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Kuan CH, Tai KY, Lu SC, Wu YF, Wu PS, Kwang N, Wang WH, Mai-Yi Fan S, Wang SH, Chien HF, Lai HS, Lin MH, Plikus MV, Lin SJ. Delayed Collagen Production without Myofibroblast Formation Contributes to Reduced Scarring in Adult Skin Microwounds. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1124-1133.e7. [PMID: 38036291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In adult mammals, wound healing predominantly follows a fibrotic pathway, culminating in scar formation. However, cutaneous microwounds generated through fractional photothermolysis, a modality that produces a constellation of microthermal zones, exhibit a markedly different healing trajectory. Our study delineates the cellular attributes of these microthermal zones, underscoring a temporally limited, subclinical inflammatory milieu concomitant with rapid re-epithelialization within 24 hours. This wound closure is facilitated by the activation of genes associated with keratinocyte migration and differentiation. In contrast to macrothermal wounds, which predominantly heal through a robust myofibroblast-mediated collagen deposition, microthermal zones are characterized by absence of wound contraction and feature delayed collagen remodeling, initiating 5-6 weeks after injury. This distinct wound healing is characterized by a rapid re-epithelialization process and a muted inflammatory response, which collectively serve to mitigate excessive myofibroblast activation. Furthermore, we identify an initial reparative phase characterized by a heterogeneous extracellular matrix protein composition, which precedes the delayed collagen remodeling. These findings extend our understanding of cutaneous wound healing and may have significant implications for the optimization of therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsiang Kuan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Research, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yu Tai
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chi Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Feng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nellie Kwang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Wei-Hung Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sabrina Mai-Yi Fan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Han Wang
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiung-Fei Chien
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Shiee Lai
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Hsia Lin
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Research, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Frontier Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chen PH, Mai-Yi Fan S, She BR, Wu YP, Hsu HC, Yang YJ, Huang JJ, Yeh SF, Chen YC, Lin PJ, Chen WH, Chiu HC, Yu HS, Liao CC, Lin SJ. Melanocyte transplantation to skin prepared by controlled PUVA-induced sunburn-like blistering for vitiligo treatment - A pilot clinical trial. J Formos Med Assoc 2023:S0929-6646(23)00485-0. [PMID: 38158260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common acquired disease of pigment loss. In lesions recalcitrant to non-invasive treatment, transplantation of cultured autologous melanocytes is an emerging choice. Conventionally, the recipient site is often prepared by laser-mediated or mechanical dermabrasion. Such preparation procedures have disadvantages including prolonged transplantation duration, long period for reepithelialization and potential scarring. We propose a method of preparing recipient sites by psoralen and controlled ultraviolet A (PUVA)-induced blistering followed by transplanting suspended melanocytes. We introduced this method in 10 patients with segmental vitiligo on their recipient site 3 to 5 days before transplantation and blistering developed in 2 to 3 days afterwards. On the day of transplantation, the blister roof could be peeled off easily without bleeding and the recipient site preparation could be completed in 20 min. The recipient site became reepithelialized within 1 week. Progressive repigmentation was observed for up to 6 months, with an average of 65.06% repigmentation in the recipient site without scarring at the end of follow-up. Hence, preparation of the recipient site by controlled PUVA-induced sunburn-like blistering can potentially facilitate melanocyte transplantation and prevent scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hua Chen
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sabrina Mai-Yi Fan
- Center for Cell Therapy, Department of Biomedical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Ru She
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Wu
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chun Hsu
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jung Yang
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Jae Huang
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Yeh
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Lin
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wann-Hsin Chen
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Ching Chiu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Su Yu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Liao
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Frontier Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chen PS, Lee NC, Sung CJ, Liu YW, Weng WC, Fan PC, Lee WT, Chien YH, Wu CS, Sung YF, Tsai MC, Lee YC, Hsueh HW, Fan SMY, Wu MC, Li H, Chen HY, Lin HI, Ou-Yang CH, Hwuh WL, Lin CH. Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Patients with Mutations in the Mitochondrial Complex I Assembly Gene NDUFAF5. Mov Disord 2023; 38:2217-2229. [PMID: 37752895 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare mutations in NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 5 (NDUFAF5) are linked to Leigh syndrome. OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe clinical characteristics and functional findings in a patient cohort with NDUFAF5 mutations. METHODS Patients with biallelic NDUFAF5 mutations were recruited from multi-centers in Taiwan. Clinical, laboratory, radiological, and follow-up features were recorded and mitochondrial assays were performed in patients' skin fibroblasts. RESULTS Nine patients from seven unrelated pedigrees were enrolled, eight homozygous for c.836 T > G (p.Met279Arg) in NDUFAF5 and one compound heterozygous for p.Met279Arg. Onset age had a bimodal distribution. The early-onset group (age <3 years) presented with psychomotor delay, seizure, respiratory failure, and hyponatremia. The late-onset group (age ≥5 years) presented with normal development, but slowly progressive dystonia. Combing 25 previously described patients, the p.Met279Arg variant was exclusively identified in Chinese ancestry. Compared with other groups, patients with late-onset homozygous p.Met279Arg were older at onset (P = 0.008), had less developmental delay (P = 0.01), less hyponatremia (P = 0.01), and better prognosis with preserved ambulatory function into early adulthood (P = 0.01). Bilateral basal ganglia necrosis was a common radiological feature, but brainstem and spinal cord involvement was more common with early-onset patients (P = 0.02). A modifier gene analysis showed higher concomitant mutation burden in early-versus late-onset p.Met279Arg homozygous cases (P = 0.04), consistent with more impaired mitochondrial function in fibroblasts from an early-onset case than a late-onset patient. CONCLUSIONS The p.Met279Arg variant is a common mutation in our population with phenotypic heterogeneity and divergent prognosis based on age at onset. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Shiuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Chung Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Ju Sung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Chuan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Tso Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hsiu Chien
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Szu Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Feng Sung
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chen Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wen Hsueh
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sabrina Mai-Yi Fan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chen Wu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsun Li
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yun Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-I Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Ou-Yang
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwuh
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Shwartz Y, Gonzalez-Celeiro M, Chen CL, Pasolli HA, Sheu SH, Fan SMY, Shamsi F, Assaad S, Lin ETY, Zhang B, Tsai PC, He M, Tseng YH, Lin SJ, Hsu YC. Cell Types Promoting Goosebumps Form a Niche to Regulate Hair Follicle Stem Cells. Cell 2020; 182:578-593.e19. [PMID: 32679029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Piloerection (goosebumps) requires concerted actions of the hair follicle, the arrector pili muscle (APM), and the sympathetic nerve, providing a model to study interactions across epithelium, mesenchyme, and nerves. Here, we show that APMs and sympathetic nerves form a dual-component niche to modulate hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) activity. Sympathetic nerves form synapse-like structures with HFSCs and regulate HFSCs through norepinephrine, whereas APMs maintain sympathetic innervation to HFSCs. Without norepinephrine signaling, HFSCs enter deep quiescence by down-regulating the cell cycle and metabolism while up-regulating quiescence regulators Foxp1 and Fgf18. During development, HFSC progeny secretes Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) to direct the formation of this APM-sympathetic nerve niche, which in turn controls hair follicle regeneration in adults. Our results reveal a reciprocal interdependence between a regenerative tissue and its niche at different stages and demonstrate sympathetic nerves can modulate stem cells through synapse-like connections and neurotransmitters to couple tissue production with demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shwartz
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Meryem Gonzalez-Celeiro
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chih-Lung Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - H Amalia Pasolli
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shu-Hsien Sheu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Sabrina Mai-Yi Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Farnaz Shamsi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Steven Assaad
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Edrick Tai-Yu Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Pai-Chi Tsai
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Megan He
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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5
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Chang LY, Fan SMY, Liao YC, Wang WH, Chen YJ, Lin SJ. Proteomic Analysis Reveals Anti-Fibrotic Effects of Blue Light Photobiomodulation on Fibroblasts. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 52:358-372. [PMID: 31321797 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study was aimed at determining the effects of blue light photobiomodulation on primary adult mouse dermal fibroblasts (AMDFs) and the associated signaling pathways. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultured AMDFs from adult C57BL/6 mice were irradiated by blue light from a light-emitting diode (wavelength = 463 ± 50 nm; irradiance = 5 mW/cm2 ; energy density = 4-8 J/cm2 ). The cells were analyzed using mass spectrometry for proteomics/phosphoproteomics, AlamarBlue assay for mitochondrial activity, time-lapse video for cell migration, quantitative polymerase chain reaction for gene expression, and immunofluorescence for protein expression. RESULTS Proteomic/phosphoproteomic analysis showed inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinases/mammalian target of rapamycin and casein kinase 2 pathways, cell motility-related networks, and multiple metabolic processes, including carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acid, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Functional analysis demonstrated inhibition of mitochondrial activities, cell migration, and mitosis. Expression of growth promoting insulin-like growth factor 1 and fibrosis-related genes, including transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and collagen type 1 ɑ2 chain diminished. Protein expression of α-smooth muscle actin, an important regulator of myofibroblast functions, was also suppressed. CONCLUSIONS Low-level blue light exerted suppressive effects on AMDFs, including suppression of mitochondrial activity, metabolism, cell motility, proliferation, TGFβ1 levels, and collagen I production. Low-level blue light can be a potential treatment for the prevention and reduction of tissue fibrosis, such as hypertrophic scar and keloids. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lo-Yu Chang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Sabrina Mai-Yi Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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6
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Fan SMY, Chang YT, Chen CL, Wang WH, Pan MK, Chen WP, Huang WY, Xu Z, Huang HE, Chen T, Plikus MV, Chen SK, Lin SJ. External light activates hair follicle stem cells through eyes via an ipRGC-SCN-sympathetic neural pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6880-E6889. [PMID: 29959210 PMCID: PMC6055137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719548115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in external light patterns can alter cell activities in peripheral tissues through slow entrainment of the central clock in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It remains unclear whether cells in otherwise photo-insensitive tissues can achieve rapid responses to changes in external light. Here we show that light stimulation of animals' eyes results in rapid activation of hair follicle stem cells with prominent hair regeneration. Mechanistically, light signals are interpreted by M1-type intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which signal to the SCN via melanopsin. Subsequently, efferent sympathetic nerves are immediately activated. Increased norepinephrine release in skin promotes hedgehog signaling to activate hair follicle stem cells. Thus, external light can directly regulate tissue stem cells via an ipRGC-SCN autonomic nervous system circuit. Since activation of sympathetic nerves is not limited to skin, this circuit can also facilitate rapid adaptive responses to external light in other homeostatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mai-Yi Fan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chang
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, 106 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lung Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kai Pan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Pin Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yen Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zijian Xu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Hai-En Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Shih-Kuo Chen
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, 106 Taipei, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, 100 Taipei, Taiwan;
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Fan SMY, Tsai CF, Yen CM, Lin MH, Wang WH, Chan CC, Chen CL, Phua KKL, Pan SH, Plikus MV, Yu SL, Chen YJ, Lin SJ. Inducing hair follicle neogenesis with secreted proteins enriched in embryonic skin. Biomaterials 2018; 167:121-131. [PMID: 29567388 PMCID: PMC6050066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organ development is a sophisticated process of self-organization. However, despite growing understanding of the developmental mechanisms, little is known about how to reactivate them postnatally for regeneration. We found that treatment of adult non-hair fibroblasts with cell-free extract from embryonic skin conferred upon them the competency to regenerate hair follicles. Proteomics analysis identified three secreted proteins enriched in the embryonic skin, apolipoprotein-A1, galectin-1 and lumican that together were essential and sufficient to induce new hair follicles. These 3 proteins show a stage-specific co-enrichment in the perifolliculogenetic embryonic dermis. Mechanistically, exposure to embryonic skin extract or to the combination of the 3 proteins altered the gene expression to an inductive hair follicle dermal papilla fibroblast-like profile and activated Igf and Wnt signaling, which are crucial for the regeneration process. Therefore, a cocktail of organ-specific extracellular proteins from the embryonic environment can render adult cells competent to re-engage in developmental interactions for organ neogenesis. Identification of factors that recreate the extracellular context of respective developing tissues can become an important strategy to promote regeneration in adult organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mai-Yi Fan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Mei Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Hsia Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Chan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lung Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kyle K L Phua
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Szu-Hua Pan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Doctoral Degree Program of Translational Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Fan SMY, Chen PH, Tseng YT, Hong JB, Chen W, Tsai TF, Lin SJ. Preclinical evaluation of melanocyte transplantation by chitosan-based melanocyte spheroid patch to skin prepared by controlled sunburn blistering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 106:2535-2543. [PMID: 29322633 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of autologous cultured melanocytes as cell suspension has been used for the treatment of vitiligo. The recipient site is often prepared by laser-mediated dermabrasion. Such procedures encounter disadvantages including prolonged transplantation duration, unsecured cell adherence to lesional skin and potential scarring. To improve this, here we propose a method by preparing recipient sites before transplantation by psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA)-induced sunburn followed by transplanting cells with a chitosan-based melanocyte spheroid patch. We evaluated the method in nude mice. Application of methoxsalen-soaked filter paper on skin for 30 min followed by ultraviolet A exposure induced controlled sunburn blisters in 2 days. Upon transplantation, the blister roof could be quickly peeled off by a waxing patch. The chitosan membrane on which melanocytes were precultured into multicellular spheroids was transplanted with cells facing the skin. The chitosan patch adhered well to skin and secured the contact of melanocytes with the recipient site. One day later, melanocyte spheroids already detached from the chitosan membrane and adhered to the recipient skin. Our results suggest that the combination of chitosan-based melanocyte spheroid patch with epidermal ablation by PUVA-induced sunburn reaction can be a feasible method to facilitate melanocyte transplantation. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2535-2543, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mai-Yi Fan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hua Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Yun-Lin Branch, National Taiwan University Hospital, Doliu, Yunlin, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Bon Hong
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wannhsin Chen
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tsen-Fang Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Wang WH, Chien TH, Fan SMY, Huang WY, Lai SF, Wu JT, Lin SJ. Activation of mTORC1 Signaling is Required for Timely Hair Follicle Regeneration from Radiation Injury. Radiat Res 2017; 188:681-689. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14830.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hung Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering,
| | - Ting-Han Chien
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering,
| | - Sabrina Mai-Yi Fan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering,
| | - Wen-Yen Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering,
| | - Shih-Fan Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering,
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology and
| | - June-Tai Wu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering,
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine and
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Fan SMY, Yen CM, Pan SH, Chen YJ, Lin SJ. Inducing hair follicle organogenesis with defined environmental protein factors. J Dermatol Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.08.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Li YC, Lin MW, Yen MH, Fan SMY, Wu JT, Young TH, Cheng JY, Lin SJ. Programmable Laser-Assisted Surface Microfabrication on a Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Coated Glass Chip with Self-Changing Cell Adhesivity for Heterotypic Cell Patterning. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:22322-22332. [PMID: 26393271 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organs are composed of heterotypic cells with patterned architecture that enables intercellular interaction to perform specific functions. In tissue engineering, the ability to pattern heterotypic cells into desired arrangement will allow us to model complex tissues in vitro and to create tissue equivalents for regeneration. This study was aimed at developing a method for fast heterotypic cell patterning with controllable topological manipulation on a glass chip. We found that poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated glass showed a biphasic change in adhesivity to cells in vitro: low adhesivity in the first 24 h and higher adhesivity at later hours due to increased serum protein adsorption. Combining programmable CO2 laser ablation to remove poly(vinyl alcohol) and glass, we were able to create arrays of adhesive microwells of adjustable patterns. We tested whether controllable patterns of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction could be created. When skin dermal papilla cells and fibroblasts were seeded respectively 24 h apart, we were able to pattern these two cells into aggregates of dermal papilla cells in arrays of microwells in a background of fibroblasts sheet. Seeded later, keratinocytes attached to these mesenchymal cells. Keratinocytes contacting dermal papilla cells started to differentiate toward a hair follicle fate, demonstrating patternable epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. This method allows fast adjustable heterotypic cell patterning and surface topology control and can be applied to the investigation of heterotypic cellular interaction and creation of tissue equivalent in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hua Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115-29, Taiwan
| | - Sabrina Mai-Yi Fan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - June-Tai Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Yen Cheng
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115-29, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine , Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University , Taipei 100, Taiwan
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12
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Chan CC, Fan SMY, Wang WH, Mu YF, Lin SJ. A Two-Stepped Culture Method for Efficient Production of Trichogenic Keratinocytes. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:1070-9. [PMID: 25951188 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful hair follicle (HF) neogenesis in adult life depends on the existence of both capable dermal cells and competent epidermal keratinocytes that recapitulate embryonic organogenesis through epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. In tissue engineering, the maintenance of trichogenic potential of adult epidermal cells, while expanding them remains a challenging issue. We found that although HF outer root sheath keratinocytes could be expanded for more than 100 passages as clonogenic cells without losing the proliferative potential with a 3T3J2 fibroblast feeder layer, these keratinocytes were unable to form new HFs when combined with inductive HF dermal papilla (DP) cells. However, when these high-passage keratinocytes were cocultured with HF DP cells for 4 days in vitro, they regained the trichogenic ability to form new HFs after transplantation. We found that the short-term coculture with DP cells enhanced both Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a signaling cascade key to HF development, and upregulated the expression of HF-specific genes, including K6, K16, K17, and K75, in keratinocytes, indicating that these cells were poised toward a HF fate. Hence, efficient production of trichogenic keratinocytes can be obtained by a two-stepped procedure with initial cell expansion with a 3T3J2 fibroblast feeder followed by short-term coculture with DP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chieh Chan
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan .,2 Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sabrina Mai-Yi Fan
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Wang
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fen Mu
- 2 Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- 1 Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan .,2 Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine , Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Wu YF, Wang SH, Wu PS, Fan SMY, Chiu HY, Tsai TH, Lin SJ. Enhancing hair follicle regeneration by nonablative fractional laser: Assessment of irradiation parameters and tissue response. Lasers Surg Med 2015; 47:331-41. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Feng Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; College of Medicine and College of Engineering; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Han Wang
- Department of Dermatology; National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; College of Medicine and College of Engineering; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Sabrina Mai-Yi Fan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; College of Medicine and College of Engineering; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Chiu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; College of Medicine and College of Engineering; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology; National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology; Hsin-Chu Branch; National Taiwan University Hospital; Hsin-Chu City Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hua Tsai
- Department Dermatology; Cathay General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; College of Medicine and College of Engineering; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology; National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Imaging; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
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14
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Sheen YS, Fan SMY, Chan CC, Wu YF, Jee SH, Lin SJ. Visible red light enhances physiological anagen entry in vivo and has direct and indirect stimulative effects in vitro. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 47:50-9. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shuan Sheen
- Department of Dermatology; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; 7 Chung-Shan South Road Taipei 100 Taiwan
| | - Sabrina Mai-Yi Fan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; College of Medicine and College of Engineering; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road Taipei 100 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Chan
- Department of Dermatology; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; 7 Chung-Shan South Road Taipei 100 Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; College of Medicine and College of Engineering; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road Taipei 100 Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Feng Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; College of Medicine and College of Engineering; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road Taipei 100 Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Hwa Jee
- Department of Dermatology; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; 7 Chung-Shan South Road Taipei 100 Taiwan
| | - Sung-Jan Lin
- Department of Dermatology; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; 7 Chung-Shan South Road Taipei 100 Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering; College of Medicine and College of Engineering; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road Taipei 100 Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 106 Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Imaging; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 106 Taiwan
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