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Saki E, Murthy V, Wang H, Khandanlou R, Wapling J, Weir R. Formulation and Biomedical Activity of Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion Combining Tinospora smilacina Water Extract and Calophyllum inophyllum Seeds Oil. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:1159-1174. [PMID: 37153724 PMCID: PMC10162105 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s405427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Tinospora smilacina is a native plant used in traditional medicine by First Nations peoples in Australia to treat inflammation. In our previous study, an optimised Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil (CSO) nanoemulsion (NE) showed improved biomedical activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant activity, cell viability and in vitro wound healing efficacy compared to CSO. Methods In this study, a stable NE formulation combining T. smilacina water extract (TSWE) and CSO in a nanoemulsion (CTNE) was prepared to integrate the bioactive compounds in both native plants and improve wound healing efficacy. D-optimal mixture design was used to optimise the physicochemical characteristics of the CTNE, including droplet size and polydispersity index (PDI). Cell viability and in vitro wound healing studies were done in the presence of CTNE, TSWE and CSO against a clone of baby hamster kidney fibroblasts (BHK-21 cell clone BSR-T7/5). Results The optimised CTNE had a 24 ± 5 nm particle size and 0.21± 0.02 PDI value and was stable after four weeks each at 4 °C and room temperature. According to the results, incorporating TSWE into CTNE improved its antioxidant activity, cell viability, and ability to promote wound healing. The study also revealed that TSWE has >6% higher antioxidant activity than CSO. While CTNE did not significantly impact mammalian cell viability, it exhibited wound-healing properties in the BSR cell line during in vitro testing. These findings suggest that adding TSWE may enhance CTNE's potential as a wound-healing treatment. Conclusion This is the first study demonstrating NE formulation in which two different plant extracts were used in the aqueous and oil phases with improved biomedical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Saki
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Correspondence: Elnaz Saki, Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia, Tel +61 42439 3238, Email
| | - Vinuthaa Murthy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Roshanak Khandanlou
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Johanna Wapling
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Saki E, Murthy V, Khandanlou R, Wang H, Wapling J, Weir R. Optimisation of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil nanoemulsion as a potential wound healing agent. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:285. [PMID: 36333789 PMCID: PMC9635111 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efficient delivery systems of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil (CSO) in the form of nanoemulsion were optimised to enhance its stability and ensure its therapeutic efficiency as a potential agent for various biomedical applications. Method Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to determine the effects of independent variables (oil, surfactant, water percentage and homogenisation time) on physicochemical characteristics, including droplet size, polydispersity index and turbidity. Results The optimised CSO nanoemulsion (CSONE) has a 46.68 nm particle size, 0.15 Polydispersity index value and 1.16 turbidity. After 4 weeks of storage at 5 ± 1 °C and 25 ± 1 °C, the CSONE was physically stable. The optimised CSO nanoemulsion showed enhancement in cell viability and wound healing in baby hamster kidney a clone BHK-21 (BSR) cells as compared to the CSO. The wound healing property of CSONE was higher than CSO. Conclusion Thus, our in vitro wound healing results demonstrated that CSO in the nanoemulsion form can promote wound healing by enhancing the proliferation and migration of epidermal cells. Graphical Abstract The coarse emulsion of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil nano emulsion was prepared using high shear homogeniser techniques. The optimised CSONE with the droplet size of 46.68 nm was prepared from a mixture of CSO, Tween 80, and high pure water (HPW), then used for the biological investigation. The in vitro cell monolayer scratch assay revealed that CSONE in the lowest concentration of CSO resulted in 100% wound closure after 48 hrs. The optimised CSO nanoemulsion was found to be a promising and effective approach in the treatment of wounds by boosting the proliferation and migration of epidermal cells.
![]() Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03751-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Saki
- grid.1043.60000 0001 2157 559XCollege of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina campus, Darwin City, 0810 Australia
| | - Vinuthaa Murthy
- grid.1043.60000 0001 2157 559XCollege of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina campus, Darwin City, 0810 Australia
| | - Roshanak Khandanlou
- grid.1043.60000 0001 2157 559XCollege of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina campus, Darwin City, 0810 Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- grid.1043.60000 0001 2157 559XCollege of Engineering, IT & Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina campus, Darwin City, 0810 Australia
| | - Johanna Wapling
- grid.1043.60000 0001 2157 559XMenzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin City, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- grid.483876.60000 0004 0394 3004Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade Northern Territory Government, Darwin City, Australia
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Agnihotri K, Oakey J, Smith C, Weir R, Pyke A, Melville L. Genome-scale molecular and phylogenetic characterization of Middle Point orbiviruses from Australia. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34870577 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle Point orbivirus (MPOV) is an Australian arbovirus, belongs to the Yunnan orbivirus species found in China. First detected and reported from Beatrice Hill, Northern Territory (NT), MPOV has to date, only been exclusively reported from the NT, Australia. Whilst genetic characterization of MPOV has been previously described, only restricted to sequence information for segments 2 and 3 coding core protein VP2 and outer capsid protein VP3, respectively. This study presents for the first time nearly full-length genome sequences of MPOV, which represent 24 isolates collected over a span of more than 20 years from 1997 to 2018. Whilst the majority of isolates were sampled at Beatrice Hill, NT where MPOV is most frequently isolated, this report also describes the first two isolations of MPOV from Queensland (QLD), Australia. One of which is the first non-bovine isolate obtained from the mosquito vector Aedes vittiger. We further compared these MPOV sequences with known sequences of the Yunnan orbivirus and other known orbivirus sequences of mosquito origin found in Australia. The phylogenetic analyses indicate the Australian MPOV sequences are more closely related to each other than other known sequences of Yunnan orbivirus. Furthermore, MPOV sequences are closely related to sequences from the Indonesian isolate JKT-8650. The clustering of Australian sequences in the phylogenetic tree suggests the monophyletic lineage of MPOV circulating in Australia. Further, ongoing surveillance is required to assess the existence and prevalence of this or other yet undetected lineages of MPOV and other orbiviruses in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Agnihotri
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Coopers Plains, 4108, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jane Oakey
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Coopers Plains, 4108, Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig Smith
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Coopers Plains, 4108, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade, Berrimah, 0801, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Alyssa Pyke
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, 4108, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lorna Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade, Berrimah, 0801, Northern Territory, Australia
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Anselmi L, Everton A, Shaw R, Suzuki W, Burrows J, Weir R, Tatarek-Gintowt R, Sutton M, Lorrimer S. Estimating local need for mental healthcare to inform fair resource allocation in the NHS in England: cross-sectional analysis of national administrative data linked at person level. Br J Psychiatry 2020; 216:338-344. [PMID: 31391127 PMCID: PMC7511896 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equitable access to mental healthcare is a priority for many countries. The National Health Service in England uses a weighted capitation formula to ensure that the geographical distribution of resources reflects need. AIMS To produce a revised formula for estimating local need for secondary mental health, learning disability (intellectual disability) and psychological therapies services for adults in England. METHOD We used demographic records for 43 751 535 adults registered with a primary care practitioner in England linked with service use, ethnicity, physical health diagnoses and type of household, from multiple data-sets. Using linear regression, we estimated the individual cost of care in 2015 as a function of individual- and area-level need and supply variables in 2013 and 2014. We sterilised the effects of the supply variables to obtain individual-need estimates. We aggregated these by general practitioner practice, age and gender to derive weights for the national capitation formula. RESULTS Higher costs were associated with: being 30-50 years old, compared with 20-24; being Irish, Black African, Black Caribbean or of mixed ethnicity, compared with White British; having been admitted for specific physical health conditions, including drug poisoning; living alone, in a care home or in a communal environment; and living in areas with a higher percentage of out-of-work benefit recipients and higher prevalence of severe mental illness. Longer distance from a provider was associated with lower cost. CONCLUSIONS The resulting needs weights were higher in more deprived areas and informed the distribution of some 12% (£9 bn in 2019/20) of the health budget allocated to local organisations for 2019/20 to 2023/24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anselmi
- Research Fellow, Health Organisation, Policy and Economics, University of Manchester, UK,Senior Analytical Manager, Analysis and Insight for Finance, NHS England, UK,Correspondence: Laura Anselmi, Health Organisation, Policy and Economics (HOPE), Centre for Primary Care and Health Services Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Anna Everton
- Senior Analytical Lead, Analysis and Insight for Finance, NHS England, UK
| | - Robert Shaw
- Lead Analysis (forecasting), Analytical Insight Resource Unit, NHS England, UK
| | - Wataru Suzuki
- Senior Manager, Operations & Information Directorate, NHS England, UK
| | - Jeremy Burrows
- Senior Analytical Manager, Analysis and Insight for Finance, NHS England, UK
| | - Richard Weir
- Analysis and Insight for Finance, NHS England, UK
| | | | - Matt Sutton
- Professor of Health Economics, Health Organisation, Policy and Economics, University of Manchester, UK; and Professorial Research Fellow, Melbourne Institute for Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Canuti M, Todd M, Monteiro P, Van Osch K, Weir R, Schwantje H, Britton AP, Lang AS. Ecology and Infection Dynamics of Multi-Host Amdoparvoviral and Protoparvoviral Carnivore Pathogens. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020124. [PMID: 32075256 PMCID: PMC7168296 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amdoparvovirus and Protoparvovirus are monophyletic viral genera that infect carnivores. We performed surveillance for and sequence analyses of parvoviruses in mustelids in insular British Columbia to investigate parvoviral maintenance and cross-species transmission among wildlife. Overall, 19.1% (49/256) of the tested animals were parvovirus-positive. Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) was more prevalent in mink (41.6%, 32/77) than martens (3.1%, 4/130), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) was more prevalent in otters (27.3%, 6/22) than mink (5.2%, 4/77) or martens (2.3%, 3/130), and canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) was found in one mink, one otter, and zero ermines (N = 27). Viruses were endemic and bottleneck events, founder effects, and genetic drift generated regional lineages. We identified two local closely related AMDV lineages, one CPV-2 lineage, and five FPV lineages. Highly similar viruses were identified in different hosts, demonstrating cross-species transmission. The likelihood for cross-species transmission differed among viruses and some species likely represented dead-end spillover hosts. We suggest that there are principal maintenance hosts (otters for FPV, raccoons for CPV-2/FPV, mink for AMDV) that enable viral persistence and serve as sources for other susceptible species. In this multi-host system, viral and host factors affect viral persistence and distribution, shaping parvoviral ecology and evolution, with implications for insular carnivore conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.S.L.); Tel.: +1-709-864-8761 (M.C.); +1-709-864-7517 (A.S.L.)
| | - Melissa Todd
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development, Coast Area Research Section, Suite 103-2100 Labieux Rd., Nanaimo, BC V9T 6E9, Canada; (M.T.); (P.M.); (K.V.O.)
| | - Paige Monteiro
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development, Coast Area Research Section, Suite 103-2100 Labieux Rd., Nanaimo, BC V9T 6E9, Canada; (M.T.); (P.M.); (K.V.O.)
| | - Kalia Van Osch
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development, Coast Area Research Section, Suite 103-2100 Labieux Rd., Nanaimo, BC V9T 6E9, Canada; (M.T.); (P.M.); (K.V.O.)
| | - Richard Weir
- British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, PO Box 9338 STN Prov Govt, Victoria, BC V8W 9M2, Canada;
| | - Helen Schwantje
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Wildlife Health Program, Wildlife and Habitat Branch, 2080 Labieux Rd., Nanaimo, BC V9T 6J9, Canada;
| | - Ann P. Britton
- Animal Health Center, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, 1767 Angus Campbell Rd., Abbotsford, BC V3G 2M3, Canada;
| | - Andrew S. Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.S.L.); Tel.: +1-709-864-8761 (M.C.); +1-709-864-7517 (A.S.L.)
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Lau YC, Latter J, Jong A, Weir R. P5472Social economic deprivation and adverse clinical outcomes after acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz746.0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
NHS was created in 1948 to redress the healthcare inequality through provision of universal healthcare service in the UK. However even of late, significant health inequality persists. Socioeconomic deprivation is known to result in increased overall morbidity and mortality.
Aim
To assess the impact of socioeconomic deprivation (as categorised by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation, SIMD) on the medical management and clinical outcomes of patients with ACS (NSTEMI/STEMI) who were treated with PCI
Methods
A retrospective study of NSTEMI/NSTEMI patients after inpatient treatment with coronary angiogram and PCI. The parameters include basic demographics, risk factors, LV EF on echocardiogram, lipid profile and discharge medication. Individual's socioeconomic deprivation index, as described SIMD was also recorded (1 – most deprived and 10 – least deprived), and accordingly placed into quintile (SIMD 1–2, 3–4, 5–6,7 –8, 9–10). Follow-up for 24 months. Clinical outcome assessed was composite endpoint event of MACE.
Results
357 from the lowest quintile (SIMD 1–2), 319 from SIMD 3–4, 191 from SIMD 5–6, 120 from SIMD 7–8, and 99 from the highest quintile (SIMD 9–10) were included. No statistical difference exists between age or gender. No difference in past medical history (inclusive of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, family history. No difference in incidence of nicotine use.
Prescription of aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors (clopidogrel, ticagrelor or prasugrel) as well as secondary prevention medications (such as ace inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker, beta blocker, statin and GTN) were good and not statistically different between all groups.
No statistical difference exists between all groups relating to pre-discharge LV ejection fraction on echocardiogram or random cholesterol level check on admission.
24 months follow-up demonstrated composite endpoint of MACE was statistically higher among patients of lowest socioeconomic quintile (Kaplan Meier plot, p<0.001). Step-wise multiple regression analysis also confirmed multiple socioeconomic deprivation as an independent predictor for more adverse clinical outcomes (p<0.001, R2=14.5%).
Patients from the least deprived quintile possess survival advantage almost 14-folds as compared to those of most deprived group (Odd-ratio 13.8 (95% CI: 39.4–48.5)).
Summary
After an ACS event, despite initial coronary intervention and subsequent optimal prescription of prognostically beneficial secondary prevention medications, patients from the lower socioeconomic group (as described by SIMD) are still more likely to experience readmission for cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and non-fatal stroke. Socioeconomic deprivation has been shown to be an independent predictor of adverse clinical outcome for those who survived initial ACS.
Acknowledgement/Funding
None
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Lau
- Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - J Latter
- Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - A Jong
- Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - R Weir
- Hairmyres Hospital, East Kilbride, United Kingdom
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Hickland P, O'Neill R, Loughrey M, Weir R, Woodside J, Cantwell M. The Expression of Fatty Acid Synthase and its Ligand in Colorectal Cancer and its Effect on Prognosis; A Systematic Review. Int J Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.08.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gubala A, Walsh S, McAllister J, Weir R, Davis S, Melville L, Mitchell I, Bulach D, Gauci P, Skvortsov A, Boyle D. Identification of very small open reading frames in the genomes of Holmes Jungle virus, Ord River virus, and Wongabel virus of the genus Hapavirus, family Rhabdoviridae. Evol Bioinform Online 2017; 13:1176934317713484. [PMID: 28747815 PMCID: PMC5510769 DOI: 10.1177/1176934317713484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses of the family Rhabdoviridae infect a broad range of hosts from a variety of ecological and geographical niches, including vertebrates, arthropods, and plants. The arthropod-transmitted members of this family display considerable genetic diversity and remarkable genomic flexibility that enable coding for various accessory proteins in different locations of the genome. Here, we describe the genome of Holmes Jungle virus, isolated from Culex annulirostris mosquitoes collected in northern Australia, and make detailed comparisons with the closely related Ord River and Wongabel viruses, with a focus on identifying very small open reading frames (smORFs) in their genomes. This is the first systematic prediction of smORFs in rhabdoviruses, emphasising the intricacy of the rhabdovirus genome and the knowledge gaps. We speculate that these smORFs may be of importance to the life cycle of the virus in the arthropod vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gubala
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan Walsh
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, NT, Australia
| | - Jane McAllister
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, NT, Australia
| | - Steven Davis
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, NT, Australia
| | - Lorna Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, NT, Australia
| | - Ian Mitchell
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, Australia
| | - Dieter Bulach
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Penny Gauci
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Skvortsov
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, Australia
| | - David Boyle
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Barigye R, Davis S, Hunt R, Hunt N, Walsh S, Elliott N, Dyrting K, Weir R, Melville LF. Post-viraemic detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus by use of autogenous lymphoid tissue-derived bovine primary cell cultures. Aust Vet J 2017; 95:49-52. [PMID: 28124418 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential tissue replication sites and specific cell types that support in vivo virus survival beyond the acute phase of bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) infection have not been fully defined in cattle. To clarify the knowledge gap, tissue specimens were tested after collection from an adult steer necropsied 1 week after acute BEF. CASE REPORT Significant necropsy findings included fibrinoproliferative synovitis in the stifle joints and fibrin clot-laden fluid in serous body cavities. Moderate numbers of infiltrating neutrophils were demonstrated in sections of the prefemoral lymph nodes and haemal node, and lymphoid hyperplasia in the spleen, haemal node and prefemoral lymph nodes. Viral RNA was detected by qRT-PCR in fresh spleen, haemal node, prefemoral lymph node, synovial fluid and in several spleen-derived cell cultures. BEFV was isolated from autogenously derived splenic primary cell cultures 6 days after cessation of viraemia, and characteristic bullet-shaped virions were confirmed by electron microscopy of an ultrathin haemal node section. In sections of the spleen, haemal node and other tissues, immunohistochemistry demonstrated BEFV antigens that were intracellularly associated with probable histiocytic cells. CONCLUSION BEFV has preferential tropism for bovine lymphoid tissues and the spleen and haemal node may be potential sites for post-viraemic virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barigye
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food & Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - S Davis
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - R Hunt
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - N Hunt
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - S Walsh
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - N Elliott
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - K Dyrting
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - R Weir
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - L F Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Barigye R, Davis S, Hunt R, Hunt N, Walsh S, Elliott N, Burnup C, Aumann S, Day C, Dyrting K, Weir R, Melville LF. Viral neurotropism, peripheral neuropathy and other morphological abnormalities in bovine ephemeral fever virus-infected downer cattle. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:362-70. [PMID: 27671080 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the neurotropism of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus (BEFV) and described histomorphological abnormalities of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves that may causally contribute to paresis or paralysis in BEF. METHODS Four paralysed and six asymptomatic but virus-infected cattle were monitored, and blood and serum samples screened by qRT-PCR, virus isolation and neutralisation tests. Fresh brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve and other tissues were qRT-PCR-tested for viral RNA, while formalin-fixed specimens were processed routinely and immunohistochemically evaluated for histomorphological abnormalities and viral antigen distribution, respectively. RESULTS The neurotropism of BEFV was immunohistochemically confirmed in the brain and peripheral nerves and peripheral neuropathy was demonstrated in three paralysed but not the six aneurological but virus-infected animals. Wallerian degeneration (WD) was present in the ventral funicular white matter of the lumbar spinal cord of a paralysed steer and in cervical and thoracic spinal cord segments of three paralysed animals. Although no spinal cord lesions were seen in the steer euthanased within 7 days of illness, peripheral neuropathy was present and more severe in nerves of the brachial plexuses than in the gluteal or fibular nerves. The only steer with WD in the lumbar spinal cord also showed intrahistiocytic cell viral antigen that was spatially distributed within areas of moderate brain stem encephalitis. CONCLUSION The data confirmed neurotropism of BEFV in cattle and documented histomorphological abnormalities in peripheral nerves and brain which, together with spinal cord lesions, may contribute to chronic paralysis in BEFV-infected downer cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barigye
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia. ,
| | - S Davis
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - R Hunt
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - N Hunt
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - S Walsh
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - N Elliott
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - C Burnup
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - S Aumann
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - C Day
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - K Dyrting
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - R Weir
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - L F Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry & Fisheries, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
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11
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Kurucz N, Markey P, Draper A, Melville L, Weir R, Davis S, Warchot A, Boyd R, Stokeld D. Investigation into High Barmah Forest Virus Disease Case Numbers Reported in the Northern Territory, Australia in 2012-2013. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:110-6. [PMID: 26789525 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Between October 2012 and October 2013, unprecedented high numbers of Barmah Forest virus (BFV) disease cases were reported in the Northern Territory (NT). An investigation was launched by the NT Department of Health in cooperation with the Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries and the Department of Land Resource Management to investigate possible causes for this phenomenon. The investigation included virus isolations from mosquitoes collected in Darwin urban areas, BFV antibody testing in peri-urban small mammals and a human BFV disease case series investigation of recent cases. No BFV was isolated from the 4641 mosquitoes tested, none of the mammals tested positive for BFV antibodies, and the high BFV disease case numbers did not correlate with the relatively low mosquito vector numbers trapped in 2012-2013. It was estimated that up to 89% of the 79 human cases investigated did not have an acute arboviral illness and therefore had tested falsely positive. An Alere PanBio BFV immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test kit is generally used to test for BFV, with the BFV disease case definition based on immunoglobulin M positives only. Other jurisdictions in Australia also reported high numbers of BFV disease cases, with the majority of the cases suspected to be false positives. Therefore, current testing methods need to be revised to reflect the true numbers of BFV disease cases occurring in Australia and to provide correct diagnoses for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kurucz
- 1 Medical Entomology, Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Department of Health , Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Peter Markey
- 2 Disease Surveillance, Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Department of Health , Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Anthony Draper
- 2 Disease Surveillance, Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Department of Health , Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia .,3 National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University , Australia
| | - Lorna Melville
- 4 Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories , Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- 4 Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories , Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Steven Davis
- 4 Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories , Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Allan Warchot
- 1 Medical Entomology, Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Department of Health , Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Rowena Boyd
- 2 Disease Surveillance, Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Department of Health , Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Danielle Stokeld
- 5 Flora and Fauna Division , Department of Land Resource Management, Palmerston, Northern Territory, Australia
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12
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Melville L, Weir R, Hunt N, Davis S, Walsh S. Forty years continous monitoring for bluetongue virus at an Australian site of high arbovirus activity. What have we achieved? Vet Ital 2016; 51:263-7. [PMID: 26741242 DOI: 10.12834/vetit.553.2616.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Beatrice Hill Farm (BHF) near Darwin, Australia was identified in the early 1970's as a site of high arbovirus activity. The first isolation of Bluetongue virus (BTV) in Australia was made on BHF in 1975. Since then, there has been continuous monitoring for BTV at BHF, the virus has been isolated on a yearly basis, with the only exception of 1990. All 10 serotypes known in Australia have been isolated at this site and an assessment of their biological behaviour made. Over the years, the methods and intensity of monitoring have been changed. In recent years molecular techniques have permitted more detailed examination of the origins of the viruses and their natural behaviour in field situations. Data collected at BHF have allowed modelling to detect likely origins of the BTVs that regularly enter Australia through wind borne infected Culicoides from South East Asia. Concurrent vector monitoring led to assess the Culicoides species more likely to be involved with transmission of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Melville
- Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, GPO Box 3000, Darwin NT 0801, Australia
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13
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Ozbay BN, Losacco JT, Cormack R, Weir R, Bright VM, Gopinath JT, Restrepo D, Gibson EA. Miniaturized fiber-coupled confocal fluorescence microscope with an electrowetting variable focus lens using no moving parts. Opt Lett 2015; 40:2553-6. [PMID: 26030555 PMCID: PMC4517461 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.002553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a miniature, lightweight fiber-coupled confocal fluorescence microscope that incorporates an electrowetting variable focus lens to provide axial scanning for full three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Lateral scanning is accomplished by coupling our device to a laser-scanning confocal microscope through a coherent imaging fiber-bundle. The optical components of the device are combined in a custom 3D-printed adapter with an assembled weight of <2 g that can be mounted onto the head of a mouse. Confocal sectioning provides an axial resolution of ∼12 μm and an axial scan range of ∼80 μm. The lateral field-of-view is 300 μm, and the lateral resolution is 1.8 μm. We determined these parameters by imaging fixed sections of mouse neuronal tissue labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and fluorescent bead samples in agarose gel. To demonstrate viability for imaging intact tissue, we resolved multiple optical sections of ex vivo mouse olfactory nerve fibers expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris N. Ozbay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Justin T. Losacco
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Robert Cormack
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Richard Weir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Victor M. Bright
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Juliet T. Gopinath
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Diego Restrepo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Emily A. Gibson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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14
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Bennion N, Weir R, Martinez G, Lin C. Comparing Supine Versus Prone Positioning and Contouring Methods in Patients Undergoing Preoperative Chemoradiation for Rectal Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.05.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Eagles D, Melville L, Weir R, Davis S, Bellis G, Zalucki MP, Walker PJ, Durr PA. Long-distance aerial dispersal modelling of Culicoides biting midges: case studies of incursions into Australia. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:135. [PMID: 24943652 PMCID: PMC4074460 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies investigating long-distance, wind-borne dispersal of Culicoides have utilised outbreaks of clinical disease (passive surveillance) to assess the relationship between incursion and dispersal event. In this study, species of exotic Culicoides and isolates of novel bluetongue viruses, collected as part of an active arbovirus surveillance program, were used for the first time to assess dispersal into an endemic region. RESULTS A plausible dispersal event was determined for five of the six cases examined. These include exotic Culicoides specimens for which a possible dispersal event was identified within the range of two days--three weeks prior to their collection and novel bluetongue viruses for which a dispersal event was identified between one week and two months prior to their detection in cattle. The source location varied, but ranged from Lombok, in eastern Indonesia, to Timor-Leste and southern Papua New Guinea. CONCLUSIONS Where bluetongue virus is endemic, the concurrent use of an atmospheric dispersal model alongside existing arbovirus and Culicoides surveillance may help guide the strategic use of limited surveillance resources as well as contribute to continued model validation and refinement. Further, the value of active surveillance systems in evaluating models for long-distance dispersal is highlighted, particularly in endemic regions where knowledge of background virus and vector status is beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Eagles
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 5 Portarlington Rd, 3220 Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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16
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Warrilow D, Watterson D, Hall RA, Davis SS, Weir R, Kurucz N, Whelan P, Allcock R, Hall-Mendelin S, O'Brien CA, Hobson-Peters J. A new species of mesonivirus from the Northern Territory, Australia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91103. [PMID: 24670468 PMCID: PMC3966781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe Casuarina virus (CASV), a new virus in the family Mesoniviridae. This is the first report of a mesonivirus in Australia, which extends the geographical range of this virus family to 3 continents. The virus was isolated in 2010 from Coquillettidia xanthogaster mosquitoes during surveillance in the suburbs of Darwin, the capital of the Northern Territory. Cryo-electron microscopy of the CASV virions revealed spherical particles of 65 nm in size with large club-shaped projections of approximately 15 nm in length. The new virus was most closely related to Alphamesonivirus 1, the only currently recognized species in the family. In 2013 a further 5 putative new mesonivirus species were described: Hana, Méno, Nsé, Moumo and Dak Nong viruses. The evolutionary distance between CASV and two of its closest relatives, Cavally and Hana viruses (Jones-Taylor-Thornton distance of 0.151 and 0.224, respectively), along with its isolation from a different genus of mosquitoes captured on a separate continent indicate that CASV is a new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Warrilow
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Archerfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven S Davis
- Berrimah Veterinary Labs, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- Berrimah Veterinary Labs, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Nina Kurucz
- Centre for Disease Control, Health Protection Division, Northern Territory Department of Health, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Peter Whelan
- Centre for Disease Control, Health Protection Division, Northern Territory Department of Health, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Richard Allcock
- LotteryWest State Biomedical Facility, Genomics, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; Department of Clinical Immunology, Pathwest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sonja Hall-Mendelin
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Archerfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caitlin A O'Brien
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Hobson-Peters J, Yam AWY, Lu JWF, Setoh YX, May FJ, Kurucz N, Walsh S, Prow NA, Davis SS, Weir R, Melville L, Hunt N, Webb RI, Blitvich BJ, Whelan P, Hall RA. A new insect-specific flavivirus from northern Australia suppresses replication of West Nile virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus in co-infected mosquito cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56534. [PMID: 23460804 PMCID: PMC3584062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports of a novel group of flaviviruses that replicate only in mosquitoes and appear to spread through insect populations via vertical transmission have emerged from around the globe. To date, there is no information on the presence or prevalence of these insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) in Australian mosquito species. To assess whether such viruses occur locally, we used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flavivirus universal primers that are specific to the NS5 gene to detect these viruses in mosquito pools collected from the Northern Territory. Of 94 pools of mosquitoes, 13 were RT-PCR positive, and of these, 6 flavivirus isolates were obtained by inoculation of mosquito cell culture. Sequence analysis of the NS5 gene revealed that these isolates are genetically and phylogenetically similar to ISFs reported from other parts of the world. The entire coding region of one isolate (designated 56) was sequenced and shown to have approximately 63.7% nucleotide identity and 66.6% amino acid identity with its closest known relative (Nakiwogo virus) indicating that the prototype Australian ISF represents a new species. All isolates were obtained from Coquillettidia xanthogaster mosquitoes. The new virus is tentatively named Palm Creek virus (PCV) after its place of isolation. We also demonstrated that prior infection of cultured mosquito cells with PCV suppressed subsequent replication of the medically significant West Nile and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses by 10–43 fold (1 to 1.63 log) at 48 hr post-infection, suggesting that superinfection exclusion can occur between ISFs and vertebrate-infecting flaviviruses despite their high level of genetic diversity. We also generated several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are specific to the NS1 protein of PCV, and these represent the first ISF-specific mAbs reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Hobson-Peters
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Weir R, Troyk P, Demichele G, Kerns D. Technical Details of the Implantable Myoelectric Sensor (IMES) System for Multifunction Prosthesis Control. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012; 2005:7337-40. [PMID: 17281975 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1616206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The limitation of current prostheses is not the devices themselves but rather the lack of sufficient independent control sources. A system capable of reading intra muscular EMG signals would greatly increase the number control sources available for prosthesis control. We are developing a multichannel/multifunction prosthetic hand/arm controller system capable of receiving and processing signals from up to sixteen implanted bipolar differential electromyographic (EMG) electrodes. An external prosthesis controller will decipher user intent from telemetry sent over a transcutaneous magnetic link by the implanted electrodes. The same link will provide power for the implanted electrodes. This paper describes some of the technical aspects of the implant and telemetry design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Weir
- Member, IEEE, Northwestern University Prosthetics, Laboratory (NUPRL), Chicago Illinois USA (phone: 312-238-6512; fax: 312-238-6510; e-mail: )
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19
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Zhou P, Lowery M, Weir R, Kuiken T. Elimination of ECG Artifacts from Myoelectric Prosthesis Control Signals Developed by Targeted Muscle Reinnervation. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012; 2005:5276-9. [PMID: 17281440 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1615670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We investigated elimination of electrocardiogram (ECG) artifacts from the myoelectric prosthesis control signals, taken from the reinnervated pectoralis muscles of a patient with bilateral amputations at shoulder disarticulation level. The performance of various ECG artifact removal methods including high pass filtering, spike clipping, template subtracting, wavelet thresholding and adaptive filtering was presented. In particular, considering the clinical requirements and memory limitation of commercial prosthesis controllers, we further explored suitable means of ECG artifact removal for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Neural Eng. Center for Artificial Limbs, Rehabilitation Inst. of Chicago, IL
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20
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Cowled C, Melville L, Weir R, Walsh S, Gubala A, Davis S, Boyle D. Persistent and recrudescent infection in cattle following natural infection with Middle Point orbivirus. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1161-5. [PMID: 22415142 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Middle Point orbivirus (MPOV) is a recently described Australian arbovirus, related to Yunnan orbivirus from China. Analysis of genetic variation within the major serotype gene of MPOV isolates collected from sentinel cattle has identified eight co-circulating strains. The pattern of strain isolation from individual animals during the study period was consistent with an interpretation of persistent MPOV infection of up to five months, featuring episodes of quiescence (below levels required for virus isolation) followed by viral recrudescence. This is significant with regard to current interpretations of infection, persistence and recrudescence during natural infections of orbiviruses, including bluetongue virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cowled
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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21
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Gubala A, Davis S, Weir R, Melville L, Cowled C, Boyle D. Tibrogargan and Coastal Plains rhabdoviruses: genomic characterization, evolution of novel genes and seroprevalence in Australian livestock. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2160-2170. [PMID: 21593274 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.026120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibrogargan virus (TIBV) and Coastal Plains virus (CPV) were isolated from cattle in Australia and TIBV has also been isolated from the biting midge Culicoides brevitarsis. Complete genomic sequencing revealed that the viruses share a novel genome structure within the family Rhabdoviridae, each virus containing two additional putative genes between the matrix protein (M) and glycoprotein (G) genes and one between the G and viral RNA polymerase (L) genes. The predicted novel protein products are highly diverged at the sequence level but demonstrate clear conservation of secondary structure elements, suggesting conservation of biological functions. Phylogenetic analyses showed that TIBV and CPV form an independent group within the 'dimarhabdovirus supergroup'. Although no disease has been observed in association with these viruses, antibodies were detected at high prevalence in cattle and buffalo in northern Australia, indicating the need for disease monitoring and further study of this distinctive group of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gubala
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Human Protection and Performance Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven Davis
- Northern Territory Department of Resources, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Northern Territory Department of Resources, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Lorna Melville
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Northern Territory Department of Resources, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Chris Cowled
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Boyle
- Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Macdonald J, Poidinger M, Mackenzie JS, Russell RC, Doggett S, Broom AK, Phillips D, Potamski J, Gard G, Whelan P, Weir R, Young PR, Gendle D, Maher S, Barnard RT, Hall RA. Molecular phylogeny of edge hill virus supports its position in the yellow Fever virus group and identifies a new genetic variant. Evol Bioinform Online 2010; 6:91-6. [PMID: 20938485 PMCID: PMC2901633 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s4966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Edge Hill virus (EHV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus isolated throughout Australia during mosquito surveillance programs. While not posing an immediate threat to the human population, EHV is a taxonomically interesting flavivirus since it remains the only member of the yellow fever virus (YFV) sub-group to be detected within Australia. Here we present both an antigenic and genetic investigation of collected isolates, and confirm taxonomic classification of the virus within the YFV-group. Isolates were not clustered based on geographical origin or time of isolation, suggesting that minimal genetic evolution of EHV has occurred over geographic distance or time within the EHV cluster. However, two isolates showed significant differences in antigenic reactivity patterns, and had a much larger divergence from the EHV prototype (19% nucleotide and 6% amino acid divergence), indicating a distinct subtype or variant within the EHV subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Macdonald
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld. 4072, Australia
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23
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Hedley T, McEwen J, Russell E, Weir R. Edward Maurice Backett. West J Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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24
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Gubala A, Davis S, Weir R, Melville L, Cowled C, Walker P, Boyle D. Ngaingan virus, a macropod-associated rhabdovirus, contains a second glycoprotein gene and seven novel open reading frames. Virology 2010; 399:98-108. [PMID: 20089287 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ngaingan virus (NGAV) was isolated from a pool of biting midges that were collected in the tropics of northern Australia. Reported here is the full-length sequence of the NGAV genome, which, at over 15.7 kb, is the largest in any rhabdovirus described to date and contains 13 genes, the highest number of genes observed in any (-) ssRNA virus. Seven of these putative genes show no significant homology to known proteins. Like viruses in the genus Ephemerovirus, NGAV possesses a second glycoprotein gene (G(NS)). Phylogenetic analyses, however, place NGAV within the yet to be classified "Hart Park" group containing Wongabel and Flanders viruses, which do not contain a second glycoprotein gene. Screening of various animal sera from northern Australia has indicated that NGAV is currently circulating in macropods (wallabies, wallaroos and kangaroos), highlighting the need for further studies to determine its potential to cause disease in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gubala
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Human Protection and Performance Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Steven Davis
- Northern Territory Department of Regional Development, Primary Industry, Fisheries and Resources, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- Northern Territory Department of Regional Development, Primary Industry, Fisheries and Resources, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lorna Melville
- Northern Territory Department of Regional Development, Primary Industry, Fisheries and Resources, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Cowled
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Walker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Boyle
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Cowled C, Palacios G, Melville L, Weir R, Walsh S, Davis S, Gubala A, Lipkin WI, Briese T, Boyle D. Genetic and epidemiological characterization of Stretch Lagoon orbivirus, a novel orbivirus isolated from Culex and Aedes mosquitoes in northern Australia. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1433-1439. [PMID: 19282430 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.010074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stretch Lagoon orbivirus (SLOV) was isolated in 2002 from pooled Culex annulirostris mosquitoes collected at Stretch Lagoon, near the Wolfe Creek national park in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Conventional serological tests were unable to identify the isolate, and electron microscopy indicated a virus of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. Here, a cDNA subtraction method was used to obtain approximately one-third of the viral genome, and further sequencing was performed to complete the sequences of segment 1 (viral polymerase) and segment 2 (conserved inner-core protein). Phylogenetic analysis showed that SLOV should be considered a new species within the genus Orbivirus. A real-time RT-PCR test was designed to study the epidemiology of SLOV in the field. Six additional isolates of SLOV were identified, including isolates from four additional locations and two additional mosquito species. Horses, donkeys and goats were implicated as potential vertebrate hosts in a serological survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Cowled
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorna Melville
- Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - Susan Walsh
- Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - Steven Davis
- Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - Aneta Gubala
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Boyle
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Markle-Reid M, Browne G, Weir R, Gafni A, Roberts J, Henderson S. Seniors at risk: the association between the six-month use of publicly funded home support services and quality of life and use of health services for older people. Can J Aging 2008; 27:207-24. [PMID: 18845515 DOI: 10.3138/cja.27.2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the baseline characteristics and changes in health status and cost of use of health services associated with use of publicly funded home support services. The analysis includes 122 people 75 years of age or more who were eligible for home support services. Over a 6-month period, one third of the sample used home support services for more than 1 hr/week; these seniors had higher rates of depression and cognitive impairment, lower levels of physical and emotional functioning, and less effective coping styles than those who used fewer services. Cognitive impairment explained 17 per cent of the variation in use of home support services. At 6 months, use of home support services for more than 1 hr/week by seniors with higher levels of need was associated with lower cost of use of health services and lower levels of improvement in health status. These findings suggest the need for further research to identify efficacious ways of providing home support services to this population to enhance their health status using available resources.
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Aboshiha J, Weir R, Singh P, Ewings P, Lovering A. To what extent does a lack of refrigeration of generic chloramphenicol eye-drops used in India decrease their purity and what are the implications for Europe? Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92:609-11. [DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2006.106518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Cowled C, Melville L, Weir R, Walsh S, Hyatt A, Van Driel R, Davis S, Gubala A, Boyle D. Genetic and epidemiological characterization of Middle Point orbivirus, a novel virus isolated from sentinel cattle in northern Australia. J Gen Virol 2008; 88:3413-3422. [PMID: 18024911 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle Point orbivirus (MPOV) was isolated in 1998 from a healthy cow pastured at Beatrice Hill farm, Middle Point (formerly Coastal Plains Research Station), 50 km east of Darwin in Australia's Northern Territory. The isolate could not be identified by using conventional serological tests, and electron microscopy indicated that it belongs to the family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus. Genetic sequencing of segments 2 and 3 revealed that this virus is related to Yunnan orbivirus, an orbivirus known only from China and not previously associated with a vertebrate host. A real-time RT-PCR test was developed to study the epidemiology of this virus in the field. Over 150 previously unidentified viruses isolated from cattle between 1994 and 2006 were positively identified as isolates of MPOV. Serology was used to demonstrate the development of antibody responses to MPOV in cattle from multiple locations across the Northern Territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Cowled
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Lorna Melville
- Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - Susan Walsh
- Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - Alex Hyatt
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Rosey Van Driel
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Steven Davis
- Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory 0801, Australia
| | - Aneta Gubala
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - David Boyle
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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Vaidya R, Weir R, Sethi A, Meisterling S, Hakeos W, Wybo CD. Interbody fusion with allograft and rhBMP-2 leads to consistent fusion but early subsidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 89:342-5. [PMID: 17356146 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.89b3.18270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We carried out a prospective study to determine whether the addition of a recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2) to a machined allograft spacer would improve the rate of intervertebral body fusion in the spine. We studied 77 patients who were to undergo an interbody fusion with allograft and instrumentation. The first 36 patients received allograft with adjuvant rhBMP-2 (allograft/rhBMP-2 group), and the next 41, allograft and demineralised bone matrix (allograft/demineralised bone matrix group). Each patient was assessed clinically and radiologically both pre-operatively and at each follow-up visit using standard methods. Follow-up continued for two years. Every patient in the allograft/rhBMP-2 group had fused by six months. However, early graft lucency and significant (> 10%) subsidence were seen radiologically in 27 of 55 levels in this group. The mean graft height subsidence was 27% (13% to 42%) for anterior lumbar interbody fusion, 24% (13% to 40%) for transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, and 53% (40% to 58%) for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Those who had undergone fusion using allograft and demineralised bone matrix lost only a mean of 4.6% (0% to 15%) of their graft height. Although a high rate of fusion (100%) was achieved with rhBMP-2, significant subsidence occurred in more than half of the levels (23 of 37) in the lumbar spine and 33% (6 of 18) in the cervical spine. A 98% fusion rate (62 of 63 levels) was achieved without rhBMP-2 and without the associated graft subsidence. Consequently, we no longer use rhBMP-2 with allograft in our practice if the allograft has to provide significant structural support.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vaidya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, 4201 St. Antoire Boulevard. 6A, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Weir R, Mitchell M, Clark S, Puchhammer G, Kelley K, Haslinger M, Kumar N, Hofbauer R, Kuschnigg P, Cornelius V, Eder M, Grausenburger R. New multifunctional prosthetic arm and hand systems. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007; 2007:4359-60. [PMID: 18002968 PMCID: PMC10984339 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4353302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We are building a new hand with 18 DOF which has all its actuators inside the body of the hand. This hand is in a form suitable for the 50% women but has the strength capabilities of a 50% male.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weir
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Sugg RM, Noser EA, Shaltoni HM, Gonzales NR, Campbell MS, Weir R, Cacayorin ED, Grotta JC. Intra-arterial reteplase compared to urokinase for thrombolytic recanalization in acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27:769-73. [PMID: 16611762 PMCID: PMC8133993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Reteplase (RP) and urokinase (UK) are being used "off-label" to treat acute ischemic stroke. The safety and efficacy of intra-arterial RP or UK in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, however, has yet to be proved. We aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of RP compared with UK in acute ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion. METHODS Retrospective analysis was conducted of cases from a prospectively collected stroke data base on consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion by digital subtraction angiography treated with intra-arterial RP or UK. Thrombolytic dosage, recanalization rate, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), mortality, and outcome were determined. RESULTS Thirty-three patients received RP and 22 received UK (mean doses, 2.5 +/- 1.4 mg and 690,000 +/- 562,000 U, respectively). Vascular occlusions included 9 basilar arteries (BAs), 7 internal carotid arteries (ICAs), and 17 middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) with RP and 9 BAs, 4 ICAs, and 9 MCAs with UK. Median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scales were as follows: 16 (range, 5-25; 81% > or = 10) with RP and 17 (range, 6-38; 85% > or =10) with UK. Mean time from symptom onset to thrombolytic initiation: 333 +/- 230 minutes with RP and 343 +/- 169 minutes with UK. Recanalization rates were as follows: 82% with RP and 64% with UK (P = .13). Symptomatic ICH rates were as follows: 12% with RP and 4.5% with UK (P = .50). The mortality rate was 24% with RP and 27% with UK (P = .8). CONCLUSION Although limited in statistical power, our study suggests that, although IA thrombolysis with RP shows a trend for higher recanalization rates and hemorrhage rates, IA thrombolysis with RP is not significantly different in recanalization, outcome, mortality, and ICH compared with that of UK or rates reported with IA pro-UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Sugg
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
We present progress on the design and testing of an upper-extremity prosthesis control system based on implantable myoelectric sensors. The implant consists of a single silicon chip packaged with transmit and receive coils. Forward control telemetry to, and reverse EMG data telemetry from multiple implants has been demonstrated.
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Weir R, McMurray JJV. Treatments that improve outcome in the patient with heart failure, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, or both after acute myocardial infarction. Heart 2005; 91 Suppl 2:ii17-20; discussion ii31, ii43-8. [PMID: 15831602 PMCID: PMC1876342 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2005.062042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with heart failure, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, or both, after acute myocardial infarction have a poor prognosis. It is important to focus treatment on this high risk group to reduce the persistently high morbidity and mortality after acute myocardial infarction. As in chronic heart failure, there is now good evidence that inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system, with the appropriate drugs, can reduce morbidity and mortality. In addition to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and beta blockers, the aldosterone blocker eplerenone has now been shown to be effective in reducing adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weir
- Department of Cardiology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Zaidi FH, Cheong-Leen R, Gair EJ, Weir R, Sharkawi E, Lee N, Gregory-Evans K. The Amsler chart is of doubtful value in retinal screening for early laser therapy of subretinal membranes. The West London Survey. Eye (Lond) 2004; 18:503-8. [PMID: 15131682 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6700708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Validating the current protocol of Amsler chart grid surveillance for the early detection of subretinal neovascular membrane(SRN) in age-related macular degeneration(AMD), and investigating its value in facilitating early laser therapy. METHODS A retrospective pilot study. SETTING Central London eye hospital with dedicated 24-h ophthalmic casualty serving West and West-central London. PARTICIPANTS 100 consecutive AMD patients who attended casualty with vision loss fulfilling the following criteria: patients had received and been instructed in the use of Amsler charts according to the unit's dispensation protocol,fluorescein angiography which confirmed new SRN. Patients presented over 20 months. Outcome measures were detection of SRN by the Amsler chart, and laser treatment of SRN. RESULTS The Amsler chart surveillance protocol had detected SRN in 29 of the 100 patients. The surveillance protocol detected less than 30% of the specific patients who subsequently underwent laser treatment. A statistically significant difference was seen on comparing the ages of patients in whom the screening protocol was successful versus those in whom it was unsuccessful (student's t-test,P<3.2 x 103). Younger patients were more likely to be detected using the Amsler chart. A one-tailed Z2 test approached, but did not achieve, statistical significance (Z2 = 1.057,P <0.3) suggesting that patients who have already lost vision to SRN in one eye might not be more likely to be detected using the surveillance protocol than patients in whom SRN was affecting their first eye. In all, 38% of surveillance responders went on to receive laser therapy, compared with 37% of surveillance nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS The current Amsler chart surveillance protocol is suboptimal for detecting SRN in AMD, and a proportion of cases suitable for early laser therapy may be missing rapid detection. The results are especially important since recent advances in laser therapy for SRN require early detection for optimal effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Zaidi
- The Western Eye Hospital, Marylebone Road, London, UK.
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Zaidi FH, Sharkawi E, Weir R, King ER. Cataract surgery using phacoemulsification may reactivate angiogenic growth factors in ocular ischaemic syndrome. Eye (Lond) 2004; 19:706-9. [PMID: 15332098 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6701606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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36
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Zaidi FH, Weir R. Re: Dual mechanisms account for flame burns from surgical spirit ignited by diathermy. Surg J R Coll Surg Edinb Irel. 1: 2; 111-113. Surgeon 2004; 2:240; author reply 241. [PMID: 15570838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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Weir R, Brunton C, Jennings L, Smith L, Litt J. Knowledge and attitudes about influenza vaccination: a New Zealand study of primary care practitioners and elderly people. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2004.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Shen L, Wu HW, Zhang ZS, Weir R, Shao LJ, Xie ZW, Hu LS, Chen SZ, Su C, Zhang T, Taylor MG, Wu GL. [Studies on human cytokine responses before and after praziquantel chemotherapy in an endemic area of schistosomiasis japonica]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2003; 18:14-7. [PMID: 12567463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the cellular immune responses in a population of an endemic area of schistosomiasis japonica and the influence of praziquantel treatment. METHODS Blood was taken from 129 residents (64 cases were egg-positive, 65 cases were egg-negitive) of an endemic area of Poyang Lake before and 45 days after praziquantel treatment. Cytokines induced by the schistosome soluble egg antigen (SEA) and soluble worm antigen preparations (SWAP) in the peripheral blood cells including IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-gamma were measured. RESULTS Among 129 cases, the cytokine levels were found much higher in egg negative individuals than in egg-positive individuals. The cytokine levels induced by both antigens were increased significantly after praziqantel treatment especially IL-5 and IFN-gamma. CONCLUSION The cellular immune responses in the population in schistosomiasis japonica endemic area exhibited a general trend of down-regulation and were elevated significantly after praziquantel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Immuno-Parasitology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029
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Abstract
BACKGROUND With an increasing prevalence of low back pain, management can include modified work, work-conditioning, or work-hardening programs. Modified work programs, or employer's worksite interventions or clinic-based programs under medical supervision, provide a gradual increase of workload. Work-conditioning programs, or unimodal physical conditioning and function activities, promote return to work. Work-hardening programs, or graded work simulations and psychological interventions, are used as part of an interdisciplinary program addressing physical and functional needs. OBJECTIVE The objective of the review was to determine how effective modified work programs, work hardening, and work conditioning are in the management of chronic pain disability. METHODOLOGY The literature search identified two systematic literature reviews to provide the evidence about these interventions for disability management. RESULTS Studies of work conditioning showed methodological variability, heterogeneous subjects, variable definitions of modified work, and limited outcome measures. Using return-to-work outcomes, 8 of the 11 studies of adequate methodological quality reported positive effects of modified work programs, mostly light duty. For work conditioning and work hardening, studies showed methodological variability combined with heterogeneous subjects, including varying times out of work and varying work ethics from different countries. Most study results were uncertain, though results of three of the four medium-quality studies were positive. CONCLUSIONS Modified work programs may improve return-to-work rates of workers with work-related injuries for 6 months or longer (level 2). There is inadequate evidence (level 4a) to determine what particular aspects of modified work programs are helpful. Work conditioning and work hardening may or may not improve the return to work of more chronically disabled workers (level 4b).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weir
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, and Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Biopsychosocial treatments address the range of physical, psychological, and social components of chronic pain. OBJECTIVE This review sought to determine how effective unimodal and multimodal biopsychosocial approaches are in the treatment of chronic pain. METHODOLOGY The literature search identified three systematic reviews of the literature and 21 randomized controlled trials to provide the evidence for this review. RESULTS The systematic reviews and 12 randomized controlled trials reported on chronic low back pain. Other randomized controlled trials studied fibromyalgia (three trials) and back or other musculoskeletal disorders (five trials). Biopsychosocial components reviewed were electromyogram feedback and hypnosis as unimodal approaches, and behavioral and cognitive-behavioral treatments and back school, or group education, as multimodal approaches for chronic low back pain. For other chronic pain disorders, cognitive-behavioral treatments were reviewed. Comparisons were hindered by studies with heterogeneous subjects, varied comparison groups, different cointerventions and follow-up times, variable outcomes, and a range of analytic methods. CONCLUSIONS Multimodal biopsychosocial treatments that include cognitive-behavioral and/or behavioral components are effective for chronic low back pain and other musculoskeletal pain for up to 12 months (level 2). There is limited evidence (level 3) that electromyogram feedback is effective for chronic low back pain for up to 3 months. The remaining evidence of longer-term effectiveness and of effectiveness of other interventions was inadequate (level 4a) or contradictory (level 4b). Future studies of cognitive-behavioral treatments should be condition specific, rather than include patients with different pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Nielson
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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Weir R, Williams D, Graham P. Notification of gastrointestinal illness by Canterbury and West Coast general practitioners. N Z Med J 2001; 114:307-9. [PMID: 11556443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM To identify factors influencing notification of enteric diseases by general practitioners (GPs). METHODS The 'laboratory-based notification rate' was calculated for each GP by dividing the number of cases they notified by their number of laboratory detected cases of selected enteric diseases during 1997 and 1998. The 'annual full time equivalent (FTE) notification rate' was defined as the number of notifications received during the study period adjusted for the proportion of that time spent in clinical practice. These measures were compared with responses to a questionnaire posted to 395 Canterbury and West Coast GPs. RESULTS 82% responded to the questionnaire. Higher 'laboratory-based notification rates' and 'annual FTE notification rates' were associated with the practice nurse being responsible for notifying and with GPs who were more recent graduates or who practised in rural areas. Few respondents identified high risk groups in their criteria for requesting a specimen. CONCLUSIONS Communicable disease control could be enhanced by emphasising the importance of specimen collection in high risk groups, encouraging delegation of notification to practice nurses and encouraging the development of public health based guidelines to determine the need for specimen request
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weir
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Christchurch School of Medicine, University of Otago.
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Browne G, Roberts J, Byrne C, Gafni A, Weir R, Majumdar B. The costs and effects of addressing the needs of vulnerable populations: results of 10 years of research. Can J Nurs Res 2001; 33:65-76. [PMID: 11928156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Browne
- System-Linked Research Unit on Health and Social Service Utilization, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Weir R, Jennings L, Brunton C. Influenza vaccination coverage in Canterbury rest homes. N Z Med J 2000; 113:503-5. [PMID: 11198545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS First, to investigate the effect on Canterbury rest home residents of national policy making influenza vaccination free for those aged 65 years and over. Second, to assess rest home staff influenza vaccination coverage. METHODS A comparison of influenza vaccination coverage in Canterbury rest home residents during 1996 and 1997 was conducted. Subgroups of rest homes were formed in 1997 to minimise the bias introduced through conducting a coverage survey in 1996. Staff vaccination coverage was also assessed in 1997. RESULTS Influenza vaccination coverage of Canterbury rest home residents was 74% in 1996 and 76% in 1997. Staff vaccination coverage was 21% in 1997. Significantly more staff were vaccinated in rest homes that offered free influenza vaccination to their staff. CONCLUSIONS The free influenza vaccination policy had no measurable impact on Canterbury rest home residents' vaccination coverage. This may be due to a ceiling effect of previously high coverage. Coverage was low amongst rest home staff. Providing the vaccination free of charge might improve staff coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weir
- Christchurch School of Medicine
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cherry
- Beardwood Hospital, Preston New Road, Blackburn BB2 7AE, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weir
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
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LeGris J, Weir R, Browne G, Gafni A, Stewart L, Easton S. Developing a model of collaborative research: the complexities and challenges of implementation. Int J Nurs Stud 2000; 37:65-79. [PMID: 10687811 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7489(99)00036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
While the benefits of collaborative research have been well documented, fewer publications exist regarding the complex, problematic issues involved in these undertakings. This paper offers an integrated collaborative research model to depict the complexities and challenges of initiation and implementation of a 2 1/2 year joint research project between a community hospital and a university school of nursing in Southern Ontario, Canada. A sampling of the experiences of the researchers are analyzed to clarify the dynamic and often competing issues and interactions involved in encouraging hospital-wide research involvement during periods of organizational growth and change. The model reflects the simultaneous interaction of organizational, change and collaborative processes while maintaining the rigor of the research (RCT), and ensuring minimal disruption to the service agency. Quantitative outcomes of this collaboration are presented through an analysis of participant involvement on multiple organizational levels. Recommendations for future collaborative research, including design and methodological issues and collaborative and change strategies are offered. The complexity of balancing the necessary trade-offs required of successful collaborative research are highlighted and will be useful to those considering and planning future collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J LeGris
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada.
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Abstract
A series of 12 studies (five historic cohort and seven randomized trials) examined clients in community settings in Southern Ontario suffering from a variety of chronic physical and mental health conditions. These studies are appraised using a framework for evaluating possible outcomes of economic evaluation. In the 12 studies, sample composition and size varied. Each study was designed to quantify the well-being outcomes and expenditures associated with different community-based approaches to care provided in the context of a system of national health insurance. As a collective, these studies represent increasing methodological rigour. Multiple-perspective client well-being outcome measures were used. In two studies, caregiver burden also was analysed. A common approach to quantification and evaluation of expenditures for service consumption was used in all 12 studies. The nature of community-based health services (health vs. disease care orientation) was found to have direct and measurable impact on total expenditures for health service utilization and client well-being outcomes. In most cases, a recurring pattern of equal or better client outcomes, yet lower expenditures for use of community based health services, was associated with well-integrated health oriented services. Integrated services aimed at factors which determine health are superior when compared to individual, fragmented, disease oriented, and focused approaches to care. The main lessons from the 12 studies are that it is as or more effective and as or less expensive to offer complete, proactive, community health services to persons living with chronic circumstance than to provide focused, on-demand, piecemeal services. Complete services would have a psychosocial and mental health focus included with the physical care approach. Furthermore, people with coexisting risk factors (age, living arrangements, mental distress and problem-solving ability) are the ones who most benefit at lower expense from health oriented, proactive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Browne
- System-Linked Research Unit on Health & Social Service Utilization, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Weir R, Browne G, Byrne C, Roberts J, Gafni A, Thompson A, Walsh M, McColl L. The quick response initiative in the emergency department: who benefits? Health Care Manag Sci 1999; 2:137-48. [PMID: 10934538 DOI: 10.1023/a:1019035811650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This collaborative project between two community hospitals, a Metropolitan Home Care Program and the University, was designed to quantify the applicability (who is eligible for) and acceptability (who will likely comply with) Home Care services, provided through a Quick Response Program (QRP) initiative as compared to usual hospital care services, to patients, families and physicians. METHODS During a 6 week period of sampling (5 days per week, 8 hours per day) in two Emergency Departments (ED) in moderately sized community hospitals in a major metropolitan city, all patients triaged to the urgent category were assessed for eligibility for QRP services by on-site Home Care Coordinators using specific criteria. Patients meeting the criteria initially were reviewed by the ED physician for approval for QRP services and then randomized to experimental and control conditions. Patients not meeting the eligibility criteria were managed by the usual ED services procedures. Demographic and clinical data were obtained on all urgent category patients at presentation to the ED. Additionally, the nature and cost of all health care services used by the ED patients during the ED event and 10 days follow up, were obtained through hospital and Home Care record abstraction and compared among the different sample groups. RESULTS The QRP Initiative was applicable to 2% of the total ED patient population and 5% of the urgent category of patients triaged in the ED. It was acceptable to 97% of this eligible group. One hundred and fifty-five patients who initially qualified for QRP were excluded from eligibility at a subsequent assessment. Ninety of these patients were admitted to hospital and 65 were discharged home. In the total "exclusion" group, 37 refused Home Care services including the QRP. HEALTH CARE PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The sampling results raise important questions about broader system issues concerning the role of the hospital and community in providing health care services and the social value or utility that guides the allocation of health care funds. What level of applicability and acceptability would justify priority services for certain target groups. In the future, policy makers will need to be able to show that it is in the best interest of patients and society to prioritize mixtures of services to certain target groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weir
- McMaster University, System-Linked Research Unit on Health and Social Service Utilization, Ontario.
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Weir R, Browne GB, Roberts J. Shadow and substance: values and knowledge. 1996. Can J Nurs Res 1999; 30:239-42. [PMID: 10603795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
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Abstract
To determine general surgeons' attitudes about the use of pain medications in the acute abdomen, a questionnaire was mailed to all practicing general surgeons in Iowa. The questionnaire sought to determine the frequency with which pain medications were administered either before informed consent was obtained or before the patient with an acute abdomen was examined, and, in cases when pain medications were withheld, the reasons for withholding. The response rate was 72% (131 of 182). Seven percent of patients with an acute abdomen received pain medications by a general surgeon before being seen and 22% received pain medication by another physician in the emergency department (ED). Fifty-three percent of general surgeons responded that they believe pain medications preclude a patient from signing a valid informed consent; 78% reported that concerns about informed consent enter into their decision to withhold pain medications. Sixty-seven percent agreed that pain medications interfere with diagnostic accuracy, and 82% consider diagnostic accuracy when deciding to withhold pain medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Graber
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
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