was started in western part of Poland, which borders Germany, and extended eastward in the following years. ORV was undertaken twice peryear (spring and autumn). In 2002, the vaccine campaign covered the whole territory of Poland. After 13 years of ORV, rabies incidence decreased sharply, from 3,084 cases in 1992 to 82 in 2006 (a 97% decrease in the number of rabies cases). The epidemiological situation in 2006 points to the constant decrease of rabies cases as a result of ORV. The red fox remains the main reservoir of rabies. The progress made over the past decade demonstrates that Poland is meeting the requirements to eliminate rabies in terrestrial animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smreczak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Virology Department, Pulawy, Poland.
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Orłowska A, Majdan M, Kozioł-Montewka M, Grzebalska A, Swatowski A. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med 2003; 57:285-9. [PMID: 12898851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic inflammatory state and chronic infections appear to be one of the most important risk factors of morbidity and mortality in patients (pts) on dialysis. The aim of our study was to determine the frequency of urinary tract infections (UTI) in clinically asymptomatic patients on CAPD. The study included 43 (22F, 21M) clinically stable asymptomatic CAPD patients with diuresis ranged from 300 to 2500 ml per 24 h. Clean catch urine specimen, was cultured and identified by standard technique. Urine from 31 patients had no significant organism growth, from 12 patients grew over 100,000 colonies per ml; 8 patients had been infected with E. coli, 2 pts with Proteus mirabilis, one with Enterococcus gallinarum, one with Klebsiella oxytocea. 7/12 infected pts were diabetic, 67% infected and 13% not infected pts had pyuria. CONCLUSIONS Immune system disturbance and renal failure can predispose to common asymptomatic UTI in CAPD pts. E. coli is the most common bacterial strain found in infected dialysis pts. Diabetes mellitus is and additional predisposing factor for UTI in patients on CAPD. Pyuria is a valuable parameter of UTI in CAPD patients.
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Janicki K, Pietura R, Bojarska-Szmygin A, Gieryng J, Orłowska A, Janicka L. Chronic dialysis fistula thrombosis treatment by means of endovascular recanalization with surgical exclusion of developed collateral circulation. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med 2003; 58:219-21. [PMID: 15314988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Fistula thrombosis is the most common and dangerous complication resulting in vascular access insufficiency. The most "tricky" lesion of dialysis fistula is chronic thrombosis which occurs when only a short section of efferent vein becomes clotted and collateral circulation enabling further, limited in time functioning of dialysis fistula is created. In 7 chronic thrombosis patients subjected to treatment by means of endovascular recanalization, developed collateral vessels were surgically ligated to obtain single-canal blood flow. The recanalization procedure involved making a puncture, inserting a guide wire and performing balloon angioplasty. Simultaneously, 2 or 3 collateral veins were incised and ligated. The result obtained in all the 7 cases was considered successful as all fistulas remained a 100% patent 6 months after the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Janicki
- 1st Department of Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Majdan M, Grzebalska AM, Mierzicki P, Berger-Smyka B, Bober E, Orłowska A, Ksiazek A. [Clinical analysis of CAPD-treated patients without anemia]. Wiad Lek 2003; 56:14-8. [PMID: 12901262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Very few patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) can maintain a hemoglobin concentration > 12 g/dl without rHuEpo treatment. Among 68 patients treated in our Department by CAPD, 12 of them (17.6%) with daily diuresis < 400 ml, for at least 6 months had Hb level over 12 g/dl, Hct > 35% without rHuEpo treatment. In present study we carried out a clinical analysis of 12 patients without anaemia treated CAPD from 12 to 63 months. Mean Hb value was 13.5 +/- 0.97 g/dl (range 12.4-14.9 g/dl). None of 12 patients had acquired cystic kidney disease in ultrasonographic investigation. Nobody of these patients was rHuEpo treated. Mean C-reactive protein as well as ferritin serum concentrations was significantly lower in this group of patients compared to others. Mean endogenous Epo concentration was not significantly different from other CAPD pts. We conclude that spontaneous increase in Hb concentration in CAPD pts was not connected with increase in the serum endogenous Epo concentration. Factors other than Epo probably play a role in regulation of erythropoiesis in these pts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Majdan
- Katedry i Kliniki Nefrologii Akademii Medycznej w Lublinie
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Janicki K, Pietura R, Bojarska-Szmygin A, Gieryng J, Orłowska A, Janicka L. Preventive administration of Clopidogrel after restoring patency of acute dialysis fistula with surgical thrombectomy. Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med 2003; 58:211-4. [PMID: 15314986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Dialysis fistula thrombosis is the most common and dangerous complication which prevents proper dialysis therapy. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the influence of Clopidogrel on the incidence of early secondary thrombosis complications after restoring patency of fistula with surgical thrombectomy. The study included 30 patients. In 24 patients the method of surgical thrombectomy proved to be effective and they received a preventive dose of Clopidogrel [75 mg per 24h] for 28 days. In none of the patients early secondary thrombosis was recorded. Late secondary complications occurred in 11 patients 3 to 14 months after the surgical procedure. Treating acute thrombosis with surgical thrombectomy by means of Fogarthy catheter is still the most available and least expensive therapeutic method. Clopidogrel contributed considerably to the elimination of early secondary thrombosis complications in treated fistula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Janicki
- 1st Department of Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Witkowska E, Orłowska A, Sagan B, Smoluch M, Izdebski J. Tryptic hydrolysis of hGH-RH(1-29)-NH2 analogues containing Lys or Orn in positions 12 and 21. J Pept Sci 2001; 7:166-72. [PMID: 11297353 DOI: 10.1002/psc.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two analogues of the 29 amino acid sequence of human growth hormone-releasing hormone, namely [Nle27]hGH-RH(1-29)-NH2 and [Orn(12,21),Nle27]hGH-RH(1-29)-NH2, have been synthesized and subjected to digestion by trypsin. The course of degradation was followed using RP-HPLC and ESI-MS. Several intermediates and final products of degradation were identified and conclusions regarding the rate of cleavages at different positions occupied by Lys and Arg residues were drawn. The analogue containing ornithine was found to be less susceptible to hydrolysis by trypsin: the 12-13 and 21-22 peptide bonds were completely resistant to the cleavage. The results show that by replacing Lys with Orn, a possibility exists to design new peptides, which could be more stable in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Witkowska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- A Górski
- Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Nowaczyk M, Górski A, Korczak-Kowalska G, Wierzbicki P, Wyzgał J, Durlik M, Orłowska A. Lymphocyte interactions with extracellular matrix proteins and endothelium in renal allograft recipients. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 1998; 46:35-8. [PMID: 9510944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent data indicate that extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins can provide costimulatory signals during the process of T cell activation. Those proteins accumulate in situ during allograft rejection; therefore, it may be expected that local ECM: T cell interactions may be relevant in the immunopathology of rejection. T cell adhesion from allograft of recipients with stable renal function (RAR-S) and patients with biopsy-proven chronic rejection (RAR-CH) to ECM proteins (collagen type IV, fibronectin, elastin) was measured. Furthermore, T cell: endothelial interactions in vitro were studied. Adhesion of PHA-activated T cells from both groups of allograft recipients to fibronectin, collagen type IV and elastin was significantly lower than in healthy blood donors. Moreover, similar pattern of activity was observed when T cell attachment to resting and activated endothelium was studied. There were no significant differences in the number of circulating CD45RO and CD4 positive T cells. We observed a higher (although not significantly) adhesion of the T cells to resting human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC) in the chronic stages of rejection, which can suggest that the immunosuppressive protocol used in the treatment of chronic rejection is insufficient to control immunopathologic phenomena occurring in that process. Therefore, it may be argued that too low immunosuppression can be one of the factors responsible for the development of this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nowaczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Medical School, Warsaw, Poland
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Izdebski J, Pachulska M, Orłowska A. N-cyclohexyl-N'-isopropylcarbodiimide: a hybrid that combines the structural features of DCC and DIC. Int J Pept Protein Res 1994; 44:414-9. [PMID: 7896498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1994.tb00176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
N-Cyclohexyl-N'-isopropylcarbodiimide was prepared and used for peptide couplings by various procedures. Reaction between Z-Val and Gly-OEt was used for yield studies and determination of the extent of the side reaction in solution. The value of this reagent for solid peptide synthesis was demonstrated by the synthesis of sequences comprising the 65-74 residues of acyl carrier protein. The efficiency of activation was determined by competition experiments. From all these studies the conclusion can be drawn that N-cyclohexyl-N'-isopropylcarbodiimide is comparable to or even better than the commonly used DCC for mediation of peptide bond formation in solid phase synthesis. By virtue of the solubility of N-cyclohexyl-N'-isopropylurea in dichloromethane, the carbodiimide seems to be a good candidate for practical execution of peptide bond formation by the standard carbodiimide procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Izdebski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Poland
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41
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Izdebski J, Orłowska A, Anulewicz R, Witkowska E, Fiertek D. Reinvestigation of the reactions of carbodiimides with alkoxycarbonylamino acid symmetrical anhydrides. Isolation of two N-acylureas. Int J Pept Protein Res 1994; 43:184-9. [PMID: 8200738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1994.tb00521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Alkoxycarbonylamino acid symmetrical anhydrides were allowed to react with N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide. The determination of the decrease in carbodiimide concentration indicated that the reaction was slow and proceeded indirectly. It is presumed that symmetrical anhydride in the presence of basic carbodiimide is converted into oxazolone and alkoxycarbonylamino acid. The latter reacts with carbodiimide to give O-acylisourea which, in turn, rearranges to N-acylurea. A second minor product was found to be N-(N1,N2-bisalkoxycarbonyldipeptidyl)urea. The main pathway leading to the formation of this product starts with rearrangement of the symmetrical anhydride to N1,N2-bisalkoxycarbonyldipeptide acid. These experiments suggest that the reaction between anhydride and carbodiimide is not the source of N-acylurea in peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Izdebski
- Laboratory of Peptides, University of Warsaw, Poland
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