Nanomedicines based on trace elements for intervention of diabetes mellitus

Epidemiology shows that the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing year by year globally. Proper interventions are highly aspired for diabetics to improve the quality of life and prevent development of chronic complications. Trace elements, also known as microelements, are chemical substances that are present in our body in minute amounts. They are necessitated by the body for growth, development and functional metabolism. For the past few years, trace element nanoparticles have aroused considerable interest as a burgeoning form of nanomedicines in antidiabetic applications. These microelement-based nanomedicines can regulate glucose metabolism in several ways, showing great potential for diabetes management. Starting from the pathophysiology of diabetes, the state-of-the-art of diabetes treatment, the physiological roles of trace elements, various emerging trace element nanoparticles specific for diabetes were comprehensively reviewed in this work. Our findings disclose that trace element nanoparticles can fight against diabetes by lowering blood glucose, promoting insulin secretion, alleviating glucose intolerance, improving insulin sensitivity, ameliorating lipid profile, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidant stress, and other mechanisms. In conclusion, trace element nanoparticles can be applied as nanomedicines or dietary modifiers for effective intervention for diabetes.

SEGMENTATION OF ORGANS AT RISK IN THORACIC CT IMAGES USING A SHARPMASK ARCHITECTURE AND CONDITIONAL RANDOM FIELDS

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Radiotherapy is a standard treatment for this condition and the first step of the radiotherapy process is to identify the target volumes to be targeted and the healthy organs at risk (OAR) to be protected. Unlike previous methods for automatic segmentation of OAR that typically use local information and individually segment each OAR, in this paper, we propose a deep learning framework for the joint segmentation of OAR in CT images of the thorax, specifically the heart, esophagus, trachea and the aorta. Making use of Fully Convolutional Networks (FCN), we present several extensions that improve the performance, including a new architecture that allows to use low level features with high level information, effectively combining local and global information for improving the localization accuracy. Finally, by using Conditional Random Fields (specifically the CRF as Recurrent Neural Network model), we are able to account for relationships between the organs to further improve the segmentation results. Experiments demonstrate competitive performance on a dataset of 30 CT scans.

A model for the coupling of the Greater Bairam and local environmental factors in promoting Rift-Valley Fever epizootics in Egypt

OBJECTIVES

Rift-Valley Fever (RVF) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne disease in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Drivers for this disease vary by region and are not well understood for North African countries such as Egypt. A deeper understanding of RVF risk factors would inform disease management policies.

STUDY DESIGN

The present study employs mathematical and computational modeling techniques to ascertain the extent to which the severity of RVF epizootics in Egypt differs depending on the interaction between imported ruminant and environmentally-constrained mosquito populations.

METHODS

An ordinary differential system of equations, a numerical model, and an individual-based model (IBM) were constructed to represent RVF disease dynamics between localized mosquitoes and ruminants being imported into Egypt for the Greater Bairam. Four cases, corresponding to the Greater Bairam's occurrence during distinct quarters of the solar year, were set up in both models to assess whether the different season-associated mosquito populations present during the Greater Bairam resulted in RVF epizootics of variable magnitudes.

RESULTS

The numerical model and the IBM produced nearly identical results: ruminant and mosquito population plots for both models were similar in shape and magnitude for all four cases. In both models, all four cases differed in the severity of their corresponding simulated RVF epizootics. The four cases, ranked by the severity of the simulated RVF epizootics in descending order, correspond with the occurrence of the Greater Bairam on the following months: July, October, April, and January. The numerical model was assessed for sensitivity with respect to parameter values and exhibited a high degree of robustness.

CONCLUSIONS

Limiting the importation of infected ruminants beginning one month prior to the Greater Bairam festival (on years in which the festival falls between the months of July and October: 2014-2022) might be a feasible way of mitigating future RVF epizootics in Egypt.

Segmentation of heterogeneous or small FDG PET positive tissue based on a 3D-locally adaptive random walk algorithm

A segmentation algorithm based on the random walk (RW) method, called 3D-LARW, has been developed to delineate small tumors or tumors with a heterogeneous distribution of FDG on PET images. Based on the original algorithm of RW [1], we propose an improved approach using new parameters depending on the Euclidean distance between two adjacent voxels instead of a fixed one and integrating probability densities of labels into the system of linear equations used in the RW. These improvements were evaluated and compared with the original RW method, a thresholding with a fixed value (40% of the maximum in the lesion), an adaptive thresholding algorithm on uniform spheres filled with FDG and FLAB method, on simulated heterogeneous spheres and on clinical data (14 patients). On these three different data, 3D-LARW has shown better segmentation results than the original RW algorithm and the three other methods. As expected, these improvements are more pronounced for the segmentation of small or tumors having heterogeneous FDG uptake.

Identification of Maillard reaction products on peanut allergens that influence binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products

BACKGROUND

Recent immunological data demonstrated that dendritic cells preferentially recognize advanced glycation end product (AGE)-modified proteins, upregulate expression of the receptor for AGE (RAGE), and consequently bias the immune response toward allergy.

METHODS

Peanut extract was characterized by mass spectrometry (MS) to elucidate the specific residues and specific AGE modifications found in raw and roasted peanuts and on rAra h 1 that was artificially glycated by incubation with glucose or xylose. The binding of the RAGE-V1C1 domain to peanut allergens was assessed by PAGE and Western analysis with anti-Ara h 1, 2, and 3 antibodies. IgE binding to rAra h 1 was also assessed using the same methods.

RESULTS

AGE modifications were found on Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 in both raw and roasted peanut extract. No AGE modifications were found on Ara h 2. Mass spectrometry and Western blot analysis demonstrated that RAGE binds selectively to Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 derived from peanut extract, whereas the analysis failed to demonstrate Ara h 2 binding to RAGE. rAra h 1 with no AGE modifications did not bind RAGE; however, after AGE modification with xylose, rAra h 1 bound to RAGE.

CONCLUSIONS

AGE modifications to Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 can be found in both raw and roasted peanuts. Receptor for AGE was demonstrated to selectively interact with AGE-modified rAra h 1. If sensitization to peanut allergens occurs in dendritic cells via RAGE interactions, these cells are likely interacting with modified Ara h 1 and Ara h 3, but not Ara h 2.

Computationally predicted IgE epitopes of walnut allergens contribute to cross-reactivity with peanuts

BACKGROUND

Cross-reactivity between peanuts and tree nuts implies that similar immunoglobulin E (IgE) epitopes are present in their proteins.

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether walnut sequences similar to known peanut IgE-binding sequences, according to the property distance (PD) scale implemented in the Structural Database of Allergenic Proteins, react with IgE from sera of patients with allergy to walnut and/or peanut.

METHODS

  Patient sera were characterized by western blotting for IgE binding to nut protein extracts and to peptides from walnut and peanut allergens, similar to known peanut epitopes as defined by low PD values, synthesized on membranes. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to show that peanut and predicted walnut epitope sequences compete with purified Ara h 2 for binding to IgE in serum from a cross-reactive patient.

RESULTS

Sequences from the vicilin walnut allergen Jug r 2, which had low PD values to epitopes of the peanut allergen Ara h 2, a 2S albumin, bound to IgE in sera from five patients who reacted to either walnut or peanut or both. A walnut epitope recognized by sera from six patients mapped to a surface-exposed region on a model of the N-terminal pro-region of Jug r 2. This predicted walnut epitope competed for IgE binding to Ara h 2 in serum as well as the known IgE epitope from Ara h 2.

CONCLUSIONS

Sequences with low PD value (< 8.5) to known IgE epitopes could contribute to cross-reactivity between allergens. This further validates the PD scoring method for predicting cross-reactive epitopes in allergens.

Modelling the transmission dynamics of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Beijing Tongren hospital

Semi-professional volunteers work in many tertiary care hospitals in China as healthcare assistants. Proper infection control measures are needed to reduce nosocomial transmission involving volunteers. A compartmental model was constructed to describe the transmission characteristics of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the emergency ward (EW) and respiratory intensive care unit (RICU) for volunteers in Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China. The model consists of components describing uncolonized and colonized patients, uncontaminated and contaminated healthcare workers (HCWs), and uncontaminated and contaminated volunteers. The basic reproduction number (R(0)) was calculated, and the dependence of R(0) on various model parameters was analysed. Moreover, simulations of the model were performed for comparision with the reported data on the numbers of colonized patients in the EW and RICU from 3 March 2009 to 28 February 2010, respectively. Sensitivity analysis of R(0) showed that increasing handwashing compliance among HCWs and volunteers would reduce the risk of transmission dramatically. As volunteers care for patients on a one-to-one basis, this study showed that the number of MRSA-positive patients would increase if volunteers were replaced by HCWs. Therefore, in addition to improving hand hygiene among HCWs, the employment of properly trained volunteers is an attractive alternative to decrease MRSA and other multi-drug resistant bacteria infections in the hospital setting.

BioCARS: a synchrotron resource for time-resolved X-ray science

BioCARS, a NIH-supported national user facility for macromolecular time-resolved X-ray crystallography at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), has recently completed commissioning of an upgraded undulator-based beamline optimized for single-shot laser-pump X-ray-probe measurements with time resolution as short as 100 ps. The source consists of two in-line undulators with periods of 23 and 27 mm that together provide high-flux pink-beam capability at 12 keV as well as first-harmonic coverage from 6.8 to 19 keV. A high-heat-load chopper reduces the average power load on downstream components, thereby preserving the surface figure of a Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror system capable of focusing the X-ray beam to a spot size of 90 µm horizontal by 20 µm vertical. A high-speed chopper isolates single X-ray pulses at 1 kHz in both hybrid and 24-bunch modes of the APS storage ring. In hybrid mode each isolated X-ray pulse delivers up to ~4 × 10(10) photons to the sample, thereby achieving a time-averaged flux approaching that of fourth-generation X-FEL sources. A new high-power picosecond laser system delivers pulses tunable over the wavelength range 450-2000 nm. These pulses are synchronized to the storage-ring RF clock with long-term stability better than 10 ps RMS. Monochromatic experimental capability with Biosafety Level 3 certification has been retained.

Five-Year Longitudinal MRI Follow-up and (1)H Single Voxel MRS in 14 patients with Gliomatosis Treated with Temodal, Radiotherapy and Antiangiogenic Therapy

Gliomatosis cerebri (GC) is a challenging tumor, considered to have a poor prognosis and poor response to treatments. The purpose of this study is to better understand glial tumor metabolism and post chemotherapy, radiotherapy and antiangiogenic variations in a longitudinal study to determine cerebral variation in MRS area, amplitude, and ratios of metabolites and spectral profiles during a five year longitudinal follow-up in 14 patients with gliomatosis without initial hyperperfusion and treated with chemotherapy (Temozolomide (Temodal(®))), radiotherapy and subsequent antiangiogenic therapy. The study also aimed to detect changes in infiltration, proliferation, lipids or glycolytic metabolism, as these changes could be monitored longitudinally in humans with glial brain tumors (low and high grade) after therapy, using conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), spectroscopy (MRS) and MR perfusion. Most patients had first initial clinical and MRS improvement and stable MRI. After 12 to 24 chemotherapy treatment cycles MRS usually showed an increase in the Cho/Cr ratio (proliferation) and sometimes contrast enhancements. Later, the patients showed clinical deterioration and radiotherapy was started. There was an improvement with radiotherapy that lasted nine to 18 months. This was followed by a worsening that led to try antiangiogenic therapy. Later in the evolution for three patients with hyperperfusion this symptom disappeared, but proliferation, infiltration and glycolytic metabolism remained at a high level. Spectroscopic and metabolic changes often occur well before clinical deterioration and sometimes before improvement. Therefore, MRS could be more sensitive and could detect changes earlier than MRI and is sometimes predictive. Despite the difficulty, the variability and unknown factors, these repeated measurements give us a better insight into the nature of the different processes, tumor progression and could lead to better understanding of therapeutic response.

Renal uptake of bismuth-213 and its contribution to kidney radiation dose following administration of actinium-225-labeled antibody

Clinical therapeutic studies using (225)Ac-labeled antibodies have begun. Of major concern is renal toxicity that may result from the three alpha-emitting progeny generated following the decay of (225)Ac. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of (225)Ac and non-equilibrium progeny in the mouse kidney after the injection of (225)Ac-huM195 antibody and examine the dosimetric consequences. Groups of mice were sacrificed at 24, 96 and 144 h after injection with (225)Ac-huM195 antibody and kidneys excised. One kidney was used for gamma ray spectroscopic measurements by a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The second kidney was used to generate frozen tissue sections which were examined by digital autoradiography (DAR). Two measurements were performed on each kidney specimen: (1) immediately post-resection and (2) after sufficient time for any non-equilibrium excess (213)Bi to decay completely. Comparison of these measurements enabled estimation of the amount of excess (213)Bi reaching the kidney (γ-ray spectroscopy) and its sub-regional distribution (DAR). The average absorbed dose to whole kidney, determined by spectroscopy, was 0.77 (SD 0.21) Gy kBq(-1), of which 0.46 (SD 0.16) Gy kBq(-1) (i.e. 60%) was due to non-equilibrium excess (213)Bi. The relative contributions to renal cortex and medulla were determined by DAR. The estimated dose to the cortex from non-equilibrium excess (213)Bi (0.31 (SD 0.11) Gy kBq(-1)) represented ∼46% of the total. For the medulla the dose contribution from excess (213)Bi (0.81 (SD 0.28) Gy kBq(-1)) was ∼80% of the total. Based on these estimates, for human patients we project a kidney-absorbed dose of 0.28 Gy MBq(-1) following administration of (225)Ac-huM195 with non-equilibrium excess (213)Bi responsible for approximately 60% of the total. Methods to reduce renal accumulation of radioactive progeny appear to be necessary for the success of (225)Ac radioimmunotherapy.

A stereotactic method for the three‐dimensional registration of multi‐modality biologic images in animals: NMR, PET, histology, and autoradiography

The objective of this work was to develop and then validate a stereotactic fiduciary marker system for tumor xenografts in rodents which could be used to co-register magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), PET, tissue histology, autoradiography, and measurements from physiologic probes. A Teflon fiduciary template has been designed which allows the precise insertion of small hollow Teflon rods (0.71 mm diameter) into a tumor. These rods can be visualized by MRI and PET as well as by histology and autoradiography on tissue sections. The methodology has been applied and tested on a rigid phantom, on tissue phantom material, and finally on tumor bearing mice. Image registration has been performed between the MRI and PET images for the rigid Teflon phantom and among MRI, digitized microscopy images of tissue histology, and autoradiograms for both tissue phantom and tumor-bearing mice. A registration accuracy, expressed as the average Euclidean distance between the centers of three fiduciary markers among the registered image sets, of 0.2 +/- 0.06 mm was achieved between MRI and microPET image sets of a rigid Teflon phantom. The fiduciary template allows digitized tissue sections to be co-registered with three-dimensional MRI images with an average accuracy of 0.21 and 0.25 mm for the tissue phantoms and tumor xenografts, respectively. Between histology and autoradiograms, it was 0.19 and 0.21 mm for tissue phantoms and tumor xenografts, respectively. The fiduciary marker system provides a coordinate system with which to correlate information from multiple image types, on a voxel-by-voxel basis, with sub-millimeter accuracy--even among imaging modalities with widely disparate spatial resolution and in the absence of identifiable anatomic landmarks.

Global dynamics of a ratio-dependent predator-prey system

Recently, ratio-dependent predator-prey systems have been regarded by some researchers to be more appropriate for predator-prey interactions where predation involves serious searching processes. However, such models have set up a challenging issue regarding their dynamics near the origin since these models are not well-defined there. In this paper, the qualitative behavior of a class of ratio-dependent predator-prey system at the origin in the interior of the first quadrant is studied. It is shown that the origin is indeed a critical point of higher order. There can exist numerous kinds of topological structures in a neighborhood of the origin including the parabolic orbits, the elliptic orbits, the hyperbolic orbits, and any combination of them. These structures have important implications for the global behavior of the model. Global qualitative analysis of the model depending on all parameters is carried out, and conditions of existence and non-existence of limit cycles for the model are given. Computer simulations are presented to illustrate the conclusions.

Predator-prey models with delay and prey harvesting

It is known that predator-prey systems with constant rate harvesting exhibit very rich dynamics. On the other hand, incorporating time delays into predator-prey models could induce instability and bifurcation. In this paper we are interested in studying the combined effects of the harvesting rate and the time delay on the dynamics of the generalized Gause-type predator-prey models and the Wangersky-Cunningham model. It is shown that in these models the time delay can cause a stable equilibrium to become unstable and even a switching of stabilities, while the harvesting rate has a stabilizing effect on the equilibrium if it is under the critical harvesting level. In particular, one of these models loses stability when the delay varies and then regains its stability when the harvesting rate is increased. Computer simulations are carried to explain the mathematical conclusions.

PET imaging of (86)Y-labeled anti-Lewis Y monoclonal antibodies in a nude mouse model: comparison between (86)Y and (111)In radiolabels

Absorbed doses in (90)Y radioimmunotherapy are usually estimated by extrapolating from (111)In imaging data. PET using (86)Y (beta(+) 33%; half-life, 14.7 h) as a surrogate radiolabel could be a more accurate alternative. The aim of this study was to evaluate an (86)Y-labeled monoclonal antibody (mAb) as a PET imaging agent and to compare the biodistribution of (86)Y- and (111)In-labeled mAb.

METHODS

The humanized anti-Lewis Y mAb hu3S193 was labeled with (111)In or (86)Y through CHX-A"-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid chelation. In vitro cell binding and cellular retention of radiolabeled hu3S193 were evaluated using HCT-15 colon carcinoma cells, a cell line expressing Lewis Y. Nude mice bearing HCT-15 xenografts were injected with (86)Y-hu3S193 or (111)In-hu3S193. The biodistribution was studied by measurements of dissected tissues as well as by PET and planar imaging.

RESULTS

The overall radiochemical yield in hu3S193 labeling and purification was 42% +/- 2% (n = 2) and 76% +/- 3% (n = 6) for (86)Y and (111)In, respectively. Both radioimmunoconjugates specifically bound to HCT-15 cells. When cellular retention of hu3S193 was studied using (111)In-hu3S193, 80% of initially cell-bound (111)In activity was released into the medium as high-molecular-weight compounds within 8 h. When coadministered, in vivo tumor uptake of (86)Y-hu3S193 and (111)In-hu3S193 reached maximum values of 30 +/- 6 and 29 +/- 6 percentage injected dose per gram and tumor sites were easily identifiable by PET and planar imaging, respectively.

CONCLUSION

At 2 d after injection of (111)In-hu3S193 and (86)Y-hu3S193 radioimmunoconjugates, the uptake of (111)In and (86)Y activity was generally similar in most tissues. After 4 d, however, the concentration of (86)Y activity was significantly higher in several tissues, including tumor and bone tissue. Accordingly, the quantitative information offered by PET, combined with the presumably identical biodistribution of (86)Y and (90)Y radiolabels, should enable more accurate absorbed dose estimates in (90)Y radioimmunotherapy.

Inhibition of serine proteases by functionalized sulfonamides coupled to the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffold

A challenge associated with drug design is the development of selective inhibitors of proteases (serine or cysteine) that exhibit the same primary substrate specificity, that is, show a preference for the same P(1) residue. While these proteases have similar active sites, nevertheless there are subtle differences in their S and S' subsites which can be exploited. We describe herein for the first time the use of functionalized sulfonamides as a design and diversity element which, when coupled to the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffold yields potent, time-dependent inhibitors of the serine proteases human leukocyte elastase (HLE), proteinase 3 (PR 3) and cathepsin G(Cat G). Our preliminary findings suggest that (a) appending to the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffold recognition and diversity elements that interact with both the S and S' subsites of a target protease may result in optimal enzyme selectivity and potency and, (b) functionalized sulfonamides constitute a powerful design and diversity element with low intrinsic chemical reactivity and potentially wide applicability.

Effect of alcohol consumption on host release of interleukin-17 during pulmonary infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae

BACKGROUND

A link between alcohol abuse and bacterial pneumonia has been recognized for centuries, but mechanisms to explain this relationship are unclarified. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a lymphocyte-derived cytokine that is part of the inflammatory cytokine cascade. Previous studies from our laboratory indicated that IL-17 is released in lung tissue in a murine model of bacterial pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The effects of alcohol consumption on pulmonary release of IL-17 are unknown.

METHODS

Mice were maintained on 20% ethanol in drinking water or on a control diet without alcohol. After 2 weeks, alcohol and control mice were challenged with intratracheal K. pneumoniae. Mice were followed for survival after bacterial challenge, neutrophil recruitment was assayed as myeloperoxidase, and IL-17 was measured in lung lavage fluid by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In additional experiments, splenocytes from control mice were incubated with ethanol in vitro, and release of IL-17 was measured in culture supernatants. Finally, control and alcohol mice received intrapulmonary gene transfer of E-1-deleted adenovirus containing the murine IL-17 gene. These mice were then challenged with K. pneumoniae and followed for survival and neutrophil recruitment.

RESULTS

In these studies, we demonstrate that a 2-week history of ethanol consumption in mice suppresses release of IL-17 into lung tissue, decreases neutrophil recruitment, and increases mortality from experimental K. pneumonia. In vitro experiments confirm a direct suppressive effect of ethanol on the release of IL-17 from splenocytes. In vivo administration of the IL-17 gene in an adenoviral vector to alcohol-consuming mice results in release of IL-17 into lavage fluid and normalizes neutrophil recruitment and mortality after bacterial challenge.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of these experiments strongly implicate IL-17 as an important pathway for the immunosuppression associated with alcohol abuse and support gene therapeutic approaches to augment immune function in the alcoholic host or to treat infections associated with alcoholism.

On the zeros of a third degree exponential polynomial with applications to a delayed model for the control of testosterone secretion

In this paper, we first study the distribution of the zeros of a third degree exponential polynomial. Then we apply the obtained results to a delay model for the control of testosterone secretion. It is shown that under certain assumptions on the coefficients the steady state of the delay model is asymptotically stable for all delay values. Under another set of conditions, there is a critical delay value, the steady state is stable when the delay is less than the critical value and unstable when the delay is greater than the critical value. Thus, oscillations via Hopf bifurcation occur at the steady state when the delay passes through the critical value. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the results.

On the number of clusters and the fuzziness index for unsupervised FCA application to BOLD fMRI time series

The aim of this paper is to present an exploratory data-driven strategy based on Unsupervised Fuzzy Clustering Analysis (UFCA) and its potential for fMRI data analysis in the temporal domain. The a priori definition of the number of clusters is addressed and solved using heuristics. An original validity criterion is proposed taking into account data geometry and the partition Membership Functions (MFs). From our simulations, this criterion is shown to outperform other indices used in the literature. The influence of the fuzziness index was studied using simulated activation combined with real life noise data acquired from subjects under a resting state. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) methodology is implemented to assess the performance of the proposed UFCA with respect to the fuzziness index. An interval of choice around 2, a value widely used in FCA, is shown to yield the best performance.

Oscillations in plankton models with nutrient recycling

Plankton--nutrient interaction models with both instantaneous and delayed nutrient recycling are considered. The system consists of three components: autotrophic phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton and dissolved limiting nutrient. Local stability of the equilibria is analysed. It is shown that the positive equilibrium loses its stability when the nutrient input concentration passes through a critical value and the Hopf bifurcation occurs that induces oscillations of the populations. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the obtained results.