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Narula S, Hoskin P. Low Dose Involved Site Radiotherapy as Single Modality Treatment for Early-Stage Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:e479. [PMID: 37785518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.06.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Involved site radiotherapy as a single modality is considered standard of care for early-stage non-bulky nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NLPHL) with excellent rates of local control and overall survival. Guidelines suggest a dose of 30 Gy in conventional fractionation, however NLPHL has an indolent course and clinically behaves likes a low-grade lymphoma. Given the good prognosis NLPHL has been treated as low grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with a dose of 24 Gy in 12 fractions. MATERIALS/METHODS Eleven patients with stage I-II non-bulky NLPHL treated with involved site radiotherapy alone to a dose of 24 Gy in 12 fractions between 2010 and 2021 were respectively identified and reviewed. Data on toxicity, post treatment PET, relapse and site of relapse were recorded from multidisciplinary meetings records and regular six monthly clinic reviews. RESULTS Mean patient age was 45 (range 25-74), 9 were male. 8 were classified as having Ann-Arbor stage IA disease, and the remaining 3 had IIA disease. All patients were prescribed 24 Gy in 12 fractions, 6 patients had 3D-conformal radiotherapy, 1 static IMRT and 4 VMAT. After a median follow up of 32 months (range 12-147) the overall response rate was 100% and all patients had complete metabolic response on PET scan, performed three months following the completion of radiotherapy. All patients remained disease free throughout the follow up period (PFS and OS 100%). There were no late toxicities reported. CONCLUSION This is the largest reported series of NLPHL patients treated with low dose involved site modern radiotherapy. Patients had excellent local control rates and survival with no significant toxicity, supporting the use of 24 Gy in early-stage non-bulky disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Narula
- Mount Vernon Cancer Center, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Hoskin
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, United Kingdom
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Yang W, Kelly S, Haya L, Mehri R, Ramesh D, Deveaux M, Meier P, Narula S, Shawki F, Perlee L, O'Brien M. P207 REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE EARLY ASTHMATIC RESPONSE AMONG CAT-ALLERGIC MILD ASTHMATICS IN A NATURALISTIC EXPOSURE CHAMBER. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Narula S, Mann DS, Sadana N, Vasan NR. Evaluating the utility of pre-operative airway assessment for intubation management in difficult airway patients. J Laryngol Otol 2020; 134:1-8. [PMID: 33092655 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215120002133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess intubation management in difficult airway patients by performing a multidisciplinary pre-operative examination of the airway using a flexible fibre-optic laryngoscope. METHODS Patients with a known but stable difficult airway were evaluated prior to surgery in the pre-operative holding suite by both an ENT surgeon and an anaesthesiologist via a fibre-optic laryngeal examination. RESULTS Performing a pre-operative fibre-optic examination of the difficult airway led to a change in intubation strategy in 6 out of 12 cases. Intubation 'first-pass' success occurred in 9 out of 12 (75 per cent) of our patients. CONCLUSION By performing a multidisciplinary airway examination immediately prior to surgery, a safe plan to intubate on the initial attempt was developed. This resulted in improved first-pass success at intubation compared to historical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Narula
- University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - D S Mann
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - N Sadana
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - N R Vasan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
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4
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Narula S, Sharma R, Tewari S, Bala K, Tanwar N, Kundu B, Bhatia A. Carotid artery wall imaging and improved post periodontal surgery cerebral blood flow assessment. J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.2279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Narula S, Sharma R, Bala K, Tewari S, Tanwar N, Sharma N, Bhatia A. Neuroinflammatory marker (HSCRP) in early vs normal menopause and duration of menopause. J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Narula S, Sharma R, Bala K, Tewari S, Verma R, Tanwar N, Bhatia A. Neuroesthetic perception,interpretation and perioesthetic experience among different dental professionals. J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Narula S, Sharma R, Bala K, Tewari S, Daiya S, Tanwar N, Bhatia A. SOD levels in healthy and chronic periodontitis perimnopausal women indicate neurodegeneration protection. J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Hartkamp LM, van Es IE, Fine JS, Smith M, Woods J, Narula S, DeMartino J, Tak PP, Reedquist KA. OP0304 BTK Inhibition Suppresses Inflammatory Cytokine Production and Affects Gene Expression in Human Macrophages and RA Synovial Tissue Explants. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-eular.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no standard therapies for the management of central sleep apnea (CSA). Either positive pressure therapy (PAP) or supplemental oxygen (O(2)) may stabilize respiration in CSA by reducing ventilatory chemoresponsiveness. Additionally, increasing opioid use and the presence of comorbid conditions in US veterans necessitates investigations into alternative titration protocols to treat CSA. The goal was to report on the effectiveness of titration with PAP, used alone or in conjunction with O(2), for the management of CSA associated with varying comorbidities and opioid use. METHODS This was a retrospective chart review over 3 years, performed at a VA sleep disorders center. The effects of CPAP, CPAP+O(2), and BPAP+O(2), used in a step-wise titration protocol, on consecutive patients diagnosed with CSA were studied. RESULTS CSA was diagnosed in 162 patients. The protocol was effective in eliminating CSA (CAI ≤ 5/h) in 84% of patients. CPAP was effective in 48%, while CPAP+O(2) combination was effective in an additional 25%, and BPAP+O(2) in 11%. The remaining 16% were non-responders. Forty-seven patients (29%) were on prescribed opioid therapy for chronic pain, in whom CPAP, CPAP+O(2), or BPAP+O(2) eliminated CSA in 54%, 28%, and 10% cases, respectively. CPAP, CPAP+O(2), and BPAP+O(2) each produced significant declines in the AHI, CAI, and arousal index, and an increase in the SpO(2). CONCLUSION The data demonstrate that using a titration protocol with CPAP and then PAP with O(2) effectively eliminates CSA in individuals with underlying comorbid conditions and prescription opioid use. Comparative studies with other therapeutic modalities are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Chowdhuri
- Medical Service, Sleep Medicine Section, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Mandeville K, Bicknell C, Narula S, Renton S. Corrigendum to ‘Inferior Mesenteric Artery Aneurysm with Occlusion of the Superior Mesenteric Artery, Coeliac Trunk and Right Renal Artery’ [Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 35 (2008) 312–313]. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Martin L, Narula S, Thomson S. Following breast MRI guidelines at what cost? Eur J Surg Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2011.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Mandeville KLD, Bicknell C, Narula S, Renton S. Inferior mesenteric artery aneurysm with occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, coeliac trunk and right renal artery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 35:312-3. [PMID: 17913522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inferior mesenteric artery aneurysms are amongst the rarest of visceral aneurysms. We present here a case associated with occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, coeliac trunk and right renal artery. Operative treatment was resection of the aneurysm, with end-to-end anastomosis. This is the first description of this condition from the UK, with only nine other reports worldwide. Such pathology may be caused by a "jet disorder" phenomenon, with increased flow through the inferior mesenteric artery due to chronic mesenteric occlusive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L D Mandeville
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Northwick Park Hospital, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, UK.
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Sawyer TK, Shakespeare WC, Wang Y, Sundaramoorthi R, Huang WS, Metcalf CA, Thomas M, Lawrence BM, Rozamus L, Noehre J, Zhu X, Narula S, Bohacek RS, Weigele M, Dalgarno DC. Protein Phosphorylation and Signal Transduction Modulation: Chemistry Perspectives for Small-Molecule Drug Discovery. Med Chem 2005; 1:293-319. [PMID: 16787325 DOI: 10.2174/1573406053765486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation has been exploited by Nature in profound ways to control various aspects of cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, survival, motility and gene transcription. Cellular signal transduction pathways involve protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and phosphoprotein-interacting domain (e.g., SH2, PTB, WW, FHA, 14-3-3) containing cellular proteins to provide multidimensional, dynamic and reversible regulation of many biological activities. Knowledge of cellular signal transduction pathways has led to the identification of promising therapeutic targets amongst these superfamilies of enzymes and adapter proteins which have been linked to various cancers as well as inflammatory, immune, metabolic and bone diseases. This review focuses on protein kinase, protein phosphatase and phosphoprotein-interacting cellular protein therapeutic targets with an emphasis on small-molecule drug discovery from a chemistry perspective. Noteworthy studies related to molecular genetics, signal transduction pathways, structural biology, and drug design for several of these therapeutic targets are highlighted. Some exemplary proof-of-concept lead compounds, clinical candidates and/or breakthrough medicines are further detailed to illustrate achievements as well as challenges in the generation, optimization and development of small-molecule inhibitors of protein kinases, protein phosphatases or phosphoprotein-interacting domain containing cellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Sawyer
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 26 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, MA 01772, USA.
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Agarwal KN, Narula S, Faridi MMA, Kalra N. Deciduous dentition and enamel defects. Indian Pediatr 2003; 40:124-9. [PMID: 12626826 DOI: pmid/12626826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two hundred eighty children including wellnourished, malnourished and infants with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) were examined for dental eruption and enamel hypoplasia. In malnourished and IUGR children eruption of teeth was delayed. The prevalence of enamel hypoplsia in wellnourished children was 20% being significantly higher in females as compared to males in age group 1-2 years. Enamel hypoplasia was seen in 36.6% malnourished subjects. Breast-feeding was protective against enamel hypoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Agarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi 110 095, India.
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Abstract
Suppression by T regulatory (Tr) cells is essential for induction of tolerance. Many types of Tr cells have been described in a number of systems, and their biology has been the subject of intensive investigation. Although many aspects of the mechanisms by which these cells exert their effects remain to be elucidated, it is well established that Tr cells suppress immune responses via cell-to-cell interactions and/or the production of interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. Type-1 T regulatory (Tr1) cells are defined by their ability to produce high levels of IL-10 and TGF-beta. Tr1 cells specific for a variety of antigens arise in vivo, but may also differentiate from naive CD4+ T cells in the presence of IL-10 in vitro. Tr1 cells have a low proliferative capacity, which can be overcome by IL-15. Tr1 cells suppress naive and memory T helper type 1 or 2 responses via production of IL-10 and TGF-beta. Further characterisation of Tr1 cells at the molecular level will define their mechanisms of action and clarify their relationship with other subsets of Tr cells. The use of Tr1 cells to identify novel targets for the development of new therapeutic agents, and as a cellular therapy to modulate peripheral tolerance, can be foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Roncarolo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute of Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Wiekowski MT, Leach MW, Evans EW, Sullivan L, Chen SC, Vassileva G, Bazan JF, Gorman DM, Kastelein RA, Narula S, Lira SA. Ubiquitous transgenic expression of the IL-23 subunit p19 induces multiorgan inflammation, runting, infertility, and premature death. J Immunol 2001; 166:7563-70. [PMID: 11390512 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
p19, a molecule structurally related to IL-6, G-CSF, and the p35 subunit of IL-12, is a subunit of the recently discovered cytokine IL-23. Here we show that expression of p19 in multiple tissues of transgenic mice induced a striking phenotype characterized by runting, systemic inflammation, infertility, and death before 3 mo of age. Founder animals had infiltrates of lymphocytes and macrophages in skin, lung, liver, pancreas, and the digestive tract and were anemic. The serum concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1 were elevated, and the number of circulating neutrophils was increased. In addition, ubiquitous expression of p19 resulted in constitutive expression of acute phase proteins in the liver. Surprisingly, liver-specific expression of p19 failed to reproduce any of these abnormalities, suggesting specific requirements for production of biologically active p19. Bone marrow transfer experiments showed that expression of p19 by hemopoietic cells alone recapitulated the phenotype induced by its widespread expression, pointing to hemopoietic cells as the source of biologically active p19. These findings indicate that p19 shares biological properties with IL-6, IL-12, and G-CSF and that cell-specific expression is required for its biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Wiekowski
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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MacNeil IA, Tiong CL, Minor C, August PR, Grossman TH, Loiacono KA, Lynch BA, Phillips T, Narula S, Sundaramoorthi R, Tyler A, Aldredge T, Long H, Gilman M, Holt D, Osburne MS. Expression and isolation of antimicrobial small molecules from soil DNA libraries. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2001; 3:301-8. [PMID: 11321587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products have been a critically important source of clinically relevant small molecule therapeutics. However, the discovery rate of novel structural classes of antimicrobial molecules has declined. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that the number of species cultivated from soil represents less than 1% of the total population, opening up the exciting possibility that these uncultured species may provide a large untapped pool from which novel natural products can be discovered. We have constructed and expressed in E. coli a BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) library containing genomic fragments of DNA (5-120kb) isolated directly from soil organisms (S-DNA). Screening of the library resulted in the identification of several antimicrobial activities expressed by different recombinant clones. One clone (mg1.1) has been partially characterized and found to express several small molecules related to and including indirubin. These results show that genes involved in natural product synthesis can be cloned directly from S-DNA and expressed in a heterologous host, supporting the idea that this technology has the potential to provide novel natural products from the wealth of environmental microbial diversity and is a potentially important new tool for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A MacNeil
- Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Boussiotis VA, Chen ZM, Zeller JC, Murphy WJ, Berezovskaya A, Narula S, Roncarolo MG, Blazar BR. Altered T-cell receptor + CD28-mediated signaling and blocked cell cycle progression in interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor-beta-treated alloreactive T cells that do not induce graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2001; 97:565-71. [PMID: 11154238 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.2.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of anergy in T cells, although widely accepted as critical for the maintenance of tolerance, is still poorly understood at the molecular level. Recent evidence demonstrates that in addition to blockade of costimulation using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against cell surface determinants, treatment of mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) cultures with interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) results in induction of tolerance, rendering alloreactive murine CD4(+) T cells incapable of inducing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after in vivo transfer to histoincompatible recipients. The present study, using these cells prior to adoptive transfer, determined that IL-10 + TGF-beta-tolerant CD4(+) T cells exhibit an altered pattern of T-cell receptor (TCR) + CD28-mediated signaling and are incapable of progressing out of the G(1) phase of the cell cycle during stimulation with HLA class II disparate antigen-presenting cells. TGFbeta + IL-10-tolerant cells were incapable of phosphorylating TCR-zeta, or activating ZAP-70, Ras, and MAPK, similarly to T-cell tolerized by blockade of B7/CD28 and CD40/CD40L pathways. Moreover, these cells were incapable of clonal expansion due to defective synthesis of cyclin D3 and cyclin A, and defective activation of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)4, cdk6, and cdk2. These cells also exhibited defective down-regulation of p27(kip1) cdk inhibitor and lack of cyclin D2-cdk4 activation, Rb hyperphosphorylation, and progression to the S phase of the cell cycle. These data link anergy-specific proximal biochemical alterations and the downstream nuclear pathways that control T-cell expansion and provide a biochemical profile of IL-10 + TGF-beta-tolerant alloreactive T cells that do not induce GVHD when transferred into MHC class II disparate recipients in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Blood Group Incompatibility
- CD28 Antigens/drug effects
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/immunology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/drug effects
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism
- Drug Synergism
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Membrane Proteins/drug effects
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/pharmacology
- Models, Animal
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/drug effects
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Tyrosine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Boussiotis
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Medical Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Shakespeare W, Yang M, Bohacek R, Cerasoli F, Stebbins K, Sundaramoorthi R, Azimioara M, Vu C, Pradeepan S, Metcalf C, Haraldson C, Merry T, Dalgarno D, Narula S, Hatada M, Lu X, van Schravendijk MR, Adams S, Violette S, Smith J, Guan W, Bartlett C, Herson J, Iuliucci J, Weigele M, Sawyer T. Structure-based design of an osteoclast-selective, nonpeptide src homology 2 inhibitor with in vivo antiresorptive activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:9373-8. [PMID: 10944210 PMCID: PMC16871 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.17.9373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted disruption of the pp60(src) (Src) gene has implicated this tyrosine kinase in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and as a therapeutic target for the treatment of osteoporosis and other bone-related diseases. Herein we describe the discovery of a nonpeptide inhibitor (AP22408) of Src that demonstrates in vivo antiresorptive activity. Based on a cocrystal structure of the noncatalytic Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of Src complexed with citrate [in the phosphotyrosine (pTyr) binding pocket], we designed 3',4'-diphosphonophenylalanine (Dpp) as a pTyr mimic. In addition to its design to bind Src SH2, the Dpp moiety exhibits bone-targeting properties that confer osteoclast selectivity, hence minimizing possible undesired effects on other cells that have Src-dependent activities. The chemical structure AP22408 also illustrates a bicyclic template to replace the post-pTyr sequence of cognate Src SH2 phosphopeptides such as Ac-pTyr-Glu-Glu-Ile (1). An x-ray structure of AP22408 complexed with Lck (S164C) SH2 confirmed molecular interactions of both the Dpp and bicyclic template of AP22408 as predicted from molecular modeling. Relative to the cognate phosphopeptide, AP22408 exhibits significantly increased Src SH2 binding affinity (IC(50) = 0.30 microM for AP22408 and 5.5 microM for 1). Furthermore, AP22408 inhibits rabbit osteoclast-mediated resorption of dentine in a cellular assay, exhibits bone-targeting properties based on a hydroxyapatite adsorption assay, and demonstrates in vivo antiresorptive activity in a parathyroid hormone-induced rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Shakespeare
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Gonsiorek W, Lunn C, Fan X, Narula S, Lundell D, Hipkin RW. Endocannabinoid 2-arachidonyl glycerol is a full agonist through human type 2 cannabinoid receptor: antagonism by anandamide. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 57:1045-50. [PMID: 10779390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG) bind to G protein-coupled central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, respectively. Due to the relatively high expression of the CB2 isotype on peripheral immune cells, it has been hypothesized that this receptor mediates the immunosuppressive effects of cannabinoids. Unfortunately, there was a dearth of pharmacological studies with the endocannabinoids and human CB2 (hCB2). These studies compare and contrast the potency and efficacy of anandamide, 2-AG, and the synthetic cannabinoid HU210 at hCB2. Using [(35)S]guanosine-5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate (GTPgammaS) and radioligand bindings in insect Sf9-hCB2 membranes, we showed that both endocannabinoids bound hCB2 with similar affinity and that the cannabinoids acted as full agonists in stimulating [(35)S]GTPgammaS exchange, although 2-AG was 3-fold more potent than anandamide (EC(50) = 38.9 +/- 3.1 and 121 +/- 29 nM, respectively). In a mammalian expression system (Chinese hamster ovary-hCB2 cells), HU210 and 2-AG maximally inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP synthesis (IC(50) = 1.61 +/- 0.42 nM and 1.30 +/- 0.37 microM, respectively) although anandamide was ineffective. In Chinese hamster ovary-hCB2 membranes, HU210 and 2-AG were also full agonists in stimulating [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding (EC(50) = 1.96 +/- 0.35 and 122 +/- 17 nM, respectively), but anandamide was a weak partial agonist (EC(50) = 261 +/- 91 nM; 34 +/- 4% of maximum). Due to its low intrinsic activity, coincubation with anandamide effectively attenuated the functional activity of 2-AG at hCB2. Collectively, the data showed that both endocannabinoids bound hCB2 with similar affinity, but only 2-AG functioned as a full agonist. Moreover, the agonistic activity of 2-AG was attenuated by anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gonsiorek
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033-0539, USA
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21
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Yang W, Rozamus LW, Narula S, Rollins CT, Yuan R, Andrade LJ, Ram MK, Phillips TB, van Schravendijk MR, Dalgarno D, Clackson T, Holt DA. Investigating protein-ligand interactions with a mutant FKBP possessing a designed specificity pocket. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1135-42. [PMID: 10737745 DOI: 10.1021/jm9904396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using structure-based design and protein mutagenesis we have remodeled the FKBP12 ligand binding site to include a sizable, hydrophobic specificity pocket. This mutant (F36V-FKBP) is capable of binding, with low or subnanomolar affinities, novel synthetic ligands possessing designed substituents that sterically prevent binding to the wild-type protein. Using binding and structural analysis of bumped compounds, we show here that the pocket is highly promiscuous-capable of binding a range of hydrophobic alkyl and aryl moieties with comparable affinity. Ligand affinity therefore appears largely insensitive to the degree of occupancy or quality of packing of the pocket. NMR spectroscopic analysis indicates that similar ligands can adopt radically different binding modes, thus complicating the interpretation of structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yang
- ARIAD Gene Therapeutics, 26 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4234, USA
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22
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Yang W, Digits CA, Hatada M, Narula S, Rozamus LW, Huestis CM, Wong J, Dalgarno D, Holt DA. Selective epimerization of rapamycin via a retroaldol/aldol mechanism mediated by titanium tetraisopropoxide. Org Lett 1999; 1:2033-5. [PMID: 10905864 DOI: 10.1021/ol991209o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe the efficient and selective epimerization of the immunosuppressant rapamycin to 28-epirapamycin under mild conditions. The mechanism of epimerization involves an equilibrium of the four C28/C29 diastereomers through a two-step retroaldol/aldol (macrocycle ring-opening/ring-closing) sequence. This retroaldol/aldol equilibration is not restricted to rapamycin but is also applicable to acyclic beta-hydroxyketones. A potentially useful extension of the method--the use of beta-hydroxyketones as enolate synthons for effecting inter- or intramolecular aldol reactions under neutral conditions--is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yang
- ARIAD Gene Therapeutics, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4234, USA
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23
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Zeller JC, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Murphy WJ, Ruscetti FW, Narula S, Roncarolo MG, Blazar BR. Induction of CD4+ T cell alloantigen-specific hyporesponsiveness by IL-10 and TGF-beta. J Immunol 1999; 163:3684-91. [PMID: 10490963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Induction and maintenance of Ag-specific tolerance are pivotal for immune homeostasis, prevention of autoimmune disorders, and the goal of transplantation. Recent studies suggest that certain cytokines, notably IL-10 and TGF-beta, may play a role in down-regulating immune functions. To further examine the role of cytokines in Ag-specific hyporesponsiveness, murine CD4+ T cells were exposed ex vivo to alloantigen-bearing stimulators in the presence of exogenous IL-10 and/or TGF-beta. Primary but not secondary alloantigen proliferative responses were inhibited by IL-10 alone. However, the combined addition of IL-10 + TGF-beta markedly induced alloantigen hyporesponsiveness in both primary and secondary MLR cultures. Alloantigen-specific hyporesponsiveness was observed also under conditions in which nominal Ag responses were intact. In adoptive transfer experiments, IL-10 + TGF-beta-treated CD4+ T cells, but not T cells treated with either cytokine alone, were markedly impaired in inducing graft-vs-host disease alloresponses to MHC class II disparate recipients. These data provide the first formal evidence that IL-10 and TGF-beta have at least an additive effect in inducing alloantigen-specific tolerance, and that in vitro cytokines can be exploited to suppress CD4+ T cell-mediated Ag-specific responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Zeller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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24
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Gross RE, Lombardi WJ, Hutchison WD, Narula S, Saint-Cyr JA, Dostrovsky JO, Tasker RR, Lang AE, Lozano AM. Variability in lesion location after microelectrode-guided pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease: anatomical, physiological, and technical factors that determine lesion distribution. J Neurosurg 1999; 90:468-77. [PMID: 10067915 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1999.90.3.0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT To understand the factors that determine the distribution of lesions after microelectrode-guided pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease, the authors quantitatively characterized lesion location in a cohort of patients who were prospectively followed to determine the effects of pallidotomy on clinical outcome. METHODS Thirty-three patients underwent volumetric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging after surgery to allow quantitative lesion localization in relation to conventional intraventricular landmarks and, alternatively, more anatomically relevant landmarks. The validity of the method was verified in a cohort of postpallidotomy patients who underwent concurrent volumetric and stereotactic MR imaging in an external head frame. Lesions were distributed over a considerable distance in the anteroposterior (8.8 mm) and mediolateral (8.7 mm) dimensions in relation to the anterior commissure and wall of the third ventricle, respectively. Less variation was seen in lesion location in the dorsoventral dimension (4.8 mm) in relation to the intercommissural plane. CONCLUSIONS Lesion distribution was not random: lesion locations in the anteroposterior and mediolateral dimensions were highly correlated, such that lesions were distributed from anteromedial to posterolateral, parallel to the border of the globus pallidus internus with the obliquely oriented internal capsule. The factors that led to variability in lesion location were variation in third ventricle width and the oblique anteromedial-to-posterolateral course of the internal capsule. This demonstration of variability of lesion location in a cohort of patients who experienced excellent clinical benefits and minimal postoperative complications emphasizes the importance of anatomical variations in determining lesion position and the need for physiological corroboration for correct lesion placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Gross
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Smith SR, Terminelli C, Denhardt G, Manfra D, Davies L, Narula S. Endogenous mouse interleukin-10 is up-regulated by exogenously administered recombinant human interleukin-10, but does not contribute to the efficacy of the human protein in mouse models of endotoxemia. Immunopharmacology 1999; 41:119-30. [PMID: 10102793 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(98)00061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In murine models of experimental endotoxemia, inflammatory cytokines as well as antiinflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) appear in the circulation after the injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). There is considerable experimental evidence to suggest that the major function of endogenously produced IL-10 is to down-regulate inflammatory cytokine production. Indeed, the protective effects of exogenously administered IL-10 against murine endotoxin lethality have been shown to correlate with its ability to inhibit the LPS-induced production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). While mouse IL-10 (mIL-10) has been used in the majority of studies in murine endotoxemia, we have found the human homolog to be equally effective in suppressing inflammatory cytokine production and in protecting mice from endotoxin lethality. However, we have recently observed that the LPS-induced endogenous IL-10 response is enhanced when mice are treated with recombinant human IL-10 (rhuIL-10). The upregulation of endogenous IL-10 by exogenously administered rhuIL-10 is particularly evident in mice that are primed with Corynebacterium partum (Proprionibacterium acnes). In the present study, we have examined the potential contributions of the increased circulating levels of mouse IL-10 to the inhibitory effects seen with rhuIL-10 on inflammatory cytokine production and endotoxin lethality. We show that pretreatment with a neutralizing anti-mouse IL-10 monoclonal antibody (mAb) has no effect on the ability of rhuIL-10 to suppress an LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine response in these mice. In contrast, the suppressive effects of the human protein on inflammatory cytokine responses are blocked completely by pretreating the animals with an anti-huIL-10 mAb. These data show that despite the up-regulated endogenous IL-10 response, it is the exogenously administered rhuIL-10 that is directly responsible for the suppressed inflammatory cytokine responses that are observed when the human protein is given to endotoxemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Smith
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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26
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Alvi A, Weissman J, Myssiorek D, Narula S, Myers EN. Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of laryngocele and its variants. Am J Otolaryngol 1998; 19:251-6. [PMID: 9692634 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0709(98)90127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Alvi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Bronchoesophagology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Mobbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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28
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Tüting T, Gambotto A, Baar J, Davis ID, Storkus WJ, Zavodny PJ, Narula S, Tahara H, Robbins PD, Lotze MT. Interferon-alpha gene therapy for cancer: retroviral transduction of fibroblasts and particle-mediated transfection of tumor cells are both effective strategies for gene delivery in murine tumor models. Gene Ther 1997; 4:1053-60. [PMID: 9415311 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Stable transfection of tumor cells with IFN-alpha genes has been shown to result in abrogation of tumor establishment and induction of antitumor immunity. However, strategies suitable for the clinical application of IFN-alpha gene therapy for cancer have not been reported. In this study, we investigated two gene delivery systems capable of mediating the local paracrine production of high levels of biologically active IFN-alpha in murine tumor models: retroviral transduction of fibroblasts and particle-mediated transfection of tumor cells. In spite of the antiproliferative effects of IFN-alpha, it was possible to obtain stable retroviral producer cell lines and transduce a variety of murine tumor cells including syngeneic fibroblasts to stably secrete 2000-5000 U (40-100 ng) murine IFN-alpha/10(6) cells/24 h. IFN-alpha transduction of tumor cells abrogated tumorigenicity in establishment models and induced antitumor immunity in several murine tumor model systems. Importantly, IFN-alpha gene delivery using retrovirally transduced syngeneic fibroblasts was capable of suppressing the establishment of the poorly immunogenic TS/A mouse mammary adenocarcinoma and induced antitumor immunity. Particle mediated transient transfection of tumor cells using the gene gun led to the production of up to 20,000 U IFN-alpha/10(6) cells during the first 24 h and proved to be equally effective in suppressing establishment of TS/A adenocarcinoma and inducing antitumor immunity. These results suggest that retroviral transduction of autologous fibroblasts can serve as an effective gene delivery method for IFN-alpha gene therapy of cancer. Particle-mediated transfection of freshly isolated tumor cells may represent a clinically attractive alternative approach for nonviral gene delivery. Both strategies circumvent the difficulties in routinely establishing primary tumor cell lines from the vast majority of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tüting
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
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29
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Wiekowski M, Prosser D, Taremi S, Tsarbopoulos A, Jenh CH, Chou CC, Lundell D, Zavodny P, Narula S. Characterization of potential antagonists of human interleukin 5 demonstrates their cross-reactivity with receptors for interleukin 3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Eur J Biochem 1997; 246:625-32. [PMID: 9219518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-2-00625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ligand-binding alpha-chain of the human interleukin 5 (IL-5) receptor was expressed in its soluble form, lacking the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, from recombinant baculovirus. The soluble receptor was used in a scintillation proximity assay to identify two chemical compounds that inhibit binding of human IL-5 to the soluble receptor alpha chain with IC50 of 8 microM and 11 microM. These compounds also inhibited the interaction of human IL-5 with its membrane-bound receptor, composed of the ligand-binding alpha chain and signal-transducing beta chain, and prevented signaling through the receptor. Analysis by surface plasmon resonance and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization mass spectrometry showed that the identified compounds bound irreversibly to the receptor at a 1:1 (mol/mol) ratio, suggesting a covalent interaction with the alpha chain of the human IL-5 receptor. Both compounds also inhibited the interaction of the receptors for interleukin 3 (IL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which are involved in hematopoietic differentiation and activation of immune cells, thus eliminating them as potential therapeutic agents. The inhibition of the structurally closely related receptors for IL-5, IL-3 and GM-CSF by both compounds, while binding of interleukin-4 to its receptor was not affected, suggests that a similar reactive site exists in the ligand-binding domains of the receptors for IL-5, IL-3 and GM-CSF.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Biosensing Techniques
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cross Reactions
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin-3/metabolism
- Interleukin-5/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-5/metabolism
- Mice
- Phenols/pharmacology
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Interleukin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-3/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-4
- Receptors, Interleukin-5
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Solubility
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Spodoptera
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wiekowski
- Department of Immunology, Schering Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Singla
- Department of Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Haryana, India
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31
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Kalra U, Chitkara N, Dadoo RC, Singh GP, Gulati P, Narula S. Evaluation of plasma serotonin concentration in acute appendicitis. Indian J Gastroenterol 1997; 16:18-9. [PMID: 9167375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to lack of reliable biochemical/radiological markers, the diagnosis of acute appendicitis is based only on clinical features. METHODS We estimated plasma serotonin levels in 48 patients with acute appendicitis (histologically proven), 27 patients with abdominal pain of other etiologies, and 20 healthy controls. RESULTS The plasma serotonin levels were (mean +/- SD) 36.6 +/- 12.5 nmol/L, 12.5 +/- 3.6 nmol/L and 10.4 +/- 3.5 nmol/L in the three groups, respectively. The levels in patients with acute appendicitis were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in the other groups, giving 93.8% sensitivity and 95.7% specificity to the test. CONCLUSION Plasma serotonin level is a reliable marker of acute appendicitis, especially in the first 48 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kalra
- Department of Surgery, Pt B D Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana
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32
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Persson S, Mikulowska A, Narula S, O'Garra A, Holmdahl R. Interleukin-10 suppresses the development of collagen type II-induced arthritis and ameliorates sustained arthritis in rats. Scand J Immunol 1996; 44:607-14. [PMID: 8972743 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The collagen-induced arthritis model in DA rats induced with homologous rat type II collagen was chosen to determine the therapeutic capacity and effects on autoimmunity by IL-10. Systemic IL-10 treatment (100 or 10 micrograms/day) with mini-osmotic pumps during the periods of arthritis onset (days 12-20 after immunization) decreased the frequency of arthritis and delayed the onset and reduced the severity of arthritis in the few rats that eventually developed arthritis. Concomitantly, levels of autoantibodies to CII were reduced. To test the activity on established arthritis, IL-10 was administered subcutaneously in the paws. This treatment reduced the swelling but did not block the arthritis process. The effective treatment required 100 micrograms of IL-10 every 12th hour while 50 micrograms of IL-10 had little effect, although a tendency of reduced paw swelling was observed. Surprisingly, therapeutic IL-10 treatment led to higher serum levels of autoantibodies to CII. The highest doses of IL-10 (100 micrograms) did not show any apparent toxic effects when given locally or systematically. Taken together, this study suggests that IL-10 is a candidate for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Persson
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, CMB, Lund University, Sweden
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33
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Smith SR, Terminelli C, Denhardt G, Narula S, Thorbecke GJ. Administration of interleukin-10 at the time of priming protects Corynebacterium parvum-primed mice against LPS- and TNF-alpha-induced lethality. Cell Immunol 1996; 173:207-14. [PMID: 8912878 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1996.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several laboratories have described the protective effects of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in mouse models of lethal endotoxemia. In most of these experiments, protection was observed in normal mice that were given a lethal dose of LPS. However, we failed to observe protection with IL-10 in LPS-challenged mice that had been primed with Corynebacterium parvum (Proprionibacterium acnes). We have extended our studies with IL-10 in C. parvum-primed mice and in some cases have observed protection that appears to depend on the strength of the sensitization to C. parvum. When IL-10 was administered to mice at the time of priming, it was particularly effective in blocking sensitization, as evidenced by the inability of treated mice to mount a strong inflammatory cytokine response when subsequently challenged with LPS. Following such treatment with IL-10, C. parvum-primed mice were also protected from a subsequent lethal challenge with rMuTNF-alpha. In addition, the mice were protected against LPS- and TNF-alpha-induced lethality with a single dose of an anti-TNF-alpha or anti-IFN-gamma mAb given at the time of priming. Our results suggest that TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma are produced early after priming with C. parvum and are at least partly responsible for the enhanced sensitivity of the mice to LPS and TNF-alpha. IL-10 affords protection to the mice because of its ability to block the C. parvum-induced TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Smith
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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34
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Suzuki T, Tahara H, Narula S, Moore KW, Robbins PD, Lotze MT. Viral interleukin 10 (IL-10), the human herpes virus 4 cellular IL-10 homologue, induces local anergy to allogeneic and syngeneic tumors. J Exp Med 1995; 182:477-86. [PMID: 7629507 PMCID: PMC2192135 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.2.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
After the cloning of murine cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor, it was recognized that a homologous open reading frame was encoded within the Epstein-Barr virus (human herpes virus 4). This viral protein has now been termed viral interleukin 10 (vIL-10) to reflect its protein sequence homology to "cellular" IL-10 (cIL-10, either murine or human IL-10). It is now widely accepted that vIL-10 shares many functions with cIL-10, principally, the ability to enhance survival of newly infected B cells and to diminish the production of IFN-gamma and IL-2 during ongoing immune reactions. The immunomodulatory effect of locally secreted vIL-10 and murine IL-10 (mIL-10) was examined in tumor models using CL8-1 (a BL6 melanoma cell line transfected with the H-2Kb class I gene) in syngeneic animals. Although parental BL6 tumor cells grow in immunocompetent syngeneic hosts, CL8-1 are rejected. To achieve local secretion of vIL-10, we generated vIL-10 retroviral vectors. While nontransduced CL8-1 cells (1 x 10(4)) failed to grow when injected intradermally in C57BL/6 mice, CL8-1 cells (1 x 10(4)) transduced with vIL-10 formed palpable tumors and eventually killed 80% of injected animals. Suppression of tumor rejection was also noted when CL8-1 tumors with or without vIL-10 transfection were admixed with syngeneic vIL-10-transfected fibroblasts and inoculated. Since the in vitro proliferation of the tumor was not altered after transduction with the vIL-10 gene and injection of vIL-10-transduced CL8-1 does not affect the rejection of nontransduced CL8-1 inoculated at a distant site, local vIL-10 secretion appears to suppress the process of immune rejection of the target cells in a dose-dependent manner. Similar results were observed for the H-2b MCA105 sarcoma tumor model in allogeneic BALB/c mice (H-2d). Although all animals that received nontransfected MCA105 rapidly rejected these tumors, MCA105 sarcomas transfected with vIL-10 remained palpable for up to 37 d. The local immunosuppressive effect of gene-delivered vIL-10 could be neutralized by anti-human IL-10 monoclonal antibody or could be reversed by the systemic administration of IL-2 or IL-12. In marked contrast, mIL-10 transfection of CL8-1 significantly suppressed tumor growth and frequently led to the rejection of tumor. Similar results were obtained for the murine tumor cell lines MCA102.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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35
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Carson WE, Lindemann MJ, Baiocchi R, Linett M, Tan JC, Chou CC, Narula S, Caligiuri MA. The functional characterization of interleukin-10 receptor expression on human natural killer cells. Blood 1995; 85:3577-85. [PMID: 7540068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes that constitutively express functional forms of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) and lyse tumor and virally infected cells without prior sensitization. NK cells with high density expression of CD56 (CD56bright) express the high affinity IL-2R and proliferate in response to low (picomolar) concentrations of IL-2. CD56dim NK cells express the intermediate affinity IL-2R and demonstrate enhanced cytotoxic activity without proliferation in response to high (nanomolar) concentrations of IL-2. In the present study, we characterized IL-10R expression on human NK cells and the functional consequences of IL-10 binding directly to highly purified subsets of CD56bright and CD56dim NK cells. Binding studies using 125I-IL-10 indicated that resting human NK cells constitutively express the IL-10 receptor protein at a surface density of approximately 90 receptor sites per cell, with a kd of approximately 1 nmol/L. Alone, IL-10 did not induce proliferation of CD56bright or CD56dim NK cell subsets. However, at low concentrations (0.5 to 5 ng/mL), IL-10 significantly augmented IL-2-induced proliferation of the CD56bright NK cell subset mediated via the high-affinity IL-2R. In the absence of IL-2, IL-10 was able to induce significant NK cytotoxic activity against NK-resistant tumor cell targets in both subsets of NK cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, the combination of IL-10 and IL-2 had an additive effect on NK cytotoxic activity, whereas that of IL-10 and IL-12 did not. Production of interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by IL-2-activated NK cells was also significantly enhanced by IL-10. Neither resting nor activated human NK cells appear to produce human IL-10 protein. In summary, NK cells constitutively express the IL-10R protein in low density, and the functional consequences of IL-10 binding directly to human NK cell subsets appear to be stimulatory and dose-dependent. In contrast to its direct effects on human T cells and monocytes/macrophages, IL-10 potentiates cytokine production by human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Carson
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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36
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Robbins P, Segal A, Narula S, Stokes B, Lee M, Thomas W, Caterina P, Sinclair I, Spagnolo D. Central neurocytoma. A clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of 7 cases. Pathol Res Pract 1995; 191:100-11. [PMID: 7567679 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(11)80559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Characterised by distinctive clinicopathological features, the central neurocytoma (CN) is an uncommon and possibly under-recognised primary cerebral neuronal neoplasm. We present clinical and pathological details of seven patients with CN. Histological examination revealed a greater diversity of morphological appearances than is typically described in CN. No anaplastic features were identified. Cellular areas resembling both oligodendroglioma and ependymoma were present in all cases, but each tumour also contained stroma rich areas with hyalinised or aneurysmal vessels. Synaptophysin was expressed by all tumours and probably represents the immunohistochemical marker of choice for identifying CN. Distinguishing ultrastructural features included rounded cell bodies separated by numerous cell processes containing microtubules, pleomorphic neurosecretory granules and occasional synapses. Ki-67 immunostaining revealed a low cell proliferation index in each case. The distinction of CN from other pathological mimics can be reliably made using this multiparametric approach to diagnosis. The generally benign behaviour of CN is confirmed, though there was one patient death in the follow-up period of 10-122 months. Aggressive behaviour in this case was not associated with anaplastic histological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Robbins
- Western Australian Centre for Pathology and Medical Research, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia
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37
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Lowry RP, Konieczny B, Alexander D, Larsen C, Pearson T, Smith S, Narula S. Interleukin-10 eliminates anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-induced mortality and prolongs heart allograft survival in inbred mice. Transplant Proc 1995; 27:392-4. [PMID: 7879034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R P Lowry
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Kucukcelebi A, Harries RH, Hennessey PJ, Phillips LG, Broemeling LD, Listengarten D, Ko F, Narula S, Robson MC. In vivo characterization of interleukin-4 as a potential wound healing agent. Wound Repair Regen 1995; 3:49-58. [PMID: 17168862 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.1995.30110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 increases the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, including types I and III collagen and fibronectin, by both human and rat fibroblasts. Because fibroblasts are the final common effector cells of most phases of tissue repair, this study set out to investigate the effects of interleukin-4 on the healing of three different types of wounds. Acute excisional and chronic granulating wounds inoculated with Escherichia coli and incisional wounds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Recombinant murine or human interleukin-4 was applied topically to the open wounds at doses of 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 microg/cm(2)/wound for 5 or 10 days. Incisional wounds received the same doses once-at the time of wounding. The time taken to achieve wound closure or wound breaking strength measurements of wounds was recorded and compared with relevant untreated control groups. Wound contraction was impaired in the presence of bacteria, and this was reversed by all doses of recombinant murine interleukin-4. Recombinant murine interleukin-4 had no effect on the wound closure of noncontaminated wounds; it reduced wound breaking strength in acute excisional wounds, except in a contaminated setting when wounds were treated with 1.0 pg/cm(2)/wound. Recombinant interleukin-4 (1.0 microg) improved breaking strength of both diabetic and normal incisional wounds. The apparent pleiotropic effect of interleukin-4 on wound breaking strength under different wound conditions may be related not only to the activity of the fibroblast but also the ratio of cross-linked collagen/total collagen content of wounds. This study suggests that interleukin-4 may be a useful agent for accelerating closure of wounds, particularly where healing is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kucukcelebi
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch/Shriners Burns Institute, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Kapil U, Verma D, Narula S, Nayar D, Sachdev HP, Shah AD, Gnanasekaran N. Breast-feeding practices in Schedule Caste communities in Haryana state. Indian Pediatr 1994; 31:1227-32. [PMID: 7875783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to assess exclusive breast-feeding, continued breast-feeding, bottle-feeding, predominant breast-feeding, timely complementary feeding and other breast-feeding practices in 818 children in the age group of 0-3 years belonging to the Schedule Caste communities of Haryana. The exclusive breast-feeding rate was 0.15 and the predominant breast-feeding rate 0.75 in children < 4 months. Timely complementary feeding rate was 0.42. The continued breast-feeding rate at 1 year and 2 years was 0.84 and 0.58, respectively. The bottle-feeding rate, ever breast-fed rate, timely first-suckling rate and exclusive breast-feeding rate by mother were 0.09, 1.0, 0.0 and 0.15, respectively. The median duration of breast-feeding was 16 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kapil
- Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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Abstract
The GAL4 transcription factor from yeast contains within its N-terminal DNA-binding domain an amino acid sequence containing six cysteine residues, C11-X2-C14-X6-C21-X6-C28-X2-C31-X6-C38. The six Cys residues will form a binuclear metal cluster with either Zn(II) or Cd(II) in which two of the -S- donors are bridging ligands between the two metal ions. Binding of Zn(II) or Cd(II) to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain is essential to induce the conformation of GAL4 required for the protein to recognize the specific DNA sequence, UASG, to which GAL4 binds. Evidence for the presence of the binuclear cluster has come from 113Cd NMR and 2D 1H-113Cd heteronuclear NMR studies of the cloned DNA-binding domain of GAL4 consisting of the N-terminal 62 residues, GAL4(62*) [Pan and Coleman (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 2077]. Cd(II) binding to the GAL4 DNA is highly cooperative, thus the Cd2Cys6 cluster is always formed. On the other hand, Zn(II) forms well-defined Zn1 and Zn2 complexes with the DNA-binding domain of GAL4, both of which bind specifically to the UASG DNA sequence. The structural details of the Cd2-, Zn2-, and Zn1GAL4(62*) proteins have been determined by a variety of heteronuclear and 2D NMR techniques. When Cd(II) is exchanged for Zn(II), the cluster appears to expand to accommodate the larger Cd(II) ion as suggested by changes of 2 to 4 Hz in the 3JHN alpha coupling constants for the amino acid residues which form the polypeptide loops enclosing the cluster, residues 10-40. These changes suggest alterations in the backbone phi torsional angles of from 20 degrees to 30 degrees. A metal-ligand structure derived from the 1H-113Cd heteronuclear NMR as well as the polypeptide backbone connectivity around the cluster as determined from short-range 1H-1H NOE's is presented. The metal ions also determine the major folding of GAL4(62*), since the chemical shift dispersion in the entire NH-alpha CH fingerprint region of the 1H-1H COSY spectrum collapses on removal of the metal ion. Two short segments of the GAL4(62*) polypeptide (residues 14-19 and 30-36 in the cluster forms, 12-19 and 30-36 in the Zn1 species) show significant dNN(i,i + 1) NOE's. These short segments of polypeptide chain are the only ones that could be helical in the GAL4(62*).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Gardner
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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Lundell D, Lunn C, Dalgarno D, Fossetta J, Greenberg R, Reim R, Grace M, Narula S. The carboxyl-terminal region of human interferon gamma is important for biological activity: mutagenic and NMR analysis. Protein Eng 1991; 4:335-41. [PMID: 1830392 DOI: 10.1093/protein/4.3.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of nine amino acids from the carboxyl terminus of human IFN gamma (residues 138--146; LFRGRRASQ) resulted in a 7-fold increase in specific antiviral activity. Similar increases in receptor binding affinity were seen. Deletion of residues 136 and 137 (QM) had little additional effect, but removal of Ser135 resulted in a sharp drop in antiviral activity. Further removal of residues 133 and 134 (KR) lowered antiviral activity to 1% of the peak value. Comparison of the proton NMR spectra of selected deletions down to residue 132 showed that there was no significant change in the core protein structure. Deletions down to residue 125 had the same antiviral activity as those to 132, but changes could now be seen in the aromatic proton NMR spectrum of this shorter derivative. Substitution of the homologous murine sequence between residues 124 and 130 (human SPAAKTG; murine LPESSLR) resulted in only a small decrease in antiviral activity, further suggesting that the precise sequence in this region was not critical for activity. Ser135 was substituted with a number of other amino acids with little or no change in activity. The importance of the residues between 131 and 134 for biological activity was corroborated by mutagenesis, although some substitutions in this region were tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lundell
- Department of Physical Analytical Chemistry Research and Development, Schering-Plough Research, Bloomfield, NJ 07003
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42
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Lundell D, Lunn C, Greenberg R, Fossetta J, Narula S, Kastelein R, Van Kimmenade A. Exploiting the cell membrane for the production of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1990; 12:567-78. [PMID: 2288714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial membrane serves both as a cell organelle and as a barrier for segregating the metabolically active cytoplasm from the extracellular milieu. Thus we can use plasmid vectors designed to produce a hybrid protein containing an efficient signal peptide coupled to the amino terminus of the cloned heterologous protein (secretion cloning vectors) for the production of proteins which are insoluble, proteolytically sensitive, or bacteriocidal when produced in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli. We demonstrate that human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor can be isolated as an active species only after transport into the bacterial periplasm. Production of the protein in the bacterial cytoplasm is bacteriocidal. We also demonstrate that biologically active human interleukin 4 appears only after transport of the protein into the bacterial growth medium. The protein forms membrane-associated aggregates in the cytoplasm, and demonstrates an active but nonnative conformation when expressed in the periplasm. This may correlate with the affinity of the interleukin 4 molecule for negatively charged macromolecules, including bacterial membrane components and bacterial lipopolysaccharides, which may alter the folding pathway inside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lundell
- Biotechnology-Molecular Biology, Schering-Plough Research, Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003
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Mittal M, Kumar A, Ramji S, Narula S, Thirupuram S. Congenital rickets. Indian Pediatr 1990; 27:857-9. [PMID: 2279810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Mittal
- Department of Pediatrics, Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Narain Hospital, New Delhi
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Abstract
Recent applications of recombinant DNA techniques have enabled the cloning of several interesting human genes, leading to the production of rare biologicals in abundant quantities. We review here the discovery, early characterization, cloning, and expression of Interferon Alfa-2B (IFN alpha-2b or Intron A) as a therapeutic at Schering-Plough Research. IFN alpha-2a is marketed by Hoffman LaRoche under the trade name Roferon. The studies on the expression, purification, biology, and clinical aspects of this interferon offer a plethora of information on one of the earliest recombinant DNA based drugs to reach the market place.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baron
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C
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Shankar SK, Rao TV, Srivastav VK, Narula S, Asha T, Das S. Balo's concentric sclerosis: a variant of multiple sclerosis associated with oligodendroglioma. Neurosurgery 1989; 25:982-6. [PMID: 2601832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of Balo's concentric sclerosis, a rare and acute variant of multiple sclerosis, which coexisted with an oligodendroglioma. The demyelinating lesion was clinically silent and was detected at necropsy. The pathogenesis of concentric sclerosis and the relationship of the demyelinating lesion to the evolution of the glial neoplasm is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Shankar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Shankar SK, Rao TV, Srivastav VK, Narula S, Asha T, Das S. Balo's Concentric Sclerosis: A Variant of Multiple Sclerosis Associated with Oligodendroglioma. Neurosurgery 1989. [DOI: 10.1227/00006123-198912000-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We report a case of Balo's concentric sclerosis, a rare and acute variant of multiple sclerosis, which coexisted with an oligodendroglioma. The demyelinating lesion was clinically silent and was detected at necropsy. The pathogenesis of concentric sclerosis and the relationship of the demyelinating lesion to the evolution of the glial neoplasm is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susarla K. Shankar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Tirupattur Vasudev Rao
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Vinod K. Srivastav
- Department of Neurosurgeryts, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - S. Narula
- Department of Neurosurgeryts, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Thota Asha
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sarala Das
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Shaw KJ, Frommer BR, Anagnost JA, Narula S, Leibowitz PJ. Regulated secretion of MuGM-CSF in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via GAL1:MF alpha 1 prepro sequences. DNA 1988; 7:117-26. [PMID: 3282852 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1988.7.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a novel regulated secretion system. This system involves the fusion of the GAL1 upstream regulatory region to the signal sequence of the alpha mating pheromone, and the integration of this GAL1:MF alpha 1 prepro:MuGM-CSF construct into the yeast chromosome. These constructs were very stable under both selective and nonselective conditions: after 30 generations of growth no plasmid loss was observed. The expression and secretion of MuGM-CSF were analyzed by biological assays and Western blots of yeast culture medium and yeast cell extracts. Expression of MuGM-CSF was regulated by galactose induction. In addition, expression levels were proportional to the number of tandem copies of the gene inserted into the yeast chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Shaw
- Schering Corporation, Bloomfield, NJ 07003
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Sachdev HP, Bhargava SK, Das Gupta B, Narula S, Daral TS, Mohan M. Oral rehydration of neonates and young infants with dehydrating diarrhea. Indian Pediatr 1984; 21:195-9. [PMID: 6386689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kessar S, Gupta Y, Dhingra K, Sharma G, Narula S. Studies in synthetic photochemistry - II Synthesis of chelilutine and sanguilutine. Tetrahedron Lett 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)93074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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