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Singh V, Dhar N, Pató J, Kolly GS, Korduláková J, Forbak M, Evans JC, Székely R, Rybniker J, Palčeková Z, Zemanová J, Santi I, Signorino-Gelo F, Rodrigues L, Vocat A, Covarrubias AS, Rengifo MG, Johnsson K, Mowbray S, Buechler J, Delorme V, Brodin P, Knott GW, Aínsa JA, Warner DF, Kéri G, Mikušová K, McKinney JD, Cole ST, Mizrahi V, Hartkoorn RC. Identification of aminopyrimidine-sulfonamides as potent modulators of Wag31-mediated cell elongation in mycobacteria. Mol Microbiol 2016; 103:13-25. [PMID: 27677649 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to discover new anti-tubercular agents with novel mechanisms of action in order to tackle the scourge of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Here, we report the identification of such a molecule - an AminoPYrimidine-Sulfonamide (APYS1) that has potent, bactericidal activity against M. tuberculosis. Mutations in APYS1-resistant M. tuberculosis mapped exclusively to wag31, a gene that encodes a scaffolding protein thought to orchestrate cell elongation. Recombineering confirmed that a Gln201Arg mutation in Wag31 was sufficient to cause resistance to APYS1, however, neither overexpression nor conditional depletion of wag31 impacted M. tuberculosis susceptibility to this compound. In contrast, expression of the wildtype allele of wag31 in APYS1-resistant M. tuberculosis was dominant and restored susceptibility to APYS1 to wildtype levels. Time-lapse imaging and scanning electron microscopy revealed that APYS1 caused gross malformation of the old pole of M. tuberculosis, with eventual lysis. These effects resembled the morphological changes observed following transcriptional silencing of wag31 in M. tuberculosis. These data show that Wag31 is likely not the direct target of APYS1, but the striking phenotypic similarity between APYS1 exposure and genetic depletion of Wag31 in M. tuberculosis suggests that APYS1 might indirectly affect Wag31 through an as yet unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Singh
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, South Africa
| | - Neeraj Dhar
- Microbiology and Microsystems, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - János Pató
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd, Herman, Otto u. 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | - Gaëlle S Kolly
- Microbial Pathogenesis, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jana Korduláková
- Now at: 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Forbak
- Now at: 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joanna C Evans
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, South Africa
| | - Rita Székely
- Microbial Pathogenesis, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Rybniker
- Microbial Pathogenesis, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Now at: 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Zuzana Palčeková
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Júlia Zemanová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Isabella Santi
- Microbiology and Microsystems, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Signorino-Gelo
- Microbiology and Microsystems, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Liliana Rodrigues
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, and Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Anthony Vocat
- Microbial Pathogenesis, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adrian S Covarrubias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monica G Rengifo
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kai Johnsson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sherry Mowbray
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph Buechler
- Alere (San Diego), Summer Ridge Road, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Vincent Delorme
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR8204, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR8204, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Graham W Knott
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - José A Aínsa
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, and Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Digby F Warner
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, South Africa
| | - György Kéri
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd, Herman, Otto u. 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | - Katarína Mikušová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - John D McKinney
- Microbiology and Microsystems, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stewart T Cole
- Microbial Pathogenesis, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, South Africa
| | - Ruben C Hartkoorn
- Microbial Pathogenesis, Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Cronin A, Mowbray S, Dürk H, Homburg S, Fleming I, Fisslthaler B, Oesch F, Arand M. The N-terminal domain of mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase is a phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:1552-7. [PMID: 12574508 PMCID: PMC149870 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0437829100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is an enzyme with multiple functions, being implicated in detoxification of xenobiotic epoxides as well as in regulation of physiological processes such as blood pressure. The enzyme is a homodimer, in which each subunit is composed of two domains. The 35-kDa C-terminal domain has an alpha/beta hydrolase fold and harbors the catalytic center for the EH activity. The 25-kDa N-terminal domain has a different alpha/beta fold and belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase superfamily of enzymes. The catalytic properties of the enzyme reported so far can all be explained by the action of the C-terminal domain alone. The function of the N-terminal domain, other than in structural stabilization of the dimer, has therefore remained unclear. By structural comparison of this domain to other haloacid dehalogenase family members, we identified a putative active site containing all necessary components for phosphatase activity. Subsequently, we found rat sEH hydrolyzed 4-nitrophenyl phosphate with a rate constant of 0.8 s(-1) and a K(m) of 0.24 mM. Recombinant human sEH lacking the C-terminal domain also displayed phosphatase activity. Presence of a phosphatase substrate did not affect epoxide turnover nor did epoxides affect dephosphorylation by the intact enzyme, indicating both catalytic sites act independently. The enzyme was unable to hydrolyze 4-nitrophenyl sulfate, suggesting its role in xenobiotic metabolism does not extend beyond phosphates. Thus, we propose this domain participates instead in the regulation of the physiological functions associated with sEH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Cronin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
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Ninfa EG, Stock A, Mowbray S, Stock J. Reconstitution of the bacterial chemotaxis signal transduction system from purified components. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:9764-70. [PMID: 1851755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In bacterial chemotaxis, transmembrane receptor proteins detect attractants and repellents in the medium and send intracellular signals that control motility. The cytoplasmic proteins that transduce information from the receptors to the flagellar motor have previously been purified and many of their enzymatic activities have been identified. Here we report the reconstitution of the complete signal transduction system from purified components. The protein kinase, CheA, plays a central role in both the initial excitation response to stimuli as well as subsequent events associated with adaptation. This kinase provides phosphoryl groups to two acceptor proteins, CheY, which interacts with the flagellar motor, and CheB, which demethylates the receptors. The purified aspartate receptor, Tar, reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles, acts in conjunction with an auxiliary protein, CheW, to stimulate the rate of kinase autophosphorylation greater than 10-fold. This stimulation is inhibited by aspartate. The activity of the kinase is increased by increased levels of receptor methylation. This effect provides a mechanism that explains how changes in receptor methylation mediate adaptive responses to attractant and repellant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Ninfa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, New Jersey 08544
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