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Figueiredo JC, Hirsch FR, Kushi LH, Nembhard WN, Crawford JM, Mantis N, Finster L, Merin NM, Merchant A, Reckamp KL, Melmed GY, Braun J, McGovern D, Parekh S, Corley DA, Zohoori N, Amick BC, Du R, Gregersen PK, Diamond B, Taioli E, Sariol C, Espino A, Weiskopf D, Gifoni A, Brien J, Hanege W, Lipsitch M, Zidar DA, McAlearney AS, Wajnberg A, LaBaer J, Lewis EY, Binder RA, Moormann AM, Forconi C, Forrester S, Batista J, Schieffelin J, Kim D, Biancon G, VanOudenhove J, Halene S, Fan R, Barouch DH, Alter G, Pinninti S, Boppana SB, Pati SK, Latting M, Karaba AH, Roback J, Sekaly R, Neish A, Brincks AM, Granger DA, Karger AB, Thyagarajan B, Thomas SN, Klein SL, Cox AL, Lucas T, Furr-Holden D, Key K, Jones N, Wrammerr J, Suthar M, Yu Wong S, Bowman NM, Simon V, Richardson LD, McBride R, Krammer F, Rana M, Kennedy J, Boehme K, Forrest C, Granger SW, Heaney CD, Knight Lapinski M, Wallet S, Baric RS, Schifanella L, Lopez M, Fernández S, Kenah E, Panchal AR, Britt WJ, Sanz I, Dhodapkar M, Ahmed R, Bartelt LA, Markmann AJ, Lin JT, Hagan RS, Wolfgang MC, Skarbinski J. Mission, Organization and Future Direction of the Serological Sciences Network for COVID-19 (SeroNet) Epidemiologic Cohort Studies. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac171. [PMID: 35765315 PMCID: PMC9129196 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Global efforts are needed to elucidate the epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the underlying cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) including seroprevalence, risk factors and long-term sequelae, as well as immune responses following vaccination across populations and the social dimensions of prevention and treatment strategies. In the U.S., the National Cancer Institute in partnership with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, established the SARS-CoV-2 Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) as the nation’s largest coordinated effort to study COVID-19. The network is comprised of multidisciplinary researchers bridging gaps and fostering collaborations between immunologists, epidemiologists, virologists, clinicians and clinical laboratories, social and behavioral scientists, policy makers, data scientists, and community members. In total, 49 institutions form the SeroNet consortium to study individuals with cancer, autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, cardiovascular diseases, HIV, transplant recipients, as well as otherwise healthy pregnant women, children, college students, and high-risk occupational workers (including health care workers and first responders). Several studies focus on underrepresented populations, including ethnic minorities and rural communities. To support integrative data analyses across SeroNet studies, efforts are underway to define common data elements for standardized serology measurements, cellular and molecular assays, self-reported data, treatment, and clinical outcomes. In this paper, we discuss the overarching framework for SeroNet epidemiology studies, critical research questions under investigation, and data accessibility for the worldwide scientific community. Lessons learned will help inform preparedness and responsiveness to future emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Figueiredo
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fred R Hirsch
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence H Kushi
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Wendy N Nembhard
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - James M Crawford
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurel Finster
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Noah M Merin
- Division of Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Akil Merchant
- Division of Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen L Reckamp
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gil Y Melmed
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Braun
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dermot McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samir Parekh
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas A Corley
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Namvar Zohoori
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Benjamin C Amick
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Ruofei Du
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Peter K Gregersen
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Emanuela Taioli
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos Sariol
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences, San Juan, PR
| | - Ana Espino
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences, San Juan, PR
| | | | - Alba Gifoni
- La Jolla Institute of Immunology, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - James Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis MI, USA
| | - William Hanege
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David A Zidar
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ann Scheck McAlearney
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ania Wajnberg
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Biodesign Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA
| | - E Yvonne Lewis
- Department of Public Health, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Raquel A Binder
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ann M Moormann
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Forconi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Forrester
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Batista
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - John Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Dongjoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Giulia Biancon
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer VanOudenhove
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Halene
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- The Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Swetha Pinninti
- Department of Pediatrics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Suresh B Boppana
- Department of Pediatrics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sunil K Pati
- Department of Pediatrics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Misty Latting
- Department of Pediatrics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrew H Karaba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rafick Sekaly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ahnalee M Brincks
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Social Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy B Karger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stefani N Thomas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea L Cox
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Todd Lucas
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Debra Furr-Holden
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kent Key
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nicole Jones
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jens Wrammerr
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mehul Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Serre Yu Wong
- The Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalie M Bowman
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lynne D Richardson
- Institute for Health Equity Research and Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Russell McBride
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meenakshi Rana
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Karl Boehme
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Knight Lapinski
- Department of Communication, Michigan AgBio Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shannon Wallet
- School of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Luca Schifanella
- Division of Surgical Outcomes and Precision Medicine Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marcos Lopez
- Puerto Rico Public Health Trust, Puerto Rico Science, Technology and Research Trust and University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, Medical Sciences, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Soledad Fernández
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eben Kenah
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashish R Panchal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William J Britt
- Department of Immunology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Iñaki Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Madhav Dhodapkar
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luther A Bartelt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alena J Markmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jessica T Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert S Hagan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew C Wolfgang
- Marsico Lung Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jacek Skarbinski
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
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Karger AB, Brien JD, Christen JM, Dhakal S, Kemp TJ, Klein SL, Pinto LA, Premkumar L, Roback JD, Binder RA, Boehme KW, Boppana S, Cordon-Cardo C, Crawford JM, Daiss JL, Dupuis AP, Espino AM, Firpo-Betancourt A, Forconi C, Forrest JC, Girardin RC, Granger DA, Granger SW, Haddad NS, Heaney CD, Hunt DT, Kennedy JL, King CL, Krammer F, Kruczynski K, LaBaer J, Lee FEH, Lee WT, Liu SL, Lozanski G, Lucas T, Mendu DR, Moormann AM, Murugan V, Okoye NC, Pantoja P, Payne AF, Park J, Pinninti S, Pinto AK, Pisanic N, Qiu J, Sariol CA, Simon V, Song L, Steffen TL, Stone ET, Styer LM, Suthar MS, Thomas SN, Thyagarajan B, Wajnberg A, Yates JL, Sobhani K. The Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) for COVID-19: Depth and Breadth of Serology Assays and Plans for Assay Harmonization. medRxiv 2022:2022.02.27.22271399. [PMID: 35262095 PMCID: PMC8902887 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.27.22271399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background In October 2020, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) was established to study the immune response to COVID-19, and "to develop, validate, improve, and implement serological testing and associated technologies." SeroNet is comprised of 25 participating research institutions partnering with the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR) and the SeroNet Coordinating Center. Since its inception, SeroNet has supported collaborative development and sharing of COVID-19 serological assay procedures and has set forth plans for assay harmonization. Methods To facilitate collaboration and procedure sharing, a detailed survey was sent to collate comprehensive assay details and performance metrics on COVID-19 serological assays within SeroNet. In addition, FNLCR established a protocol to calibrate SeroNet serological assays to reference standards, such as the U.S. SARS-CoV-2 serology standard reference material and First WHO International Standard (IS) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (20/136), to facilitate harmonization of assay reporting units and cross-comparison of study data. Results SeroNet institutions reported development of a total of 27 ELISA methods, 13 multiplex assays, 9 neutralization assays, and use of 12 different commercial serological methods. FNLCR developed a standardized protocol for SeroNet institutions to calibrate these diverse serological assays to reference standards. Conclusions SeroNet institutions have established a diverse array of COVID-19 serological assays to study the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 virus and vaccines. Calibration of SeroNet serological assays to harmonize results reporting will facilitate future pooled data analyses and study cross-comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Karger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Jayne M. Christen
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Troy J. Kemp
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ligia A. Pinto
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Raquel A. Binder
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Karl W. Boehme
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Suresh Boppana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - James M. Crawford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | | | - Alan P. Dupuis
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Ana M. Espino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Catherine Forconi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - J. Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Roxie C. Girardin
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | | | | | - Natalie S. Haddad
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher D. Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Danielle T. Hunt
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Joshua L. Kennedy
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Christopher L. King
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kate Kruczynski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William T. Lee
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Todd Lucas
- Division of Public Health and Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Damodara Rao Mendu
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ann M. Moormann
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Vel Murugan
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Nkemakonam C. Okoye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Petraleigh Pantoja
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Anne F. Payne
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Jin Park
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Swetha Pinninti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ji Qiu
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Carlos A. Sariol
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lusheng Song
- Virginia G Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Tara L. Steffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Linda M. Styer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stefani N. Thomas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ania Wajnberg
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer L. Yates
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Kimia Sobhani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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3
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Pisanic N, Randad PR, Kruczynski K, Manabe YC, Thomas DL, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Betenbaugh MJ, Clarke WA, Laeyendecker O, Caturegli PP, Larman HB, Detrick B, Fairley JK, Sherman AC, Rouphael N, Edupuganti S, Granger DA, Granger SW, Collins MH, Heaney CD. COVID-19 Serology at Population Scale: SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibody Responses in Saliva. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 59:e02204-20. [PMID: 33067270 PMCID: PMC7771435 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02204-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of an ongoing pandemic that has infected over 36 million and killed over 1 million people. Informed implementation of government public health policies depends on accurate data on SARS-CoV-2 immunity at a population scale. We hypothesized that detection of SARS-CoV-2 salivary antibodies could serve as a noninvasive alternative to serological testing for monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infection and seropositivity at a population scale. We developed a multiplex SARS-CoV-2 antibody immunoassay based on Luminex technology that comprised 12 CoV antigens, mostly derived from SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S). Saliva and sera collected from confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and from the pre-COVID-19 era were tested for IgG, IgA, and IgM to the antigen panel. Matched saliva and serum IgG responses (n = 28) were significantly correlated. The salivary anti-N IgG response resulted in the highest sensitivity (100%), exhibiting a positive response in 24/24 reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 cases sampled at >14 days post-symptom onset (DPSO), whereas the salivary anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG response yielded 100% specificity. Temporal kinetics of IgG in saliva were consistent with those observed in blood and indicated that most individuals seroconvert at around 10 DPSO. Algorithms employing a combination of the IgG responses to N and S antigens result in high diagnostic accuracy (100%) by as early as 10 DPSO. These results support the use of saliva-based antibody testing as a noninvasive and scalable alternative to blood-based antibody testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pranay R Randad
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kate Kruczynski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David L Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William A Clarke
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrizio P Caturegli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - H Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica K Fairley
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amy C Sherman
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Matthew H Collins
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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4
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Riis JL, Ahmadi H, Silke O, Granger SW, Bryce CI, Granger DA. Correspondence Between Cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin-G Levels Measured in Saliva and Serum. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2095. [PMID: 32983163 PMCID: PMC7484902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects more than 80% of the global population. While mostly asymptomatic, HCMV infection can be serious among the immunocompromised, and it is implicated in chronic disease pathophysiology in adulthood. Large-scale minimally invasive HCMV screening could advance research and public health efforts to monitor infection prevalence and prevent or mitigate downstream risks associated with infection. We examine the utility of measuring HCMV immunoglobulin-G (IgG) levels in saliva as an index of serum levels. Matched serum and saliva samples from healthy adults (N = 98; 44% female; 51% white) were assayed for HCMV IgG, total salivary protein, and salivary markers related to oral inflammation, blood, and tissue integrity. We examine the serum-saliva association for HCMV IgG and assess the influence of participant characteristics and factors specific to the oral compartment (e.g., oral inflammation) on HCMV IgG levels and cross-specimen relations. We found a robust serum-saliva association for HCMV IgG with serum antibody levels accounting for >60% of the variance in salivary levels. This relation remained after adjusting for key demographic and oral immune-related variables. Compared to the serum test, the salivary HCMV IgG test had 51% sensitivity and 97% specificity. With improvements in assay performance and sample optimization, HCMV antibody levels in oral fluids may be a useful proxy for serum levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Riis
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Hedyeh Ahmadi
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Olivia Silke
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Steve W. Granger
- Salimetrics Research and Technology Center, Carlsbad, CA, United States
| | - Crystal I. Bryce
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Douglas A. Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Salimetrics Research and Technology Center, Carlsbad, CA, United States
- Department of Acute and Chronic Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Salivary Bioscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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5
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Randad PR, Pisanic N, Kruczynski K, Manabe YC, Thomas D, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Betenbaugh MJ, Clarke WA, Laeyendecker O, Caturegli PP, Larman HB, Detrick B, Fairley JK, Sherman AC, Rouphael N, Edupuganti S, Granger DA, Granger SW, Collins M, Heaney CD. COVID-19 serology at population scale: SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses in saliva. medRxiv 2020:2020.05.24.20112300. [PMID: 32511537 PMCID: PMC7273305 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.24.20112300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing is urgently needed to estimate the incidence and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the general population level. Precise knowledge of population immunity could allow government bodies to make informed decisions about how and when to relax stay-at-home directives and to reopen the economy. We hypothesized that salivary antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 could serve as a non-invasive alternative to serological testing for widespread monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infection throughout the population. We developed a multiplex SARS-CoV-2 antibody immunoassay based on Luminex technology and tested 167 saliva and 324 serum samples, including 134 and 118 negative saliva and serum samples, respectively, collected before the COVID-19 pandemic, and 33 saliva and 206 serum samples from participants with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. We evaluated the correlation of results obtained in saliva vs. serum and determined the sensitivity and specificity for each diagnostic media, stratified by antibody isotype, for detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on COVID-19 case designation for all specimens. Matched serum and saliva SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific IgG responses were significantly correlated. Within the 10-plex SARS-CoV-2 panel, the salivary anti-nucleocapsid (N) protein IgG response resulted in the highest sensitivity for detecting prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (100% sensitivity at ≥10 days post-SARS-CoV-2 symptom onset). The salivary anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG response resulted in 100% specificity. Among individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed with RT-PCR, the temporal kinetics of IgG, IgA, and IgM in saliva were consistent with those observed in serum. SARS-CoV-2 appears to trigger a humoral immune response resulting in the almost simultaneous rise of IgG, IgM and IgA levels both in serum and in saliva, mirroring responses consistent with the stimulation of existing, cross-reactive B cells. SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing in saliva can play a critically important role in large-scale "sero"-surveillance to address key public health priorities and guide policy and decision-making for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay R Randad
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kate Kruczynski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William A Clarke
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrizio P Caturegli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - H Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica K Fairley
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy C Sherman
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Matthew Collins
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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6
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Pisanic N, Rahman A, Saha SK, Labrique AB, Nelson KE, Granger DA, Granger SW, Detrick B, Heaney CD. Development of an oral fluid immunoassay to assess past and recent hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. J Immunol Methods 2017; 448:1-8. [PMID: 28478117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among pregnant women. In clinical settings blood-based testing protocols are commonly used to diagnose HEV infection, but in community settings such invasive sampling can hinder study participation and limit discovery of the ecology and natural history of HEV infection. Oral fluid is a non-invasive biospecimen that can harbor pathogen-specific antibodies and has the potential to replace blood-based testing protocols. OBJECTIVES To develop an immunoassay to assess past and recent HEV infection that uses oral fluid instead of serum or plasma. METHODS The assay was validated using paired oral fluid and serum samples collected from 141 patients who presented either with (n=76) or without (n=65) symptoms of acute viral hepatitis at a clinical diagnostics center in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The sensitivity and specificity of the oral fluid-based immunoassay for HEV IgG (past HEV infection) and HEV IgA (recent HEV infection) antibodies was calculated in reference to Wantai's (Beijing Wantai) serum-based HEV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of the oral fluid-based immunoassay for HEV-IgG antibodies were 98.7% and 98.4%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the oral fluid-based immunoassay for HEV IgA were 89.5% and 98.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The high concordance of our non-invasive oral fluid-based immunoassays (HEV IgG and HEV IgA) with commercial high-performance serum HEV ELISA kits (IgG and IgM) means that population-based surveillance of past and recent HEV infection could be expanded to improve understanding of its ecology and natural history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu (Children's) Hospital, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Samir K Saha
- Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu (Children's) Hospital, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Alain B Labrique
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenrad E Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Acute and Chronic Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA; Research and Technology Center, Salimetrics, LLC, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | - Steve W Granger
- Research and Technology Center, Salimetrics, LLC, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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7
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Matin MJ, Li D, Peterson J, Taylor MK, Laurent HK, Lucas T, Granger SJ, Granger DA, Granger SW. Measuring nerve growth factor in saliva by immunoassay: A cautionary note. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 63:235-7. [PMID: 26519777 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin, modulates a diverse set of physiologic processes in the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems. Studies suggest that NGF can be measured in saliva (sNGF). Historically, the method for measuring sNGF involves the off-label use of an enzyme immunoassay designed for use with cell-culture supernatants/tissue extracts (Nam et al., 2007; Ruhl et al., 2004). In a series of experiments we reveal this measurement strategy is subject to non-specific interference by constituents present in oral fluids. We conclude that the measurement of sNGF by this assay is not optimal for use with oral fluid specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla J Matin
- Research and Technology Center, Salimetrics, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Daming Li
- Research and Technology Center, Salimetrics, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Jon Peterson
- Research and Technology Center, Salimetrics, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Marcus K Taylor
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Heidemarie K Laurent
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Todd Lucas
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Services, and Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Steve J Granger
- Research and Technology Center, Salimetrics, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Steve W Granger
- Research and Technology Center, Salimetrics, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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8
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Denning TL, Granger SW, Granger S, Mucida D, Graddy R, Leclercq G, Zhang W, Honey K, Rasmussen JP, Cheroutre H, Rudensky AY, Kronenberg M. Mouse TCRalphabeta+CD8alphaalpha intraepithelial lymphocytes express genes that down-regulate their antigen reactivity and suppress immune responses. J Immunol 2007; 178:4230-9. [PMID: 17371979 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mouse small intestine intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) that express alphabetaTCR and CD8alphaalpha homodimers are an enigmatic T cell subset, as their specificity and in vivo function remain to be defined. To gain insight into the nature of these cells, we performed global gene expression profiling using microarray analysis combined with real-time quantitative PCR and flow cytometry. Using these methods, TCRalphabeta(+)CD8alphaalpha IEL were compared with their TCRalphabeta(+)CD8beta(+) and TCRgammadelta(+) counterparts. Interestingly, TCRalphabeta(+)CD8alphaalpha IEL were found to preferentially express genes that would be expected to down-modulate their reactivity. They have a unique expression pattern of members of the Ly49 family of NK receptors and tend to express inhibitory receptors, along with some activating receptors. The signaling machinery of both TCRalphabeta(+)CD8alphaalpha and TCRgammadelta(+) IEL is constructed differently than other IEL and peripheral T cells, as evidenced by their low-level expression of the linker for activation of T cells and high expression of the non-T cell activation linker, which suppresses T cell activation. The TCRalphabeta(+)CD8alphaalpha IEL subset also has increased expression of genes that could be involved in immune regulation, including TGF-beta(3) and lymphocyte activation gene-3. Collectively, these data underscore the fact that, while TCRalphabeta(+)CD8alphaalpha IEL resemble TCRgammadelta(+) IEL, they are a unique population of cells with regulated Ag reactivity that could have regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Denning
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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9
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Abstract
The TNF superfamily of cytokines play an important role in T cell activation and inflammation. Sustained expression of lymphotoxin-like inducible protein that competes with glycoprotein D for binding herpesvirus entry mediator on T cells (LIGHT) (TNFSF14) causes a pathological intestinal inflammation when constitutively expressed by mouse T cells. In this study, we characterized LIGHT expression on activated human T cell subsets in vitro and demonstrated a direct proinflammatory effect on regulation of IFN-gamma. LIGHT was induced in memory CD45RO CD4+ T cells and by IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells. Kinetic analysis indicated rapid induction of LIGHT by human lamina propria T cells, reaching maximal levels by 2-6 h, whereas peripheral blood or lymph node-derived T cells required 24 h. Further analysis of intestinal specimens from a 41 patient cohort by flow cytometry indicated membrane LIGHT induction to higher peak levels in lamina propria T cells from the small bowel or rectum but not colon, when compared with lymph node or peripheral blood. Independent stimulation of the LIGHT receptor, herpesvirus entry mediator, induced IFN-gamma production in lamina propria T cells, while blocking LIGHT inhibited CD2-dependent induction of IFN-gamma synthesis, indicating a role for LIGHT in the regulation of IFN-gamma and as a putative mediator of proinflammatory T-T interactions in the intestinal mucosa. Taken together, these findings suggest LIGHT-herpesvirus entry mediator mediated signaling as an important immune regulatory mechanism in mucosal inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Offer Cohavy
- Cedars-Sinai Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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10
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Abstract
LIGHT is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily ligand that regulates T cell immune responses by signaling through the herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) and the lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTbetaR). This review will present a summary of recent advances made regarding the immunobiology of the LIGHT-HVEM and LTbetaR systems. LIGHT has emerged as a potent initiator of T cell co-stimulation signals effecting CTL-mediated tumor rejection, allograft rejection and graft versus host disease. Constitutive expression of LIGHT leads to tissue destruction and autoimmune-like disease syndromes. In contrast to LTalphabeta, LIGHT plays a minimal role in lymphoid tissue development, yet some evidence indicates a role in negative selection in the thymus. These results provide an encouraging profile for the LIGHT-HVEM-LTbetaR axis as a potential target for controlling cellular immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve W Granger
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, USA.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Granger
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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12
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Shaikh RB, Santee S, Granger SW, Butrovich K, Cheung T, Kronenberg M, Cheroutre H, Ware CF. Constitutive expression of LIGHT on T cells leads to lymphocyte activation, inflammation, and tissue destruction. J Immunol 2001; 167:6330-7. [PMID: 11714797 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.11.6330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
LIGHT, a member of the TNF family of cytokines (homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpesvirus entry mediator, a receptor expressed on T cells), is induced on activated T cells and mediates costimulatory and antitumor activity in vitro. Relatively little information is available on the in vivo effects of LIGHT expression, particularly within the T cell compartment. In this work, we describe transgenic mice that express human LIGHT under the control of the CD2 promoter, resulting in constitutive transgene expression in cells of the T lymphocyte lineage. LIGHT-transgenic animals exhibit abnormalities in both lymphoid tissue architecture and the distribution of lymphocyte subsets. They also show signs of inflammation that are most severe in the intestine, along with tissue destruction of the reproductive organs. These LIGHT-mediated effects were recapitulated when immune-deficient mice were reconstituted with bone marrow from LIGHT-transgenic donor mice. T cells in the LIGHT-transgenic mice have an activated phenotype and mucosal T cells exhibit enhanced Th1 cytokine activity. The results indicate that LIGHT may function as an important regulator of T cell activation, and implicate LIGHT signaling pathways in inflammation focused on mucosal tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Line
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Infertility, Female/genetics
- Infertility, Female/immunology
- Infertility, Female/physiopathology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/mortality
- Inflammation/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/pathology
- Lymphotoxin beta Receptor
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phenotype
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Radiation Chimera/genetics
- Radiation Chimera/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14
- Receptors, Virus/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Shaikh
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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13
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Granger SW, Butrovich KD, Houshmand P, Edwards WR, Ware CF. Genomic characterization of LIGHT reveals linkage to an immune response locus on chromosome 19p13.3 and distinct isoforms generated by alternate splicing or proteolysis. J Immunol 2001; 167:5122-8. [PMID: 11673523 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.5122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
LIGHT is a member of the TNF cytokine superfamily that signals through the lymphotoxin (LT)beta receptor and the herpesvirus entry mediator. LIGHT may function as a costimulatory factor for the activation of lymphoid cells and as a deterrent to infection by herpesvirus, which may provide significant selective pressure shaping the evolution of LIGHT. Here, we define the molecular genetics of the human LIGHT locus, revealing its close linkage to the TNF superfamily members CD27 ligand and 4-1BB ligand, and the third complement protein (C3), which positions LIGHT within the MHC paralog on chromosome 19p13.3. An alternately spliced isoform of LIGHT mRNA that encodes a transmembrane-deleted form is detected in activated T cells and gives rise to a nonglycosylated protein that resides in the cytosol. Furthermore, membrane LIGHT is shed from the cell surface of human 293 T cells. These studies reveal new mechanisms involved in regulating the physical forms and cellular compartmentalization of LIGHT that may contribute to the regulation and biological function of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Granger
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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14
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Granger SW, Fan H. The helper virus envelope glycoprotein affects the disease specificity of a recombinant murine leukemia virus carrying a v-myc oncogene. Virus Genes 2001; 22:311-9. [PMID: 11450949 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011166323566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many retroviruses that carry oncogenes (acute transforming viruses) are generally replication-defective and therefore require co-infection with a replication competent 'helper' retrovirus for infectivity. The helper virus provides the retroviral proteins necessary for particle production and infection. These include the envelope glycoproteins that specifically bind to cell surface receptors and mediate viral adsorption and entry. Thus, a particular helper virus may influence the nature of disease induced by an oncogene-containing retrovirus due to tissue tropism of the helper. In a previous study, a replication-defective recombinant Moloney murine leukemia virus containing the v-myc oncogene was generated (M-MuLV(myc); Brightman B.K., Pattengale P.K., and Fan H., J Virol 60: 68-81, 1986). When M-MuLV(myc) was inoculated into mice using the non-pathogenic amphotropic murine leukemia virus (Am-MuLV 4070) as a helper, T- and B-lymphoblastic lymphomas resulted with the following two surface phenotypes, namely, (1) Thy 1.2+, B220- and (2) Thy 1.2-, B220+. Thy 1.2 surface antigen is characteristic of cells of the lymphoid lineage, whereas B220 surface antigen is characteristic of cells of the B-lymphoid lineage. In these experiments, to assess the influence of the helper virus on the disease specificity of M-MuLV(myc), two weakly pathogenic ecotropic helper MuLVs that interact with different cell surface receptors than Am-MuLV (Mo+PyF101 and AKV MuLV) were used to pseudotype M-MuLV(myc). In both cases, when inoculated into mice, these pseudotypes induced only T-lymphoblastic lymphoma. These results indicate that for M-MuLV(myc) the types of the tumors induced are influenced by the helper virus utilized, and they suggest that different lymphoid cells may express different levels of retroviral receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Southern
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Genes, myc
- Helper Viruses/metabolism
- Helper Viruses/pathogenicity
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/physiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/virology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Viral Envelope Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Granger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900, USA
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Granger SW, Fan H. Purification of Moloney murine leukemia virus chromatin from infected cells by an affinity method. J Biomed Sci 2001; 8:278-89. [PMID: 11385300 DOI: 10.1007/bf02256602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to develop a system to study proteins that associate in vivo with the Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) enhancer elements by the isolation of intact proviral chromatin. The M-MuLV long terminal repeats (LTRs) contain tandemly repeated transcriptional enhancer sequences consisting of smaller motifs that bind cellular DNA-binding proteins implicated in transcriptional regulation. The M-MuLV enhancers are also important for disease specificity and latency of disease induction. To enrich for proviral chromatin containing M-MuLV LTR sequences, an affinity purification scheme was employed that relies on the affinity of bacterial Lac repressor protein for Lac operator (LacO) DNA sequences. An infectious M-MuLV recombinant was constructed that contains bacterial LacO sequences inserted into a nonessential region downstream from the 5' LTR of the virus (M-MuLV-LacO). Nuclei from M-MuLV-LacO-infected cells were digested with PvuII (which will liberate an LTR fragment containing LacO sequences), and digested chromatin was leached from the nuclei in hypotonic buffer. M-MuLV-LacO chromatin was then recovered by binding to an affinity matrix consisting of a beta-galactosidase-Lac repressor fusion protein anchored to acrylamide beads by an anti-beta-galactosidase monoclonal antibody [7]. Specifically bound chromatin was eluted under physiological conditions by incubation with the galactose analog isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. Southern blot analysis confirmed the specific enrichment of M-MuLV proviral chromatin by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Granger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Cancer Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, Calif., USA
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Granger SW, Bundy LM, Fan H. Tandemization of a subregion of the enhancer sequences from SRS 19-6 murine leukemia virus associated with T-lymphoid but not other leukemias. J Virol 1999; 73:7175-84. [PMID: 10438804 PMCID: PMC104241 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.9.7175-7184.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most simple retroviruses induce tumors of a single cell type when infected into susceptible hosts. The SRS 19-6 murine leukemia virus (MuLV), which originated in mainland China, induces leukemias of multiple cellular origins. Indeed, infected mice often harbor more than one tumor type. Since the enhancers of many MuLVs are major determinants of tumor specificity, we tested the role of the SRS 19-6 MuLV enhancers in its broad disease specificity. The enhancer elements of the Moloney MuLV (M-MuLV) were replaced by the 170-bp enhancers of SRS 19-6 MuLV, yielding the recombinants DeltaMo+SRS(+) and DeltaMo+SRS(-) M-MuLV. M-MuLV normally induces T-lymphoid tumors in all infected mice. Surprisingly, when neonatal mice were inoculated with DeltaMo+SRS(+) or DeltaMo+SRS(-) M-MuLV, all tumors were of T-lymphoid origin, typical of M-MuLV rather than SRS 19-6 MuLV. Thus, the SRS 19-6 MuLV enhancers did not confer the broad disease specificity of SRS 19-6 MuLV to M-MuLV. However, all tumors contained DeltaMo+SRS M-MuLV proviruses with common enhancer alterations. These alterations consisted of tandem multimerization of a subregion of the SRS 19-6 enhancers, encompassing the conserved LVb and core sites and adjacent sequences. Moreover, when tumors induced by the parental SRS 19-6 MuLV were analyzed, most of the T-lymphoid tumors had similar enhancer alterations in the same region whereas tumors of other lineages retained the parental SRS 19-6 MuLV enhancers. These results emphasize the importance of a subregion of the SRS 19-6 MuLV enhancer in induction of T-cell lymphoma. The relevant sequences were consistent with crucial sequences for T-cell lymphomagenesis identified for other MuLVs such as M-MuLV and SL3-3 MuLV. These results also suggest that other regions of the SRS 19-6 MuLV genome contribute to its broad leukemogenic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Granger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Cancer Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, USA
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Granger SW, Fan H. In vivo footprinting of the enhancer sequences in the upstream long terminal repeat of Moloney murine leukemia virus: differential binding of nuclear factors in different cell types. J Virol 1998; 72:8961-70. [PMID: 9765441 PMCID: PMC110313 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.11.8961-8970.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhancer sequences in the Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) long terminal repeat (LTR) are of considerable interest since they are crucial for virus replication and the ability of the virus to induce T lymphomas. While extensive studies have identified numerous nuclear factors that can potentially bind to M-MuLV enhancer DNA in vitro, it has not been made clear which of these factors are bound in vivo. To address this problem, we carried out in vivo footprinting of the M-MuLV enhancer in infected cells by in vivo treatment with dimethyl sulfate (DMS) followed by visualization through ligation-mediated PCR (LMPCR) and gel electrophoresis. In vivo DMS-LMPCR footprinting of the upstream LTR revealed evidence for factor binding at several previously characterized motifs. In particular, protection of guanines in the central LVb/Ets and Core sites within the 75-bp repeats was detected in infected NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, Ti-6 lymphoid cells, and thymic tumor cells. In contrast, factor binding at the NF-1 sites was found in infected fibroblasts but not in T-lymphoid cells. These results are consistent with the results of previous experiments indicating the importance of the LVb/Ets and Core sequences for many retroviruses and the biological importance especially of the NF-1 sites in fibroblasts and T-lymphoid cells. No evidence for factor binding to the glucocorticoid responsive element and LVa sites was found. Additional sites of protein binding included a region in the GC-rich sequences downstream of the 75-bp repeats (only in fibroblasts), a hypersensitive guanine on the minus strand in the LVc site (only in T-lymphoid cells), and a region upstream of the 75-bp repeats. These experiments provide concrete evidence for the differential in vivo binding of nuclear factors to the M-MuLV enhancers in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Granger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Cancer Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, USA
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Starkey CR, Lobelle-Rich PA, Granger SW, Granger S, Brightman BK, Fan H, Levy LS. Tumorigenic potential of a recombinant retrovirus containing sequences from Moloney murine leukemia virus and feline leukemia virus. J Virol 1998; 72:1078-84. [PMID: 9445002 PMCID: PMC124580 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.2.1078-1084.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A recombinant retrovirus, termed MoFe2-MuLV, was constructed in which the U3 region of T-lymphomagenic Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) was replaced by that of FeLV-945, a provirus of unique long terminal repeat (LTR) structure identified only in non-T-cell, non-B-cell lymphomas of the domestic cat. The LTR of FeLV-945 is unusual in that it contains only a single copy of the transcriptional enhancer followed 25 bp downstream by a 21-bp sequence in triplicate in tandem. Infectivity of MoFe2-MuLV was demonstrated in vitro in SC-1 cells and in vivo in neonatal NIH-Swiss mice. Tumors occurred in MoFe2-MuLV-infected animals following a latency period of 4 to 10 months (average, 6 months). The results of Southern blot analysis of the T-cell receptor beta locus demonstrated that all tumors were lymphomas of T-cell origin. MoFe2-MuLV LTRs were amplified by PCR from tumor DNA and were characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis. LTRs from the tumors that occurred with relatively shorter latency predominantly retained the original MoFe2-MuLV sequence intact and unaltered. Tumors that occurred with relatively longer latency contained LTRs that also retained the 21-bp sequence triplication characteristic of the original virus but had acquired various duplications of enhancer sequences. The repeated identification of enhancer duplications in late-appearing tumors suggests that the duplication affords a selective advantage, although apparently not in the efficient induction of T-cell lymphoma. Proto-oncogenes known to be targets of insertional mutagenesis in the majority of Mo-MuLV-induced tumors or in feline non-T-cell, non-B-cell lymphomas were shown not to be rearranged in any tumor examined. Mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) proviral DNA was readily detectable in some, but not all, tumors. The presence or absence of MCF did not correlate with the kinetics of tumor induction. These studies indicate that the single-enhancer, triplication-containing FeLV LTR, typical of non-T-cell, non-B-cell lymphomas in cats, is competent in the induction of T-cell lymphoma in mice. The findings suggest that the mechanism of MoFe2-MuLV-mediated lymphomagenesis may differ from that of Mo-MuLV-mediated disease, considering the possible involvement of novel oncogenes and the variable presence of MCF recombinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Starkey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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