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Swinford NA, Prall SP, Gopalan S, Williams CM, Sheehama J, Scelza BA, Henn BM. Increased homozygosity due to endogamy results in fitness consequences in a human population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309552120. [PMID: 37847737 PMCID: PMC10614605 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309552120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recessive alleles have been shown to directly affect both human Mendelian disease phenotypes and complex traits. Pedigree studies also suggest that consanguinity results in increased childhood mortality and adverse health phenotypes, presumably through penetrance of recessive mutations. Here, we test whether the accumulation of homozygous, recessive alleles decreases reproductive success in a human population. We address this question among the Namibian Himba, an endogamous agro-pastoralist population, who until very recently practiced natural fertility. Using a sample of 681 individuals, we show that Himba exhibit elevated levels of "inbreeding," calculated as the fraction of the genome in runs of homozygosity (FROH). Many individuals contain multiple long segments of ROH in their genomes, indicating that their parents had high kinship coefficients. However, we do not find evidence that this is explained by first-cousin consanguinity, despite a reported social preference for cross-cousin marriages. Rather, we show that elevated haplotype sharing in the Himba is due to a bottleneck, likely in the past 60 generations. We test whether increased recessive mutation load results in observed fitness consequences by assessing the effect of FROH on completed fertility in a cohort of postreproductive women (n = 69). We find that higher FROH is significantly associated with lower fertility. Our data suggest a multilocus genetic effect on fitness driven by the expression of deleterious recessive alleles, especially those in long ROH. However, these effects are not the result of consanguinity but rather elevated background identity by descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Swinford
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA95616
| | - S. P. Prall
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65211
| | - S. Gopalan
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
| | - C. M. Williams
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI02912
| | - J. Sheehama
- Department of Human, Biological and Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine University of Namibia, Oshakati10005, Namibia
| | - B. A. Scelza
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - B. M. Henn
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA95616
- Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA95616
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA95616
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Scelza BA, Prall SP, Swinford N, Gopalan S, Atkinson EG, McElreath R, Sheehama J, Henn BM. High rate of extrapair paternity in a human population demonstrates diversity in human reproductive strategies. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaay6195. [PMID: 32128411 PMCID: PMC7030936 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay6195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Among nonhuman species, social monogamy is rarely accompanied by complete fidelity. Evolutionary theory predicts that the rate of extrapair paternity (EPP) should vary according to socioecological conditions. In humans, however, geneticists contend that EPP is negligible and relatively invariable. This conclusion is based on a limited set of studies, almost all of which describe European-descent groups. Using a novel, double-blind method designed in collaboration with a community of Himba pastoralists, we find that the rate of EPP in this population is 48%, with 70% of couples having at least one EPP child. Both men and women were very accurate at detecting cases of EPP. These data suggest that the range of variation in EPP across human populations is substantially greater than previously thought. We further show that a high rate of EPP can be accompanied by high paternity confidence, which highlights the importance of disaggregating EPP from the notion of "cuckoldry."
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Affiliation(s)
- B. A. Scelza
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - S. P. Prall
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - N. Swinford
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S. Gopalan
- Stony Brook University, The State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - E. G. Atkinson
- Stony Brook University, The State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R. McElreath
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J. Sheehama
- University of Namibia School of Medicine, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - B. M. Henn
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Stony Brook University, The State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Krishnan M, Subramanian H, Dahms HU, Sivanandham V, Seeni P, Gopalan S, Mahalingam A, Rathinam AJ. Biogenic corrosion inhibitor on mild steel protection in concentrated HCl medium. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2609. [PMID: 29422634 PMCID: PMC5805700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20718-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Turbinaria ornata (TO) extract was tested as green corrosion inhibitor on mild steel (MS) coupons in conc. HCl medium with an efficiency of 100% at 25 g l-1 during 5 min exposure. Antibacterial efficacy performed against 16 S rDNA identified marine biofilming bacteria (MBB) and human pathogenic bacteria (HPB). Maximum inhibition growth was 16 mm on MBB observed in Bacillus megaterium (MBF14 - AB894827) and 20 mm on HPB in Escherichia coli (B5 - NCIM 2931). Similarly, minimum of 10 mm on MBB witnessed in Pseudomonas sp., (MBF9 - AB894829). Toxicity studies proved 50.0% LC50 at 500 μg ml-1 in 24 hrs, whereas Balanus amphitrite resulted in 100% mortality within 12 hrs. Results including weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, FT-IR and GC-MS confirm 10-Octadecaonic acid as a major corrosion inhibitor from T. ornata and is discovered as a novel antifoulant. Anticorrosion formulation will become available soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Krishnan
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Tiruchirappalli, 620 015, Tamil Nadu, India
- Offshore Platform and Marine Electrochemistry Center (OPMEC), Unit of Central, Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), New Harbour Area, Tuticorin, 628 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harinee Subramanian
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Tiruchirappalli, 620 015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, KMU - Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Research Center of Environmental Medicine, KMU - Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Vignesh Sivanandham
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanichamy Seeni
- Offshore Platform and Marine Electrochemistry Center (OPMEC), Unit of Central, Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), New Harbour Area, Tuticorin, 628 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Gopalan
- Offshore Platform and Marine Electrochemistry Center (OPMEC), Unit of Central, Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), New Harbour Area, Tuticorin, 628 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashok Mahalingam
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Tiruchirappalli, 620 015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arthur James Rathinam
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Subramanian M, Gopalan S, Ramadurai S, Arthur P, Prabhu M, Thachathodiyl R, Natarajan K. Derivation and validation of a novel prediction model to identify low-risk patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Indian Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2017.09.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Krishnan M, Dahms HU, Seeni P, Gopalan S, Sivanandham V, Jin-Hyoung K, James RA. Multi metal assessment on biofilm formation in offshore environment. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2017; 73:743-755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Krishnan M, Sivanandham V, Hans-Uwe D, Murugaiah SG, Seeni P, Gopalan S, Rathinam AJ. Antifouling assessments on biogenic nanoparticles: A field study from polluted offshore platform. Mar Pollut Bull 2015; 101:816-25. [PMID: 26581814 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Turbinaria ornata mediated silver nanoparticles (TOAg-NPs) were evaluated for antibacterial activity against 15 biofilm forming bacterial isolates. A field study in natural seawater for 60 days showed antifouling activity of TOAg-NPs on stainless steel coupons (SS-304) coated with Apcomin zinc chrome (AZC) primer. Though TOAg-NPs showed broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, the maximum zone of inhibition was with Escherichiacoli (71.9%) and a minimum with Micrococcus sp. (40%) due to the EPS secretion from Gram-positive bacteria. Compared to control coupons (18.9 [ × 10(3)], 67.0 [× 10(3)], 13.5 [ × 10(4)] and 24.7 [ × 10(4)]CFU/cm(2)), experimental biocide coupons (71.0 [ × 10(2)], 32.0 [ × 10(3)], 82.0 [ × 10(3)] and 11.3 [ × 10(4)]CFU/cm(2)) displayed lesser bacterial population density. Toxicity studies revealed 100% mortality for Balanus amphitrite larvae at 250 μg ml(-1) concentration within 24h, while 56.6% recorded for Artemia marina at the same concentration indicating less toxicity to non target species. It proved that AZC+TOAg-NPs prevent biofouling by its Ag-NS affinity and antimicrobial effectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Krishnan
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vignesh Sivanandham
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dahms Hans-Uwe
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, KMU - Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Santhosh Gokul Murugaiah
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanichamy Seeni
- Offshore Platform and Marine Electrochemistry Center (OPMEC), Unit of Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), New Harbour Area, Tuticorin 628 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Gopalan
- Offshore Platform and Marine Electrochemistry Center (OPMEC), Unit of Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), New Harbour Area, Tuticorin 628 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arthur James Rathinam
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Subramanian M, Arthur P, Gopalan S, Ramadurai S. Escherichia coli sepsis as a precipitant of stress cardiomyopathy: A systematic review. Indian Heart J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2014.10.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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8
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Yamamoto T, Gopalan S, Berger J, Johnston E, Chung M, Eclov N, Diehn M, Loo B, Keall P. SU-E-J-130: Impact of Audiovisual Biofeedback Respiratory Training On 4D-CT Image Quality. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4814342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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9
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Yang J, Yamamoto T, Gopalan S, Berger J, Johnston E, Chung M, Eclov N, Diehn M, Loo B, Graves E, Keall P. TU-G-141-08: Impact of Audiovisual Biofeedback Respiratory Training On 4D-PET Image Quality. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4815468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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10
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Yeager H, Gopalan S. John S. Chapman, MD: neglected pioneer in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2012; 29:74-76. [PMID: 23311129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Yeager
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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11
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Yamamoto T, Gopalan S, Cui G, Diehn M, Berger J, Loo B, Keall P. Impact of Audiovisual Biofeedback on 4D-CT Image Quality. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.06.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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12
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Yang J, Yamamoto T, Gopalan S, Cui G, Diehn M, Berger J, Loo B, Graves E, Keall P. Impact of Audiovisual Biofeedback on 4D PET Image Quality. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.06.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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13
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Lu J, Weiss E, Zheng D, Rosu M, Hugo G, Venkat R, Gopalan S, Williamson J, Keall P. TH-D-BRC-07: Impact of Respiratory Biofeedback On Adaptively Sampled 4D-CBCT Image Quality: Initial Experiences. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3182680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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14
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Sharma R, Mathur A, Chandhiok N, Datey S, Saxena N, Gopalan S, Sharma S, Mittal S, Sehgal R, Sumandal B, Chanda A, Salvi V, Mutalik N, Coyaji K, Gibsson A, Hazari K, Kalgutkar S, Talwar G. Phase II clinical trial with Praneem polyherbal tablets for assessment of their efficacy in symptomatic women with abnormal vaginal discharge (an ICMR task force study). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 103:167-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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15
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Chakravarty D, Srinivasan R, Ghosh S, Gopalan S, Rajwanshi A, Majumdar S. Estrogen receptor ?1 and the ?2/?cx isoforms in nonneoplastic endometrium and in endometrioid carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17:905-13. [PMID: 17309672 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) has five carboxyl-terminal (C-terminal) isoforms derived from alternative splicing. ERbeta1 is the wild-type receptor whereas ERbeta2/betacx lacks the activation function (AF)-2 core essential for ligand-dependent transcriptional activation and so behaves as a dominant-negative receptor affecting the function of ERalpha. The objective of this study was to analyze the expression of ERbeta1 and ERbeta2/betacx isoforms in nonneoplastic endometrium and endometrioid carcinoma. The study was conducted on samples of 22 proliferative endometrium, 15 secretory endometrium, 20 simple hyperplasia (without atypia), and 26 endometrioid carcinomas. The transcript and protein levels were determined by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. For the detection of ERbeta2/betacx protein, a polyclonal antibody was raised to its unique C-terminus, characterized, and used in immunohistochemistry. The two ERbeta isoforms are expressed in the proliferative and secretory phase endometrium with no significant change in their relative levels. The levels of the ERbeta1 isoform were lower as compared to the levels of ERbeta2 in all the groups studied. Expression of ERbeta2/betacx was decreased in endometrioid carcinoma as compared to proliferative endometrium (P < 0.01). A significant decrease of the ERbeta2/ERbetacx transcript was observed with higher grade tumors (P = 0.041). Progesterone receptor (PR) expression was not influenced by either of the ERbeta isoforms which was observed by logistic regression analysis in all the groups. The coexpression of ERbeta2/betacx with ERalpha did not affect PR levels (logistic regression analysis). Thus, we conclude in the human endometrium, there is significant ERbeta2/betacx isoform expression and alterations in its levels could be involved in endometrial cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chakravarty
- Department of Cytology and Gynecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Bagga R, Raghuvanshi P, Gopalan S, Das SK, Baweja R, Suri S, Malhotra D, Khare S, Talwar GP. A polyherbal vaginal pessary with spermicidal and antimicrobial action: evaluation of its safety. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100:1164-7. [PMID: 16750546 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A polyherbal vaginal pessary (Praneem) has been formulated that has antimicrobial properties against genital pathogens in addition to spermicidal action. Thus, it has dual potential as a barrier method for contraception and for providing protection against some sexually transmitted infections. The present study reports the findings of a multicentre trial that was conducted to evaluate the safety of this product. Trials were carried out in 23 women in three centres in India: the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh; Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi; and Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital, Allahabad. Thorough clinical and pelvic examinations were carried out as well as cervical cytology, blood biochemistry and haematology before and after use of the polyherbal pessary intravaginally once daily for 7 consecutive days. No toxicity was observed on clinical examination or by laboratory investigations. Daily intravaginal use of this pessary for 7 days had no adverse effects on cervical cytology or on metabolic and organ functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bagga
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Choudhary N, Saha SC, Gopalan S. Abortion procedures in a tertiary care institution in India. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2005; 91:81-6. [PMID: 16098979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the complications rate of termination of pregnancy (TOP) and the risk factors for complications following TOP. METHODS Retrospective observational study of the records of 1287 women who underwent TOP in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, between 1997 and 2001. First-trimester abortion was performed in 1088 women (85%) and second-trimester abortion in 199 women (15%). Most women (76%) were aged between 26 and 30 years; they were educated and requested TOP primarily to limit the number of their children or to space their births. A malformed fetus was the indication for TOP in 5.9% cases, and 16% of the women had medical disorders associated with the pregnancy. Suction evacuation was the method of choice for first-trimester abortion (88%); dinoprostone gel and extra-amniotic saline solution plus oxytocin infusion were the primary methods (71%) for second-trimester abortion. RESULTS Uterine perforation occurred in 1 patient (0.09%) after a first-trimester abortion. The total rate of complications was 3.79% after first-trimester and 4.0% after second-trimester abortions. Excessive hemorrhage and retained placenta were chief complications associated with second-trimester abortion. Incomplete abortion (1.5%) and minor infection were seen in 2.3% patients. The rate of complications was higher among parous women. Postabortion insertion of a CuT intrauterine device increased the need for a second course of antibiotics. CONCLUSION Termination of pregnancy is safe if adequate care is taken while performing the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Choudhary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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18
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Sherwood CP, Gopalan S, Abdelilah Y, Marshall RJ, Crandall JR. Vehicle interior interactions and kinematics of rear facing child restraints in frontal crashes. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med 2005; 49:215-28. [PMID: 16179150 PMCID: PMC3217461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The performance of rear facing child restraints in frontal crashes can be determined by controlling a) the child's kinematics and b) interactions with vehicle structures. Twelve sled tests were performed to analyze the effect of the location and structural properties of vehicle interior components. The role of restraint kinematics was studied by developing computational models which underwent idealized motions. Stiff structures originally offset from the restraint, but which contact the restraint late in the test, cause increased injury values. Attachment methods which reduce child restraint rotation and more rigidly couple the restraint to the vehicle result in the best safety performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Sherwood
- Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Abstract
A rare case of huge vaginal leiomyoma recurrence is reported. Vaginal leiomyoma is a rare entity and recurrence after its removal is extremely rare. However, if recurrence occurs with intact ovarian function ovariectomy should also be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Dhaliwal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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20
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Saxena SV, Bagga R, Jain V, Gopalan S. Emergency peripartum hysterectomy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 85:172-3. [PMID: 15099784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2003.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2003] [Revised: 08/28/2003] [Accepted: 09/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S V Saxena
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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21
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Sharma M, Sethi S, Gopalan S, Gulati K, Lyall S. Seroprevalence of reproductive tract infections in women in northern India-a relatively low prevalence area. Sex Transm Infect 2004; 79:497-8. [PMID: 14663131 PMCID: PMC1744779 DOI: 10.1136/sti.79.6.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Dhaliwal LK, Gupta KR, Gopalan S, Kulhara P. Psychological aspects of infertility due to various causes--prospective study. Int J Fertil Womens Med 2004; 49:44-8. [PMID: 15038509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
SUBJECTS AND METHODS One hundred and twenty infertile couples (30 each among unexplained infertility, anovulation, tubal factor, and male factor groups) and 30 fertile couples as controls were evaluated for psychological assessment by different psychological test instruments. Initial evaluation was done at recruitment, followed by reassessment at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months during the infertility work-up, and at the end when the specific diagnosis and the management and prognosis were disclosed. RESULTS Psychological components were found to play a significant role in infertility of unknown etiology, especially in the male partner. They affected the personality and social behavior of the male partner and caused anxiety, but led to depression in the female partner. In cases of organically caused infertility, partners were worried about the other's reaction. Anxiety was significantly greater in the partner with the fertility problem than in the other partner. Life events were significant in the partner in whom the fertility problem was detected. Periodic psychological assessment was not affected by infertility work-up on the male partner in any of the groups, whereas anovulation and tubal factor infertility showed a significant psychological effect on the female partner at the end of work-up. Depression and anxiety in the female partner were evident soon after the investigation started.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Dhaliwal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Bhatia R, Prabhakar S, Shedde D, Gopalan S, Sahota P, Shukla R. Coexistent cranial tuberculomas and tuberculosis of the cervix in a postmenopausal woman. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79:496-7. [PMID: 14663130 PMCID: PMC1744777 DOI: 10.1136/sti.79.6.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare analgesic efficacy of intramuscular opioids: meperidine and tramadol with epidural analgesia. METHODS One hundred and twenty-eight term nulliparous women with singleton pregnancy and vertex presentation were randomized to receive either epidural (n=43), meperidine (n=39) or tramadol (n=44). A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess the severity of pain. The parameters analyzed were analgesic efficacy, effect on labor, other maternal side effects, perinatal outcome and maternal satisfaction. RESULTS Median VAS scores following first dose were 0 (0-5), 5 (3-8) and 5 (3-8) in epidural, meperidine and tramadol groups, respectively. Ninety percent of women rated analgesia as good to excellent in the epidural group as compared with 72% of women in the meperidine group and 65% in tramadol group. However, epidural caused a significant prolongation of first (P<0.05) and second (P<0.01) stage of labor with an increased number of operative deliveries (27% in the epidural, 7.6% in the meperidine, and 11.4% in the tramadol groups, P<0.05). In the epidural group 40% women had urinary retention and 16% had motor weakness, whereas sedation was the only side effect seen in the meperidine (41%) and tramadol groups (9%). Respiratory depression was noted among three neonates in the meperidine group, two in the tramadol group and none in the epidural group. CONCLUSIONS The analgesic efficacy and maternal satisfaction is better with epidural analgesia than with opioids. Analgesia provided by meperidine and tramadol is comparable and approximately 50% of women rated the analgesia as good. Meperidine is better in the second stage than tramadol. Hence in developing nations where availability of facilities is the main limiting factor, intramuscular opioids can be considered suitable alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jain
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Prasad VS, Duggal M, Rao BT, Bagga R, Gopalan S. Contraceptive knowledge and practices among primigravidae at a tertiary care centre. Natl Med J India 2002; 15:178-9. [PMID: 12186338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Abstract
Nutrition and immunology are interrelated. Several nutrients like arginine, glutamine, omega-3-fatty acids and nucleotides enhance cellular immunity, modulate tumor cell metabolism and improve clinical outcome in stress situations. Glutamine supplementation has been shown to decrease incidence of sepsis and to reduce length of hospital stay in bone marrow transplant patients, low birth weight infants, surgical and multiple trauma patients. Studies with arginine have shown a reduction in infectious complications and lower mortality, however a better understanding of the biology of arginine is needed. Omega-3-fatty acid supplimentation as in fish oil stimulates the immune system. The beneficial effects of immunonutrition in surgical patients has been demonstrated in several studies. It significantly reduces infectious complications and length of hospital stay. In critically ill patients immunonutrition may decrease infectious complications but it is not associated with a mortality advantage. Pediatric experience is limited, but the future is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Singh
- Apollo Centre for Advanced Pediatrics, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Bagga R, Jain V, Kalra J, Gopalan S, Kumari S. Cervical pregnancy and therapeutic options. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001; 80:663-4. [PMID: 11437728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Bagga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Chakrabarti A, Singh K, Narang A, Singhi S, Batra R, Rao KL, Ray P, Gopalan S, Das S, Gupta V, Gupta AK, Bose SM, McNeil MM. Outbreak of Pichia anomala infection in the pediatric service of a tertiary-care center in Northern India. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1702-6. [PMID: 11325977 PMCID: PMC88012 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.5.1702-1706.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of nosocomial fungemia due to the unusual yeast, Pichia anomala occurred in the pediatric wards of our hospital over a period of 23 months (April 1996 to February 1998). A total of 379 neonates and children (4.2% admissions) were infected. The probable index case was admitted to the pediatric emergency ward, with subsequent transmission to the premature nursery, pediatric intensive care units, and other children wards. Carriage on the hands of health care personnel was likely to be responsible for dissemination of the fungus. The outbreak could only be controlled after a health education campaign to improve hand-washing practices was instituted and after nystatin-fluconazole prophylaxis to all premature neonates and high-risk infants was introduced. In a case-control study, we identified a lower gestational age, a very low birth weight (<1,500 g), and a longer duration of hospital stay as significant risk factors associated with P. anomala fungemia in premature neonates. We conducted a culture prevalence survey of 50 consecutive premature neonates and found that 28% were colonized with P. anomala at a skin or mucosal site on the date of delivery and that 20% of these neonates subsequently developed P. anomala fungemia. We performed multilocus enzyme electrophoresis on 40 P. anomala outbreak isolates (including patient and health care workers' hand isolates), and the results suggested that these isolates were identical. Our study highlights the importance of P. anomala as an emerging nosocomial fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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Raghuvanshi P, Bagga R, Malhotra D, Gopalan S, Talwar GP. Spermicidal & contraceptive properties of Praneem polyherbal pessary. Indian J Med Res 2001; 113:135-41. [PMID: 11558322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Though a number of barrier methods and potent spermicides are available, most of these have nonoxynol-9 (N-9) as the active ingredient which is observed to cause inflammation and genital ulceration on repeated use. The present study was undertaken to develop a safe spermicide with conjoint microbicidal properties. METHODS A polyherbal pessary was formulated with purified ingredients from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves, Sapindus mukerossi (pericarp of fruit) and Mentha citrata oil. Spermicidal action on human sperm was tested by Sander-Cramer slide test in vitro and by post coital tests in vivo. Contraceptive action was tested in rabbits. RESULTS The combination of the three herbal ingredients resulted in the potentiation of the spermicidal action by 8-folds. The post coital tests confirmed the spermicidal properties of the Praneem polyherbal pessary (PPP) in women with high cervical mucous score around mid estrus. It also prevented in most women the migration of sperm into the cervical mucous. In 15 rabbits studied pregnancy was prevented by the intravaginal administration of PPP, whereas 13 of the 15 animals in the control group became pregnant. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The Praneem polyherbal pessary has potent spermicidal action on human sperm in vitro and in vivo. When applied in the vagina before mating, it prevented rabbits from becoming pregnant.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse factors associated with maternal mortality in eclampsia and preeclampsia. METHOD Retrospective analysis of 69 maternal deaths due to (eclampsia-61; severe preeclampsia-8) was carried out during a period of 17 years (1982-1998). Maternal condition on admission, associated complications and principal cause of death was analysed in each case. RESULTS Mean time interval between hospitalization and maternal death was 49.56 +/- 62.01 hrs (1-240 hrs). Twenty (28.9%) women died undelivered. Twenty-three (37.7%) women were in grade IV coma and 52.4% of eclampsia patients had recurrent convulsions (> 10) prior to admission. Associated complications in form of hemorrhage, cerebrovascular accidents, acute renal failure, jaundice, aspiration pneumonia and pulmonary oedema were 30.4, 31.8, 34.8, 18.8, 17.8, and 5.8%, respectively. Maternal mortality in eclampsia was significantly low in time period B (4.1%) when magnesium sulphate was used as an anticonvulsant. CONCLUSIONS Maternal condition on admission and associated complications are the major determinant of maternal outcome. Use of magnesium sulphate is associated with significant reduction of maternal mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sawhney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gopalan
- Pushpawati Singhania Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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Abstract
The underlying causative agent in the majority of patients with chronic liver disease is ethanol; the rest of the cases are largely viral in aetiology (hepatitis B or C viruses). Nutrition supplementation improves the quality of life and decreases morbidity in chronic liver disease, but evidence that it prolongs long-term survival is lacking. The situation is very different in chronic liver disease patients who receive a liver transplant, however, with better pretransplantation nutrition status predicting a distinctly improved survival after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gopalan
- Pushpawati Singhania Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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Baveja R, Buckshee K, Das K, Das SK, Hazra MN, Gopalan S, Goswami A, Kodkany BS, Sujaya Kumari CN, Zaveri K, Roy M, Datey S, Gaur LN, Gupta NK, Gupta RN, Saxena NC, Singh R, Kumar S, Yadav SC, Saxena BN. Evaluating contraceptive choice through the method-mix approach. An Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) task force study. Contraception 2000; 61:113-9. [PMID: 10802276 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(00)00089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The method-mix approach was used to evaluate informed contraceptive choices in the present study. A total of 8,077 potential clients were given a balanced presentation of all available contraceptive methods in the national program, ie, the CuT 200 intrauterine device (IUD), low-dose combined oral pills (OC), condom, and sterilization (female/male) along with a new method, Norplant(R).(1) The majority of women opted for spacing methods; among them, the IUD was preferred by about 60% of clients, followed by condoms (9%), OC (6%), and Norplant (5%). Sterilization, mainly female, was accepted by about 17% of the women making an informed choice. The economic status of couples did not influence the contraceptive choices, as all the methods were offered free of cost in the present study, which is the current practice in the national program. Illiterate women more often accepted sterilization (about 25%) than did literate women (15%). This is because illiterate women had more children; about 30% of illiterate women had three or more children, as opposed to 16.2% of literate women. However, literacy status did not influence the choice of any specific spacing method. The study also revealed that, by encouraging potential clients to make an informed choice, they could override the provider's bias while accepting a particular type of spacing method. This is evident from the observation that Norplant was the first choice of the provider for 35% of the women, whereas only 5% of women preferred and accepted Norplant. The present study stresses an urgent need to promote the practice of informed choices in the national program with a variety of contraceptive options-especially, spacing methods for improving contraceptive prevalence and reproductive health in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Baveja
- MLN Medical College, Allahabad, India
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Bagga R, Gopalan S, Malhotra D, Jain V. Direct maternal deaths and health care facility. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(00)82617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Singh K, Chakrabarti A, Narang A, Gopalan S. Yeast colonisation & fungaemia in preterm neonates in a tertiary care centre. Indian J Med Res 1999; 110:169-73. [PMID: 10680302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Seventy consecutive preterm neonates who stayed in the hospital for more than seven days between March and October 1996, were studied for colonisation at oral, umbilical, groin, and rectal areas and for fungaemia. Overall, 71.4 per cent of the neonates were colonised and colonisation occurred within 24 h in 38 per cent preterm neonates. Neonates weighing less than 1500 g were colonised more frequently at more than one site and had higher load of yeast. Candida albicans (19%), Pichia (Hansenula) anomala (17.5%), C. tropicalis (13.2%), C. parapsilosis (12.3%) and Trichosporon cutaneum (10.0%) were the predominant colonising yeasts. Fungaemia was detected in 22.8 per cent of preterm neonates with predominance of P. anomala fungaemia (62.5%). Prematurity, male sex, broad spectrum antibiotic therapy, intubation and higher colonising rate were identified as significant risk factors for development of fungaemia. Except one strain of C. tropicalis, all yeast strains were sensitive to commonly used systemic antifungal agents. Study highlights the importance of routine surveillance of yeast colonisation of preterm neonates with identifying possible risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh
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Bagga R, Jain V, Gopalan S, Narang A. Role of intrapartum antibiotics in prevention of vertical transmission of neonatal sepsis. Indian J Med Res 1999; 110:98-101. [PMID: 10612911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluates the role of prophylactic intrapartum antibiotics in the prevention of neonatal sepsis. Labour and delivery characteristics of 1478 women delivering at the Nehru Hospital, PGIMER, Chandigarh were recorded. Intrapartum antibiotics (ampicillin, with or without gentamycin) were given to 69 per cent women. The neonatal sepsis rate was 1.56 per cent. This was not significantly lower in the women who received intrapartum antibiotics (1.47 vs 1.75%). Though there was a lowering of neonatal sepsis rate with intrapartum antibiotic administration when the duration of labour was more than 12 h (1.67 vs 3.09%), duration of ruptured membranes was more than 6 h (1.93 vs 3.81%) and number of pelvic examination was 3 or more (1.63 vs 4.54%), it was not statistically significant. It was concluded that intrapartum antibiotics as per the existing protocol did not prevent neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bagga
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh
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Arutselvan N, Gopalan S, Kulkarni VG, Balakrishna K. Antioxidative activity of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid. Arzneimittelforschung 1999; 49:729-31. [PMID: 10514898 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1300492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The (-)-(1S, 3S) isomer of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid was synthesised by Pictet-Spengler condensation of tryptophan with acetaldehyde. It was evaluated for its antioxidative activity in the linoleic acid autooxidation system by the ferric thiocynate method. Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), and alpha-tocopherol were used as the reference standards. The compound showed moderate antioxidative activity and also synergistic effect with the reference standards. The synergistic effect was in the increasing order of BHT, alpha-tocopherol and BHA. The synergistic effect was higher at higher concentrations studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arutselvan
- Department of Chemistry, Loyola College, Chennai, India
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Rana A, Sawhney H, Gopalan S, Panigrahi D, Nijhawan R. Abruptio placentae and chorioamnionitis-microbiological and histologic correlation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999; 78:363-6. [PMID: 10326877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the association of chorioamnionitis with placental abruption. SUBJECT AND METHOD Fifty pregnant women admitted with abruptio placentae were compared to an equally large control group in spontaneous labor with no history of antepartum hemorrhage. Swabs from the cervix and placental membranes were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Placental membranes were studied histologically in 40 women of study group and 35 of control group for any evidence of chorioamnionitis. RESULTS Specific organisms were isolated in 22 (44%) women in the study group and 19 (38%) women in the control group. The cervical swab microbiological flora was similar in both groups but isolation of specific organisms from placental membrane culture was higher in the study group (40%) compared to the controls (18% p<0.05). Evidence of histologic chorioamnionitis was higher in the study group 12/40 (30%), than in the control group 8/35 (22.85%), but the difference was not significant. CONCLUSION The incidence of silent chorioamnionitis (placental membrane culture positivity) is higher in the abruptio placentae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rana
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Gopalan S. Product availability for pediatric parenteral nutrition. Indian J Pediatr 1999; 66:S150-4. [PMID: 11132461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Availability of parenteral nutrition (PN) products for use in pediatric patients is an important factor for popularity of PN in developing countries like India. The overall cost of PN supplementation in the adult patient works out to be approximately Rs. 2000 per day. It should be more cost effective in a child, working out to Rs. 750 per day on an average. However, it is not so because smaller bags of 100 ml capacity designed for pediatric use are not so readily available. The article provides detailed information regarding presently available PN products in Indian markets. All-in-one PN bags of 100 ml capacity (containing amino acids, lipids and dextrose), designed for use in adult patients, would not be cost effective for use in children. Opinions regarding PN mixing are divided and most of the practitioners in the developed countries do not favour mixing because higher concentrations of lipids and dextrose in the solution can cause metabolic derangements in the patients. In view of the problems related to availability of PN products, mixing PN solution may be ideal for India, if calorie content of the infusate is kept at a level just enough to sustain life but not high enough to cause metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gopalan
- Pushpawati Singhania Research Institute For Liver, Renal and Digestive Diseases (PSRI), Saket, New Delhi
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Annapurna V, Dhaliwal LK, Gopalan S. Effect of two anti-estrogens, clomiphene citrate and tamoxifen, on cervical mucus and sperm-cervical mucus interaction. Int J Fertil Womens Med 1997; 42:215-8. [PMID: 9222807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of two ovulation-inducing agents, clomiphene citrate and tamoxifen, on cervical mucus and sperm-cervical mucus interaction. SUBJECTS AND SETTING Forty couples with unexplained infertility attending infertility clinic. METHODS Cervical mucus scoring and postcoital test done using the Moghissi system in a spontaneous cycle (control cycle) and with clomiphene citrate or tamoxifen (study cycles). RESULTS Clomiphene citrate significantly decreased cervical mucus production, whereas tamoxifen significantly improved the total score. CONCLUSION Tamoxifen is a better drug than clomiphene for ovulation induction in women with poor cervical mucus quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Annapurna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Trivedi A, Vilalta A, Gopalan S, Johnson DL. TATA-binding protein is limiting for both TATA-containing and TATA-lacking RNA polymerase III promoters in Drosophila cells. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:6909-16. [PMID: 8943346 PMCID: PMC231694 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.16.12.6909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the role of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) in modulating RNA polymerase (Pol) III gene activity. Epitope-tagged TBP (e-TBP) was both transiently and stably transfected in Drosophila Schneider S-2 cells to increase the total cellular level of TBP. Analysis of the transcripts synthesized from cotransfected tRNA and U6 RNA genes revealed that both types of RNA Pol III promoters were substantially stimulated by an increase in e-TBP in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, a TBP-dependent increase in the levels of endogenous tRNA transcripts was produced in the stable line induced to express the e-TBP. We further determined whether the ability of increased TBP to induce RNA Pol III gene expression was due to a direct effect of increased TBP complexes on RNA Pol III gene promoters or an indirect consequence of enhanced expression of RNA Pol II genes. A TBP expression plasmid (e-TBP332), containing a mutation within the highly conserved carboxy-terminal domain, was both transiently and stably transfected into S-2 cells. e-TBP332 augmented the transcription from two RNA Pol II gene promoters indistinguishably from that observed when e-TBP was expressed. In contrast, e-TBP332 was completely defective in its ability to stimulate either the tRNA or U6 RNA gene promoters. In addition, increasing levels of a truncated TBP protein containing only the carboxy-terminal region failed to induce either the tRNA or U6 RNA gene promoter, whereas it retained its ability to stimulate an RNA Pol II promoter. Thus, the TBP-dependent increase in RNA Pol II gene activity is not sufficient for enhanced RNA Pol III gene transcription; rather, a direct effect on RNA Pol III promoters is required. Furthermore, these results provide the first direct evidence that the amino-terminal region of TBP is important for the formation or function of TBP-containing complexes utilized by TATA-less and TATA-containing RNA Pol III promoters. Together, these studies demonstrate that TBP is limiting for the expression of both classes of RNA Pol III promoters in Drosophila cells and implicate an important role for TBP in regulating RNA Pol III gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trivedi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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Abstract
Two classes of bacterial genes are involved in the elicitation of the plant hypersensitive response (HR) in resistant plants: hrp genes and avr genes. hrp genes have been shown to be involved in the production and secretion of a new class of bacterial virulence/avirulence proteins, including harpin of Erwinia amylovora and harpinPss of Pseudomonas syringae. The ability of avr genes in the elicitation of the HR/resistance is dependent on functional hrp genes. The relationships between harpins and avr gene products are not known. This study investigates the plant genes induced by harpins and the effect of avr genes on the expression of such plant genes. A tobacco gene highly induced by harpins was isolated by a subtractive hybridization method. Induction of hin1 by P.s. pv. syringae 61 (Pss61) was found to be dependent on functional bacterial hrp genes. P. fluorescens (a saprophyte) or hrp mutants defective in the Hrp secretion pathway did not induce hin1 significantly. A hin 1-related gene in tomato cv. Rio Grande-PtoR was found to be rapidly induced by P. s. pv. tomato T1 (a virulent bacterium on Rio Grande-PtoR) containing the avrPto gene, which mediates the elictation of the HR/resistance in a Pto plant resistance gene-dependent manner. The induction of hin1 by bacteria correlates with production of harpins in planta. The putative open reading frame of hin1 encodes a novel protein of 221 amino acids. The data suggest that harpins and the avrPto-mediated signal induce a common plant gene in the elicitation of the HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gopalan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546, USA
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Gopalan S, Bauer DW, Alfano JR, Loniello AO, He SY, Collmer A. Expression of the Pseudomonas syringae avirulence protein AvrB in plant cells alleviates its dependence on the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) secretion system in eliciting genotype-specific hypersensitive cell death. Plant Cell 1996; 8:1095-105. [PMID: 8768370 PMCID: PMC161183 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.8.7.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The nonpathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli can elicit a genotype-specific hypersensitive response (HR) in plants if they express both the HR and pathogenesis (Hrp) protein secretion system and the HrpZ harpin from P. syringae pv syringae 61 and a P. syringae avirulence (avr) gene whose presence is recognized by a corresponding disease resistance gene in the plant. We have found that the recognition event appears to require transfer of the Avr protein into the plant cell. Elicitation of a genotype-specific HR was observed with avrB+ P. fluorescens in soybean and Arabidopsis plants carrying resistance genes RPG1 and RPM1, respectively, and with avrPto+ E. coll in tomato plants carrying resistance gene PTO, but only if the Hrp secretion system, HrpZ, and the appropriate Avr proteins were produced in the same bacterial cell. The failure of avrB hyperexpression and exogenous AvrB or HrpZ to alleviate these requirements in soybean and Arabidopsis suggests that the site of AvrB action is not in the bacterial cell or plant apoplast. An Arabidopsis rps3 (rpm1) glabrous1 mutant was transformed with constructs expressing avrB and was crossed with an Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia (RPM1 GLABROUS1) plant. F1 seedlings (identified by their kanamycin-resistant, pubescent phenotype) exhibited extensive necrosis on cotyledon leaves 10 days postgermination. Ecotype Columbia and rps3-1 leaves biolistically cobombarded with plasmids expressing the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene and avrB failed to produce GUS activity (indicative of cell death) only when RPM1 and avrB were present in the leaf. Thus, both stable and transient expression of avrB in Arabidopsis resulted in RPM1-dependent necrosis, and the only demonstrable site of action for AvrB was inside plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gopalan
- Department of Energy, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1312, USA
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Gopalan S, Bauer DW, Alfano JR, Loniello AO, He SY, Collmer A. Expression of the Pseudomonas syringae avirulence protein AvrB in plant cells alleviates its dependence on the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) secretion system in eliciting genotype-specific hypersensitive cell death. Plant Cell 1996; 8:1095-1105. [PMID: 8768370 DOI: 10.2307/3870354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The nonpathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli can elicit a genotype-specific hypersensitive response (HR) in plants if they express both the HR and pathogenesis (Hrp) protein secretion system and the HrpZ harpin from P. syringae pv syringae 61 and a P. syringae avirulence (avr) gene whose presence is recognized by a corresponding disease resistance gene in the plant. We have found that the recognition event appears to require transfer of the Avr protein into the plant cell. Elicitation of a genotype-specific HR was observed with avrB+ P. fluorescens in soybean and Arabidopsis plants carrying resistance genes RPG1 and RPM1, respectively, and with avrPto+ E. coll in tomato plants carrying resistance gene PTO, but only if the Hrp secretion system, HrpZ, and the appropriate Avr proteins were produced in the same bacterial cell. The failure of avrB hyperexpression and exogenous AvrB or HrpZ to alleviate these requirements in soybean and Arabidopsis suggests that the site of AvrB action is not in the bacterial cell or plant apoplast. An Arabidopsis rps3 (rpm1) glabrous1 mutant was transformed with constructs expressing avrB and was crossed with an Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia (RPM1 GLABROUS1) plant. F1 seedlings (identified by their kanamycin-resistant, pubescent phenotype) exhibited extensive necrosis on cotyledon leaves 10 days postgermination. Ecotype Columbia and rps3-1 leaves biolistically cobombarded with plasmids expressing the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene and avrB failed to produce GUS activity (indicative of cell death) only when RPM1 and avrB were present in the leaf. Thus, both stable and transient expression of avrB in Arabidopsis resulted in RPM1-dependent necrosis, and the only demonstrable site of action for AvrB was inside plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gopalan
- Department of Energy, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1312, USA
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Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim to find out the effect of threatened abortion in the current pregnancy on the subsequent perinatal outcome and follow the growth pattern of the fetuses of such complicated pregnancies. The study group consisted of 55 women with threatened abortion and 55 women with normal pregnancies formed the control group. Most of the patients presented at 6-12 weeks' gestation. The fetal growth was monitored by both clinical as well as ultrasound (USG) parameters. The mean growth rates were almost identical throughout gestation. The mean values of each parameter of the study group were found lying with 95% confidence limit values of their control group. The apparent increased incidence of low lying placenta in early pregnancy probably contributed to threatened abortion. There was no significant difference in preterm delivery, low birth-weight and overall perinatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Das
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Mustaphi R, Gopalan S, Dhaliwal L, Sarkar AK. Hyperuricemia and pregnancy induced hypertension--reappraisal. Indian J Med Sci 1996; 50:68-71. [PMID: 8979621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Serum uric acid estimation was done in forty primigravidae with pregnancy induced hypertension and twenty normotensive primigravida in the third trimester of pregnancy, at delivery and six weeks postpartum. The mean serum uric acid levels in normotensive women in the antenatal period and at delivery were 4.65 +/- 0.33 and 4.88 +/- 0.23 mg% and in mild PIH were 5.42 +/- 0.55, 6.14 +/- 0.76 mg%, respectively. Level of serum uric acid in mild PIH was significantly higher than normotensive women (P). In severe PIH, the mean serum uric acid levels were 6.65 +/- 0.60, 8.24 +/- 1.09 mg% in antepartum and at delivery respectively which was significantly more than control group and mild PIH group women (P). However, no differences was observed, in the serum uric levels between these groups during the postpartum period. Serum uric acid level of 5.5 mg or more was observed to be an indicator of PIH. Levels of serum uric acid did show a high positive correlation with the severity of PIH in relation to hypertension and proteinuria. Hyper uricemia (more than 5.5 mg% is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mustaphi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh
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Talwar GP, Pal R, Singh O, Garg S, Taluja V, Upadhyay SN, Gopalan S, Jain V, Kaur J, Sehgal S. Safety of intrauterine administration of purified neem seed oil (Praneem Vilci) in women & effect of its co-administration with the heterospecies dimer birth control vaccine on antibody response to human chorionic gonadotropin. Indian J Med Res 1995; 102:66-70. [PMID: 8834816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Praneem Vilci (PV), purified neem oil was reported to exercise a reversible antifertility effect after a single intrauterine instillation in rodents and primates without any adverse effects. After toxicology, drug regulatory and ethical clearances, a phase I clinical trial was conducted on PV. Eighteen healthy tubectomised women were enrolled to evaluate the safety of a single intrauterine instillation of PV and to determine the effect of its co-administration on anti-hCG response to the heterospecies dimer (HSD) hCG vaccine. Eight women received PV alone and ten women were given the HSD-hCG vaccine in addition. Base-line and post-treatment haematological and biochemical profiles were determined as also the mid-luteal serum progesterone. Endometrial biopsies were examined to assess ovulatory status and the effect of intrauterine treatment with PV on the endometrium. Anti-hCG antibody titres were estimated in women who were concurrently immunized with the HSD vaccine. No untoward reaction was observed in any woman. Menstrual pattern and ovulatory status remained unaltered. Endometrial biopsy after PV instillation in one woman showed non-specific endometritis but she remained asymptomatic. Mild eosinophilia was seen in two women and this reverted to normal on its own. All women receiving PV and the HSD vaccine generated antibodies against hCG. Our data show that intrauterine administration of PV is safe and does not prevent the antibody response to HSD-hCG vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Talwar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi
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Saha SC, Dhaliwal LK, Gopalan S, Dey P. Distal ureteral atresia with giant hydro-ureter and xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. J Indian Med Assoc 1995; 93:212. [PMID: 8834152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Saha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
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