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Lavelle F, McKernan C, Shrewsbury V, Wolfson JA, Taylor RM, Duncanson K, Martins CA, Elliott C, Collins CE. An online qualitative study exploring wants and needs for a cooking programme during pregnancy in the UK and Ireland. J Hum Nutr Diet 2024. [PMID: 38606553 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal maternal nutrition is associated with better pregnancy and infant outcomes. Culinary nutrition programmes have potential to improve diet quality during pregnancy. Therefore, this research aimed to understand the experiences of cooking and the wants and needs of pregnant women regarding a cooking and food skills programme in the United Kingdom (UK) and Republic of Ireland (ROI). METHODS Online focus group discussions with pregnant women and those who had experienced a pregnancy in the UK or ROI were conducted between February and April 2022. Two researchers conducted a thematic analysis. Seven focus groups with ROI participants (n = 24) and six with UK participants (n = 28) were completed. RESULTS Five themes were generated. These were (1) cooking during pregnancy: barriers, motivators and solutions; (2) food safety, stress and guilt; (3) need for cooking and food skills programmes and desired content; (4) programme structure; (5) barriers and facilitators to programme participation. Overall, there was support for a programme focusing on broad food skills, including planning, food storage, using leftovers and to manage pregnancy-specific physiological symptoms such as food aversions. Participants emphasised the importance of inclusivity for a diverse range of people and lifestyles for programme design and content. CONCLUSIONS Current findings support the use of digital technologies for culinary nutrition interventions, potentially combined with in-person sessions using a hybrid structure to enable the development of a support network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Lavelle
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Claire McKernan
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Vanessa Shrewsbury
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia A Wolfson
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rachael M Taylor
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerith Duncanson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carla A Martins
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Clare E Collins
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
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Taylor RM, Haslam RL, Herbert J, Whatnall MC, Trijsburg L, de Vries JHM, Josefsson MS, Koochek A, Nowicka P, Neuman N, Clarke ED, Burrows TL, Collins CE. Diet quality and cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Nutr Diet 2024; 81:35-50. [PMID: 38129766 DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate relationships between diet quality and cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS Six databases were searched for studies published between January 2007 and October 2021. Eligible studies included cohort studies that assessed the relationship between a priori diet quality and cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity in adults. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Checklist was used to assess the risk of bias. Study characteristics and outcomes were extracted from eligible studies using standardised processes. Data were summarised using risk ratios for cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality with difference compared for highest versus lowest diet quality synthesised in meta-analyses using a random effects model. RESULTS Of the 4780 studies identified, 159 studies (n = 6 272 676 adults) were included. Meta-analyses identified a significantly lower cardiovascular disease incidence (n = 42 studies, relative risk 0.83, 95% CI 0.82-0.84, p < 0.001) and mortality risk (n = 49 studies, relative risk 0.83, 95% CI 0.82-0.84, p < 0.001) among those with highest versus lowest diet quality. In sensitivity analyses of a high number of pooled studies (≥13 studies) the Mediterranean style diet patterns and adherence to the heart healthy diet guidelines were significantly associated with a risk reduction of 15% and 14% for cardiovascular disease incidence and 17% and 20% for cardiovascular disease mortality respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Higher diet quality is associated with lower incidence and risk of mortality for cardiovascular disease however, significant study heterogeneity was identified for these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Taylor
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Haslam
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jaimee Herbert
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan C Whatnall
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura Trijsburg
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanne H M de Vries
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Afsaneh Koochek
- Department of Food studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paulina Nowicka
- Department of Food studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicklas Neuman
- Department of Food studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erin D Clarke
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
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Taylor RM, Haslam RL, Truby H, Attia J, Hutchesson MJ, Burrows T, Callister R, Hides L, Bonevski B, Kirkpatrick S, Ashton L, Collins CE. Do disparities exist between national food group recommendations and the dietary intakes of contemporary young adults? Nutr Diet 2021; 78:524-534. [PMID: 34169615 DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to compare food and nutrient intakes of young Australian adults (18-24 years) to national recommendations as per the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and Nutrient Reference Values. METHODS Dietary intake of 18 to 24 year olds (n = 1005) participating in the Advice, Ideas, and Motivation for My Eating (Aim4Me) study was self-reported using the 120-item Australian Eating Survey Food Frequency Questionnaire. Median daily servings of Australian Guide to Healthy Eating food groups, macronutrients and micronutrients were compared to recommendations in the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and Nutrient Reference Values using t-tests or Kruskal-Wallis tests (P < .05). RESULTS None of the young adults met all Australian Guide to Healthy Eating recommendations. The highest adherence [% meeting recommendations, median (IQR)] was for meat/alternatives [38%, 2.1(1.8)] and fruit [32%, 1.5(1.6)], with <25% meeting remaining food-group recommendations. The majority (76%) exceeded recommendations for the consumption of discretionary foods [4.0(3.3) vs 0-3 serves] and 81% had excessive saturated fat intakes. Young adults who met all key Nutrient Reference Values (dietary fibre, folate, iodine, iron, calcium and zinc) (18%) consumed a higher number of serves of all food groups, including discretionary foods. CONCLUSIONS Dietary intakes of contemporary young adults do not align with Australian Guide to Healthy Eating targets, while meeting Nutrient Reference Values is achieved by a higher consumption of all food groups, including discretionary foods. Strategies to increase consumption of nutrient-dense foods in young adults to achieve the Nutrient Reference Values are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Taylor
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Haslam
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Truby
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Attia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melinda J Hutchesson
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tracy Burrows
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robin Callister
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leanne Hides
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Billie Bonevski
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharon Kirkpatrick
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee Ashton
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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Slade AL, Retzer A, Ahmed K, Kyte D, Keeley T, Armes J, Brown JM, Calman L, Gavin A, Glaser AW, Greenfield DM, Lanceley A, Taylor RM, Velikova G, Turner G, Calvert MJ. Systematic review of the use of translated patient-reported outcome measures in cancer trials. Trials 2021; 22:306. [PMID: 33902699 PMCID: PMC8074490 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are used in clinical trials to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of interventions. Inclusion of participants from different ethnic backgrounds is essential for generalisability of cancer trial results. PRO data collection should include appropriately translated patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) to minimise missing data and sample attrition. METHODS Protocols and/or publications from cancer clinical trials using a PRO endpoint and registered on the National Institute for Health Research Portfolio were systematically reviewed for information on recruitment, inclusion of ethnicity data, and use of appropriately translated PROMs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders to explore barriers and facilitators for optimal PRO trial design, diverse recruitment and reporting, and use of appropriately translated PROMs. RESULTS Eighty-four trials met the inclusion criteria, only 14 (17%) (n = 4754) reported ethnic group data, and ethnic group recruitment was low, 611 (13%). Although 8 (57%) studies were multi-centred and multi-national, none reported using translated PROMs, although available for 7 (88%) of the studies. Interviews with 44 international stakeholders identified a number of perceived barriers to ethnically diverse recruitment including diverse participant engagement, relevance of ethnicity to research question, prominence of PROs, and need to minimise investigator burden. Stakeholders had differing opinions on the use of translated PROMs, the impact of trial designs, and recruitment strategies on diverse recruitment. Facilitators of inclusive research were described and examples of good practice identified. CONCLUSIONS Greater transparency is required when PROs are used as primary or secondary outcomes in clinical trials. Protocols and publications should demonstrate that recruitment was accessible to diverse populations and facilitated by trial design, recruitment strategies, and appropriate PROM usage. The use of translated PROMs should be made explicit when used in cancer clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Slade
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK.
| | - A Retzer
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - K Ahmed
- Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - D Kyte
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Psychosocial Oncology and Survivorship Clinical Studies Group subgroup: Understanding and measuring the consequences of cancer and its treatment, London, UK
| | - T Keeley
- Patient Centred Outcomes, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, UK
| | - J Armes
- National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Psychosocial Oncology and Survivorship Clinical Studies Group subgroup: Understanding and measuring the consequences of cancer and its treatment, London, UK.,School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Kent Surrey & Sussex University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - J M Brown
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - L Calman
- National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Psychosocial Oncology and Survivorship Clinical Studies Group subgroup: Understanding and measuring the consequences of cancer and its treatment, London, UK.,Macmillan Survivorship Research Group, Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, UK
| | - A Gavin
- National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Psychosocial Oncology and Survivorship Clinical Studies Group subgroup: Understanding and measuring the consequences of cancer and its treatment, London, UK.,Northern Ireland Cancer Registry, Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - A W Glaser
- National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Psychosocial Oncology and Survivorship Clinical Studies Group subgroup: Understanding and measuring the consequences of cancer and its treatment, London, UK.,Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D M Greenfield
- National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Psychosocial Oncology and Survivorship Clinical Studies Group subgroup: Understanding and measuring the consequences of cancer and its treatment, London, UK.,Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Lanceley
- National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Psychosocial Oncology and Survivorship Clinical Studies Group subgroup: Understanding and measuring the consequences of cancer and its treatment, London, UK.,Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - R M Taylor
- National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Psychosocial Oncology and Survivorship Clinical Studies Group subgroup: Understanding and measuring the consequences of cancer and its treatment, London, UK.,Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - G Velikova
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - G Turner
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - M J Calvert
- Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK.,Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
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5
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Taylor RM, Wolfson JA, Lavelle F, Dean M, Frawley J, Hutchesson MJ, Collins CE, Shrewsbury VA. Impact of preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum culinary nutrition education interventions: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2020; 79:1186-1203. [PMID: 33249446 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Frequent consumption of home-prepared meals is associated with higher diet quality in children and adults. Therefore, increasing the culinary skills of women and couples during their childbearing years may be an effective strategy for the prevention of overweight and obesity. OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of culinary nutrition-education interventions for women with or without their partners during preconception, pregnancy, or postpartum (PPP) on parental cooking skills, nutrition knowledge, parent/child diet quality, or health outcomes. DATA SOURCES Eligibility criteria were defined using a PICOS framework. A systematic search strategy was developed to identify eligible studies and was implemented in 11 electronic databases. Reference lists of selected systematic reviews were manually searched for additional studies. DATA EXTRACTION Study characteristics and outcomes were extracted from eligible studies by 1 reviewer and checked by a second reviewer. DATA ANALYSIS A narrative synthesis of the findings of eligible studies was prepared including descriptive statistics. Reporting was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement and Synthesis Without Meta-Analysis in systematic reviews reporting guideline. RESULTS A total of 6951 articles were identified from the search strategy and 31 studies during pregnancy or postpartum were included. By category, the number of studies with a favorable outcome per total number of studies measuring outcome were as follows: parental food/cooking skills (n = 5 of 5), nutrition knowledge (n = 6 of 11), parent/child diet quality (n = 10 of 19), infant feeding (n = 6 of 11), eating behavior (n = 2 of 5), maternal (n = 2 of 5) and child anthropometry (n = 6 of 10), mental health and development n = (2 of 3), and clinical indictors (n = 1 of 1). CONCLUSIONS Culinary nutrition-education interventions during pregnancy and the postpartum period show promise in improving cooking skills, diet quality, and a variety of health-related outcomes. The precise effect of these interventions during PPP is limited by the quality and heterogeneity of study designs to date. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020154966.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Taylor
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales (NSW), Australia
| | - Julia A Wolfson
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Fiona Lavelle
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Moira Dean
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales (NSW), Australia.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Julia Frawley
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales (NSW), Australia.,Nutrition & Dietetics Service, Frawley Nutrition, Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Melinda J Hutchesson
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales (NSW), Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales (NSW), Australia
| | - Vanessa A Shrewsbury
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales (NSW), Australia
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Taylor RM, Smith R, Collins CE, Mossman D, Wong-Brown MW, Chan EC, Evans TJ, Attia JR, Buckley N, Drysdale K, Smith T, Butler T, Hure AJ. Global DNA methylation and cognitive and behavioral outcomes at 4 years of age: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01579. [PMID: 32109009 PMCID: PMC7177573 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that breastfeeding exclusivity and duration are positively associated with child cognition. This study investigated whether DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism modified by nutrient intake, may contribute to the link between breastfeeding and child cognition. The aim was to quantify the relationship between global DNA methylation and cognition and behavior at 4 years of age. METHODS Child behavior and cognition were measured at age 4 years using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, third version (WPPSI-III), and Child Behavior Checklist (CBC). Global DNA methylation (%5-methylcytosines (%5mC)) was measured in buccal cells at age 4 years, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) commercial kit. Linear regression models were used to quantify the statistical relationships. RESULTS Data were collected from 73 children recruited from the Women and Their Children's Health (WATCH) study. No statistically significant associations were found between global DNA methylation levels and child cognition or behavior (p > .05), though the estimates of effect were consistently negative. Global DNA methylation levels in males were significantly higher than in females (median %5mC: 1.82 vs. 1.03, males and females, respectively, (p < .05)). CONCLUSION No association was found between global DNA methylation and child cognition and behavior; however given the small sample, this study should be pooled with other cohorts in future meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Taylor
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Roger Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - David Mossman
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Department of Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle W Wong-Brown
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Eng-Cheng Chan
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Tiffany-Jane Evans
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Clinical Research Design IT and Statistical Support (CReDITSS) Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Attia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Clinical Research Design IT and Statistical Support (CReDITSS) Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Nick Buckley
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Karen Drysdale
- Faculty of Science, School Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Tenele Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Trent Butler
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexis J Hure
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Generational, Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Aljadani HM, Patterson AJ, Sibbritt DW, Taylor RM, Collins CE. Improving diet quality over nine-years is associated with less weight gain in mid-age Australian women: A cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:223-232. [PMID: 31767421 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most studies measure baseline diet quality exclusively and hence the impact of longitudinal changes in dietary intake in relation to weight change is not considered. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether change in diet quality over nine-years was associated with weight change over the same period in mid-age Australian women. METHODS AND RESULTS Healthy mid-age (45-49 years) women from the Australian Longitudinal study on Women's Health (ALSWH) were eligible a valid total energy intake (TEI) was reported at baseline (n = 2381), determined using Goldberg cut-offs. Diet quality was measured by the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS) using data derived from a validated food frequency questionnaire. Multiple linear regressions were used to evaluate relationships between change in diet quality and weight in mid-age women (n = 1999). Women in the highest tertile of ARFS change improved diet quality [mean ± SD] [7 ± 4 points], while those in the lowest [-9 ±5 points] and middle [-1±2 points] tertiles had worse diet quality at follow-up. Overall, mean weight gain was 2.3 ± 7.2 kg over nine years. Those in the highest tertile of ARFS change gained significantly less weight, compared to the lowest tertile; β = -1.2 kg [95% CI: -2.31, -0.11; p = 0.03] after adjustment for changes in confounders and baseline weight, baseline ARFS, and total energy intake. CONCLUSIONS Improving diet quality could be an important strategy for promoting modest weight loss and potentially contribute to preventing weight gain in mid-age women, which is important for metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya M Aljadani
- Faculty of Nutrition and Health Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, MK, 80200, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amanda J Patterson
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia; School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - David W Sibbritt
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Rachael M Taylor
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia; School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia; School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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Haslam R, Taylor RM, Whatnall M, Collins CE. Dietary intake in health and disease, challenges in measuring and reporting diet-disease relationships. Nutr Diet 2019; 76:501-506. [PMID: 31760689 DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Haslam
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Rachael M Taylor
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Megan Whatnall
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
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Taylor RM, Haslam RL, Burrows TL, Duncanson KR, Ashton LM, Rollo ME, Shrewsbury VA, Schumacher TL, Collins CE. Issues in Measuring and Interpreting Diet and Its Contribution to Obesity. Curr Obes Rep 2019; 8:53-65. [PMID: 30877574 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-019-00336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarises the issues related to the measurement and interpretation of dietary intake in individuals with overweight and obesity, as well as identifies future research priorities. RECENT FINDINGS Some aspects of the assessment of dietary intake have improved through the application of technology-based methods and the use of dietary biomarkers. In populations with overweight and obesity, misreporting bias related to social desirability is a prominent issue. Future efforts should focus on combining technology-based dietary methods with the use of dietary biomarkers to help reduce and account for the impact of these biases. Future research will be important in terms of strengthening methods used in the assessment and interpretation of dietary intake data in the context of overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Taylor
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Level 3 ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Haslam
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Level 3 ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Level 3 ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Kerith R Duncanson
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Level 3 ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Lee M Ashton
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Level 3 ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Megan E Rollo
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Level 3 ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Vanessa A Shrewsbury
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Level 3 ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Tracy L Schumacher
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Level 3 ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Department of Rural Health, University of Newcastle, Tamworth, NSW, 2340, Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Level 3 ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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Taylor RM, Smith R, Collins CE, Evans TJ, Hure AJ. Dietary intake and food sources of one-carbon metabolism nutrients in preschool aged children. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 73:1179-1193. [PMID: 30538300 PMCID: PMC6760623 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is hypothesised that epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation may underlie the relationship between early-life nutrition and child cognitive outcomes. This study aimed to identify dietary patterns associated with the intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients in children aged 2-3 years. METHODS A validated 120-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires at 2-3 years of age were used to estimate the intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients (methionine, folate, choline and vitamins B2, B6, B12) and to quantify mean number of serves consumed of the food groups specified by the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE). Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the contribution of each food group and food items to the total intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients. Linear regression was used to test for linear trends in food group servings by nutrient intake quintiles. RESULTS No child (n = 60) from the Women And Their Children's Health (WATCH) study consumed the recommended number of serves for all AGHE food groups. Dairy and alternatives (18-44%), discretionary foods (6-33%) and meat and alternatives (6-31%) were the main sources of most one-carbon metabolism nutrients. Most child intakes of one-carbon metabolism nutrients exceeded the nutrient reference values (NRVs), except for the intake of choline, for which the mean intake was 9% below the adequate intake (AI). CONCLUSION Dairy and alternatives, discretionary foods and meat and alternatives food groups contributed significantly to the children's intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients. The children generally had low intakes of meat and alternative foods, which may explain their inadequate intake of choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Taylor
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. .,Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. .,Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
| | - Roger Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Tiffany-Jane Evans
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,Clinical Research Design IT and Statistical Support (CReDITSS) Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Alexis J Hure
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Generational, Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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11
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Taylor RM, Smith R, Collins CE, Mossman D, Wong-Brown MW, Chan EC, Evans TJ, Attia JR, Smith T, Butler T, Hure AJ. Methyl-Donor and Cofactor Nutrient Intakes in the First 2-3 Years and Global DNA Methylation at Age 4: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:E273. [PMID: 29495543 PMCID: PMC5872691 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the early postnatal period, the impact of nutrition on DNA methylation has not been well studied in humans. The aim was to quantify the relationship between one-carbon metabolism nutrient intake during the first three years of life and global DNA methylation levels at four years. DESIGN Childhood dietary intake was assessed using infant feeding questionnaires, food frequency questionnaires, 4-day weighed food records and 24-h food records. The dietary records were used to estimate the intake of methionine, folate, vitamins B2, B6 and B12 and choline. The accumulative nutrient intake specific rank from three months to three years of age was used for analysis. Global DNA methylation (%5-methyl cytosines (%5-mC)) was measured in buccal cells at four years of age, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) commercial kit. Linear regression models were used to quantify the statistical relationships. RESULTS Data were collected from 73 children recruited from the Women and their Children's Health (WATCH) study. No association was found between one-carbon metabolism nutrient intake and global DNA methylation levels (P > 0.05). Global DNA methylation levels in males were significantly higher than in females (median %5-mC: 1.82 vs. 1.03, males and females respectively, (P < 0.05)). CONCLUSION No association was found between the intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients during the early postnatal period and global DNA methylation levels at age four years. Higher global DNA methylation levels in males warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M. Taylor
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (R.S.); (C.E.C.); (T.S.); (T.B.)
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (E.-C.C.); (J.R.A.); (A.J.H.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; (D.M.); (M.W.W.-B.); (T.-J.E.)
| | - Roger Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (R.S.); (C.E.C.); (T.S.); (T.B.)
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (E.-C.C.); (J.R.A.); (A.J.H.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; (D.M.); (M.W.W.-B.); (T.-J.E.)
| | - Clare E. Collins
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (R.S.); (C.E.C.); (T.S.); (T.B.)
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (E.-C.C.); (J.R.A.); (A.J.H.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; (D.M.); (M.W.W.-B.); (T.-J.E.)
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - David Mossman
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; (D.M.); (M.W.W.-B.); (T.-J.E.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Michelle W. Wong-Brown
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; (D.M.); (M.W.W.-B.); (T.-J.E.)
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Eng-Cheng Chan
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (E.-C.C.); (J.R.A.); (A.J.H.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; (D.M.); (M.W.W.-B.); (T.-J.E.)
| | - Tiffany-Jane Evans
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; (D.M.); (M.W.W.-B.); (T.-J.E.)
- Clinical Research Design IT and Statistical Support (CReDITSS) Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - John R. Attia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (E.-C.C.); (J.R.A.); (A.J.H.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; (D.M.); (M.W.W.-B.); (T.-J.E.)
- Clinical Research Design IT and Statistical Support (CReDITSS) Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Tenele Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (R.S.); (C.E.C.); (T.S.); (T.B.)
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (E.-C.C.); (J.R.A.); (A.J.H.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; (D.M.); (M.W.W.-B.); (T.-J.E.)
| | - Trent Butler
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (R.S.); (C.E.C.); (T.S.); (T.B.)
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (E.-C.C.); (J.R.A.); (A.J.H.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; (D.M.); (M.W.W.-B.); (T.-J.E.)
| | - Alexis J. Hure
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (E.-C.C.); (J.R.A.); (A.J.H.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia; (D.M.); (M.W.W.-B.); (T.-J.E.)
- Priority Research Centre for Generational, Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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12
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Yau PPY, Dhand NK, Thomson PC, Taylor RM. Retrospective study on the occurrence of canine lymphoma and associated breed risks in a population of dogs in NSW (2001-2009). Aust Vet J 2017; 95:149-155. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PPY Yau
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
| | - NK Dhand
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
| | - PC Thomson
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
| | - RM Taylor
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
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Fealy SM, Taylor RM, Foureur M, Attia J, Ebert L, Bisquera A, Hure AJ. Weighing as a stand-alone intervention does not reduce excessive gestational weight gain compared to routine antenatal care: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17:36. [PMID: 28095821 PMCID: PMC5240423 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-1207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive gestational weight gain is associated with short and long-term adverse maternal and infant health outcomes, independent of pre-pregnancy body mass index. Weighing pregnant women as a stand-alone intervention during antenatal visits is suggested to reduce pregnancy weight gain. In the absence of effective interventions to reduce excessive gestational gain within the real world setting, this study aims to test if routine weighing as a stand-alone intervention can reduce total pregnancy weight gain and, in particular, excessive gestational weight gain. Methods A systematic review and meta–analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted between November 2014 and January 2016, and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Seven databases were searched. A priori eligibility criteria were applied to published literature by at least two independent reviewers. Studies considered methodologically rigorous, as per the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist for Primary Research, were included. Meta-analysis was conducted using fixed-effects models. Results A total of 5223 (non-duplicated) records were screened, resulting in two RCTs that were pooled for meta-analysis (n = 1068 randomised participants; n = 538 intervention, n = 534 control). No difference in total weight gain per week was observed between intervention and control groups (weighted mean difference (WMD) -0.00 kg/week, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.03 to 0.02). There was also no reduction in excessive gestational weight gain between intervention and control, according to pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). However, total weight gain was lower in underweight women (n = 23, BMI <18.5 kg/m2) in the intervention compared to control group (−0.12 kg/week, 95% CI −0.23 to −0.01). No significant differences were observed for other pregnancy, birth and infant outcomes. Conclusion Weighing as a stand-alone intervention is not worse nor better at reducing excessive gestational weight gain than routine antenatal care. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12884-016-1207-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna M Fealy
- School of Nursing & Midwifery University of Newcastle, Port Macquarie Campus, PO Box 210, Port Macquarie, 2444, NSW, Australia. .,Faculty of Health & Medicine School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia. .,Maternity Care Services, The Port Macquarie Base Hospital, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rachael M Taylor
- Faculty of Health & Medicine School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Maralyn Foureur
- School of Nursing & Midwifery University of Newcastle, Port Macquarie Campus, PO Box 210, Port Macquarie, 2444, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Midwifery, Child and Family Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - John Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Division of Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Lyn Ebert
- Faculty of Health & Medicine School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Alessandra Bisquera
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexis J Hure
- Faculty of Health & Medicine School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Fletcher JL, Taylor RM. Associations between neurologic dysfunction and lesions in canine fucosidosis. Genes Brain Behav 2016; 15:420-8. [PMID: 26711085 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine fucosidosis in English Springer spaniels is the only animal model of the neurovisceral lysosomal storage disease fucosidosis available for preclinical therapeutic trials. For this reason, it is crucial to identify critical time points in disease progression, and if there are particular lesions associated with specific aspects of neurologic dysfunction. Historical records of 53 canine fucosidosis cases from 1979 to 2009 containing a neurologic dysfunction score assessing motor, behavioral and sensory dysfunction were interrogated by statistical analysis. Motor and behavioral dysfunction scores assessing gait deficits and apprehensive behavior first significantly increased at 12-17 months, and increased at each 6-month interval thereafter. Sensory dysfunction scores, assessing hearing loss, balance and vision deterioration, did not significantly increase until 18-23 months, and coincided with a rapid decline in neurologic function. Regression analysis incorporating published neuropathology data, measured by image analysis, identified neuroinflammation and apoptotic cell death as significant informative predictors of increasing neurologic dysfunction. These findings indicate that the level of neuropathology required to induce consistent and conspicuous clinical signs in canine fucosidosis is reached by approximately 12 months of age in the absence of other disease processes. Significant association between neuroinflammation and apoptotic cell death also suggests that specifically targeting these lesions combined with enzyme replacement in future studies may reduce disease burden in fucosidosis. Overall, examining this historical clinical data to identify associations between the extent of neuropathology and degree of clinical dysfunction provides a useful reference tool for monitoring disease and evaluating therapeutic trials conducted in canine fucosidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fletcher
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - R M Taylor
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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15
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Judith RM, Fisher JK, Spero RC, Fiser BL, Turner A, Oberhardt B, Taylor RM, Falvo MR, Superfine R. Micro-elastometry on whole blood clots using actuated surface-attached posts (ASAPs). Lab Chip 2015; 15:1385-93. [PMID: 25592158 PMCID: PMC4545258 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01478b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel technology for microfluidic elastometry and demonstrate its ability to measure stiffness of blood clots as they form. A disposable micro-capillary strip draws small volumes (20 μL) of whole blood into a chamber containing a surface-mounted micropost array. The posts are magnetically actuated, thereby applying a shear stress to the blood clot. The posts' response to magnetic field changes as the blood clot forms; this response is measured by optical transmission. We show that a quasi-static model correctly predicts the torque applied to the microposts. We experimentally validate the ability of the system to measure clot stiffness by correlating our system with a commercial thromboelastograph. We conclude that actuated surface-attached post (ASAP) technology addresses a clinical need for point-of-care and small-volume elastic haemostatic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Judith
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Physics & Astronomy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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16
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Abstract
An autosomal recessive form of cerebellar abiotrophy occurs in Australian Kelpie dogs. Clinical signs range from mild ataxia with intention tremor to severe ataxia with seizures. A whole-genome mapping analysis was performed using Affymetrix Canine SNP array v2 on 11 affected and 19 control dogs, but there was no significant association with disease. A homozygosity analysis identified a three megabase region likely to contain the disease mutation. The region spans 29.8-33 Mb on chromosome 3, for which all affected dogs were homozygous for a common haplotype. Microsatellite markers were developed in the candidate region for linkage analysis that resulted in a logarithm of odds score suggestive of linkage. The candidate region contains 29 genes, none of which are known to cause ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Shearman
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Taylor RM. EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH INFLUENZA A VIRUS IN MICE : THE INCREASE IN INTRAPULMONARY VIRUS AFTER INOCULATION AND THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS THEREON. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 73:43-55. [PMID: 19871064 PMCID: PMC2135116 DOI: 10.1084/jem.73.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Following intranasal inoculation of influenza A virus (strain PR8) there is a rapid increase of the virus in the lungs which with large doses reaches a maximum within 24 hours. With smaller doses, although the proportional increase is greater, the maximum concentration is not reached until 48 hours following inoculation. If a lethal dose is administered, the ultimate concentration of the virus in the lungs is the same, irrespective of the size of the dose. If a sublethal dose is given, the titer of the virus in the lungs does not achieve the titer reached in mice receiving a lethal dose. Within 48 hours following inoculation of a sublethal dose the lungs of a mouse may contain at least 76,000 M.L.D., yet the mouse survives. The intranasal instillation of sterile fluid (distilled water, varying concentrations of NaCl, broth, or 10 per cent normal serum) into a mouse sublethally infected produces a sharp rise in the virus content of the lung usually followed by death within 3 to 8 days. If, however, the instillate consists of 10 per cent immune serum, there is no rise in the virus titer, and no apparent harm results from the instillation. The implications of these phenomena are discussed and an hypothesis presented to explain their occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Taylor
- Laboratories of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation, New York
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Stone CM, Taylor RM, Roitberg BD, Foster WA. Sugar deprivation reduces insemination of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae), despite daily recruitment of adults, and predicts decline in model populations. J Med Entomol 2009; 46:1327-37. [PMID: 19960677 PMCID: PMC2824499 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Our research tests the hypothesis that the inability to sugar-feed reduces the insemination rate in mosquito populations. To test this, we measured the effects of sugar availability on cumulative insemination performance of male Anopheles gambiae Giles s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) during 10-d periods of continual emergence of equal numbers of both sexes, and we evaluated the implications at the population level with a matrix population model. On each day of each of four replicates, 20 newly emerged mosquitoes of each sex were recruited into the populations within two mesocosms, large walk-in enclosures with simulated natural conditions. Each mesocosm contained a cage to replicate the experiment on a small scale. Scented sucrose was absent or present (control). A human host was available nightly as a bloodmeal source in both mesocosms. Sugar availability and enclosure size significantly influenced female insemination. In the mesocosms, with sugar 49.7% of the females were inseminated, compared with 10.9% of the females without sugar. In the small cages, the insemination rates were 76.0 and 23.5%, respectively. In the mesocosms, cumulative survival of females after 10 d was 51.6% with sugar and 25.6% without sugar. In the cages, female survival was 95 and 73%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis of the population projection matrix shows that both reduced male survival and reduced mating capability due to a lack of sugar contributed to lower insemination rates in females, and in the absence of sugar the insemination rate was lowered to an extent that led to population decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Stone
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 318 West 12th Ave., Aronoff Laboratory, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Taylor RM, Pfannenstiel RS. How dietary plant nectar affects the survival, growth, and fecundity of a cursorial spider Cheiracanthium inclusum (Araneae: Miturgidae). Environ Entomol 2009; 38:1379-86. [PMID: 19825292 DOI: 10.1603/022.038.0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We measured the effects of plant nectar consumption on Cheiracanthium inclusum (Hentz) (Miturgidae), an agriculturally important spider. Newly emerged spiderlings were reared on the eggs of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) at four prey densities, 1, 5, 25, or 125 eggs, three times a week, with or without nectar. Nectar came from the extrafloral nectaries of Indian almond, Terminalia cattapa L. (Combretaceae). The addition of nectar to prey (1) allowed spiderlings on the 1-egg diet to survive longer and molt many more times; (2) allowed virtually all of the spiderlings on the 5-egg diet to become small adults and 50% to mate and reproduce versus those without nectar, none of which matured to adulthood; and (3) increased fecundity of females on 5-egg and 25-egg diets to the level of females fed five times the amount of prey. These results show that spiders that feed on nectar increase their fitness with increased survival, growth, and fecundity, particularly when density of prey is inadequate or marginal.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Taylor
- Center for Life Sciences Education, 255A Jennings Hall, 1735 Neil Ave., Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Taylor RM, Franck LS, Gibson F, Donaldson N, Dhawan A. Study of the factors affecting health-related quality of life in adolescents after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:1179-88. [PMID: 19422342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify factors affecting health-related quality of life (HRQL) in adolescents after liver transplantation. HRQL was measured using the CHQ-CF87 in 55 adolescents, aged 12-18 years. Factors associated with HRQL included allograft morbidity, psychological and family-related variables measured through standardized questionnaires. The domains of the CHQ-CF87 were reduced using factor analysis to give physical, psychological and social domains. Impacting factors were identified through stepwise, multiple regression analysis. Adolescents had significantly lower HRQL in every domain except for role/social-behavior and family cohesion compared to the general population. Adolescents experienced median 18 (range 4-31) symptoms related to immunosuppression, 40(75%) had one or more chronic illnesses related to immunosuppression and 12(22%) had a history of emotional difficulties. Self-esteem and emotional health were similar to the general population but behavior and aspects of family function were lower. Following regression analysis, the factors associated with HRQL were: age at transplant, secondary chronic illness, symptom distress, headaches, history of emotional difficulties, self-esteem and family conflict. These explained 57% of the variance in physical function, 61% of psychological function and 39% of social function. HRQL is significantly reduced in adolescents after transplantation, which could be related to immunosuppression and psychosocial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Taylor
- Paediatric Liver Centre, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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21
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Abstract
Spiders are assumed to be strictly carnivorous in assessments of their nutritional and energetic requirements, their habitat preferences, and their potential as biological control agents. However, members of Salticidae (jumping spiders), Thomisidae (crab spiders), and the fast-moving Miturgidae, Anyphaenidae, and Corinnidae, all non-webbuilding wandering spiders, have been observed at floral and extrafloral nectaries of plants, presumably feeding on nectar. To test spiders in the field for nectar feeding, we used a cold anthrone test to detect the presence of ingested fructose, a plant-derived sugar, in wandering spiders occupying cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.), which have floral and extrafloral nectaries. Field collections focused on three ecologically similar, highly active nocturnal spiders: Cheiracanthium inclusum (Hentz) (Miturgidae), Hibana futilis (Banks), and H. arunda (Platnick) (Anyphaenidae). During 2002 and 2003, 27 and 21%, respectively, of all field-collected adults and subadults tested positive for fructose, indicating consumption of extrafloral nectar. In both years, significantly more females were positive than males (38 versus 11% in 2002; 26 versus 12% in 2003). Immatures tested positive at a lower rate than adults (3 and 13%, respectively). Smaller numbers of spiders in the Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, and Thomisidae were also tested. Among the thomisids, 38% in 2002 and 41% in 2003 tested positive for fructose. None of the lycosids (wolf spiders) tested positive; two of nine oxyopids (lynx spiders) did test positive. Oxyopidae is new to the list of nectarivorous spiders. These results suggest that nectarivory is common for foliage wandering spiders and may contribute to fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Taylor
- Center for Life Sciences Education, 260 Jennings Hall, 1735 Neil Ave., Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Spiders are assumed to be strictly carnivorous in assessments of their nutritional and energetic requirements, their habitat preferences, and their potential as biological control agents. However, members of Salticidae (jumping spiders), Thomisidae (crab spiders), and the fast-moving Miturgidae, Anyphaenidae, and Corinnidae, all non-webbuilding wandering spiders, have been observed at floral and extrafloral nectaries of plants, presumably feeding on nectar. To test spiders in the field for nectar feeding, we used a cold anthrone test to detect the presence of ingested fructose, a plant-derived sugar, in wandering spiders occupying cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.), which have floral and extrafloral nectaries. Field collections focused on three ecologically similar, highly active nocturnal spiders: Cheiracanthium inclusum (Hentz) (Miturgidae), Hibana futilis (Banks), and H. arunda (Platnick) (Anyphaenidae). During 2002 and 2003, 27 and 21%, respectively, of all field-collected adults and subadults tested positive for fructose, indicating consumption of extrafloral nectar. In both years, significantly more females were positive than males (38 versus 11% in 2002; 26 versus 12% in 2003). Immatures tested positive at a lower rate than adults (3 and 13%, respectively). Smaller numbers of spiders in the Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, and Thomisidae were also tested. Among the thomisids, 38% in 2002 and 41% in 2003 tested positive for fructose. None of the lycosids (wolf spiders) tested positive; two of nine oxyopids (lynx spiders) did test positive. Oxyopidae is new to the list of nectarivorous spiders. These results suggest that nectarivory is common for foliage wandering spiders and may contribute to fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Taylor
- Center for Life Sciences Education, 260 Jennings Hall, 1735 Neil Ave., Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Croitoru-Lamoury J, Williams KR, Lamoury FMJ, Veas LA, Ajami B, Taylor RM, Brew BJ. Neural transplantation of human MSC and NT2 cells in the twitcher mouse model. Cytotherapy 2006; 8:445-58. [PMID: 17050249 DOI: 10.1080/14653240600879152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the NT2 embryonal carcinoma cell line and multipotential stem cells found in BM, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), have the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. This study was designed to explore the efficacy of these two human stem cell types as a graft source for the treatment of demyelinating disorders such as Krabbe's disease and multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS We examined the engraftment and in vivo differentiation of adult MSC and NT2 cells after transplantation into two demyelinating environments, the neonatal and postnatal twitcher mouse brain. RESULTS Both types of xenografts led to anatomical integration, without tumor formation, and remained viable in the normal and twitcher mouse brain, showing differentiation into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. DISCUSSION This study represents a platform for further stem cell transplantation studies in the twitcher model and potentially has important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Croitoru-Lamoury
- Department of Neurology, Centre for Immunology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Fisher JK, Cribb J, Desai KV, Vicci L, Wilde B, Keller K, Taylor RM, Haase J, Bloom K, O'Brien ET, Superfine R. Thin-foil magnetic force system for high-numerical-aperture microscopy. Rev Sci Instrum 2006; 77:nihms8302. [PMID: 16858495 PMCID: PMC1513178 DOI: 10.1063/1.2166509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Forces play a key role in a wide range of biological phenomena from single-protein conformational dynamics to transcription and cell division, to name a few. The majority of existing microbiological force application methods can be divided into two categories: those that can apply relatively high forces through the use of a physical connection to a probe and those that apply smaller forces with a detached probe. Existing magnetic manipulators utilizing high fields and high field gradients have been able to reduce this gap in maximum applicable force, but the size of such devices has limited their use in applications where high force and high-numerical-aperture (NA) microscopy must be combined. We have developed a magnetic manipulation system that is capable of applying forces in excess of 700 pN on a 1 mum paramagnetic particle and 13 nN on a 4.5 mum paramagnetic particle, forces over the full 4pi sr, and a bandwidth in excess of 3 kHz while remaining compatible with a commercially available high-NA microscope objective. Our system design separates the pole tips from the flux coils so that the magnetic-field geometry at the sample is determined by removable thin-foil pole plates, allowing easy change from experiment to experiment. In addition, we have combined the magnetic manipulator with a feedback-enhanced, high-resolution (2.4 nm), high-bandwidth (10 kHz), long-range (100 mum xyz range) laser tracking system. We demonstrate the usefulness of this system in a study of the role of forces in higher-order chromosome structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Fisher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7575
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Williams MA, Mackin GA, Beresford HR, Gordon J, Jacobson PL, McQuillen MP, Reimschisel TE, Taylor RM, Bernat JL, Rizzo M, Snyder RD, Sagsveen MG, Amery M, Brannon WL. American Academy of Neurology qualifications and guidelines for the physician expert witness. Neurology 2005; 66:13-4. [PMID: 16401838 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000190568.69950.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M A Williams
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Guthold M, Liu W, Stephens B, Lord ST, Hantgan RR, Erie DA, Taylor RM, Superfine R. Visualization and mechanical manipulations of individual fibrin fibers suggest that fiber cross section has fractal dimension 1.3. Biophys J 2004; 87:4226-36. [PMID: 15465869 PMCID: PMC1304931 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.042333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report protocols and techniques to image and mechanically manipulate individual fibrin fibers, which are key structural components of blood clots. Using atomic force microscopy-based lateral force manipulations we determined the rupture force, FR, f fibrin fibers as a function of their diameter, D, in ambient conditions. As expected, the rupture force increases with increasing diameter; however, somewhat unexpectedly, it increases as FR approximately D1.30+/-0.06. Moreover, using a combined atomic force microscopy-fluorescence microscopy instrument, we determined the light intensity, I, of single fibers, that were formed with fluorescently labeled fibrinogen, as a function of their diameter, D. Similar to the force data, we found that the light intensity, and thus the number of molecules per cross section, increases as I approximately D1.25+/-0.11. Based on these findings we propose that fibrin fibers are fractals for which the number of molecules per cross section increases as about D1.3. This implies that the molecule density varies as rhoD approximately D -0.7, i.e., thinner fibers are denser than thicker fibers. Such a model would be consistent with the observation that fibrin fibers consist of 70-80% water and only 20-30% protein, which also suggests that fibrin fibers are very porous.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guthold
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Enteral nutrition is the feeding method of choice during critical illness, but in some cases as few as 25% are fed appropriately. The aim was to retrospectively review the administration of nutrition to critically ill children. METHODS The notes of 95 children over the age of 1 year who were in PICU>or=3 days were reviewed and information related to the delivery of nutrition was obtained. RESULTS Fifty-nine per cent were fed within 24h of admission. Enteral nutrition was administered 54% of the time, 10% required parenteral nutrition and 9.5% received no nutritional support. Children only received a median 58.8 (range 0-277)% of their energy requirements, which could not be optimised until the 10th intensive care day. Energy intake was greater when supplemented with parenteral nutrition. Parenteral nutrition administration was interrupted 3 times while enteral nutrition was stopped 264 times, mainly to allow other clinical procedures to take place. For 75% of the study time, children had abnormal bowel patterns. Seventy-nine per cent were constipated for 3-21 days and 43% had diarrhoea of unknown aetiology. CONCLUSION This was a retrospective study to describe the efficiency of nutritional support in critically ill children. We have shown that it is possible to administer enteral nutrition safely. However, the difference between desirable intake and actual intake achieved suggests that a more pro-active approach should be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Taylor
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Aw MM, Taylor RM, Verma A, Parke A, Baker AJ, Hadzic D, Muiesan P, Rela M, Heaton ND, Mieli-Vergani G, Dhawan A. Basiliximab (Simulect) for the treatment of steroid-resistant rejection in pediatric liver transpland recipients: a preliminary experience. Transplantation 2003; 75:796-9. [PMID: 12660504 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000054682.53834.ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of interleukin-2 receptor antibodies as rescue therapy in steroid-resistant rejection (SRR) has not been studied. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of an interleukin-2 receptor antibody, basiliximab (Simulect, Novartis, East Hanover, NJ), in treating SRR in pediatric liver transplant recipients. METHODS This was a prospective study of seven pediatric liver transplant recipients with biopsy-proven SRR who would have otherwise received OKT3 or antithymocyte globulin. The primary immunosuppression consisted of cyclosporine (Neoral, Novartis), azathioprine, and prednisolone in four patients and tacrolimus and prednisolone in three patients who had undergone retransplantation for chronic rejection (n=2) and hyperacute rejection (n=1). Four patients had received two cycles of high-dose steroids, and three patients had received a single cycle; all had been converted to tacrolimus, followed by the addition of mycophenolate mofetil. RESULTS The median time from transplant to SRR was 30 days (range, 8 days-23 months). Five children received two doses of basiliximab (10 mg, 3-7 days apart), and two children received a single dose. Aspartate aminotransferase levels normalized in three children 12, 21, and 30 days after basiliximab treatment. Aspartate aminotransferase levels decreased without normalizing in two children, but there was no further evidence of cellular rejection on repeat biopsies. All five children are rejection-free with a median follow-up of 22 months (range, 5-32 months). Biochemical abnormalities persisted in the remaining two children, and both developed chronic rejection. There were no immediate side effects associated with basiliximab. Two patients were treated empirically for possible cytomegalovirus infection 21 and 57 days after basiliximab treatment, with no evidence of cytomegalovirus disease. CONCLUSION Five of seven pediatric liver transplant recipients with SRR experienced successful outcomes with basiliximab treatment without major side effects, indicating that it is a safe alternative to OKT3 and other antilymphocyte antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Aw
- Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore
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Taylor RM, Foubert TR, Burritt JB, Snodgrass MA, Jesaitis AJ. Single-step isolation of N-linked glycans from deglycosylation reaction mixtures. Biotechniques 2002; 33:754, 756, 758. [PMID: 12398181 DOI: 10.2144/02334bm07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R M Taylor
- Montana State University, Department of Microbiology, Bozeman 59717, USA.
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Taylor RM, Cheeseman P, Rela M, Heaton N, Mieli-Vergani G, Dhawan A. Use of calcineurin inhibitors in pediatric liver transplantation: a single-center experience. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:1974-5. [PMID: 12176652 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)03146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Taylor
- Paediatric Liver Service, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
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Taylor RM, Bjarnason I, Cheeseman P, Davenport M, Baker AJ, Mieli-Vergani G, Dhawan A. Intestinal permeability and absorptive capacity in children with portal hypertension. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37:807-11. [PMID: 12190094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portal hypertension may affect intestinal function leading to malnutrition in children with liver disease. The aim was to determine whether children with portal hypertension with or without liver disease had impaired absorptive capacity and intestinal barrier function (intestinal permeability) and to ascertain whether these abnormalities related to changes in body composition. METHODS Twenty-six children with portal hypertension were divided according to aetiology into: Group 1 intrahepatic (n = 15) and Group 2 prehepatic (n = 11). Thirty-five children acted as controls. Carbohydrate absorption and intestinal permeability were assessed using a sugar absorption/permeability test and a variety of anthropometric measurements were obtained. RESULTS 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, D-xylose and L-rhamnose excretion were significantly reduced in both patient groups compared to controls (P < or = 0.008) and the differential urinary excretion of melibiose/rhamnose (intestinal permeability) was significantly increased in Group 1 only (P < 0.05). Anthropometric measurements showed low Z scores in both groups, but there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between them. There was no significant correlation between urinary excretion of sugars. anthropometric measurements and energy intake. CONCLUSIONS Increased portal pressure reduces the absorptive capacity of the small intestine, while liver disease itself leads to increased intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Taylor
- Paediatric Liver Services, Paediatric Surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Taylor RM, Bjarnason I, Cheeseman P, Davenport M, Baker AJ, Mieli-Vergani G, Dhawan A. Intestinal permeability and absorptive capacity in children with portal hypertension. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002. [PMID: 12190094 DOI: 10.1080/gas.37.7.807.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portal hypertension may affect intestinal function leading to malnutrition in children with liver disease. The aim was to determine whether children with portal hypertension with or without liver disease had impaired absorptive capacity and intestinal barrier function (intestinal permeability) and to ascertain whether these abnormalities related to changes in body composition. METHODS Twenty-six children with portal hypertension were divided according to aetiology into: Group 1 intrahepatic (n = 15) and Group 2 prehepatic (n = 11). Thirty-five children acted as controls. Carbohydrate absorption and intestinal permeability were assessed using a sugar absorption/permeability test and a variety of anthropometric measurements were obtained. RESULTS 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, D-xylose and L-rhamnose excretion were significantly reduced in both patient groups compared to controls (P < or = 0.008) and the differential urinary excretion of melibiose/rhamnose (intestinal permeability) was significantly increased in Group 1 only (P < 0.05). Anthropometric measurements showed low Z scores in both groups, but there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between them. There was no significant correlation between urinary excretion of sugars. anthropometric measurements and energy intake. CONCLUSIONS Increased portal pressure reduces the absorptive capacity of the small intestine, while liver disease itself leads to increased intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Taylor
- Paediatric Liver Services, Paediatric Surgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Park KI, Ourednik J, Ourednik V, Taylor RM, Aboody KS, Auguste KI, Lachyankar MB, Redmond DE, Snyder EY. Global gene and cell replacement strategies via stem cells. Gene Ther 2002; 9:613-24. [PMID: 12032707 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The inherent biology of neural stem cells (NSCs) endows them with capabilities that not only circumvent many of the limitations of other gene transfer vehicles, but that enable a variety of novel therapeutic strategies heretofore regarded as beyond the purview of neural transplantation. Most neurodegenerative diseases are characterized not by discrete, focal abnormalities but rather by extensive, multifocal, or even global neuropathology. Such widely disseminated lesions have not conventionally been regarded as amenable to neural transplantation. However, the ability of NSCs to engraft diffusely and become integral members of structures throughout the host CNS, while also expressing therapeutic molecules, may permit these cells to address that challenge. Intriguingly, while NSCs can be readily engineered to express specified foreign genes, other intrinsic factors appear to emanate spontaneously from NSCs and, in the context of reciprocal donor-host signaling, seem to be capable of neuroprotective and/or neuroregenerative functions. Stem cells additionally have the appealing ability to 'home in' on pathology, even over great distances. Such observations help to advance the idea that NSCs - as a prototype for stem cells from other solid organs - might aid in reconstructing the molecular and cellular milieu of maldeveloped or damaged organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Park
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Collins GH, Taylor RM. Attributes of Australasian veterinary graduates: report of a workshop held at the Veterinary Conference Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sidney, January 28-19, 2002. J Vet Med Educ 2002; 29:71-72. [PMID: 12143022 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.29.2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G H Collins
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Foubert TR, Bleazard JB, Burritt JB, Gripentrog JM, Baniulis D, Taylor RM, Jesaitis AJ. Identification of a spectrally stable proteolytic fragment of human neutrophil flavocytochrome b composed of the NH2-terminal regions of gp91(phox) and p22(phox). J Biol Chem 2001; 276:38852-61. [PMID: 11504718 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104373200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A heme-bearing polypeptide core of human neutrophil flavocytochrome b(558) was isolated by applying high performance, size exclusion, liquid chromatography to partially purified Triton X-100-solubilized flavocytochrome b that had been exposed to endoproteinase Glu-C for 1 h. The fragment was composed of two polypeptides of 60-66 and 17 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and retained a native heme absorbance spectrum that was stable for several days when stored at 4 degrees C in detergent-containing buffer. These properties suggested that the majority of the flavocytochrome b heme environment remained intact. Continued digestion up to 4.5 h yielded several heme-associated fragments that were variable in composition between experiments. Digestion beyond 4.5 h resulted in a gradual loss of recoverable heme. N-Linked deglycosylation and reduction and alkylation of the 1-h digestion fragment did not affect the electrophoretic mobility of the 17-kDa fragment but reduced the 60-66-kDa fragment to 39 kDa. Sequence and immunoblot analyses identified the fragments as the NH(2)-terminal 320-363 amino acid residues of gp91(phox) and the NH(2)-terminal 169-171 amino acid residues of p22(phox). These findings provide direct evidence that the primarily hydrophobic NH(2)-terminal regions of flavocytochrome b are responsible for heme ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Foubert
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717-3520, USA
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36
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Abstract
In order to study the immunogenicity of parenchymal cells within an allograft, renal tubular cells were propagated from both PVG and DA strain rats. These cells were induced to express class II major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens by stimulation for 4 days with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). It was found that resting lymphoid cells derived from Lewis rats responded vigorously after stimulation with irradiated splenic cells from PVG rats. However, stimulation with renal cells from PVG rats did not result in interleukin (IL-2) production or lymphoproliferation. Furthermore, lymphocytes from this mixture failed to respond to secondary stimulation by PVG splenic cells; lymphocytes primed by mixture with DA renal cells responded normally to secondary stimulation by PVG splenic cells. These results indicate that renal epithelial cells can specifically anergise allogeneic lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Rajasekar
- Department of Surgery, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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37
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Ourednik V, Ourednik J, Park KI, Teng YD, Aboody KA, Auguste KI, Taylor RM, Tate BA, Snyder EY. Neural stem cells are uniquely suited for cell replacement and gene therapy in the CNS. Novartis Found Symp 2001; 231:242-62; discussion 262-9, 302-6. [PMID: 11131542 DOI: 10.1002/0470870834.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, it has become evident that the developing and even the adult mammalian CNS contain a population of undifferentiated, multipotent cell precursors, neural stem cells, the plastic properties of which might be of advantage for the design of more effective therapies for many neurological diseases. This article reviews the recent progress in establishing rodent and human clonal neural stem cell lines, their biological properties, and how these cells can be utilized to correct a variety of defects, with prospects for the near future to harness their behaviour for neural stem cell-based treatment of diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ourednik
- Departments of Neurology (Division of Neuroscience), Pediatrics (Division of Newborn Medicine), & Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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38
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Whitehouse CJ, Taylor RM, Thistlethwaite A, Zhang H, Karimi-Busheri F, Lasko DD, Weinfeld M, Caldecott KW. XRCC1 stimulates human polynucleotide kinase activity at damaged DNA termini and accelerates DNA single-strand break repair. Cell 2001; 104:107-17. [PMID: 11163244 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
XRCC1 protein is required for DNA single-strand break repair and genetic stability but its biochemical role is unknown. Here, we report that XRCC1 interacts with human polynucleotide kinase in addition to its established interactions with DNA polymerase-beta and DNA ligase III. Moreover, these four proteins are coassociated in multiprotein complexes in human cell extract and together they repair single-strand breaks typical of those induced by reactive oxygen species and ionizing radiation. Strikingly, XRCC1 stimulates the DNA kinase and DNA phosphatase activities of polynucleotide kinase at damaged DNA termini and thereby accelerates the overall repair reaction. These data identify a novel pathway for mammalian single-strand break repair and demonstrate a concerted role for XRCC1 and PNK in the initial step of processing damaged DNA ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Whitehouse
- School of Biological Sciences, G.38 Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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39
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Moore DJ, Taylor RM, Clements P, Caldecott KW. Mutation of a BRCT domain selectively disrupts DNA single-strand break repair in noncycling Chinese hamster ovary cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:13649-54. [PMID: 11095742 PMCID: PMC17630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.250477597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA single-strand break repair protein XRCC1 contains a BRCT domain that binds and stabilizes intracellular DNA ligase III protein. We recently demonstrated that this domain is largely dispensable for single-strand break repair and cellular resistance to DNA base damage in cycling cells. Here, we report that the BRCT domain is required for single-strand break repair in noncycling cells. Mutations that disrupt the BRCT domain and prevent DNA ligase III interaction abolished XRCC1-dependent repair in serum-starved Chinese hamster ovary cells, and reentry into cell cycle induced by readdition of serum restored repair. Elevating DNA ligase III levels in XRCC1 mutant cells using proteosome inhibitors or by expressing XRCC1 protein in which the BRCT domain is disrupted but can still bind DNA ligase III failed to restore repair in noncycling cells. The requirement for the BRCT domain for DNA strand break repair is thus for more than simply binding and stabilizing DNA ligase III. These data provide evidence in support of a selective role for a DNA repair protein or protein domain in noncycling cells. We propose that the XRCC1 C-terminal BRCT domain may be important for genetic stability in postmitotic cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Moore
- School of Biological Sciences, G.38 Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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40
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Abstract
The transfer of electrons from one material to another is usually described in terms of energy conservation, with no attention being paid to momentum conservation. Here we present results on the junction resistance between a carbon nanotube and a graphite substrate and show that details of momentum conservation also can change the contact resistance. By changing the angular alignment of the atomic lattices, we found that contact resistance varied by more than an order of magnitude in a controlled and reproducible fashion, indicating that momentum conservation, in addition to energy conservation, can dictate the junction resistance in graphene systems such as carbon nanotube junctions and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Paulson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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41
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Abstract
The breast cancer predisposing genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 appear to be involved in DNA repair. In particular, the sensitivity of BRCA2-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts to ionizing radiation and the demonstrated interaction of the BRCA2 protein with Rad51, a major factor in recombinational repair, indicate that BRCA2 is important for double strand break repair. The human BRCA2-deficient human cell line Capan-1, whilst being sensitive to ionizing radiation, is also sensitive to the alkylating agent methymethanesulfonate. The major lesions induced by this agent are methylated bases which are removed primarily by the base excision repair (BER) pathway. We have investigated the efficiency of BER in Capan-1 cells by an in vitro assay in which plasmid substrates containing a single lesion are repaired by mammalian cell extracts. In comparison to the control cell lines BxPC-3, T24 and MCF7, Capan-1 cells exhibited a reduced rate of DNA ligation during both the single-nucleotide insertion and PCNA-dependent pathways of BER. The reduced rate of DNA ligation exhibited by Capan-1 cell extracts was complemented by addition of bacteriophage T4 DNA ligase or human DNA ligase III. BRCA2-mutant Capan-1 cells may possess reduced DNA ligase activity during BER.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bogliolo
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Cancro, Genova, Italy
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42
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Taylor RM, Zakharov SD, Bernard Heymann J, Girvin ME, Cramer WA. Folded state of the integral membrane colicin E1 immunity protein in solvents of mixed polarity. Biochemistry 2000; 39:12131-9. [PMID: 11015191 DOI: 10.1021/bi000206c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The colicin E1 immunity protein (ImmE1), a 13.2-kDa hydrophobic integral membrane protein localized in the Escherichia coli cytoplasmic membrane, protects the cell from the lethal, channel-forming activity of the bacteriocin, colicin E1. Utilizing its solubility in organic solvents, ImmE1 was purified by 1-butanol extraction of isolated membranes, followed by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography in a chloroform/methanol/H(2)O (4:4:1) solvent system. Circular dichroism analysis indicated that the alpha-helical content of ImmE1 is approximately 80% in 1-butanol or 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, consistent with a previous membrane-folding model with three extended hydrophobic transmembrane helical domains, H1-H3. Each of these extended hydrophobic domains contains a centrally located single Cys residue that could be used as a probe of protein structure. The presence of tertiary structure of purified ImmE1 in a solvent of mixed polarity, chloroform/methanol/H(2)O (4:4:1) was demonstrated by (i) the constraints on Tyr residues shown by the amplitude of near-UV circular dichroism spectra in the wavelength interval, 270-285 nm; (ii) the correlation between the near-UV Tyr CD spectrum of single and double Cys-to-X mutants of the Imm protein and their in vivo activity; (iii) the upfield shift of methyl groups in a 1D NMR spectrum, a 2D- HSQC NMR spectrum of ImmE1 in the mixed polarity solvent mixture, and a broadening and disappearance of the indole (1)H proton resonance from Trp94 in H3 by a spin label attached to Cys16 in the H2 hydrophobic domain; (iv) near-UV circular dichroism spectra with a prominent ellipticity band centered at 290 nm from a single Trp inserted into the extended hydrophobic domains. It was concluded that the colicin E1 immunity protein adopts a folded conformation in chloroform/methanol/H(2)O (4:4:1) that is stabilized by helix-helix interactions. Analysis of the probable membrane folding topology indicated that several Tyr residues in the bilayer region of the three transmembrane helices could contribute to the near-UV CD spectrum through helix-helix interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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43
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Taylor RM, Whitehouse CJ, Caldecott KW. The DNA ligase III zinc finger stimulates binding to DNA secondary structure and promotes end joining. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:3558-63. [PMID: 10982876 PMCID: PMC110727 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.18.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to rejoin broken chromosomes is fundamental to the maintenance of genetic integrity. Mammalian cells possess at least five DNA ligases, including three isoforms of DNA ligase III (Lig-3). Lig-3 proteins differ from other DNA ligases in the presence of an N-terminal zinc finger (Zn-f) motif that exhibits extensive homology with two zinc fingers in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Here we report that the Zn-f confers upon Lig-3 the ability to bind DNA duplexes harbouring a variety of DNA secondary structures, including single-strand gaps and single-strand flaps. Moreover, the Zn-f stimulates intermolecular end joining of duplexes that harbour these structures up to 16-fold. The Zn-f also stimulates end joining between duplexes lacking secondary structure, but to a lesser extent (up to 4-fold). We conclude that the Zn-f may enable Lig-3 to rejoin chromosomal DNA strand breaks located at sites of clustered damage induced by ionising radiation or near to secondary structure intermediates of DNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, G.38 Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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44
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Taylor RM, Moore DJ, Whitehouse J, Johnson P, Caldecott KW. A cell cycle-specific requirement for the XRCC1 BRCT II domain during mammalian DNA strand break repair. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:735-40. [PMID: 10611252 PMCID: PMC85188 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.2.735-740.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
XRCC1 protein is essential for viability in mammals and is required for efficient DNA single-strand break repair and genetic stability following DNA base damage. We report here that XRCC1-dependent strand break repair in G(1) phase of the cell cycle is abolished by mutations created within the XRCC1 BRCT domain that interact with DNA ligase III. In contrast, XRCC1-dependent DNA strand break repair in S phase is largely unaffected by these mutations. These data describe a cell cycle-specific role for a BRCT domain, and we conclude that the XRCC1-DNA ligase III complex is required for DNA strand break repair in G(1) phase of the cell cycle but is dispensable for this process in S phase. The S-phase DNA repair process can remove both strand breaks induced in S phase and those that persist from G(1) and can in part compensate for lack of repair in G(1). This process correlates with the appearance of XRCC1 nuclear foci that colocalize with Rad51 and may thus function in concert with homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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45
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McBride LH, Taylor RM, Hogarth RH, Kinter KM. Xenotransplantation. J Transpl Coord 1999; 9:257-62. [PMID: 10889699 DOI: 10.7182/prtr.1.9.4.9265g05412773tq4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation is a potentially promising but exceedingly complex issue. It is critical that this subject be discussed within and outside the transplant community. The need for an expanded organ supply is urgent, but the scientific and ethical positions are complex. This article reviews the current status of xenotransplantation, including the potential benefits and risks; discusses multiple ethical issues; and makes recommendations for the transplant coordinator.
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46
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Guthold M, Falvo M, Matthews WG, Paulson S, Mullin J, Lord S, Erie D, Washburn S, Superfine R, Brooks FP, Taylor RM. Investigation and modification of molecular structures with the nanoManipulator. J Mol Graph Model 1999; 17:187-97. [PMID: 10736776 DOI: 10.1016/s1093-3263(99)00030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The nanoManipulator system adds a virtual reality interface to an atomic force microscope (AFM), thus providing a tool that enables the user not only to image but also to manipulate nanometer-sized molecular structures. As the AFM tip scans the surface of these structures, the tip-sample interaction forces are monitored, which in turn provide information about the frictional, mechanical, and topological properties of the sample. Computer graphics are used to reconstruct the surface for the user, with color or contours overlaid to indicate additional data sets. Moreover, by means of a force-feedback pen, which is connected to the scanning tip via software, the user can touch the surface under investigation to feel it and to manipulate objects on it. This system has been used to investigate carbon nanotubes, fibrin, DNA, adenovirus, and tobacco mosaic virus. Nanotubes have been bent, translated, and rotated to understand their mechanical properties and to investigate friction on the molecular level. AFM lithography is being combined with the nanoManipulator to investigate the electromechanical properties of carbon nanotubes. The rupture forces of fibrin and DNA have been measured. This article discusses how some of the graphics and interface features of the nanoManipulator made these novel investigations possible. Visitors have used the system to examine chromosomes, bacterial pili fibers, and nanochain aggregates (NCAs). Investigators are invited to apply to use the system as described on the web at http:@www.cs.unc.edu/Research/nano/doc/biovis it.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guthold
- Computer Science Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-3175, USA
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47
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Abstract
Understanding the relative motion of objects in contact is essential for controlling macroscopic lubrication and adhesion, for comprehending biological macromolecular interfaces, and for developing submicrometre-scale electromechanical devices. An object undergoing lateral motion while in contact with a second object can either roll or slide. The resulting energy loss and mechanical wear depend largely on which mode of motion occurs. At the macroscopic scale, rolling is preferred over sliding, and it is expected to have an equally important role in the microscopic domain. Although progress has been made in our understanding of the dynamics of sliding at the atomic level, we have no comparable insight into rolling owing to a lack of experimental data on microscopic length scales. Here we produce controlled rolling of carbon nanotubes on graphite surfaces using an atomic force microscope. We measure the accompanying energy loss and compare this with sliding. Moreover, by reproducibly rolling a nanotube to expose different faces to the substrate and to an external probe, we are able to study the object over its complete surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Falvo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, North Carolina Center for Nanoscale Materials, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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48
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Taylor RM, Dhawan A. Nutrition in chronic liver disease: pathogenesis and management. Indian J Pediatr 1999; 66:S135-40. [PMID: 11186934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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49
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Taylor RM, Whitehouse J, Cappelli E, Frosina G, Caldecott KW. Role of the DNA ligase III zinc finger in polynucleotide binding and ligation. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26:4804-10. [PMID: 9776738 PMCID: PMC147929 DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.21.4804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian DNA ligase III exists as two distinct isoforms denoted alpha and beta. Both forms possess a motif that is homologous to the putative zinc finger present in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Here, the role of this motif in the binding and ligation of nicked DNA and RNA substrates in vitro has been examined in both isoforms. Disruption of the putative zinc finger did not affect DNA ligase III activity on nicked DNA duplex, nor did it abolish DNA ligase III-alpha activity during DNA base excision repair in a cell-free assay. In contrast, disruption of this motif reduced 3-fold the activity of both DNA ligase III isoforms on nicked RNA present in RNA/DNA homopolymers. Furthermore, whereas disruption of the motif did not prevent binding of DNA ligase III to nicked DNA duplex, binding to nicked RNA homopolymers was reduced approximately 10-fold. These results suggest that the putative zinc finger does not stimulate DNA ligase III activity on simple nicked DNA substrates, but indicate that this motif can target the binding and activity of DNA ligase III to nicked RNA homopolymer. The implications of these results to the cellular role of the putative zinc finger are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, G.38 Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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50
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Falvo MR, Clary G, Helser A, Paulson S, Taylor RM, Chi V, Brooks FP, Washburn S, Superfine R. Nanomanipulation Experiments Exploring Frictional and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes. Microsc Microanal 1998; 4:504-512. [PMID: 9990873 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927698980485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
: In many cases in experimental science, the instrument interface becomes a limiting factor in the efficacy of carrying out unusual experiments or prevents the complete understanding of the acquired data. We have developed an advanced interface for scanning probe microscopy (SPM) that allows intuitive rendering of data sets and natural instrument control, all in real time. The interface, called the nanoManipulator, combines a high-performance graphics engine for real-time data rendering with a haptic interface that places the human operator directly into the feedback loop that controls surface manipulations. Using a hand-held stylus, the operator moves the stylus laterally, directing the movement of the SPM tip across the sample. The haptic interface enables the user to "feel" the surface by forcing the stylus to move up and down in response to the surface topography. In this way the user understands the immediate location of the tip on the sample and can quickly and precisely maneuver nanometer-scale objects. We have applied this interface to studies of the mechanical properties of nanotubes and to substrate-nanotube interactions. The mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes have been demonstrated to be extraordinary. They have an elastic modulus rivaling that of the stiffest material known, diamond, while maintaining a remarkable resistance to fracture. We have used atomic-force microscopy (AFM) to manipulate the nanotubes through a series of configuration that reveal buckling behavior and high-strain resilience. Nanotubes also serve as test objects for nanometer-scale contact mechanics. We have found that nanotubes will roll under certain conditions. This has been determined through changes in the images and through the acquisition of lateral force during manipulation. The lateral force data show periodic stick-slip behavior with a periodicity matching the perimeter of the nanotube.
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Affiliation(s)
- MR Falvo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255
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