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Mohebnasab M, Li P, Hong B, Dunlap J, Traer E, Fan G, Press RD, Moore SR, Xie W. Cytogenetically Cryptic Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: A Diagnostic Challenge. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13075. [PMID: 37685882 PMCID: PMC10488174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetically cryptic acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is rare, characterized by typical clinical and morphological features, but lacks t(15;17)(q24;q21)/PML::RARA translocation seen in conventional karyotyping or FISH. The prompt diagnosis and treatment of APL are critical due to life-threatening complications associated with this disease. However, cryptic APL cases remain a diagnostic challenge that could mislead the appropriate treatment. We describe four cryptic APL cases and review reported cases in the literature. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the most efficient diagnostic modality to detect these cases, and alternative methods are also discussed. This study highlights the importance of using parallel testing methods to diagnose cryptic APL cases accurately and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Mohebnasab
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Molecular Genomic Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Knight Diagnostics Laboratory, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Bo Hong
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jennifer Dunlap
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Elie Traer
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Knight Diagnostics Laboratory, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Guang Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Richard D. Press
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Knight Diagnostics Laboratory, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Stephen R. Moore
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Knight Diagnostics Laboratory, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Xie W, Raess PW, Dunlap J, Hoyos CM, Li H, Li P, Swords R, Olson SB, Yang F, Anekpuritanang T, Hu S, Wiszniewska J, Fan G, Press RD, Moore SR. Adult acute myeloid leukemia patients with NUP98 rearrangement have frequent cryptic translocations and unfavorable outcome. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:1907-1916. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2047672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Philipp W. Raess
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer Dunlap
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Cristina Magallanes Hoyos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hongmei Li
- Pathology and Laboratory, and North Shore Pathologists, Ascension Wisconsin Health Care, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Peng Li
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ronan Swords
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Susan B. Olson
- Knight Diagnostic Laboratories, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tauangtham Anekpuritanang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shimin Hu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joanna Wiszniewska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Guang Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Richard D. Press
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Stephen R. Moore
- Knight Diagnostic Laboratories, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Cabre HE, Moore SR, Smith-Ryan AE, Hackney AC. Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): scientific, clinical, andpractical implications for the female athlete. Dtsch Z Sportmed 2022; 73:225-234. [DOI: 10.5960/dzsm.2022.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Problem: If athletes develop low energy availability (LEA), it can lead to a Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) syndrome which has severe health consequences if not treated. Methodology: A narrative review of the most recent and pertinent literature on the topic, with special emphasis on women. Results: In assessing the current literature, we have synthesized: i) the scientific implications of LEA and RED-S, ii) the clinical manifestations of the conditions currently available for detection, as well as iii) the practical implications for healthcare and support for female athletes and teams in planning intervention or prevention strategies (maintaining EA >45 kcal/kg FFM/day). Discussion: The ‘Female Athlete Triad” emerged in the 1990s as researchers understood more of the etiological adaptation of female athlete health to sports training. In the last 10 years, the scientific community has recognized that the ‘Triad’ approach was too narrow in focus, and the broader concept of RED-S emerged. Both the Triad and RED-S are consequences of a frequently prevalent LEA in athletes (<30 kcal/kg FFM/day). Developing LEA and RED-S compromises training adaptation, performance capacity, and health in athletes. For these reasons, it is critical that an athlete’s support team recognize the behaviors that may indicate RED-S evolution. In this way, we can assist female athletes in reaching their full potential in sports while protecting their health. Key Words: Energy Availability, Stress, Performance, Hormones, Menstrual Health
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Wood MD, Halfpenny AM, Moore SR. Applications of molecular neuro-oncology - a review of diffuse glioma integrated diagnosis and emerging molecular entities. Diagn Pathol 2019; 14:29. [PMID: 30967140 PMCID: PMC6457044 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-019-0802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Insights into the molecular underpinnings of primary central nervous system tumors have radically changed the approach to tumor diagnosis and classification. Diagnostic emphasis has shifted from the morphology of a tumor under the microscope to an integrated approach based on morphologic and molecular features, including gene mutations, chromosomal copy number alterations, and gene rearrangements. In 2016, the World Health Organization provided guidelines for making an integrated diagnosis that incorporates both morphologic and molecular features in a subset of brain tumors. The integrated diagnosis now applies to infiltrating gliomas, a category that includes diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma grades II, III, and IV, and oligodendroglioma, grades II and III, thereby encompassing the most common primary intra-axial central nervous system tumors. Other neoplasms such as medulloblastoma, embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, certain supratentorial ependymomas, and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor are also eligible for integrated diagnosis, which can sometimes be aided by characteristic immunohistochemical markers. Since 2016, advances in molecular neuro-oncology have resulted in periodic updates and clarifications to the integrated diagnostic approach. These advances reflect expanding knowledge on the molecular pathology of brain tumors, but raise a challenge in rapidly incorporating new molecular findings into diagnostic practice. This review provides a background on the molecular characteristics of primary brain tumors, emphasizing the molecular basis for classification of infiltrating gliomas, the most common entities that are eligible for an integrated diagnosis. We then discuss entities within the diffuse gliomas that do not receive an integrated diagnosis by WHO 2016 criteria, but have distinctive molecular features that are important to recognize because their clinical behavior can influence clinical management and prognosis. Particular attention is given to the histone H3 G34R/G34V mutant astrocytomas, an entity to consider when faced with an infiltrating glioma in the cerebral hemisphere of children and young adults, and to the group of histologically lower grade diffuse astrocytic gliomas with molecular features of glioblastoma, an important category of tumors to recognize due to their aggressive clinical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Wood
- OHSU Department of Pathology, Division of Anatomic Pathology, Section of Neuropathology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L-113, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.
| | - Aaron M Halfpenny
- OHSU Department of Pathology, Division of Anatomic Pathology, Section of Neuropathology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L-113, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Stephen R Moore
- Knight Diagnostic Laboratories and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Raess PW, Moore SR, Cascio MJ, Dunlap J, Fan G, Gatter K, Olson SB, Braziel RM. MYC immunohistochemical and cytogenetic analysis are required for identification of clinically relevant aggressive B cell lymphoma subtypes. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:1391-1398. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1370547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp W. Raess
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Stephen R. Moore
- Knight Diagnostic Laboratories, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael J. Cascio
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer Dunlap
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Guang Fan
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ken Gatter
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Susan B. Olson
- Knight Diagnostic Laboratories, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rita M. Braziel
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Sampaio IC, Medeiros PHQS, Rodrigues FAP, Cavalcante PA, Ribeiro SA, Oliveira JS, Prata MMG, Costa DVS, Fonseca SGC, Guedes MM, Soares AM, Brito GAC, Havt A, Moore SR, Lima AAM. Impact of acute undernutrition on growth, ileal morphology and nutrient transport in a murine model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 49:e5340. [PMID: 27737316 PMCID: PMC5064774 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Undernutrition represents a major public health challenge for middle- and low-income
countries. This study aimed to evaluate whether a multideficient Northeast Brazil
regional basic diet (RBD) induces acute morphological and functional changes in the
ileum of mice. Swiss mice (∼25 g) were allocated into two groups: i) control mice
were fed a standard diet and II) undernourished mice were fed the RBD. After 7 days,
mice were killed and the ileum collected for evaluation of electrophysiological
parameters (Ussing chambers), transcription (RT-qPCR) and protein expression (western
blotting) of intestinal transporters and tight junctions. Body weight gain was
significantly decreased in the undernourished group, which also showed decreased
crypt depth but no alterations in villus height. Electrophysiology measurements
showed a reduced basal short circuit current (Isc) in the undernourished group, with no differences in transepithelial
resistance. Specific substrate-evoked Isc related to affinity and efficacy (glutamine and alanyl-glutamine) were
not different between groups, except for the maximum Isc (efficacy) induced by glucose. Transcription of Sglt1
and Pept1 was significantly higher in the undernourished group,
while SN-2 transcription was decreased. No changes were found in
transcription of CAT-1 and CFTR, while claudin-2 and occludin transcriptions were
significantly increased in the undernourished group. Despite mRNA changes, SGLT-1,
PEPT-1, claudin-2 and occludin protein expression showed no difference between
groups. These results demonstrate early effects of the RBD on mice, which include
reduced body weight and crypt depth in the absence of significant alterations to
villus morphology, intestinal transporters and tight junction expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Sampaio
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - P H Q S Medeiros
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - F A P Rodrigues
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - P A Cavalcante
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - S A Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - J S Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M M G Prata
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - D V S Costa
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - S G C Fonseca
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M M Guedes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - A M Soares
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - G A C Brito
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - A Havt
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - S R Moore
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A A M Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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Long TH, Lawce H, Durum C, Moore SR, Olson SB, Gatter K, Troxell ML. The New Equivocal: Changes to HER2 FISH Results When Applying the 2013 ASCO/CAP Guidelines. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 144:253-62. [PMID: 26185310 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp3q9wfoqtkuvv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2, ERBB2) testing is an important prognostic/predictive marker in breast cancer management, especially in selecting HER2-targeted treatment. American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College of American Pathologists (CAP) guidelines address HER2 status and were recently revised in 2013, replacing the 2007 version. For in situ hybridization interpretation, 2013 guidelines return to the prior threshold of a HER2/CEP17 ratio of 2.0 or greater for positive and eliminate 1.8 to 2.2 as the equivocal range. Also, the HER2 signal/nucleus ratio is accounted for, with 6.0 or greater for positive and 4.0 to less than 6.0 for equivocal, even in cases with a HER2/CEP17 ratio less than 2.0. METHODS With institutional review board approval, we reviewed our 2006 to 2012 HER2 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results and classified them according to both the 2007 and 2013 guidelines as negative, positive, or equivocal. RESULTS Of 717 HER2 FISH results, 55 (7.7%) changed category when reassessed by 2013 guidelines. Nineteen of 25 results in the 2007 equivocal category were reassigned as positive (n = 13) or negative (n = 6). Thirty-five previously negative cases became equivocal in the 2013 scheme, 12 of these with 1+ immunohistochemistry. The positive category increased from 71 to 85. CONCLUSIONS The 2013 ASCO/CAP guidelines increased the number of HER2 FISH positive and equivocal results. The equivocal group is substantially different, posing a dilemma for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Long
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Helen Lawce
- Knight Diagnostic Laboratories, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Connie Durum
- Knight Diagnostic Laboratories, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Stephen R. Moore
- Knight Diagnostic Laboratories, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Susan B. Olson
- Knight Diagnostic Laboratories, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Ken Gatter
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Megan L. Troxell
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
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Middleton D, Johnson KO, Rosatte RC, Hobbs JL, Moore SR, Rosella L, Crowcroft NS. Human Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis and Animal Rabies in Ontario, Canada, 2001-2012. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:356-64. [PMID: 25244148 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In Ontario, Canada, the implementation of an annual rabies control programme in wildlife that began in 1989 resulted in a marked, steady decrease in the number of animal rabies cases. The number of animal rabies cases decreased from 1870 in 1989 to 183 in 2000 (Nunan et al., 2002 Emerg Infect Dis 8, 214). In our study period, the number of animal rabies cases continued to decrease from 210 in 2001 to 28 in 2012. The marked decrease in animal rabies cases since 1989 has resulted in a decrease in the risk of human infection. A concomitant decrease in the number of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (RPEP) administered was anticipated but failed to occur. The mean rate of RPEP, 13.9 RPEP administered per 100,000 persons, from 2001-2012 was approximately the same as the rate in the 1990 s. Two possible reasons that the rate of RPEP administration has not decreased include strict adherence to RPEP recommendations and administration of RPEP when it is not recommended. A reduction in the number of RPEP administered, consistent with the decrease in the animal rabies cases, would provide some financial savings for the government. Ideally, an increased use of the risk assessment approach in keeping with recent guidelines, rather than adhering to previous prescriptive recommendations for RPEP administration, coupled with a continuing low incidence of animal rabies cases will result in decreased, and yet appropriate, use of RPEP. Consideration should be given to identify how guidelines could be revised to more effectively target high-risk exposures and reduce the administration of RPEP for instances in which the risk of rabies virus exposure is exceedingly low.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Middleton
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - R C Rosatte
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - J L Hobbs
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S R Moore
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L Rosella
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - N S Crowcroft
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Kratochvil FJ, Stewart JC, Moore SR. Mammary analog secretory carcinoma of salivary glands: a report of 2 cases in the lips. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012; 114:630-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.07.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Guerrant
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA.
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Kadhim MA, Lee R, Moore SR, Macdonald DA, Chapman KL, Patel G, Prise KM. Genomic instability after targeted irradiation of human lymphocytes: evidence for inter-individual differences under bystander conditions. Mutat Res 2010; 688:91-4. [PMID: 20347853 PMCID: PMC3004239 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental (222)radon exposure is a human health concern, and many studies demonstrate that very low doses of high LET alpha-particle irradiation initiate deleterious genetic consequences in both irradiated and non-irradiated bystander cells. One consequence, radiation-induced genomic instability (RIGI), is a hallmark of tumorigenesis and is often assessed by measuring delayed chromosomal aberrations. We utilised a technique that facilitates transient immobilization of primary lymphocytes for targeted microbeam irradiation and have reported that environmentally relevant doses, e.g. a single (3)He(2+) particle traversal to a single cell, are sufficient to induce RIGI. Herein we sought to determine differences in radiation response in lymphocytes isolated from five healthy male donors. Primary lymphocytes were irradiated with a single particle per cell nucleus. We found evidence for inter-individual variation in radiation response (RIGI, measured as delayed chromosome aberrations). Although this was not highly significant, it was possibly masked by high levels of intra-individual variation. While there are many studies showing a link between genetic predisposition and RIGI, there are few studies linking genetic background with bystander effects in normal human lymphocytes. In an attempt to investigate inter-individual variation in the induction of bystander effects, primary lymphocytes were irradiated with a single particle under conditions where fractions of the population were traversed. We showed a marked genotype-dependent bystander response in one donor after exposure to 15% of the population. The findings may also be regarded as a radiation-induced genotype-dependent bystander effect triggering an instability phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munira A Kadhim
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
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El-Gharbawy AH, Peeden JN, Lachman RS, Graham JM, Moore SR, Rimoin DL. Severe cleidocranial dysplasia and hypophosphatasia in a child with microdeletion of the C-terminal region of RUNX2. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:169-74. [PMID: 20014132 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia due to mutations causing haploinsufficiency of RUNX2, an osteoblast transcription factor specific for bone and cartilage. The classic form of CCD is characterized by delayed closure of the fontanels, hypoplastic or aplastic clavicles and dental anomalies. Clinical reports suggest that a subset of patients with CCD have skeletal changes which mimic hypophosphatasia (HPP). Mutations in RUNX2 are detected in approximately 65% of cases of CCD, and microdeletions occur in 13%. We present clinical and radiological features in a 6-year-old child with severe CCD manifested by absence of the clavicles marked calvarial hypomineralization, osteoporosis and progressive kyphoscoliosis. HPP features included Bowdler spurs, severe osteopenia, and low alkaline phosphatase. Following negative mutation analysis of RUNX2, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) microarray was performed. The result revealed a microdeletion in RUNX2, disrupting the C-terminal part of the gene.
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Akagi T, Shih LY, Ogawa S, Gerss J, Moore SR, Schreck R, Kawamata N, Liang DC, Sanada M, Nannya Y, Deneberg S, Zachariadis V, Nordgren A, Song JH, Dugas M, Lehmann S, Koeffler HP. Single nucleotide polymorphism genomic arrays analysis of t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia cells. Haematologica 2009; 94:1301-6. [PMID: 19734423 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.005744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocation of chromosomes 8 and 21, t(8;21), resulting in the AML1-ETO fusion gene, is associated with acute myeloid leukemia. We searched for additional genomic abnormalities in this acute myeloid leukemia subtype by performing single nucleotide polymorphism genomic arrays (SNP-chip) analysis on 48 newly diagnosed cases. Thirty-two patients (67%) had a normal genome by SNP-chip analysis (Group A), and 16 patients (33%) had one or more genomic abnormalities including copy number changes or copy number neutral loss of heterozygosity (Group B). Two samples had copy number neutral loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 6p including the PIM1 gene; and one of these cases had E135K mutation of Pim1. Interestingly, 38% of Group B and only 13% of Group A samples had a KIT-D816 mutation, suggesting that genomic alterations are often associated with a KIT-D816 mutation. Importantly, prognostic analysis revealed that overall survival and event-free survival of individuals in Group B were significantly worse than those in Group A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayuki Akagi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Liu MK, Ferrari G, Salazar J, Keele B, Tanner RL, Hraber P, Giorgi E, Ganusov VV, Learn GH, Salazar MG, Moore SR, Digleria K, Yu Z, Rostron T, DeBoer C, Williams A, Margaret C, Kopycinski J, Campion SL, Bourne VE, Brackenridge S, Hahn B, Cohen M, Borrow P, Weinhold K, Perelson A, Shaw G, Korber BT, Goonetilleke N, McMichael AJ. OA06-04. The role of early T-cell responses in subjects with acute HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767563 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-o40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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15
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Moore SR, Persons DL, Sosman JA, Bobadilla D, Bedell V, Smith DD, Wolman SR, Tuthill RJ, Moon J, Sondak VK, Slovak ML. Detection of copy number alterations in metastatic melanoma by a DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization probe panel and array comparative genomic hybridization: a southwest oncology group study (S9431). Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2927-35. [PMID: 18483359 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gene copy number alteration (CNA) is common in malignant melanoma and is associated with tumor development and progression. The concordance between molecular cytogenetic techniques used to determine CNA has not been evaluated on a large set of loci in malignant melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A panel of 16 locus-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes located on eight chromosomes was used to identify CNA in touch preparations of frozen tissue samples from 19 patients with metastatic melanoma (SWOG-9431). A subset (n = 11) was analyzed using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) of DNA isolated directly from touch-preparation slides. RESULTS By FISH, most samples showed loss near or at WISP3/6p21, CCND3/6q22, and CDKN2A/9p21 (>75% of samples tested). More than one third of CDKN2A/9p21 losses were biallelic. Gains of NEDD9/6p24, MET/7q31, and MYC/8q24 were common (57%, 47%, and 41%, respectively) and CNA events involving 9p21/7p12.3 and MET were frequently coincident, suggesting gain of the whole chromosome 7. Changes were confirmed by aCGH, which also uncovered many discreet regions of change, larger than a single BAC. Overlapping segments observed in >45% of samples included many of the loci analyzed in the FISH study, in addition to other WNT pathway members, and genes associated with TP53 pathways and DNA damage response, repair, and stability. CONCLUSIONS This study outlines a set of CNAs at the gene and regional level, using FISH and aCGH, which may provide a benchmark for future studies and may be important in selection of individual therapy for patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.
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Moore SR, Pierce AM, Wilson DF. Reply to letter from B McCartan. Oral Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2001.70113-2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bojarski C, Meloni BP, Moore SR, Majda BT, Knuckey NW. Na+/Ca2+ exchanger subtype (NCX1, NCX2, NCX3) protein expression in the rat hippocampus following 3 min and 8 min durations of global cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2007; 1189:198-202. [PMID: 18037393 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) subtypes, NCX1, NCX2 and NCX3 play an important role in intracellular calcium homeostasis/dysregulation following cerebral ischemia. In the present study we examined NCX1, NCX2 and NCX3 protein levels in the rat hippocampus at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h following a 3 min and 8 min duration of global cerebral ischemia. We observed that NCX1 protein levels were significantly increased by 22.3% and 20.6% at the 6 and 12 h respective time points following a 3 min duration of global ischemia, while NCX2 and NCX3 protein levels remained relatively constant. Following a 8 min duration of global ischemia, NCX1 protein levels remained relatively constant, while NCX2 protein levels were down-regulated by 6.9%, 10.8%, 14.4% and 10.3% at the 6, 18, 24 and 48 h respective time points, and NCX3 protein levels were up-regulated by 22.1% at the 18 h time point. Taken together, our results show that NCX subtype protein expression is sensitive to cerebral ischemia, and indicates that changes in NCX activity may be playing an important role in calcium maintenance and neuronal outcome following ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bojarski
- Department of Neurosurgery/Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders/The University of Western Australia and Australian Neuromuscular Research Institute, QEII Medical Centre, Western Australia, Australia
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Nowak NJ, Miecznikowski J, Moore SR, Gaile D, Bobadilla D, Smith DD, Kernstine K, Forman SJ, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Reid M, Stoler D, Loree T, Rigual N, Sullivan M, Weiss LM, Hicks D, Slovak ML. Challenges in array comparative genomic hybridization for the analysis of cancer samples. Genet Med 2007; 9:585-95. [PMID: 17873646 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3181461c4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To address some of the challenges facing the incorporation of array comparative genomic hybridization technology as a clinical tool, including archived tumor tissue, tumor heterogeneity, DNA quality and quantity, and array comparative genomic hybridization platform selection and performance. METHODS Experiments were designed to assess the impact of DNA source (e.g., archival material), quantity, and amplification on array comparative genomic hybridization results. Two microdissection methods were used to isolate tumor cells to minimize heterogeneity. These data and other data sets were used in a further performance comparison of two commonly used array comparative genomic hybridization platforms: bacterial artificial chromosome (Roswell Park Cancer Institute) and oligonucleotide (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). RESULTS Array comparative genomic hybridization data from as few as 100 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cells isolated by laser capture microdissection and amplified were remarkably similar to array comparative genomic hybridization copy number alterations detected in the bulk (unamplified) population. Manual microdissection from frozen sections provided a rapid and inexpensive means to isolate tumor from adjacent DNA for amplification and array comparative genomic hybridization. Whole genome amplification introduced no appreciable allele bias on array comparative genomic hybridization. The array comparative genomic hybridization results provided by the bacterial artificial chromosome and Agilent platforms were concordant in general, but bacterial artificial chromosome array comparative genomic hybridization showed far fewer outliers and overall less technical noise, which could adversely affect the statistical interpretation of the data. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that copy number alterations can be robustly and reproducibly detected by array comparative genomic hybridization in DNA isolated from challenging tumor types and sources, including archival materials, low DNA yield, and heterogeneous tissues. Furthermore, bacterial artificial chromosome array comparative genomic hybridization offers the advantage over the Agilent oligonucleotide platform of presenting fewer outliers, which could affect data interpretation.
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MESH Headings
- Azure Stains
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Cohort Studies
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct
- Gene Dosage
- Hodgkin Disease/genetics
- Hodgkin Disease/pathology
- Humans
- Lasers
- Microdissection
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization/methods
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods
- Reed-Sternberg Cells/pathology
- Reproducibility of Results
- Spectral Karyotyping
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma J Nowak
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA.
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Moore SR, Papworth D, Grosovsky AJ. Non-random distribution of instability-associated chromosomal rearrangement breakpoints in human lymphoblastoid cells. Mutat Res 2006; 600:113-24. [PMID: 16716366 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability is observed in tumors and in a large fraction of the progeny surviving irradiation. One of the best-characterized phenotypic manifestations of genomic instability is delayed chromosome aberrations. Our working hypothesis for the current study was that if genomic instability is in part attributable to cis mechanisms, we should observe a non-random distribution of chromosomes or sites involved in instability-associated rearrangements, regardless of radiation quality, dose, or trans factor expression. We report here the karyotypic examination of 296 instability-associated chromosomal rearrangement breaksites (IACRB) from 118 unstable TK6 human B lymphoblast, and isogenic derivative, clones. When we tested whether IACRB were distributed across the chromosomes based on target size, a significant non-random distribution was evident (p<0.00001), and three IACRB hotspots (chromosomes 11, 12, and 22) and one IACRB coldspot (chromosome 2) were identified. Statistical analysis at the chromosomal band-level identified four IACRB hotspots accounting for 20% of all instability-associated breaks, two of which account for over 14% of all IACRB. Further, analysis of independent clones provided evidence within 14 individual clones of IACRB clustering at the chromosomal band level, suggesting a predisposition for further breaks after an initial break at some chromosomal bands. All of these events, independently, or when taken together, were highly unlikely to have occurred by chance (p<0.000001). These IACRB band-level cluster hotspots were observed independent of radiation quality, dose, or cellular p53 status. The non-random distribution of instability-associated chromosomal rearrangements described here significantly differs from the distribution that was observed in a first-division post-irradiation metaphase analysis (p=0.0004). Taken together, these results suggest that genomic instability may be in part driven by chromosomal cis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Moore
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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21
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Bowler DA, Moore SR, Macdonald DA, Smyth SH, Clapham P, Kadhim MA. Bystander-mediated genomic instability after high LET radiation in murine primary haemopoietic stem cells. Mutat Res 2006; 597:50-61. [PMID: 16414086 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Communication between irradiated and unirradiated (bystander) cells can result in responses in unirradiated cells that are similar to responses in their irradiated counterparts. The purpose of the current experiment was to test the hypothesis that bystander responses will be similarly induced in primary murine stem cells under different cell culture conditions. The experimental systems used here, co-culture and media transfer, are similar in that they both restrict communication between irradiated and bystander cells to media borne factors, but are distinct in that with the media transfer technique, cells can only communicate after irradiation, and with co-culture, cells can communication before, during and after irradiation. In this set of parallel experiments, cell type, biological endpoint, and radiation quality and dose, were kept constant. In both experimental systems, clonogenic survival was significantly decreased in all groups, whether irradiated or bystander, suggesting a substantial contribution of bystander effects (BE) to cell killing. Genomic instability (GI) was induced under all radiation and bystander conditions in both experiments, including a situation where unirradiated cells were incubated with media that had been conditioned for 24h with irradiated cells. The appearance of delayed aberrations (genomic instability) 10-13 population doublings after irradiation was similar to the level of initial chromosomal damage, suggesting that the bystander factor is able to induce chromosomal alterations soon after irradiation. Whether these early alterations are related to those observed at later timepoints remains unknown. These results suggest that genomic instability may be significantly induced in a bystander cell population whether or not cells communicate during irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Bowler
- Radiation and Genome Stability Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
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Abstract
Genomic instability (GI) is a hallmark of tumorigenic progression and is observed as delayed genetic damage in the progeny of irradiated and unirradiated bystander cells. The expression of GI can be influenced by genotype, cell type and radiation quality. While several studies have demonstrated the induction of GI by high and low-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, our work on human and mouse primary cell systems has shown LET-dependent differences in the induction and expression of GI. These differences might be attributed to differences in radiation track structure, dose rate, contribution of bystander cells and radiation dose. This paper reviews the role of radiation quality in the induction of GI and describe the possible mechanisms underlining the observed differences between radiation types on its induction. The experimental results presented suggest that dose might be the most significant factor in determining induction of GI after low-LET radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kadhim
- Radiation and Genome Stability Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK.
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Moore SR, Macdonald DA, Kadhim MA. The contribution of communication between irradiated cells and between bystander cells to clonogenic survival and genomic instability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1504/ijlr.2006.012020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Moore SR, Ritter LE, Gibbons CF, Grosovsky AJ. Spontaneous and radiation-induced genomic instability in human cell lines differing in cellular TP53 status. Radiat Res 2005; 164:357-68. [PMID: 16187738 DOI: 10.1667/rr3422.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Structural chromosomal rearrangements are commonly observed in tumor karyotypes and in radiation-induced genomic instability. Here we report the effects of TP53 deficiency on karyotypic stability before and after irradiation using related cells and clones differing in cellular TP53 status. The parental cell line, TK6, is a TP53 wild-type human B-lymphoblastoid line with a highly stable karyotype. In the two TK6 derivatives used here, TP53 has been inactivated by biochemical means (expression of HPV16 E6; TK6-5E) or genetic means (allelic inactivation; NH32). Biochemical inactivation of TP53 (TK6-5E) had little effect on the spontaneous karyotype, whereas allelic inactivation of TP53 (NH32) resulted in a modest increase in spontaneous karyotypic instability. After 2 Gy gamma irradiation, the number of unstable clones derived from TP53-deficient cells was significantly elevated compared to the TP53 wild-type counterpart. Extensively destabilized clones were common after irradiation in the set of clones derived from NH32 cells, and one was observed in the set of TK6-5E clones; however, they were never observed in TK6-derived clones. In two of the irradiated NH32 clones, whole chromosomes or chromosome bands were preferentially involved in alterations. These results suggest that genomic instability may differ both quantitatively and qualitatively as a consequence of altered TP53 expression. Some of the results showing repeated and preferential chromosome involvement in aberrations support a model in which instability may be driven by cis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Moore
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, and Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Moore SR, Marsden S, Macdonald D, Mitchell S, Folkard M, Michael B, Goodhead DT, Prise KM, Kadhim MA. Genomic Instability in Human Lymphocytes Irradiated with Individual Charged Particles: Involvement of Tumor Necrosis Factor α in Irradiated Cells but not Bystander Cells. Radiat Res 2005; 163:183-90. [PMID: 15658894 DOI: 10.1667/rr3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation can increase the risk of cancer, which is often characterized by genomic instability. In environmental exposures to high-LET radiation (e.g. 222Ra), it is unlikely that many cells will be traversed or that any cell will be traversed by more than one alpha particle, resulting in an in vivo bystander situation, potentially involving inflammation. Here primary human lymphocytes were irradiated with precise numbers of 3He2+ ions delivered to defined cell population fractions, to as low as a single cell being traversed, resembling in vivo conditions. Also, we assessed the contribution to genomic instability of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA). Genomic instability was significantly elevated in irradiated groups (> or = two-fold over controls) and was comparable whether cells were traversed by one or two 3He2+ ions. Interestingly, substantial heterogeneity in genomic instability between experiments was observed when only one cell was traversed. Genomic instability was significantly reduced (60%) in cultures in which all cells were irradiated in the presence of TNFA antibody, but not when fractions were irradiated under the same conditions, suggesting that TNFA may have a role in the initiation of genomic instability in irradiated cells but not bystander cells. These results have implications for low-dose exposure risks and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Moore
- Radiation and Genome Stability Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, United Kingdom
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Kadhim MA, Moore SR, Goodwin EH. Interrelationships amongst radiation-induced genomic instability, bystander effects, and the adaptive response. Mutat Res 2004; 568:21-32. [PMID: 15530536 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Revised: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, our understanding of radiation biology has undergone a fundamental shift in paradigms away from deterministic "hit-effect" relationships and towards complex ongoing "cellular responses". These responses include now familiar, but still poorly understood, phenomena associated with radiation exposure such as bystander effects, genomic instability, and adaptive responses. All three have been observed at very low doses, and at time points far removed from the initial radiation exposure, and are extremely relevant for linear extrapolation to low doses; the adaptive response is particularly relevant when exposure is spread over a period of time. These are precisely the circumstances that are most relevant to understanding cancer risk associated with environmental and occupational radiation exposures. This review will provide a synthesis of the known, and proposed, interrelationships amongst low-dose cellular responses to radiation. It also will examine the potential importance of non-targeted cellular responses to ionizing radiation in setting acceptable exposure limits especially to low-LET radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munira A Kadhim
- MRC Radiation and Genome Stability Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX110RD, UK.
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27
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Zhu H, Meloni BP, Moore SR, Majda BT, Knuckey NW. Intravenous administration of magnesium is only neuroprotective following transient global ischemia when present with post-ischemic mild hypothermia. Brain Res 2004; 1014:53-60. [PMID: 15212991 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that post-ischemic hypothermia plays an important role in magnesium mediated neuroprotection following global cerebral ischemia. To test this hypothesis, we subjected rats to 8 min of global cerebral ischemia and magnesium treatment with and without post-ischemic body temperature maintenance. In Group 1, rats received an intravenously administered loading dose (LD) of 360 micromol/kg MgSO4 immediately before ischemia followed by a 48-h intravenous infusion (IVI) at either 60, 120 or 240 micromol/kg/h. Animal body temperature was kept at 37+/-0.2 degrees C during ischemia and between 36.6 and 37.8 degrees C for 6 h after ischemia. In Group 2, rats received a 360 micromol/kg MgSO4 LD followed by a 48-h IVI of either 120 or 240 micromol/kg/h MgSO4. In this group, body temperature following ischemia was monitored but not regulated. Control animals in Groups 1 and 2 received normal saline. Seven days after ischemia, hippocampal CA1 neurons were histologically examined. All Group 1 MgSO4-treated and control animals demonstrated less than 6% hippocampal CA1 neuronal survival. In Group 2, the rectal temperature of MgSO4-treated and control animals spontaneously dropped as low as 35.4 degrees C during the 6-h post-ischemia monitoring period. In addition, Group 2 animals that received the LD followed by an IVI of 120 or 240 micromol/kg/h MgSO4 demonstrated 34% (p<0.05) and 20% (p=0.936) CA1 neuronal survival, respectively. The CA1 neuronal survival in saline-treated control animals in both groups was less than 6%. Our data demonstrate only the combination of MgSO4 treatment and post-ischemic mild hypothermia is neuroprotective following global ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdong Zhu
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Australian Neuromuscular Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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Hill KA, Buettner VL, Halangoda A, Kunishige M, Moore SR, Longmate J, Scaringe WA, Sommer SS. Spontaneous mutation in Big Blue mice from fetus to old age: tissue-specific time courses of mutation frequency but similar mutation types. Environ Mol Mutagen 2004; 43:110-120. [PMID: 14991751 DOI: 10.1002/em.20004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mouse mutation detection systems permit rapid determination of the frequency and type of mutations allowing direct examination of mutational markers for aging, neurodegeneration, and cancer. The Big Blue transgenic mouse mutation detection system was used to determine the frequency and nature of spontaneous mutations versus age in multiple tissue types. Nuclear DNA was extracted from whole fetus at 13.5 days postcoitus (dpc) and from six tissues postbirth (cerebellum, forebrain, thymus, liver, adipose tissue, and male germline) of Big Blue transgenic mice at four ages: 10 days and at 3, 10, and 25 months postbirth. Forty million total plaque-forming units (pfu) were screened. The time course of mutation frequency with age had a significantly different shape in different tissues (P < 10(-6)). By 13.5 dpc, the whole fetus mutation frequency had already started increasing from the theoretical zero at conception to a value that was about one-half the mid-adulthood (3-10 months) average. From 10 days to 3 months, mutation frequency increased significantly in liver (P = 0.007) and showed an increasing trend in cerebellum, forebrain, and thymus. From 3 to 10 months, there was no significant change in mutation frequency in any tissue examined. From 10 to 25 months, the mutation frequency increased significantly in liver (P < 10(-6)) and adipose tissue (P = 0.002), but not in the other tissues examined (cerebellum, forebrain, and male germline). It is of interest that the mutation frequency in the male germline is consistently the lowest, remaining essentially unchanged in old age. The spectrum of mutation types was unaltered with age, tissue type and gender, although, as previously reported, tandem GG-->TT mutations are tissue specific and show significant increases with age and certain hotspots (Buettner VL et al. [1999]: Environ Mol Mutagen 33:320-324; Hill KA et al. [2003]: Mutat Res 534:173-186). The spectrum of mutation types was generally the same for all tissue types, despite the tissue-specific increases in mutation frequency with age. These data provide a useful reference for future studies of endogenous and exogenous mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Hill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Beckman Research Institute/City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010-0269, USA
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Abstract
This report presents a case of multiple supernumerary teeth developing in the mandibular premolar region in an Asian female patient. A series of radiographs taken over a 10-year period, demonstrate the sequential development of these teeth during the patient's early and middle teenage years. The importance of regular radiographic review and appropriate management for such cases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Moore
- Oral Pathology, Dental School, Adelaide University, Australia.
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Moore SR, Lima AA, Conaway MR, Schorling JB, Soares AM, Guerrant RL. Early childhood diarrhoea and helminthiases associate with long-term linear growth faltering. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30:1457-64. [PMID: 11821364 DOI: 10.1093/ije/30.6.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the acute mortality from diarrhoeal diseases is well recognized, the potentially prolonged impact of early childhood diarrhoea on background growth and development is often overlooked. To examine the magnitude and duration of the association of early childhood enteric infections with growth faltering in later childhood, we investigated associations of early childhood diarrhoea (0-2 years) and intestinal helminthiases with nutritional status from age 2 to 7 years. METHODS Twice-weekly diarrhoea surveillance and quarterly anthropometrics were followed from 1989 to 1998 in 119 children born into a Northeast Brazilian shantytown. RESULTS Diarrhoea burdens at 0-2 years old were significantly associated with growth faltering at ages 2-7 years, even after controlling for nutritional status in infancy, helminthiases at 0-2 years old, family income, and maternal education by Pearson correlation, multivariate linear regression, and repeat measures analysis. The average 9.1 diarrhoeal episodes before age 2 years was associated with a 3.6 cm (95% CI : 0.6-6.6 cm) growth shortfall at age 7 years. Early childhood helminthiasis was also associated with linear growth faltering and a further 4.6 cm shortfall (95% CI : 0.8-7.9 cm) at age 7 years. CONCLUSIONS Early childhood diarrhoea and helminthiases independently associate with substantial linear growth shortfalls that continue beyond age 6 years. Targeted interventions for their control may have profound and lasting growth benefits for children in similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Moore
- Division of Geographic and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Abstract
The past 125 years of public health in the United States are viewed from the perspective of the most significant public health areas of the 20th century as developed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The long-term impacts and development of the areas include: immunizations, healthier mothers and babies, family planning, safer and healthier foods, fluoridation of drinking water, control of infectious diseases, decline in deaths from heart disease and stroke, recognition of tobacco as a health hazard, motor vehicle safety, and safer workplaces. The current and future of public health in the US is encapsulated in several developing areas, including: personal lifestyle modifications, politicalization of health, evolving knowledge base, knowledge transfer and globalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Moore
- North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
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Moore SR, Abramek FJ. The U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps pharmacist: the evolution of professional practice. Pharm Hist 2001; 34:110-5. [PMID: 11612783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Moore SR, Lima AA, Schorling JB, Barboza MS, Soares AM, Guerrant RL. Changes over time in the epidemiology of diarrhea and malnutrition among children in an urban Brazilian shantytown, 1989 to 1996. Int J Infect Dis 2001; 4:179-86. [PMID: 11231179 DOI: 10.1016/s1201-9712(00)90106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endemic diarrhea and its associated malnutrition remain leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This study was undertaken to describe changes in the incidence of diarrhea and prevalence of malnutrition among children in an urban Brazilian shantytown from 1989 to 1996. A secondary purpose was to examine associations between malnutrition and increased incidence and duration of diarrhea. METHODS From August 1989 through December 1996 a dynamic birth cohort of 315 children was followed for surveillance of diarrhea and nutrition. Study homes were visited twice or thrice weekly to assess the occurrence of diarrhea. Length and weight of the subjects were measured quarterly. Poisson regression was used to test for associations between prior nutritional status and subsequent diarrhea during a quarter. Multiple regression was used to test for an association between nutritional status and episode duration. RESULTS Declines in both age-adjusted attack rates (6.0 episodes/child-year in study year 3 [1991] to 2.5 episodes per child-year in study year 8 [1996] and days of diarrhea per child-year (30.8 days/child-year in year 3 to 8.5 days/child-year in year 8) were correlated with yearly improvements in mean nutritional status (R2= 0.84, P < 0.05, for mean length-for-age with mean number of episodes/child-year [corrected]. Both length- and weight-for-age were significant predictors of diarrhea incidence, including persistent episodes (> or =14 d), but not duration. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate marked changes over time in the diarrhea burden and nutritional status of children in this population and provide further evidence of a significant association between malnutrition and increased incidence of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Moore
- Division of Geographic Medicine and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the epidemiology of Giardia lamblia infection, investigate factors which might be associated with clinical manifestations and recurrence, and examine the role of copathogens in disease course. METHODS Prospective 4-year cohort study of children born in an urban slum in north-eastern Brazil. RESULTS Of 157 children followed for > or = 3 months, 43 (27.4%) were infected with Giardia. The organism was identified in 8.8% of all stool specimens, and although found with similar frequency in non-diarrhoeal (7.4%) and diarrhoeal stools (9.7%), was more common in children with persistent (20.6%) than acute diarrhoea (7.6%, P=0.002). Recurrent or relapsing infections were common (46%). Children with symptomatic infections had significantly lower weight-for-age and height-for-age than asymptomatic children. Copathogens were not associated with disease course. CONCLUSION With its protean clinical manifestations, Giardia may be associated with substantial morbidity amongst children in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Newman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
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Moore SR, Allister J, Roder D, Pierce AM, Wilson DF. Lip cancer in South Australia, 1977-1996. Pathology 2001; 33:167-71. [PMID: 11358049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Lip cancer (140 ICD-9, C00 ICD-10) is a form of oral cancer occurring at the junction between the oral cavity and the skin. Lip cancer has a distinctive global epidemiology that is notably different from cancer occurring at other intraoral sites. This study reviews and analyses the epidemiological data for lip cancer from the South Australian Central Cancer Registry between 1977 and 1996. During this 20-year period, 2716 cases of lip cancer (2095 male, 621 female) and 35 deaths from this disease (23 males, 12 females) were reported. The average age of diagnosis was 58.3 years in males and 66.0 years in females. Very high age-standardised incidence rates (over 15.0 per 100000 per annum in males and 4.0 per 100000 per annum in females) were found, giving the South Australian population amongst the highest incidence of lip cancer in the world. Also of considerable concern was the finding that, contrary to global trends, these rates showed a significant increase over the 20-year period in both sexes. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Moore
- School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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36
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Kunishige M, Hill KA, Riemer AM, Farwell KD, Halangoda A, Heinmöller E, Moore SR, Turner DM, Sommer SS. Mutation frequency is reduced in the cerebellum of Big Blue mice overexpressing a human wild type SOD1 gene. Mutat Res 2001; 473:139-49. [PMID: 11166032 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(00)00120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive paralytic disorder caused by motor neuron degeneration. A similar disease phenotype is observed in mice overexpressing a mutant human hSOD1 gene (G93A, 1Gurd(1)). Mice transgenic for lacI (Big Blue) and human mutant (1Gurd(1), Mut hSOD1) or wild type (2Gur, Wt hSOD1) SOD1 genes were used to examine spontaneous mutation, oxidative DNA damage, and neurodegeneration in vivo. The frequency and pattern of spontaneous mutation were determined for forebrain (90% glia), cerebellum (90% neurons) and thymus from 5-month-old male mice. Mutation frequency is not elevated significantly and mutation pattern is unaltered in Mut hSOD1 mice compared to control mice. Mutation frequency is reduced significantly in the cerebellum of Wt hSOD1 mice (1.6x10(-5); P=0.0093; Fisher's Exact Test) compared to mice without a human transgene (2.7x10(-5)). Mutation pattern is unaltered. This first report of an endogenous factor that can reduce in vivo, the frequency of spontaneous mutation suggests potential strategies for lowering mutagenesis related to aging, neurodegeneration, and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kunishige
- Department of Molecular Genetics, City of Hope/Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Quadro L, Gamble MV, Vogel S, Lima AA, Piantedosi R, Moore SR, Colantuoni V, Gottesman ME, Guerrant RL, Blaner WS. Retinol and retinol-binding protein: gut integrity and circulating immunoglobulins. J Infect Dis 2000; 182 Suppl 1:S97-S102. [PMID: 10944490 DOI: 10.1086/315920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (retinol) is required to maintain immunity and epithelial turnover and is a key micronutrient needed for combating infection. Vitamin A actions on the immune system are diverse and cannot be accounted for by a single effect or mechanism. The actions of retinol in maintaining gut integrity in humans and immunoglobulin levels in mice was investigated. For 30 children, performance on the lactulose/mannitol test, a test commonly used to assess intestinal barrier function, was inversely correlated (P=.012) with serum retinol concentrations. Thus, children with lower serum retinol, and presumably poorer vitamin A nutritional status, are more likely to have impaired intestinal integrity. Knockout mice that have impairments in plasma retinol transport have circulating immunoglobulin levels that are half those observed in matched wild type mice. No differences were observed in B and T cell populations present in spleen, thymus, and bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Quadro
- Institute of Cancer Researc, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Moore SR. Medication issues take centre stage in national political campaigns in the USA. J R Soc Promot Health 2000; 120:141-2. [PMID: 11077791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Moore SR, Parascandola J. The other pharmacists in the American Civil War. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000; 57:1276. [PMID: 10902070 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/57.13.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Moore SR, Pierce AM, Wilson DF. 'Oral cancer'--the terminology dilemma. Oral Dis 2000; 6:191-3. [PMID: 10822364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Lima AA, Moore SR, Barboza MS, Soares AM, Schleupner MA, Newman RD, Sears CL, Nataro JP, Fedorko DP, Wuhib T, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL. Persistent diarrhea signals a critical period of increased diarrhea burdens and nutritional shortfalls: a prospective cohort study among children in northeastern Brazil. J Infect Dis 2000; 181:1643-51. [PMID: 10823764 DOI: 10.1086/315423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/1999] [Revised: 01/28/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent diarrhea (PD; duration >/=14 days) is a growing part of the global burden of diarrheal diseases. A 45-month prospective cohort study (with illness, nutritional, and microbiologic surveillance) was conducted in a shantytown in northeastern Brazil, to elucidate the epidemiology, nutritional impact, and causes of PD in early childhood (0-3 years of age). A nested case-control design was used to examine children's diarrhea burden and nutritional status before and after a first PD illness. PD illnesses accounted for 8% of episodes and 34% of days of diarrhea. First PD illnesses were preceded by a doubling of acute diarrhea burdens, were followed by further 2.6-3.5-fold increased diarrhea burdens for 18 months, and were associated with acute weight shortfalls. Exclusively breast-fed children had 8-fold lower diarrhea rates than did weaned children. PD-associated etiologic agents included Cryptosporidium, Giardia, enteric adenoviruses, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. PD signals growth shortfalls and increased diarrhea burdens; children with PD merit extended support, and the illness warrants further study to elucidate its prevention, treatment, and impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Lima
- Clinical Research Unit-HUWC, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Cear¿a, 3390-Sala 90, Porangabussu, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil-CEP 60.436-160.
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Abstract
Mouth cancer (143-145 ICD-9) is a major health problem in many parts of the world. While its incidence is relatively low in most western countries there are some important exceptions to this trend: on the Indian subcontinent and in other parts of Asia it remains one of the most common forms of cancer. This review article summarises the global incidence of mouth cancer using cancer maps. Data have been compiled from the latest edition of Cancer Incidence in Five Continents and recent studies from various locations around the world. Significant geographic variation is noted in the incidence of mouth cancer, with high rates reported for the Indian subcontinent and parts of Asia (male incidence rates in excess of 10 per 100,000 per annum). It is also noted that as with other forms of oral cancer, the majority of population-based data for mouth cancer comes from the Western world with a paucity of reliable data from the so-called developing countries. Mouth cancer remains a serious health problem in many parts of the world with many regions reporting increasing incidence rates particularly in males. Ongoing research into the aetiologic risk factors associated with this disease must remain a very high priority if the causes of mouth cancer are to be established and disease control protocols introduced widely.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Moore
- School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Australia 5005
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Abstract
The tongue (141 ICD-9) is the most common intraoral site for cancer in most countries, however its global epidemiology shows significant geographic variation. This review paper summarises the global incidence of cancer of the tongue using cancer maps and references to recent studies from various locations. Tongue cancer remains a serious health problem in many countries including India (male incidence rates up to 6.5 per 100,000 per annum) and parts of Europe (male incidence rates in France up to 8.0 per 100,000 per annum). It is noted that as with other forms of oral cancer the majority of population-based data for tongue cancer comes from the Western world with a paucity of reliable data from the so-called developing countries. The tongue remains the most common intraoral site for oral cancer worldwide and in a number of countries it is a serious public health problem with significant morbidity and mortality. While the incidence of tongue cancer appears to be stable or falling in some regions of the world, in other areas it is rising, particularly among younger people.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Moore
- School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Australia 5005
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Moore SR. Pharmacy's contribution to public health in the 20th century. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 1999; 39:744-5. [PMID: 10609438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Guerrant DI, Moore SR, Lima AA, Patrick PD, Schorling JB, Guerrant RL. Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 61:707-13. [PMID: 10586898 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine potential, long-term deficits associated with early childhood diarrhea and parasitic infections, we studied the physical fitness (by the Harvard Step Test) and cognitive function (by standardized tests noted below) of 26 children who had complete surveillance for diarrhea in their first 2 years of life and who had continued surveillance until 6-9 years of age in a poor urban community (favela) in Fortaleza in northeast Brazil. Early childhood diarrhea at 0-2 years of age correlated with reduced fitness by the Harvard Step Test at 6-9 years of age (P = 0.03) even after controlling for anthropometric and muscle area effects, anemia, intestinal helminths, Giardia infections, respiratory illnesses, and socioeconomic variables. Early childhood cryptosporidial infections (6 with diarrhea and 3 without diarrhea) were also associated with reduced fitness at 6-9 year of age, even when controlling for current nutritional status. Early diarrhea did not correlate with activity scores (P = 0.697), and early diarrhea remained significantly correlated with fitness scores (P = 0.035) after controlling for activity scores. Early diarrhea burdens also correlated in pilot studies with impaired cognitive function using a McCarthy Draw-A-Design (P = 0.01; P = 0.017 when controlling for early helminth infections), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children coding tasks (P = 0.031), and backward digit span tests (P = 0.045). These findings document for the first time a potentially substantial impact of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidial infections on subsequent functional status. If confirmed, these findings have major implications for calculations of global disability adjusted life years and for the importance and potential cost effectiveness of targeted interventions for early childhood diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Guerrant
- Department of Health and Sports Science, University of Richmond, Virginia 23173, USA
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Newman RD, Sears CL, Moore SR, Nataro JP, Wuhib T, Agnew DA, Guerrant RL, Lima AA. Longitudinal study of Cryptosporidium infection in children in northeastern Brazil. J Infect Dis 1999; 180:167-75. [PMID: 10353875 DOI: 10.1086/314820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A prospective, 4-year cohort study of children born in an urban slum in northeastern Brazil was undertaken to elucidate the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in an endemic setting, describe factors associated with Cryptosporidium-associated persistent diarrhea, and clarify the importance of copathogens in symptomatic cryptosporidiosis. A total of 1476 episodes of diarrhea, accounting for 7581 days of illness (5.25 episodes/child-year), were recorded: of these, 102 episodes (6.9%) were persistent. Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in 7.4% of all stools, and they were found more frequently in children with persistent diarrhea (16.5%) than in those with acute (8.4%) or no (4.0%) diarrhea (P<.001). Low-birth-weight children and those living in densely crowded subdivisions were at greater risk for symptomatic infection. Disease course was highly variable and was not associated with the presence of copathogens. Recurrent Cryptosporidium infection and relapsing diarrhea associated with it were moderately common. In light of these data, the applicability of the current World Health Organization diarrheal definitions to Cryptosporidium-associated diarrheal episodes may need to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Newman
- Health Alliance International, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Moore SR, Hill KA, Heinmoller PW, Halangoda A, Kunishige M, Buettner VL, Graham KS, Sommer SS. Spontaneous mutation frequency and pattern in Big Blue mice fed a vitamin E-supplemented diet. Environ Mol Mutagen 1999; 34:195-200. [PMID: 10529744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous oxidative DNA damage caused by normal cellular processes may play a vital role in carcinogenesis. To directly test the hypothesis that antioxidants will protect DNA from oxidative damage in vivo, Big Blue((R)) mice were fed either a control diet (66 IU vitamin E/kg diet) or a high-dose vitamin E diet containing 1000 IU vitamin E/kg diet of racemic d,l-alpha-tocopherol acetate from conception until 3 months of age. Using the standard Big Blue((R)) protocol, 15.5 million plaque forming units (pfu) were examined from five tissues (heart, liver, adipose tissue, thymus, and testis) of three control and three high-dose vitamin E supplemented male mice generating 433 mutants, which represented 373 independent mutations upon sequencing the lacI transgene. The alpha-tocopherol tissue concentration increased with high-dose vitamin E supplementation. In four of the tissues, individually or combined, mutation frequency changed little if any with vitamin E supplementation. In adipose tissue, which accumulated the highest levels of vitamin E, mutation frequency was significantly reduced with high-dose vitamin E supplementation (P = 0.047). Within the constraints of sample size, the pattern of mutation in adipose tissue was not altered significantly (P = 0.40). When data from all tissues were combined, a reduction in G:C --> T:A transversions was observed (P = 0.044). These results may have implications for cancer chemoprevention and provide insight into the efficacy of vitamin E supplementation in reducing spontaneous oxidative DNA damage in vivo. More dramatic alterations of mutation frequency and pattern may be observed with higher doses of vitamin E and substitution of the racemic supplement with d-alpha-tocopherol acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Moore
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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50
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Wolff GL, Kodell RL, Moore SR, Cooney CA. Maternal epigenetics and methyl supplements affect agouti gene expression in Avy/a mice. FASEB J 1998; 12:949-57. [PMID: 9707167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
'Viable yellow' (Avy/a) mice are larger, obese, hyperinsulinemic, more susceptible to cancer, and, on average, shorter lived than their non-yellow siblings. They are epigenetic mosaics ranging from a yellow phenotype with maximum ectopic agouti overexpression, through a continuum of mottled agouti/yellow phenotypes with partial agouti overexpression, to a pseudoagouti phenotype with minimal ectopic expression. Pseudoagouti Avy/a mice are lean, healthy, and longer lived than their yellow siblings. Here we report that feeding pregnant black a/a dams methyl-supplemented diets alters epigenetic regulation of agouti expression in their offspring, as indicated by increased agouti/black mottling in the direction of the pseudoagouti phenotype. We also present confirmatory evidence that epigenetic phenotypes are maternally heritable. Thus Avy expression, already known to be modulated by imprinting, strain-specific modification, and maternal epigenetic inheritance, is also modulated by maternal diet. These observations suggest, at least in this special case, that maternal dietary supplementation may positively affect health and longevity of the offspring. Therefore, this experimental system should be useful for identifying maternal factors that modulate epigenetic mechanisms, especially DNA methylation, in developing embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Wolff
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079-9502, USA.
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