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Li Z, Barnaby R, Nymon A, Roche C, Koeppen K, Ashare A, Hogan DA, Gerber SA, Taatjes DJ, Hampton TH, Stanton BA. P. aeruginosa tRNA-fMet halves secreted in outer membrane vesicles suppress lung inflammation in cystic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L574-L588. [PMID: 38440830 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00018.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Although tobramycin increases lung function in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF), the density of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in the lungs is only modestly reduced by tobramycin; hence, the mechanism whereby tobramycin improves lung function is not completely understood. Here, we demonstrate that tobramycin increases 5' tRNA-fMet halves in outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) secreted by laboratory and CF clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. The 5' tRNA-fMet halves are transferred from OMVs into primary CF human bronchial epithelial cells (CF-HBEC), decreasing OMV-induced IL-8 and IP-10 secretion. In mouse lungs, increased expression of the 5' tRNA-fMet halves in OMVs attenuated KC (murine homolog of IL-8) secretion and neutrophil recruitment. Furthermore, there was less IL-8 and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid isolated from pwCF during the period of exposure to tobramycin versus the period off tobramycin. In conclusion, we have shown in mice and in vitro studies on CF-HBEC that tobramycin reduces inflammation by increasing 5' tRNA-fMet halves in OMVs that are delivered to CF-HBEC and reduce IL-8 and neutrophilic airway inflammation. This effect is predicted to improve lung function in pwCF receiving tobramycin for P. aeruginosa infection.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The experiments in this report identify a novel mechanism, whereby tobramycin reduces inflammation in two models of CF. Tobramycin increased the secretion of tRNA-fMet halves in OMVs secreted by P. aeruginosa, which reduced the OMV-LPS-induced inflammatory response in primary cultures of CF-HBEC and in mouse lung, an effect predicted to reduce lung damage in pwCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyou Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Roxanna Barnaby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Amanda Nymon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Carolyn Roche
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Katja Koeppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Alix Ashare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth Health Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Scott A Gerber
- Dartmouth Health Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Biomedical Shared Resources, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
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2
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Neff SL, Doing G, Reiter T, Hampton TH, Greene CS, Hogan DA. Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcriptome analysis of metal restriction in ex vivo cystic fibrosis sputum. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0315723. [PMID: 38385740 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03157-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections are a feature of cystic fibrosis (CF) that many patients experience even with the advent of highly effective modulator therapies. Identifying factors that impact P. aeruginosa in the CF lung could yield novel strategies to eradicate infection or otherwise improve outcomes. To complement published P. aeruginosa studies using laboratory models or RNA isolated from sputum, we analyzed transcripts of strain PAO1 after incubation in sputum from different CF donors prior to RNA extraction. We compared PAO1 gene expression in this "spike-in" sputum model to that for P. aeruginosa grown in synthetic cystic fibrosis sputum medium to determine key genes, which are among the most differentially expressed or most highly expressed. Using the key genes, gene sets with correlated expression were determined using the gene expression analysis tool eADAGE. Gene sets were used to analyze the activity of specific pathways in P. aeruginosa grown in sputum from different individuals. Gene sets that we found to be more active in sputum showed similar activation in published data that included P. aeruginosa RNA isolated from sputum relative to corresponding in vitro reference cultures. In the ex vivo samples, P. aeruginosa had increased levels of genes related to zinc and iron acquisition which were suppressed by metal amendment of sputum. We also found a significant correlation between expression of the H1-type VI secretion system and CFTR corrector use by the sputum donor. An ex vivo sputum model or synthetic sputum medium formulation that imposes metal restriction may enhance future CF-related studies.IMPORTANCEIdentifying the gene expression programs used by Pseudomonas aeruginosa to colonize the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (CF) will illuminate new therapeutic strategies. To capture these transcriptional programs, we cultured the common P. aeruginosa laboratory strain PAO1 in expectorated sputum from CF patient donors. Through bioinformatic analysis, we defined sets of genes that are more transcriptionally active in real CF sputum compared to a synthetic cystic fibrosis sputum medium. Many of the most differentially active gene sets contained genes related to metal acquisition, suggesting that these gene sets play an active role in scavenging for metals in the CF lung environment which may be inadequately represented in some models. Future studies of P. aeruginosa transcript abundance in CF may benefit from the use of an expectorated sputum model or media supplemented with factors that induce metal restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Neff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Georgia Doing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Taylor Reiter
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Casey S Greene
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Li Z, Barnaby R, Nymon A, Roche C, Koeppen K, Ashare A, Hogan DA, Gerber SA, Taatjes DJ, Hampton TH, Stanton BA. P. aeruginosa tRNA-fMet halves secreted in outer membrane vesicles suppress lung inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.03.578737. [PMID: 38352468 PMCID: PMC10862835 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.03.578737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Although tobramycin increases lung function in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF), the density of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in the lungs is only modestly reduced by tobramycin; hence, the mechanism whereby tobramycin improves lung function is not completely understood. Here, we demonstrate that tobramycin increases 5' tRNA-fMet halves in outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) secreted by laboratory and CF clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa . The 5' tRNA-fMet halves are transferred from OMVs into primary CF human bronchial epithelial cells (CF-HBEC), decreasing OMV-induced IL-8 and IP-10 secretion. In mouse lung, increased expression of the 5' tRNA-fMet halves in OMVs attenuated KC secretion and neutrophil recruitment. Furthermore, there was less IL-8 and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid isolated from pwCF during the period of exposure to tobramycin versus the period off tobramycin. In conclusion, we have shown in mice and in vitro studies on CF-HBEC that tobramycin reduces inflammation by increasing 5' tRNA-fMet halves in OMVs that are delivered to CF-HBEC and reduce IL-8 and neutrophilic airway inflammation. This effect is predicted to improve lung function in pwCF receiving tobramycin for P. aeruginosa infection. New and noteworthy The experiments in this report identify a novel mechanim whereby tobramycin reduces inflammation in two models of CF. Tobramycin increased the secretion of tRNA-fMet haves in OMVs secreted by P. aeruginiosa , which reduced the OMV-LPS induced inflammatory response in primary cultures of CF-HBEC and in mouse lung, an effect predicted to reduce lung damage in pwCF. Graphical abstract The anti-inflammatory effect of tobramycin mediated by 5' tRNA-fMet halves secreted in P. aeruginosa OMVs. (A) P. aeruginosa colonizes the CF lungs and secrets OMVs. OMVs diffuse through the mucus layer overlying bronchial epithelial cells and induce IL-8 secretion, which recruits neutrophils that causes lung damage. ( B ) Tobramycin increases 5' tRNA-fMet halves in OMVs secreted by P. aeruginosa . 5' tRNA-fMet halves are delivered into host cells after OMVs fuse with lipid rafts in CF-HBEC and down-regulate protein expression of MAPK10, IKBKG, and EP300, which suppresses IL-8 secretion and neutrophils in the lungs. A reduction in neutrophils in CF BALF is predicted to improve lung function and decrease lung damage.
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Barrack KE, Hampton TH, Valls RA, Surve SV, Gardner TB, Sanville JL, Madan JL, O’Toole GA. An in vitro medium for modeling gut dysbiosis associated with cystic fibrosis. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0028623. [PMID: 38169295 PMCID: PMC10810206 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00286-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut physiology of pediatric and adult persons with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) is altered relative to healthy persons. The CF gut is characterized, in part, as having excess mucus, increased fat content, acidic pH, increased inflammation, increased antibiotic perturbation, and the potential for increased oxygen availability. These physiological differences shift nutritional availability and the local environment for intestinal microbes, thus likely driving significant changes in microbial metabolism, colonization, and competition with other microbes. The impact of any specific change in this physiological landscape is difficult to parse using human or animal studies. Thus, we have developed a novel culture medium representative of the CF gut environment, inclusive of all the aforementioned features. This medium, called CF-MiPro, maintains CF gut microbiome communities, while significantly shifting nonCF gut microbiome communities toward a CF-like microbial profile, characterized by low Bacteroidetes and high Proteobacteria abundance. This medium is able to maintain this culture composition for up to 5 days of passage. Additionally, microbial communities passaged in CF-MiPro produce significantly less immunomodulatory short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), including propionate and butyrate, than communities passaged in MiPro, a culture medium representative of healthy gut physiology, confirming not only a shift in microbial composition but also altered community function. Our results support the potential for this in vitro culture medium as a new tool for the study of CF gut dysbiosis. IMPORTANCE Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease that disrupts ion transport at mucosal surfaces, leading to mucus accumulation and altered physiology of both the lungs and the intestines, among other organs, with the resulting altered environment contributing to an imbalance of microbial communities. Culture media representative of the CF airway have been developed and validated; however, no such medium exists for modeling the CF intestine. Here, we develop and validate a first-generation culture medium inclusive of features that are altered in the CF colon. Our findings suggest this novel medium, called CF-MiPro, as a maintenance medium for CF gut microbiome samples and a flexible tool for studying key drivers of CF-associated gut dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn E. Barrack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Valls
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sarvesh V. Surve
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Timothy B. Gardner
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Julie L. Sanville
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Juliette L. Madan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - George A. O’Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Fukutani KF, Hampton TH, Bobak CA, MacKenzie TA, Stanton BA. APPLICATION OF QUANTILE DISCRETIZATION AND BAYESIAN NETWORK ANALYSIS TO PUBLICLY AVAILABLE CYSTIC FIBROSIS DATA SETS. Pac Symp Biocomput 2024; 29:534-548. [PMID: 38160305 PMCID: PMC10783867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The availability of multiple publicly-available datasets studying the same phenomenon has the promise of accelerating scientific discovery. Meta-analysis can address issues of reproducibility and often increase power. The promise of meta-analysis is especially germane to rarer diseases like cystic fibrosis (CF), which affects roughly 100,000 people worldwide. A recent search of the National Institute of Health's Gene Expression Omnibus revealed 1.3 million data sets related to cancer compared to about 2,000 related to CF. These studies are highly diverse, involving different tissues, animal models, treatments, and clinical covariates. In our search for gene expression studies of primary human airway epithelial cells, we identified three studies with compatible methodologies and sufficient metadata: GSE139078, Sala Study, and PRJEB9292. Even so, experimental designs were not identical, and we identified significant batch effects that would have complicated functional analysis. Here we present quantile discretization and Bayesian network construction using the Hill climb method as a powerful tool to overcome experimental differences and reveal biologically relevant responses to the CF genotype itself, exposure to virus, bacteria, and drugs used to treat CF. Functional patterns revealed by cluster Profiler included interferon signaling, interferon gamma signaling, interleukins 4 and 13 signaling, interleukin 6 signaling, interleukin 21 signaling, and inactivation of CSF3/G-CSF signaling pathways showing significant alterations. These pathways were consistently associated with higher gene expression in CF epithelial cells compared to non-CF cells, suggesting that targeting these pathways could improve clinical outcomes. The success of quantile discretization and Bayesian network analysis in the context of CF suggests that these approaches might be applicable to other contexts where exactly comparable data sets are hard to find.
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Neff SL, Hampton TH, Koeppen K, Sarkar S, Latario CJ, Ross BD, Stanton BA. Rocket-miR, a translational launchpad for miRNA-based antimicrobial drug development. mSystems 2023; 8:e0065323. [PMID: 37975659 PMCID: PMC10734502 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00653-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial-resistant infections contribute to millions of deaths worldwide every year. In particular, the group of bacteria collectively known as ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter sp.) pathogens are of considerable medical concern due to their virulence and exceptional ability to develop antibiotic resistance. New kinds of antimicrobial therapies are urgently needed to treat patients for whom existing antibiotics are ineffective. The Rocket-miR application predicts targets of human miRNAs in bacterial and fungal pathogens, rapidly identifying candidate miRNA-based antimicrobials. The application's target audience are microbiologists that have the laboratory resources to test the application's predictions. The Rocket-miR application currently supports 24 recognized human pathogens that are relevant to numerous diseases including cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), urinary tract infections, and pneumonia. Furthermore, the application code was designed to be easily extendible to other human pathogens that commonly cause hospital-acquired infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Neff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Katja Koeppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sharanya Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Casey J. Latario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Bruce A. Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Price CE, Hampton TH, Valls RA, Barrack KE, O’Toole GA, Madan JC, Coker MO. Development of the intestinal microbiome in cystic fibrosis in early life. mSphere 2023; 8:e0004623. [PMID: 37404016 PMCID: PMC10449510 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00046-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a heritable disease that causes altered physiology at mucosal sites; these changes result in chronic infections in the lung, significant gastrointestinal complications as well as dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, although the latter has been less well explored. Here, we describe the longitudinal development of the gut microbiome in a cohort of children with CF (cwCF) from birth through early childhood (0-4 years of age) using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of stool samples as a surrogate for the gut microbiota. Similar to healthy populations, alpha diversity of the gut microbiome increases significantly with age, but diversity plateaus at ~2 years of age for this CF cohort. Several taxa that have been associated with dysbiosis in CF change with age toward a more healthy-like composition; notable exceptions include Akkermansia, which decreases with age, and Blautia, which increases with age. We also examined the relative abundance and prevalence of nine taxa associated with CF lung disease, several of which persist across early life, highlighting the possibility of the lung being seeded directly from the gut early in life. Finally, we applied the Crohn's Dysbiosis Index to each sample, and found that high Crohn's-associated dysbiosis early in life (<2 years) was associated with significantly lower Bacteroides in samples collected from 2 to 4 years of age. Together, these data comprise an observational study that describes the longitudinal development of the CF-associated gut microbiota and suggest that early markers associated with inflammatory bowel disease may shape the later gut microbiota of cwCF. IMPORTANCE Cystic fibrosis is a heritable disease that disrupts ion transport at mucosal surfaces, causing a buildup of mucus and dysregulation of microbial communities in both the lungs and the intestines. Persons with CF are known to have dysbiotic gut microbial communities, but the development of these communities over time beginning at birth has not been thoroughly studied. Here, we describe an observation study following the development of the gut microbiome of cwCF throughout the first 4 years of life, during the critical window of both gut microbiome and immune development. Our findings indicate the possibility of the gut microbiota as a reservoir of airway pathogens and a surprisingly early indication of a microbiota associated with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E. Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Valls
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E. Barrack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - George A. O’Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Juliette C. Madan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Quantitative Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Modupe O. Coker
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Quantitative Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Neff SL, Doing G, Reiter T, Hampton TH, Greene CS, Hogan DA. Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcription in an ex vivo cystic fibrosis sputum model identifies metal restriction as a gene expression stimulus. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.21.554169. [PMID: 37662412 PMCID: PMC10473638 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.554169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections are a distinctive feature of cystic fibrosis (CF) pathology, that challenge adults with CF even with the advent of highly effective modulator therapies. Characterizing P. aeruginosa transcription in the CF lung and identifying factors that drive gene expression could yield novel strategies to eradicate infection or otherwise improve outcomes. To complement published P. aeruginosa gene expression studies in laboratory culture models designed to model the CF lung environment, we employed an ex vivo sputum model in which laboratory strain PAO1 was incubated in sputum from different CF donors. As part of the analysis, we compared PAO1 gene expression in this "spike-in" sputum model to that for P. aeruginosa grown in artificial sputum medium (ASM). Analyses focused on genes that were differentially expressed between sputum and ASM and genes that were most highly expressed in sputum. We present a new approach that used sets of genes with correlated expression, identified by the gene expression analysis tool eADAGE, to analyze the differential activity of pathways in P. aeruginosa grown in CF sputum from different individuals. A key characteristic of P. aeruginosa grown in expectorated CF sputum was related to zinc and iron acquisition, but this signal varied by donor sputum. In addition, a significant correlation between P. aeruginosa expression of the H1-type VI secretion system and corrector use by the sputum donor was observed. These methods may be broadly useful in looking for variable signals across clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Neff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Georgia Doing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Taylor Reiter
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Casey S. Greene
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deborah A. Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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Barrack KE, Hampton TH, Valls RA, Surve SV, Gardner TB, Sanville JL, Madan JC, O’Toole GA. An In Vitro Medium for Modeling Gut Dysbiosis Associated with Cystic Fibrosis. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.01.551570. [PMID: 37577487 PMCID: PMC10418193 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.01.551570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The gut physiology of pediatric and adult persons with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) is altered relative to healthy persons. The CF gut is characterized, in part, as having excess mucus, increased fat content, acidic pH, increased inflammation, increased antibiotic perturbation and the potential for increased oxygen availability. These physiological differences shift nutritional availability and the local environment for intestinal microbes, thus likely driving significant changes in microbial metabolism, colonization and competition with other microbes. The impact of any specific change in this physiological landscape is difficult to parse using human or animal studies. Thus, we have developed a novel culture medium representative of the CF gut environment, inclusive of all the aforementioned features. This medium, called CF-MiPro, maintains CF gut microbiome communities, while significantly shifting non-CF gut microbiome communities toward a CF-like microbial profile, characterized by low Bacteroidetes and high Proteobacteria abundance. This medium is able to maintain this culture composition for up to 5 days of passage. Additionally, microbial communities passaged in CF-MiPro produce significantly less immunomodulatory short chain fatty acids (SCFA), including propionate and butyrate, than communities passaged in MiPro, a culture medium representative of healthy gut physiology, confirming not only a shift in microbial composition but altered community function. Our results support the potential for this in vitro culture medium as a new tool for the study of gut dysbiosis in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn E. Barrack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Valls
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sarvesh V. Surve
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Timothy B. Gardner
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Julie L. Sanville
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Juliette C. Madan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - George A. O’Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Aridgides DS, Mellinger DL, Gwilt LL, Hampton TH, Mould DL, Hogan DA, Ashare A. Comparative effects of CFTR modulators on phagocytic, metabolic and inflammatory profiles of CF and nonCF macrophages. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11995. [PMID: 37491532 PMCID: PMC10368712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage dysfunction has been well-described in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and may contribute to bacterial persistence in the lung. Whether CF macrophage dysfunction is related directly to Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) in macrophages or an indirect consequence of chronic inflammation and mucostasis is a subject of ongoing debate. CFTR modulators that restore CFTR function in epithelial cells improve global CF monocyte inflammatory responses but their direct effects on macrophages are less well understood. To address this knowledge gap, we measured phagocytosis, metabolism, and cytokine expression in response to a classical CF pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) isolated from CF F508del homozygous subjects and nonCF controls. Unexpectedly, we found that CFTR modulators enhanced phagocytosis in both CF and nonCF cohorts. CFTR triple modulators also inhibited MDM mitochondrial function, consistent with MDM activation. In contrast to studies in humans where CFTR modulators decreased serum inflammatory cytokine levels, modulators did not alter cytokine secretion in our system. Our studies therefore suggest modulator induced metabolic effects may promote bacterial clearance in both CF and nonCF monocyte-derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Aridgides
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
| | - Diane L Mellinger
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Lorraine L Gwilt
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Dallas L Mould
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Alix Ashare
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
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11
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Koeppen K, Hampton TH, Barnaby R, Roche C, Gerber SA, Goo YA, Cho BK, Vermilyea DM, Hogan DA, Stanton BA. An rRNA fragment in extracellular vesicles secreted by human airway epithelial cells increases the fluoroquinolone sensitivity of P. aeruginosa. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37256658 PMCID: PMC10390050 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00150.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung infections caused by antibiotic resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are difficult to eradicate in immunocompromised hosts such as those with cystic fibrosis. We previously demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by primary human airway epithelial cells (AEC) delivermiRNA let-7b-5p to P. aeruginosa to suppress biofilm formation and increase sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics. In this study, we show that EVs secreted by AEC transfer multiple distinct sRNA fragments to P. aeruginosa that are predicted to target the three subunits of the fluoroquinolone efflux pump MexHI-OpmD, thus increasing antibiotic sensitivity. Exposure of P. aeruginosa to EVs resulted in a significant reduction in the protein levels of MexH (-48%), MexI (-50%) and OpmD (-35%). Moreover, EVs reduced planktonic growth of P. aeruginosa in the presence of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin by 20%. A mexGHI-opmD deletion mutant of P. aeruginosa phenocopied this increased sensitivity to ciprofloxacin. Finally, we found that a fragment of an 18S rRNA external transcribed spacer that was transferred to P. aeruginosa by EVs reduced planktonic growth of P. aeruginosa in the presence of ciprofloxacin, reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of P. aeruginosa for ciprofloxacin by over 50%, and significantly reduced protein levels of both MexH and OpmD. In conclusion, an rRNA fragment secreted by AEC in EVs that targets the fluoroquinolone efflux pump MexHI-OpmD down-regulated these proteins and increased the ciprofloxacin sensitivity of P. aeruginosa. A combination of rRNA fragments and ciprofloxacin packaged in nanoparticles or EVs may benefit patients with antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Koeppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Roxanna Barnaby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Carolyn Roche
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Scott A Gerber
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Young Ah Goo
- Mass Spectrometry Technology Access Center, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Byoung-Kyu Cho
- Mass Spectrometry Technology Access Center, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Danielle M Vermilyea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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12
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Jean-Pierre F, Hampton TH, Schultz D, Hogan DA, Groleau MC, Déziel E, O'Toole GA. Community composition shapes microbial-specific phenotypes in a cystic fibrosis polymicrobial model system. eLife 2023; 12:81604. [PMID: 36661299 PMCID: PMC9897730 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interspecies interactions can drive the emergence of unexpected microbial phenotypes that are not observed when studying monocultures. The cystic fibrosis (CF) lung consists of a complex environment where microbes, living as polymicrobial biofilm-like communities, are associated with negative clinical outcomes for persons with CF (pwCF). However, the current lack of in vitro models integrating the microbial diversity observed in the CF airway hampers our understanding of why polymicrobial communities are recalcitrant to therapy in this disease. Here, integrating computational approaches informed by clinical data, we built a mixed community of clinical relevance to the CF lung composed of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Prevotella melaninogenica. We developed and validated this model biofilm community with multiple isolates of these four genera. When challenged with tobramycin, a front-line antimicrobial used to treat pwCF, the microorganisms in the polymicrobial community show altered sensitivity to this antibiotic compared to monospecies biofilms. We observed that wild-type P. aeruginosa is sensitized to tobramycin in a mixed community versus monoculture, and this observation holds across a range of community relative abundances. We also report that LasR loss-of-function, a variant frequently detected in the CF airway, drives tolerance of P. aeruginosa to tobramycin specifically in the mixed community. Our data suggest that the molecular basis of this community-specific recalcitrance to tobramycin for the P. aeruginosa lasR mutant is increased production of phenazines. Our work supports the importance of studying a clinically relevant model of polymicrobial biofilms to understand community-specific traits relevant to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Jean-Pierre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
| | - Daniel Schultz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
| | - Marie-Christine Groleau
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLavalCanada
| | - Eric Déziel
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLavalCanada
| | - George A O'Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
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13
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Armstrong DA, Hudson TR, Hodge CA, Hampton TH, Howell AL, Hayden MS. PlmCas12e (CasX2) cleavage of CCR5: impact of guide RNA spacer length and PAM sequence on cleavage activity. RNA Biol 2023; 20:296-305. [PMID: 37287312 PMCID: PMC10251783 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2221510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene editing using CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated) is under development as a therapeutic tool for the modification of genes in eukaryotic cells. While much effort has focused on CRISPR/Cas9 systems from Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, alternative CRISPR systems have been identified from non-pathogenic microbes, including previously unknown class 2 systems, adding to a diverse toolbox of CRISPR/Cas enzymes. The Cas12e enzymes from non-pathogenic Deltaproteobacteria (CasX1, DpeCas12e) and Planctomycetes (CasX2, PlmCas12e) are smaller than Cas9, have a selective protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), and deliver a staggered cleavage cut with a 5-7 nucleotide overhang. We investigated the impact of guide RNA spacer length and alternative PAM sequences on cleavage activity to determine optimal conditions for PlmCas12e cleavage of the cellular gene CCR5 (CC-Chemokine receptor-5). CCR5 encodes the CCR5 coreceptor used by human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) to infect target cells. A 32 base-pair deletion in CCR5 (CCR5-[Formula: see text]32) is responsible for HIV-1 resistance and reported cures following bone marrow transplantation. Consequently, CCR5 has been an important target for gene editing utilizing CRISPR/Cas. We determined that CCR5 cleavage activity varied with the target site, spacer length, and the fourth nucleotide in the previously described PAM sequence, TTCN. Our analyses demonstrated a PAM preference for purines (adenine, guanine) over pyrimidines (thymidine, cytosine) in the fourth position of the CasX2 PAM. This improved understanding of CasX2 cleavage requirements facilitates the development of therapeutic strategies to recreate the CCR5-[Formula: see text]32 mutation in haematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Armstrong
- Research Service, V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, USA
- Departments of Dermatology, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Departments of Dermatology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Taylor R. Hudson
- Research Service, V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, USA
| | - Christine A. Hodge
- Departments of Dermatology, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Departments of Dermatology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Departments of Microbiology/Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Alexandra L. Howell
- Research Service, V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, USA
- Departments of Microbiology/Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Matthew S. Hayden
- Departments of Dermatology, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Departments of Dermatology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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14
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Abstract
The last 20 years have witnessed an explosion in publicly available gene expression and proteomic data and new tools to help researchers analyze these data. Tools typically include statistical approaches to identify differential expression, integrate prior knowledge, visualize results, and suggest how differential expression relates to changes in phenotype. Here, we provide a simple web-based tool that bridges some of the gaps between the functionality available to those studying eukaryotes and those studying prokaryotes. Specifically, our Shiny web application ESKAPE Act PLUS allows researchers to upload results of high-throughput bacterial gene or protein expression experiments from 13 species, including the six ESKAPE pathogens, to our system and receive (i) an analysis of which KEGG pathways or GO terms are significantly activated or repressed, (ii) visual representations of the magnitude of activation or repression in each category, and (iii) detailed diagrams showing known relationships between genes in each regulated KEGG pathway and fold changes of individual genes. Importantly, our statistical approach does not require users to identify which genes or proteins are differentially expressed. ESKAPE Act PLUS provides high-quality statistics and graphical representations not available using other web-based systems to assess whether prokaryotic biological functions are activated or repressed by experimental conditions. To our knowledge, ESKAPE Act PLUS is the first application that provides pathway activation analysis and pathway-level visualization of gene or protein expression for prokaryotes. IMPORTANCE ESKAPE pathogens are bacteria of concern because they develop antibiotic resistance and can cause life-threatening infections, particularly in more susceptible immunocompromised people. ESKAPE Act PLUS is a user-friendly web application that will advance research on ESKAPE and other pathogens commonly studied by the biomedical community by allowing scientists to infer biological phenotypes from the results from high-throughput bacterial gene or protein expression experiments. ESKAPE Act PLUS currently supports analysis of 23 strains of bacteria from 13 species and can also be used to re-analyze publicly available data to generate new findings and hypotheses for follow-up experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Koeppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Samuel L. Neff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Bruce A. Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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15
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Neff SL, Hampton TH, Puerner C, Cengher L, Doing G, Lee AJ, Koeppen K, Cheung AL, Hogan DA, Cramer RA, Stanton BA. CF-Seq, an accessible web application for rapid re-analysis of cystic fibrosis pathogen RNA sequencing studies. Sci Data 2022; 9:343. [PMID: 35710652 PMCID: PMC9203545 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers studying cystic fibrosis (CF) pathogens have produced numerous RNA-seq datasets which are available in the gene expression omnibus (GEO). Although these studies are publicly available, substantial computational expertise and manual effort are required to compare similar studies, visualize gene expression patterns within studies, and use published data to generate new experimental hypotheses. Furthermore, it is difficult to filter available studies by domain-relevant attributes such as strain, treatment, or media, or for a researcher to assess how a specific gene responds to various experimental conditions across studies. To reduce these barriers to data re-analysis, we have developed an R Shiny application called CF-Seq, which works with a compendium of 128 studies and 1,322 individual samples from 13 clinically relevant CF pathogens. The application allows users to filter studies by experimental factors and to view complex differential gene expression analyses at the click of a button. Here we present a series of use cases that demonstrate the application is a useful and efficient tool for new hypothesis generation. (CF-Seq: http://scangeo.dartmouth.edu/CFSeq/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Neff
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Charles Puerner
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Liviu Cengher
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Georgia Doing
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Katja Koeppen
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Deborah A Hogan
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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16
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Rolandsson Enes S, Hampton TH, Barua J, McKenna DH, Dos Santos CC, Amiel E, Ashare A, Liu KD, Krasnodembskaya AD, English K, Stanton BA, Rocco PRM, Matthay MA, Weiss DJ. Healthy versus inflamed lung environments differentially affect mesenchymal stromal cells. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:2004149. [PMID: 33795318 PMCID: PMC8543758 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.04149-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increased interest in mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based cell therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), clinical investigations have not yet been successful and our understanding of the potential in vivo mechanisms of MSC actions in ARDS remains limited. ARDS is driven by an acute severe innate immune dysregulation, often characterised by inflammation, coagulation and cell injury. How this inflammatory microenvironment influences MSC functions remains to be determined. AIM The aim of this study was to comparatively assess how the inflammatory environment present in ARDS lungs versus the lung environment present in healthy volunteers alters MSC behaviour. METHODS Clinical-grade human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSCs) were exposed to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples obtained from ARDS patients or from healthy volunteers. Following exposure, hMSCs and their conditioned media were evaluated for a broad panel of relevant properties, including viability, levels of expression of inflammatory cytokines, gene expression, cell surface human leukocyte antigen expression, and activation of coagulation and complement pathways. RESULTS Pro-inflammatory, pro-coagulant and major histocompatibility complex (self-recognition) related gene expression was markedly upregulated in hMSCs exposed ex vivo to BALF obtained from healthy volunteers. These changes were less apparent and often opposite in hMSCs exposed to ARDS BALF samples. CONCLUSION These data provide new insights into how hMSCs behave in healthy versus inflamed lung environments, and strongly suggest that the inflamed environment in ARDS induces hMSC responses that are potentially beneficial for cell survival and actions. This further highlights the need to understand how different disease environments affect hMSC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rolandsson Enes
- Dept of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Dept of Experimental Medical Science, Lung Biology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jayita Barua
- Dept of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - David H McKenna
- Dept of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Claudia C Dos Santos
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, Dept of Medicine and the Keenan Center for Biomedical Research, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eyal Amiel
- Dept of Biomedical and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Alix Ashare
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Kathleen D Liu
- Depts of Medicine and Anesthesiology and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna D Krasnodembskaya
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University, Belfast, UK
| | - Karen English
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Biology Dept, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Depts of Medicine and Anesthesiology and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Dept of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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17
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Hsu KS, Goodale BC, Ely KH, Hampton TH, Stanton BA, Enelow RI. Single-cell RNA-seq Analysis Reveals That Prenatal Arsenic Exposure Results in Long-term, Adverse Effects on Immune Gene Expression in Response to Influenza A Infection. Toxicol Sci 2021; 176:312-328. [PMID: 32514536 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic exposure via drinking water is a serious environmental health concern. Epidemiological studies suggest a strong association between prenatal arsenic exposure and subsequent childhood respiratory infections, as well as morbidity from respiratory diseases in adulthood, long after systemic clearance of arsenic. We investigated the impact of exclusive prenatal arsenic exposure on the inflammatory immune response and respiratory health after an adult influenza A virus (IAV) lung infection. C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 100 ppb sodium arsenite in utero, and subsequently infected with IAV (H1N1) after maturation to adulthood. Assessment of lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at various time points post-IAV infection reveals greater lung damage and inflammation in arsenic-exposed mice versus control mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of immune cells harvested from IAV-infected lungs suggests that the enhanced inflammatory response is mediated by dysregulation of innate immune function of monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and alveolar macrophages. Our results suggest that prenatal arsenic exposure results in lasting effects on the adult host innate immune response to IAV infection, long after exposure to arsenic, leading to greater immunopathology. This study provides the first direct evidence that exclusive prenatal exposure to arsenic in drinking water causes predisposition to a hyperinflammatory response to IAV infection in adult mice, which is associated with significant lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Hsu
- Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766
| | - Britton C Goodale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766.,Dartmouth Toxic Metals Superfund Research Program, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Kenneth H Ely
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766.,Dartmouth Toxic Metals Superfund Research Program, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Richard I Enelow
- Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766.,Dartmouth Toxic Metals Superfund Research Program, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755.,Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766
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18
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Koeppen K, Nymon A, Barnaby R, Li Z, Hampton TH, Ashare A, Stanton BA. CF monocyte-derived macrophages have an attenuated response to extracellular vesicles secreted by airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L530-L544. [PMID: 33471607 PMCID: PMC8238154 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00621.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in CFTR alter macrophage responses, for example, by reducing their ability to phagocytose and kill bacteria. Altered macrophage responses may facilitate bacterial infection and inflammation in the lungs, contributing to morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by multiple cell types in the lungs and participate in the host immune response to bacterial infection, but the effect of EVs secreted by CF airway epithelial cells (AEC) on CF macrophages is unknown. This report examines the effect of EVs secreted by primary AEC on monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and contrasts responses of CF and wild type (WT) MDM. We found that EVs generally increase pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and expression of innate immune genes in MDM, especially when EVs are derived from AEC exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and that this effect is attenuated in CF MDM. Specifically, EVs secreted by P. aeruginosa exposed AEC (EV-PA) induced immune response genes and increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, chemoattractants, and chemokines involved in tissue repair by WT MDM, but these effects were less robust in CF MDM. We attribute attenuated responses by CF MDM to differences between CF and WT macrophages because EVs secreted by CF AEC or WT AEC elicited similar responses in CF MDM. Our findings demonstrate the importance of AEC EVs in macrophage responses and show that the Phe508del mutation in CFTR attenuates the innate immune response of MDM to EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Koeppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Amanda Nymon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Roxanna Barnaby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Zhongyou Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Alix Ashare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
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19
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Abreu SC, Hampton TH, Hoffman E, Dearborn J, Ashare A, Singh Sidhu K, Matthews DE, McKenna DH, Amiel E, Barua J, Krasnodembskaya A, English K, Mahon B, Dos Santos C, Cruz FF, Chambers DC, Liu KD, Matthay MA, Cramer RA, Stanton BA, Rocco PRM, Wargo MJ, Weiss DJ, Rolandsson Enes S. Differential effects of the cystic fibrosis lung inflammatory environment on mesenchymal stromal cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L908-L925. [PMID: 32901521 PMCID: PMC7792680 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00218.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates that human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) modify their in vivo anti-inflammatory actions depending on the specific inflammatory environment encountered. Understanding this better is crucial to refine MSC-based cell therapies for lung and other diseases. Using acute exacerbations of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease as a model, the effects of ex vivo MSC exposure to clinical bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples, as a surrogate for the in vivo clinical lung environment, on MSC viability, gene expression, secreted cytokines, and mitochondrial function were compared with effects of BALF collected from healthy volunteers. CF BALF samples that cultured positive for Aspergillus sp. (Asp) induced rapid MSC death, usually within several hours of exposure. Further analyses suggested the fungal toxin gliotoxin as a potential mediator contributing to CF BALF-induced MSC death. RNA sequencing analyses of MSCs exposed to either Asp+ or Asp- CF BALF samples identified a number of differentially expressed transcripts, including those involved in interferon signaling, antimicrobial gene expression, and cell death. Toxicity did not correlate with bacterial lung infections. These results suggest that the potential use of MSC-based cell therapies for CF or other lung diseases may not be warranted in the presence of Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia C Abreu
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Evan Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jacob Dearborn
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Alix Ashare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | | | - Dwight E Matthews
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David H McKenna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Eyal Amiel
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jayita Barua
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, University of Vermont, and The Vermont Lung Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Anna Krasnodembskaya
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Karen English
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Biology Department, Human Health Research Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Bernard Mahon
- Immunology & Cell Biology Laboratory, Biology Department, Human Health Research Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Claudia Dos Santos
- Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine and the Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fernanda F Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel C Chambers
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queenland Lung Transplant Service, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathleen D Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesiology and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesiology and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matthew J Wargo
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Sara Rolandsson Enes
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lung Biology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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20
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Stanton BA, Hampton TH, Ashare A. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and cystic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L408-L415. [PMID: 32668165 PMCID: PMC7518058 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00225.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. Although viral respiratory tract infections are, in general, more severe in patients with CF compared with the general population, a small number of studies indicate that SARS-CoV-2 does not cause a worse infection in CF. This is surprising since comorbidities including preexisting lung disease have been reported to be associated with worse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Several recent studies provide insight into why SARS-CoV-2 may not produce more severe outcomes in CF. First, ACE and ACE2, genes that play key roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection, have some variants that are predicted to reduce the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Second, mRNA for ACE2 is elevated and mRNA for TMPRSS2, a serine protease, is decreased in CF airway epithelial cells. Increased ACE2 is predicted to enhance SARS-CoV-2 binding to cells but would increase conversion of angiotensin II, which is proinflammatory, to angiotensin-1-7, which is anti-inflammatory. Thus, increased ACE2 would reduce inflammation and lung damage due to SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, decreased TMPRSS2 would reduce SARS-CoV-2 entry into airway epithelial cells. Second, many CF patients are treated with azithromycin, which suppresses viral infection and lung inflammation and inhibits the activity of furin, a serine protease. Finally, the CF lung contains high levels of serine protease inhibitors including ecotin and SERPINB1, which are predicted to reduce the ability of TMPRSS2 to facilitate SARS-CoV-2 entry into airway epithelial cells. Thus, a variety of factors may mitigate the severity of SARS-CoV-2 in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Alix Ashare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Section of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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21
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Hampton TH, Koeppen K, Bashor L, Stanton BA. Selection of reference genes for quantitative PCR: identifying reference genes for airway epithelial cells exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L256-L265. [PMID: 32521165 PMCID: PMC7473940 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00158.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most quantitative PCR (qPCR) experiments report differential expression relative to the expression of one or more reference genes. Therefore, when experimental conditions alter reference gene expression, qPCR results may be compromised. Little is known about the magnitude of this problem in practice. We found that reference gene responses are common and hard to predict and that their stability should be demonstrated in each experiment. Our reanalysis of 15 airway epithelia microarray data sets retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) identified no common reference gene that was reliable in all 15 studies. Reanalysis of published RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data in which human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) were exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed that minor experimental details, including bacterial strain, may alter reference gene responses. Direct measurement of 32 TaqMan reference genes in primary cultures of HBEC exposed to P. aeruginosa (strain PA14) demonstrated that choosing an unstable reference gene could make it impossible to observe statistically significant changes in IL8 gene expression. We found that reference gene instability is a general phenomenon and not limited to studies of airway epithelial cells. In a diverse compendium of 986 human microarray experiments retrieved from the NCBI, reference genes were differentially expressed in 42% of studies. Experimentally induced changes in reference gene expression ranged from 21% to 212%. These results highlight the importance of identifying adequate reference genes for each experimental system and documenting their response to treatment in each experiment. This will enhance experimental rigor and reproducibility in qPCR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Katja Koeppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Laura Bashor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
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22
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Cuthbertson L, Walker AW, Oliver AE, Rogers GB, Rivett DW, Hampton TH, Ashare A, Elborn JS, De Soyza A, Carroll MP, Hoffman LR, Lanyon C, Moskowitz SM, O’Toole GA, Parkhill J, Planet PJ, Teneback CC, Tunney MM, Zuckerman JB, Bruce KD, van der Gast CJ. Lung function and microbiota diversity in cystic fibrosis. Microbiome 2020; 8:45. [PMID: 32238195 PMCID: PMC7114784 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic infection and concomitant airway inflammation is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for people living with cystic fibrosis (CF). Although chronic infection in CF is undeniably polymicrobial, involving a lung microbiota, infection surveillance and control approaches remain underpinned by classical aerobic culture-based microbiology. How to use microbiomics to direct clinical management of CF airway infections remains a crucial challenge. A pivotal step towards leveraging microbiome approaches in CF clinical care is to understand the ecology of the CF lung microbiome and identify ecological patterns of CF microbiota across a wide spectrum of lung disease. Assessing sputum samples from 299 patients attending 13 CF centres in Europe and the USA, we determined whether the emerging relationship of decreasing microbiota diversity with worsening lung function could be considered a generalised pattern of CF lung microbiota and explored its potential as an informative indicator of lung disease state in CF. RESULTS We tested and found decreasing microbiota diversity with a reduction in lung function to be a significant ecological pattern. Moreover, the loss of diversity was accompanied by an increase in microbiota dominance. Subsequently, we stratified patients into lung disease categories of increasing disease severity to further investigate relationships between microbiota characteristics and lung function, and the factors contributing to microbiota variance. Core taxa group composition became highly conserved within the severe disease category, while the rarer satellite taxa underpinned the high variability observed in the microbiota diversity. Further, the lung microbiota of individual patient were increasingly dominated by recognised CF pathogens as lung function decreased. Conversely, other bacteria, especially obligate anaerobes, increasingly dominated in those with better lung function. Ordination analyses revealed lung function and antibiotics to be main explanators of compositional variance in the microbiota and the core and satellite taxa. Biogeography was found to influence acquisition of the rarer satellite taxa. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that microbiota diversity and dominance, as well as the identity of the dominant bacterial species, in combination with measures of lung function, can be used as informative indicators of disease state in CF. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cuthbertson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alan W. Walker
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Geraint B. Rogers
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Damian W. Rivett
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH USA
| | - Alix Ashare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH USA
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH USA
| | - J. Stuart Elborn
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Department, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Health Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Anthony De Soyza
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle, UK
| | - Mary P. Carroll
- Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Lucas R. Hoffman
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Clare Lanyon
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle, UK
| | - Samuel M. Moskowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA USA
| | - George A. O’Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH USA
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul J. Planet
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Division, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan B. Zuckerman
- Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME USA
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kenneth D. Bruce
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, UK
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23
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Amacher JF, Brooks L, Hampton TH, Madden DR. Specificity in PDZ-peptide interaction networks: Computational analysis and review. J Struct Biol X 2020; 4:100022. [PMID: 32289118 PMCID: PMC7138185 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2020.100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Globular PDZ domains typically serve as protein-protein interaction modules that regulate a wide variety of cellular functions via recognition of short linear motifs (SLiMs). Often, PDZ mediated-interactions are essential components of macromolecular complexes, and disruption affects the entire scaffold. Due to their roles as linchpins in trafficking and signaling pathways, PDZ domains are attractive targets: both for controlling viral pathogens, which bind PDZ domains and hijack cellular machinery, as well as for developing therapies to combat human disease. However, successful therapeutic interventions that avoid off-target effects are a challenge, because each PDZ domain interacts with a number of cellular targets, and specific binding preferences can be difficult to decipher. Over twenty-five years of research has produced a wealth of data on the stereochemical preferences of individual PDZ proteins and their binding partners. Currently the field lacks a central repository for this information. Here, we provide this important resource and provide a manually curated, comprehensive list of the 271 human PDZ domains. We use individual domain, as well as recent genomic and proteomic, data in order to gain a holistic view of PDZ domains and interaction networks, arguing this knowledge is critical to optimize targeting selectivity and to benefit human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine F Amacher
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Lionel Brooks
- Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Dean R Madden
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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24
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Aridgides DS, Mellinger DL, Armstrong DA, Hazlett HF, Dessaint JA, Hampton TH, Atkins GT, Carroll JL, Ashare A. Functional and metabolic impairment in cigarette smoke-exposed macrophages is tied to oxidative stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9624. [PMID: 31270372 PMCID: PMC6610132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke inhalation exposes the respiratory system to thousands of potentially toxic substances and causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is characterized by cycles of inflammation and infection with a dysregulated immune response contributing to disease progression. While smoking cessation can slow the damage in COPD, lung immunity remains impaired. Alveolar macrophages (AMΦ) are innate immune cells strategically poised at the interface between lungs, respiratory pathogens, and environmental toxins including cigarette smoke. We studied the effects of cigarette smoke on model THP-1 and peripheral blood monocyte derived macrophages, and discovered a marked inhibition of bacterial phagocytosis which was replicated in primary human AMΦ. Cigarette smoke decreased AMΦ cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) expression, previously shown to be integral to phagocytosis. In contrast to cystic fibrosis macrophages, smoke-exposed THP-1 and AMΦ failed to augment phagocytosis in the presence of CFTR modulators. Cigarette smoke also inhibited THP-1 and AMΦ mitochondrial respiration while inducing glycolysis and reactive oxygen species. These effects were mitigated by the free radical scavenger N-acetylcysteine, which also reverted phagocytosis to baseline levels. Collectively these results implicate metabolic dysfunction as a key factor in the toxicity of cigarette smoke to AMΦ, and illuminate avenues of potential intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Aridgides
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Diane L Mellinger
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - David A Armstrong
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Haley F Hazlett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - John A Dessaint
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Graham T Atkins
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - James L Carroll
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Alix Ashare
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA.
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25
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Goodale BC, Hampton TH, Ford EN, Jackson CE, Shaw JR, Stanton BA, King BL. Profiling microRNA expression in Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) gill and responses to arsenic and hyperosmotic stress. Aquat Toxicol 2019; 206:142-153. [PMID: 30476744 PMCID: PMC6298807 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus), native to estuarine areas of the Atlantic coast of the United States, has become a valuable ecotoxicological model as a result of its ability to acclimate to rapid environmental changes and adapt to polluted habitats. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved small RNAs that regulate gene expression and play critical roles in stress responses in a variety of organisms. Global miRNA expression in killifish and the potential roles miRNA have in environmental acclimation have yet to be characterized. Accordingly, we profiled miRNA expression in killifish gill for the first time and identified a small group of highly expressed, well-conserved miRNAs as well as 16 novel miRNAs not yet identified in other organisms. Killifish respond to large fluctuations in salinity with rapid changes in gene expression and protein trafficking to maintain osmotic balance, followed by a secondary phase of gene and protein expression changes that enable remodeling of the gills. Arsenic, a major environmental toxicant, was previously shown to inhibit gene expression responses in killifish gill, as well the ability of killifish to acclimate to a rapid increase in salinity. Thus, we examined the individual and combined effects of salinity and arsenic on miRNA expression in killifish gill. Using small RNA sequencing, we identified 270 miRNAs expressed in killifish, and found that miR-135b was differentially expressed in response to arsenic and at 24 h following transfer to salt water. Predicted targets of miR-135b are involved in ion transport, cell motility and migration, GTPase mediated signal transduction and organelle assembly. Consistent with previous studies of these two environmental stressors, we found a significant interaction (i.e., arsenic dependent salinity effect), whereby killifish exposed to arsenic exhibited an opposite response in miR-135b expression at 24 h post hyperosmotic challenge compared to controls. By examining mRNA expression of predicted miRNA targets during salinity acclimation and arsenic exposure, we found that miR-135b targets were significantly more likely to decrease during salinity acclimation than non-targets. Our identification of a significant interaction effect of arsenic and salinity on miR-135b expression supports the hypothesis that arsenic alters upstream regulators of stress response networks, which may adversely affect the killifish response to osmotic stress. The characterization of miRNAs in this ecotoxicological model will be a valuable resource for future studies investigating the role of miRNAs in response to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton C Goodale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Emily N Ford
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119, United States
| | - Craig E Jackson
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Joseph R Shaw
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Benjamin L King
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States
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26
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Hampton TH, Jackson C, Jung D, Chen CY, Glaholt SP, Stanton BA, Colbourne JK, Shaw JR. Arsenic Reduces Gene Expression Response to Changing Salinity in Killifish. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:8811-8821. [PMID: 29979584 PMCID: PMC6084426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxicogenomic approaches can detect and classify adverse interactions between environmental toxicants and other environmental stressors but require more complex experimental designs and analytical approaches. Here we use novel toxicogenomic techniques to analyze the effect of arsenic exposure in wild killifish populations acclimating to changing salinity. Fish from three populations were acclimated to full strength seawater and transferred to fresh water for 1 or 24 h. Linear models of gene expression in gill tissue identified 31 genes that responded to osmotic shock at 1 h and 178 genes that responded at 24 h. Arsenic exposure (100 μg/L) diminished the responses (reaction norms) of these genes by 22% at 1 h ( p = 1.0 × 10-6) and by 10% at 24 h ( p = 3.0 × 10-10). Arsenic also significantly reduced gene coregulation in gene regulatory networks ( p = 0.002, paired Levene's test), and interactions between arsenic and salinity acclimation were uniformly antagonistic at the biological pathway level ( p < 0.05, binomial test). Arsenic's systematic interference with gene expression reaction norms was validated in a mouse multistressor experiment, demonstrating the ability of these toxicogenomic approaches to identify biologically relevant adverse interactions between environmental toxicants and other environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Hampton
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Craig Jackson
- The School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | - Dawoon Jung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Celia Y. Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Stephen P. Glaholt
- The School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
| | - Bruce A. Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - John K. Colbourne
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph R. Shaw
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- The School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana47405, United States
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27
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Koeppen K, Stanton BA, Hampton TH. ScanGEO: parallel mining of high-throughput gene expression data. Bioinformatics 2018; 33:3500-3501. [PMID: 29036513 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary Current options to mine publicly available gene expression data deposited in NCBI's gene expression omnibus (GEO), such as the GEO web portal and related applications, are optimized to reanalyze a single study, or search for a single gene, and therefore require manual intervention to reanalyze multiple studies for user-specified gene sets. ScanGEO is a simple, user-friendly Shiny web application designed to identify differentially expressed genes across all GEO studies matching user-specified criteria, for a flexible set of genes, visualize results and provide summary statistics and other reports using a single command. Availability and implementation The ScanGEO source code is written in R and implemented as a Shiny app that can be freely accessed at http://scangeo.dartmouth.edu/ScanGEO/. For users who would like to run a local instantiation of the app, the R source code is available under a GNU GPLv3 license at https://github.com/StantonLabDartmouth/AppScanGEO. Contact katja.koeppen@dartmouth.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Koeppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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28
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Barnaby R, Koeppen K, Nymon A, Hampton TH, Berwin B, Ashare A, Stanton BA. Lumacaftor (VX-809) restores the ability of CF macrophages to phagocytose and kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L432-L438. [PMID: 29146575 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00461.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common lethal genetic disease in Caucasians, is characterized by chronic bacterial lung infection and excessive inflammation, which lead to progressive loss of lung function and premature death. Although ivacaftor (VX-770) alone and ivacaftor in combination with lumacaftor (VX-809) improve lung function in CF patients with the Gly551Asp and del508Phe mutations, respectively, the effects of these drugs on the function of human CF macrophages are unknown. Thus studies were conducted to examine the effects of lumacaftor alone and lumacaftor in combination with ivacaftor (i.e., ORKAMBI) on the ability of human CF ( del508Phe/ del508Phe) monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to phagocytose and kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lumacaftor alone restored the ability of CF MDMs to phagocytose and kill P. aeruginosa to levels observed in MDMs obtained from non-CF (WT-CFTR) donors. This effect contrasts with the partial (~15%) correction of del508Phe Cl- secretion of airway epithelial cells by lumacaftor. Ivacaftor reduced the ability of lumacaftor to stimulate phagocytosis and killing of P. aeruginosa. Lumacaftor had no effect on P. aeruginosa-stimulated cytokine secretion by CF MDMs. Ivacaftor (5 µM) alone and ivacaftor in combination with lumacaftor reduced secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines. The clinical efficacy of ORKAMBI may be related in part to the ability of lumacaftor to stimulate phagocytosis and killing of P. aeruginosa by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna Barnaby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Katja Koeppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Amanda Nymon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Brent Berwin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Alix Ashare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
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29
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Hvorecny KL, Dolben E, Moreau-Marquis S, Hampton TH, Shabaneh TB, Flitter BA, Bahl CD, Bomberger JM, Levy BD, Stanton BA, Hogan DA, Madden DR. An epoxide hydrolase secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa decreases mucociliary transport and hinders bacterial clearance from the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L150-L156. [PMID: 28982736 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00383.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonizes the lungs of susceptible individuals by deploying virulence factors targeting host defenses. The secreted factor Cif (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitory factor) dysregulates the endocytic recycling of CFTR and thus reduces CFTR abundance in host epithelial membranes. We have postulated that the decrease in ion secretion mediated by Cif would slow mucociliary transport and decrease bacterial clearance from the lungs. To test this hypothesis, we explored the effects of Cif in cultured epithelia and in the lungs of mice. We developed a strategy to interpret the "hurricane-like" motions observed in reconstituted cultures and identified a Cif-mediated decrease in the velocity of mucus transport in vitro. Presence of Cif also increased the number of bacteria recovered at two time points in an acute mouse model of pneumonia caused by P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, recent work has demonstrated an inverse correlation between the airway concentrations of Cif and 15-epi-lipoxin A4, a proresolving lipid mediator important in host defense and the resolution of pathogen-initiated inflammation. Here, we observe elevated levels of 15-epi-lipoxin A4 in the lungs of mice infected with a strain of P. aeruginosa that expresses only an inactive form of cif compared with those mice infected with wild-type P. aeruginosa. Together these data support the inclusion of Cif on the list of virulence factors that assist P. aeruginosa in colonizing and damaging the airways of compromised patients. Furthermore, this study establishes techniques that enable our groups to explore the underlying mechanisms of Cif effects during respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L Hvorecny
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Emily Dolben
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Sophie Moreau-Marquis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Tamer B Shabaneh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Becca A Flitter
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher D Bahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jennifer M Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Dean R Madden
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
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Barnaby R, Liefeld A, Jackson BP, Hampton TH, Stanton BA. Effectiveness of table top water pitcher filters to remove arsenic from drinking water. Environ Res 2017; 158:610-615. [PMID: 28719869 PMCID: PMC5571974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic contamination of drinking water is a serious threat to the health of hundreds of millions of people worldwide. In the United States ~3 million individuals drink well water that contains arsenic levels above the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10μg/L. Several technologies are available to remove arsenic from well water including anion exchange, adsorptive media and reverse osmosis. In addition, bottled water is an alternative to drinking well water contaminated with arsenic. However, there are several drawbacks associated with these approaches including relatively high cost and, in the case of bottled water, the generation of plastic waste. In this study, we tested the ability of five tabletop water pitcher filters to remove arsenic from drinking water. We report that only one tabletop water pitcher filter tested, ZeroWater®, reduced the arsenic concentration, both As3+ and As5+, from 1000μg/L to < 3μg/L, well below the MCL. Moreover, the amount of total dissolved solids or competing ions did not affect the ability of the ZeroWater® filter to remove arsenic below the MCL. Thus, the ZeroWater® pitcher filter is a cost effective and short-term solution to remove arsenic from drinking water and its use reduces plastic waste associated with bottled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna Barnaby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
| | - Amanda Liefeld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
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Thomas AA, Fisher JL, Hampton TH, Christensen BC, Tsongalis GJ, Rahme GJ, Whipple CA, Steel SE, Davis MC, Gaur AB, Lewis LD, Ernstoff MS, Fadul CE. Immune modulation associated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) blockade in patients with glioblastoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:379-389. [PMID: 27942839 PMCID: PMC11028819 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in addition to being pro-angiogenic, is an immunomodulatory cytokine systemically and in the tumor microenvironment. We previously reported the immunomodulatory effects of radiation and temozolomide (TMZ) in newly diagnosed glioblastoma. This study aimed to assess changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) populations, plasma cytokines, and growth factor concentrations following treatment with radiation, TMZ, and bevacizumab (BEV). METHODS Eleven patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma were treated with radiation, TMZ, and BEV, following surgery. We measured immune-related PBMC subsets using multi-parameter flow cytometry and plasma cytokine and growth factor concentrations using electrochemiluminescence-based multiplex analysis at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment. RESULTS The absolute number of peripheral blood regulatory T cells (Tregs) decreased significantly following treatment. The lower number of peripheral Tregs was associated with a CD4+ lymphopenia, and thus, the ratio of Tregs to PBMCs was unchanged. The addition of bevacizumab to standard radiation and temozolomide led to the decrease in the number of circulating Tregs when compared with our prior study. There was a significant decrease in CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ recent thymic emigrant T cells, but no change in the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Significant increases in plasma VEGF and placental growth factor (PlGF) concentrations were observed. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with radiation, TMZ, and BEV decreased the number but not the proportion of peripheral Tregs and increased the concentration of circulating VEGF. This shift in the peripheral immune cell profile may modulate the tumor environment and have implications for combining immunotherapy with anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa A Thomas
- University of Vermont College of Medicine and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jan L Fisher
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and The Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and The Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Brock C Christensen
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and The Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Gilbert J Rahme
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and The Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Chery A Whipple
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and The Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | | | - Arti B Gaur
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and The Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Lionel D Lewis
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and The Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Camilo E Fadul
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 800432, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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Reid NM, Jackson CE, Gilbert D, Minx P, Montague MJ, Hampton TH, Helfrich LW, King BL, Nacci DE, Aluru N, Karchner SI, Colbourne JK, Hahn ME, Shaw JR, Oleksiak MF, Crawford DL, Warren WC, Whitehead A. The landscape of extreme genomic variation in the highly adaptable Atlantic killifish. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:659-676. [PMID: 28201664 PMCID: PMC5381573 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and predicting the fate of populations in changing environments require knowledge about the mechanisms that support phenotypic plasticity and the adaptive value and evolutionary fate of genetic variation within populations. Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) exhibit extensive phenotypic plasticity that supports large population sizes in highly fluctuating estuarine environments. Populations have also evolved diverse local adaptations. To yield insights into the genomic variation that supports their adaptability, we sequenced a reference genome and 48 additional whole genomes from a wild population. Evolution of genes associated with cell cycle regulation and apoptosis is accelerated along the killifish lineage, which is likely tied to adaptations for life in highly variable estuarine environments. Genome-wide standing genetic variation, including nucleotide diversity and copy number variation, is extremely high. The highest diversity genes are those associated with immune function and olfaction, whereas genes under greatest evolutionary constraint are those associated with neurological, developmental, and cytoskeletal functions. Reduced genetic variation is detected for tight junction proteins, which in killifish regulate paracellular permeability that supports their extreme physiological flexibility. Low-diversity genes engage in more regulatory interactions than high-diversity genes, consistent with the influence of pleiotropic constraint on molecular evolution. High genetic variation is crucial for continued persistence of species given the pace of contemporary environmental change. Killifish populations harbor among the highest levels of nucleotide diversity yet reported for a vertebrate species, and thus may serve as a useful model system for studying evolutionary potential in variable and changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah M Reid
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Craig E Jackson
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Don Gilbert
- Biology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Patrick Minx
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108
| | - Michael J Montague
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Lily W Helfrich
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Benjamin L King
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672
| | - Diane E Nacci
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Narragansett, RI, 02882
| | - Neel Aluru
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Sibel I Karchner
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - John K Colbourne
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom, B15 2TT
| | - Mark E Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Joseph R Shaw
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Marjorie F Oleksiak
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149
| | - Douglas L Crawford
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108
| | - Andrew Whitehead
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Koeppen K, Hampton TH, Jarek M, Scharfe M, Gerber SA, Mielcarz DW, Demers EG, Dolben EL, Hammond JH, Hogan DA, Stanton BA. A Novel Mechanism of Host-Pathogen Interaction through sRNA in Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005672. [PMID: 27295279 PMCID: PMC4905634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial outer membrane vesicle (OMV)-mediated delivery of proteins to host cells is an important mechanism of host-pathogen communication. Emerging evidence suggests that OMVs contain differentially packaged short RNAs (sRNAs) with the potential to target host mRNA function and/or stability. In this study, we used RNA-Seq to characterize differentially packaged sRNAs in Pseudomonas aeruginosa OMVs, and to show transfer of OMV sRNAs to human airway cells. We selected one sRNA for further study based on its stable secondary structure and predicted mRNA targets. Our candidate sRNA (sRNA52320), a fragment of a P. aeruginosa methionine tRNA, was abundant in OMVs and reduced LPS-induced as well as OMV-induced IL-8 secretion by cultured primary human airway epithelial cells. We also showed that sRNA52320 attenuated OMV-induced KC cytokine secretion and neutrophil infiltration in mouse lung. Collectively, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that sRNA52320 in OMVs is a novel mechanism of host-pathogen interaction whereby P. aeruginosa reduces the host immune response. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen that accounts for about 10% of all hospital-acquired infections in the US and primarily infects immunocompromised hosts, including patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. Gram-negative bacteria like P. aeruginosa produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which constitute an important mechanism for host colonization. In this study we demonstrate a novel mechanism of pathogen-host interaction that attenuates the innate immune response in human airway epithelial cells and in mouse lung through a regulatory sRNA contained inside OMVs secreted by P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Koeppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Michael Jarek
- Genome Analytics Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Maren Scharfe
- Genome Analytics Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Scott A. Gerber
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Mielcarz
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Elora G. Demers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Dolben
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - John H. Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
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Shindiapina P, Whipple CA, Fisher JL, Hampton TH, Turk MJ, Mullins DW, Tomlinson CR, Fadul CE, Ernstoff MS. Genomic diversity in established melanoma cell lines and human melanoma tumors. J Clin Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.34.15_suppl.e13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chery A Whipple
- Giesel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Jan L Fisher
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Melanoma Program, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Giesel Medical School at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Giesel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - David W. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Giesel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Craig R Tomlinson
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Camilo E. Fadul
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, University Of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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Hogan DA, Willger SD, Dolben EL, Hampton TH, Stanton BA, Morrison HG, Sogin ML, Czum J, Ashare A. Analysis of Lung Microbiota in Bronchoalveolar Lavage, Protected Brush and Sputum Samples from Subjects with Mild-To-Moderate Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149998. [PMID: 26943329 PMCID: PMC4778801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) often acquire chronic lung infections that lead to irreversible damage. We sought to examine regional variation in the microbial communities in the lungs of individuals with mild-to-moderate CF lung disease, to examine the relationship between the local microbiota and local damage, and to determine the relationships between microbiota in samples taken directly from the lung and the microbiota in spontaneously expectorated sputum. In this initial study, nine stable, adult CF patients with an FEV1>50% underwent regional sampling of different lobes of the right lung by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and protected brush (PB) sampling of mucus plugs. Sputum samples were obtained from six of the nine subjects immediately prior to the procedure. Microbial community analysis was performed on DNA extracted from these samples and the extent of damage in each lobe was quantified from a recent CT scan. The extent of damage observed in regions of the right lung did not correlate with specific microbial genera, levels of community diversity or composition, or bacterial genome copies per ml of BAL fluid. In all subjects, BAL fluid from different regions of the lung contained similar microbial communities. In eight out of nine subjects, PB samples from different regions of the lung were also similar in microbial community composition, and were similar to microbial communities in BAL fluid from the same lobe. Microbial communities in PB samples were more diverse than those in BAL samples, suggesting enrichment of some taxa in mucus plugs. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the microbiota in different regions of the CF lung in clinically stable individuals with mild-to-moderate CF-related lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Hogan
- Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AA); (DAH)
| | - Sven D. Willger
- Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Dolben
- Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Stanton
- Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Hilary G. Morrison
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States of America
| | - Mitchell L. Sogin
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States of America
| | - Julianna Czum
- Department of Radiology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States of America
| | - Alix Ashare
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AA); (DAH)
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Thomas AA, Fisher JL, Rahme GJ, Hampton TH, Baron U, Olek S, Schwachula T, Rhodes CH, Gui J, Tafe LJ, Tsongalis GJ, Lefferts JA, Wishart H, Kleen J, Miller M, Whipple CA, de Abreu FB, Ernstoff MS, Fadul CE. Regulatory T cells are not a strong predictor of survival for patients with glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:801-9. [PMID: 25618892 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potentially prognostic indicators in patients with glioblastoma. If differences in frequency of Tregs in tumor or blood account for substantial variation in patient survival, then reliably measuring Tregs may enhance treatment selection and improve outcomes. METHODS We measured Tregs and CD3+ T cells in tumors and blood from 25 patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Tumor-infiltrating Tregs and CD3+ T cells, measured by quantitative DNA demethylation analysis (epigenetic qPCR) and by immunohistochemistry, and peripheral blood Treg proportions measured by flow cytometry were correlated with patient survival. Additionally, we analyzed data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to correlate the expression of Treg markers with patient survival and glioblastoma subtypes. RESULTS Tregs, as measured in tumor tissue and peripheral blood, did not correlate with patient survival. Although there was a correlation between tumor-infiltrating Tregs expression by epigenetic qPCR and immunohistochemistry, epigenetic qPCR was more sensitive and specific. Using data from TCGA, mRNA expression of Forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) and Helios and FoxP3 methylation level did not predict survival. While the classical glioblastoma subtype corresponded to lower expression of Treg markers, these markers did not predict survival in any of the glioblastoma subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Although immunosuppression is a hallmark of glioblastoma, Tregs as measured in tissue by gene expression, immunohistochemistry, or demethylation and Tregs in peripheral blood measured by flow cytometry do not predict survival of patients. Quantitative DNA demethylation analysis provides an objective, sensitive, and specific way of identifying Tregs and CD3+ T cells in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa A Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Jan L Fisher
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Gilbert J Rahme
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Udo Baron
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Sven Olek
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Tim Schwachula
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - C Harker Rhodes
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Jiang Gui
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Laura J Tafe
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Gregory J Tsongalis
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Joel A Lefferts
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Heather Wishart
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Jonathan Kleen
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Michael Miller
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Chery A Whipple
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Francine B de Abreu
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
| | - Camilo E Fadul
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (A.A.T.); Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.L.F.); Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (G.J.R.); Epiontis GmbH, Berlin, Germany (U.B., S.O., T.S.); Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.H.R., L.J.T., G.J.T., J.A.L., F.B.d.A.); Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.G.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire (T.H.H.); Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (H.W.); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire (J.K., M.M.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.A.W.); Melanoma Program, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.S.E.); Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (C.E.F.)
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Shaw JR, Hampton TH, King BL, Whitehead A, Galvez F, Gross RH, Keith N, Notch E, Jung D, Glaholt SP, Chen CY, Colbourne JK, Stanton BA. Natural selection canalizes expression variation of environmentally induced plasticity-enabling genes. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:3002-15. [PMID: 25158801 PMCID: PMC4209136 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many organisms survive fluctuating and extreme environmental conditions by manifesting multiple distinct phenotypes during adulthood by means of developmental processes that enable phenotypic plasticity. We report on the discovery of putative plasticity-enabling genes that are involved in transforming the gill of the euryhaline teleost fish, Fundulus heteroclitus, from its freshwater to its seawater gill-type, a process that alters both morphology and function. Gene expression that normally enables osmotic plasticity is inhibited by arsenic. Gene sets defined by antagonistic interactions between arsenic and salinity show reduced transcriptional variation among individual fish, suggesting unusually accurate and precise regulatory control of these genes, consistent with the hypothesis that they participate in a canalized developmental response. We observe that natural selection acts to preserve canalized gene expression in populations of killifish that are most tolerant to abrupt salinity change and that these populations show the least variability in their transcription of genes enabling plasticity of the gill. We found that genes participating in this highly canalized and conserved plasticity-enabling response had significantly fewer and less complex associations with transcriptional regulators than genes that respond only to arsenic or salinity. Collectively these findings, which are drawn from the relationships between environmental challenge, plasticity, and canalization among populations, suggest that the selective processes that facilitate phenotypic plasticity do so by targeting the regulatory networks that gives rise to the response. These findings also provide a generalized, conceptual framework of how genes might interact with the environment and evolve toward the development of plastic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Shaw
- The School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington The Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington The Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Benjamin L King
- The Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME
| | - Andrew Whitehead
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis
| | - Fernando Galvez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
| | - Robert H Gross
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Nathan Keith
- The School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington
| | - Emily Notch
- The Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Dawoon Jung
- The Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Stephen P Glaholt
- The School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington
| | - Celia Y Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - John K Colbourne
- The Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington The Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- The Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
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Celaj S, Gleeson MW, Deng J, O'Toole GA, Hampton TH, Toft MF, Morrison HG, Sogin ML, Putra J, Suriawinata AA, Gorham JD. The microbiota regulates susceptibility to Fas-mediated acute hepatic injury. J Transl Med 2014; 94:938-49. [PMID: 25068658 PMCID: PMC4152405 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas a significant role for intestinal microbiota in affecting the pathogenesis and progression of chronic hepatic diseases is well documented, the contribution of the intestinal flora to acute liver injury has not been extensively addressed. Elucidating the influence of the intestinal microbiota on acute liver inflammation would be important for better understanding the transition from acute injury to chronic liver disease. Using the Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced liver injury model in laboratory mice, we show that the severity of acute hepatic damage varies greatly among genetically identical mice raised in different environments and harboring distinct microbiota. Through reconstitution of germ-free (GF) mice, and the co-housing of conventional mice, we provide direct evidence that manipulation of the intestinal flora alters susceptibility to ConA-induced liver injury. Through deep sequencing of the fecal microbiome, we observe that the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae, a Gram(+) family within the class Clostridia, but distinct from segmented filamentous bacteria, is positively associated with the degree of liver damage. Searching for the underlying mechanism(s) that regulate susceptibility to ConA, we provide evidence that the extent of liver injury following triggering of the death receptor Fas varies greatly as a function of the microbiota. We demonstrate that the extent of Fas-induced liver injury increases in GF mice after microbiota reconstitution, and decreases in conventionally raised mice following reduction in intestinal bacterial load, by antibiotic treatment. We also show that the regulation of sensitivity to Fas-induced liver injury is dependent upon the toll-like receptor signaling molecule MyD88. In conclusion, the status and composition of the intestinal microbiota determine the susceptibility to ConA-induced acute liver injury. The microbiota acts as a rheostat, actively modulating the extent of liver damage in response to Fas triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stela Celaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Michael W Gleeson
- Department of Medicine, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jie Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - George A O'Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Martin F Toft
- Taconic Farms Inc., One Hudson City Center, Hudson, NY, USA
| | - Hilary G Morrison
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Mitchell L Sogin
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Juan Putra
- Department of Pathology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Arief A Suriawinata
- Department of Pathology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - James D Gorham
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA [2] Department of Pathology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Fadul CE, Fisher JL, Hampton TH, Ernstoff MS. Letter to the editor. J Immunother Cancer 2014; 2:22. [PMID: 25097758 PMCID: PMC4122031 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-2-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo E Fadul
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, USA ; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, USA ; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon NH 03756, USA
| | - Jan L Fisher
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, USA
| | | | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, USA ; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, USA ; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon NH 03756, USA
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Hampton TH, Green DM, Cutting GR, Morrison HG, Sogin ML, Gifford AH, Stanton BA, O’Toole GA. The microbiome in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients: the role of shared environment suggests a window of intervention. Microbiome 2014; 2:14. [PMID: 25071935 PMCID: PMC4113139 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene that predispose the airway to infection. Chronic infection by pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa leads to inflammation that gradually degrades lung function, resulting in morbidity and early mortality. In a previous study of CF monozygotic twins, we demonstrate that genetic modifiers significantly affect the establishment of persistent P. aeruginosa colonization in CF. Recognizing that bacteria other than P. aeruginosa contribute to the CF microbiome and associated pathology, we used deep sequencing of sputum from pediatric monozygotic twins and nontwin siblings with CF to characterize pediatric bacterial communities and the role that genetics plays in their evolution. FINDINGS We found that the microbial communities in sputum from pediatric patients living together were much more alike than those from pediatric individuals living apart, regardless of whether samples were taken from monozygous twins or from nontwin CF siblings living together, which we used as a proxy for dizygous twins. In contrast, adult communities were comparatively monolithic and much less diverse than the microbiome of pediatric patients. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data and other recent studies suggest that as patients age, the CF microbiome becomes less diverse, more refractory to treatment and dominated by mucoid P. aeruginosa, as well as being associated with accelerated pulmonary decline. Our studies show that the microbiome of pediatric patients is susceptible to environmental influences, suggesting that interventions to preserve the community structure found in young CF patients might be possible, perhaps slowing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 615 Remsen Building, N. College St., Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Deanna M Green
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 350 Hanes House, DUMC Box 102360, Durham NC, USA
| | - Garry R Cutting
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St., Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Hilary G Morrison
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Mitchell L Sogin
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Alex H Gifford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 615 Remsen Building, N. College St., Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Bruce A Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 615 Remsen Building, N. College St., Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - George A O’Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 202 Remsen Building, N. College St., Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Willger SD, Grim SL, Dolben EL, Shipunova A, Hampton TH, Morrison HG, Filkins LM, O‘Toole GA, Moulton LA, Ashare A, Sogin ML, Hogan DA. Characterization and quantification of the fungal microbiome in serial samples from individuals with cystic fibrosis. Microbiome 2014; 2:40. [PMID: 25408892 PMCID: PMC4236224 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human-associated microbial communities include fungi, but we understand little about which fungal species are present, their relative and absolute abundances, and how antimicrobial therapy impacts fungal communities. The disease cystic fibrosis (CF) often involves chronic airway colonization by bacteria and fungi, and these infections cause irreversible lung damage. Fungi are detected more frequently in CF sputum samples upon initiation of antimicrobial therapy, and several studies have implicated the detection of fungi in sputum with worse outcomes. Thus, a more complete understanding of fungi in CF is required. RESULTS We characterized the fungi and bacteria in expectorated sputa from six CF subjects. Samples were collected upon admission for systemic antibacterial therapy and upon the completion of treatment and analyzed using a pyrosequencing-based analysis of fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and bacterial 16S rDNA sequences. A mixture of Candida species and Malassezia dominated the mycobiome in all samples (74%-99% of fungal reads). There was not a striking trend correlating fungal and bacterial richness, and richness showed a decline after antibiotic therapy particularly for the bacteria. The fungal communities within a sputum sample resembled other samples from that subject despite the aggressive antibacterial therapy. Quantitative PCR analysis of fungal 18S rDNA sequences to assess fungal burden showed variation in fungal density in sputum before and after antibacterial therapy but no consistent directional trend. Analysis of Candida ITS1 sequences amplified from sputum or pure culture-derived genomic DNA from individual Candida species found little (<0.5%) or no variation in ITS1 sequences within or between strains, thereby validating this locus for the purpose of Candida species identification. We also report the enhancement of the publically available Visualization and Analysis of Microbial Population Structures (VAMPS) tool for the analysis of fungal communities in clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS Fungi are present in CF respiratory sputum. In CF, the use of intravenous antibiotic therapy often does not profoundly impact bacterial community structure, and we observed a similar stability in fungal species composition. Further studies are required to predict the effects of antibacterials on fungal burden in CF and fungal community stability in non-CF populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven D Willger
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Sharon L Grim
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emily L Dolben
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Anna Shipunova
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | - Hilary G Morrison
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa A Moulton
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Alix Ashare
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Mitchell L Sogin
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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Price KE, Hampton TH, Gifford AH, Dolben EL, Hogan DA, Morrison HG, Sogin ML, O’Toole GA. Unique microbial communities persist in individual cystic fibrosis patients throughout a clinical exacerbation. Microbiome 2013; 1:27. [PMID: 24451123 PMCID: PMC3971630 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-1-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by inherited mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene and results in a lung environment that is highly conducive to polymicrobial infection. Over a lifetime, decreasing bacterial diversity and the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lung are correlated with worsening lung disease. However, to date, no change in community diversity, overall microbial load or individual microbes has been shown to correlate with the onset of an acute exacerbation in CF patients. We followed 17 adult CF patients throughout the course of clinical exacerbation, treatment and recovery, using deep sequencing and quantitative PCR to characterize spontaneously expectorated sputum samples RESULTS We identified approximately 170 bacterial genera, 12 of which accounted for over 90% of the total bacterial load across all patient samples. Genera abundant in any single patient sample tended to be detectable in most samples. We found that clinical stages could not be distinguished by absolute Pseudomonas aeruginosa load, absolute total bacterial load or the relative abundance of any individual genus detected, or community diversity. Instead, we found that the microbial structure of each patient's sputum microbiome was distinct and resilient to exacerbation and antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSION Consistent with previously reported sputum microbiome studies we found that total and relative abundance of genera at the population level were remarkably stable for individual patients regardless of clinical status. Patient-by-patient analysis of diversity and relative abundance of each individual genus revealed a complex microbial landscape and highlighted the difficulty of identifying a universal microbial signature of exacerbation. Overall, at the genus level, we find no evidence of a microbial signature of clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Alex H Gifford
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lebanon 03756, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Emily L Dolben
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Hilary G Morrison
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Mitchell L Sogin
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - George A O’Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Jackson AA, Gross MJ, Daniels EF, Hampton TH, Hammond JH, Vallet-Gely I, Dove SL, Stanton BA, Hogan DA. Anr and its activation by PlcH activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa host colonization and virulence. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:3093-104. [PMID: 23667230 PMCID: PMC3697539 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02169-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa hemolytic phospholipase C (PlcH) degrades phosphatidylcholine (PC), an abundant lipid in cell membranes and lung surfactant. A ΔplcHR mutant, known to be defective in virulence in animal models, was less able to colonize epithelial cell monolayers and was defective in biofilm formation on plastic when grown in lung surfactant. Microarray analyses found that strains defective in PlcH production had lower levels of Anr-regulated transcripts than the wild type. PC degradation stimulated the Anr regulon in an Anr-dependent manner under conditions where Anr activity was submaximal because of the presence of oxygen. Two PC catabolites, choline and glycine betaine (GB), were sufficient to stimulate Anr activity, and their catabolism was required for Anr activation. The addition of choline or GB to glucose-containing medium did not alter Anr protein levels, growth rates, or respiratory activity, and Anr activation could not be attributed to the osmoprotectant functions of GB. The Δanr mutant was defective in virulence in a mouse pneumonia model. Several lines of evidence indicate that Anr is important for the colonization of biotic and abiotic surfaces in both P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 and that increases in Anr activity resulted in enhanced biofilm formation. Our data suggest that PlcH activity promotes Anr activity in oxic environments and that Anr activity contributes to virulence, even in the acute infection phase, where low oxygen tensions are not expected. This finding highlights the relationships among in vivo bacterial metabolism, the activity of the oxygen-sensitive regulator Anr, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelyca A. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Maegan J. Gross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Emily F. Daniels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - John H. Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Isabelle Vallet-Gely
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon L. Dove
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce A. Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Deborah A. Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Schwarzer A, Wolf B, Fisher JL, Schwaab T, Olek S, Baron U, Tomlinson CR, Seigne JD, Crosby NA, Gui J, Hampton TH, Fadul CE, Heaney JA, Ernstoff MS. Regulatory T-cells and associated pathways in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients undergoing DC-vaccination and cytokine-therapy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46600. [PMID: 23118856 PMCID: PMC3485261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T regulatory cells (TREG) and associated immune-regulatory pathways in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients and healthy volunteers. We subsequently investigated the effects of immunotherapy on circulating TREG combining an extensive phenotype examination, DNA methylation analysis and global transcriptome analysis. Design Eighteen patients with mRCC and twelve volunteers (controls) were available for analysis. TREG phenotype was examined using flow cytometry (FCM). TREG were also quantified by analyzing the epigenetic status of the FOXP3 locus using methylation specific PCR. As a third approach, RNA of the PBL was hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip Human Gene 1.0 ST Arrays and the gene signatures were explored using pathway analysis. Results We observed higher numbers of TREG in pre-treatment PBL of mRCC patients compared to controls. A significant increase in TREG was detected in all mRCC patients after the two cycles of immunotherapy. The expansion of TREG was significantly higher in non-responders than in responding patients. Methylation specific PCR confirmed the FCM data and circumvented the variability and subjectivity of the FCM method. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of the microarray data showed significant enrichment of FOXP3 target genes, CTLA-4 and TGF-ß associated pathways in the patient cohort. Conclusion Immune monitoring of the peripheral blood and tumor tissue is important for a wide range of diseases and treatment strategies. Adoption of methodology for quantifying TREG with the least variability and subjectivity will enhance the ability to compare and interpret findings across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Schwarzer
- Medical Oncology Immunotherapy Group, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
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Hampton TH, Ballok AE, Bomberger JM, Rutkowski MR, Barnaby R, Coutermarsh B, Conejo-Garcia JR, O'Toole GA, Stanton BA. Does the F508-CFTR mutation induce a proinflammatory response in human airway epithelial cells? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L509-18. [PMID: 22821996 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00226.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the clinical setting, mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene enhance the inflammatory response in the lung to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infection. However, studies on human airway epithelial cells in vitro have produced conflicting results regarding the effect of mutations in CFTR on the inflammatory response to P. aeruginosa, and there are no comprehensive studies evaluating the effect of P. aeruginosa on the inflammatory response in airway epithelial cells with the ΔF508/ΔF508 genotype and their matched CF cell line rescued with wild-type (wt)-CFTR. CFBE41o- cells (ΔF508/ΔF508) and CFBE41o- cells complemented with wt-CFTR (CFBE-wt-CFTR) have been used extensively as an experimental model to study CF. Thus the goal of this study was to examine the effect of P. aeruginosa on gene expression and cytokine/chemokine production in this pair of cells. P. aeruginosa elicited a more robust increase in cytokine and chemokine expression (e.g., IL-8, CXCL1, CXCL2 and TNF-α) in CFBE-wt-CFTR cells compared with CFBE-ΔF508-CFTR cells. These results demonstrate that CFBE41o- cells complemented with wt-CFTR mount a more robust inflammatory response to P. aeruginosa than CFBE41o-ΔF508/ΔF508-CFTR cells. Taken together with other published studies, our data demonstrate that there is no compelling evidence to support the view that mutations in CFTR induce a hyperinflammatory response in human airway epithelial cells in vivo. Although the lungs of patients with CF have abundant levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, because the lung is populated by immune cells and epithelial cells there is no way to know, a priori, whether airway epithelial cells in the CF lung in vivo are hyperinflammatory in response to P. aeruginosa compared with non-CF lung epithelial cells. Thus studies on human airway epithelial cell lines and primary cells in vitro that propose to examine the effect of mutations in CFTR on the inflammatory response to P. aeruginosa have uncertain clinical significance with regard to CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Hampton
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Ha DG, Merritt JH, Hampton TH, Hodgkinson JT, Janecek M, Spring DR, Welch M, O'Toole GA. 2-Heptyl-4-quinolone, a precursor of the Pseudomonas quinolone signal molecule, modulates swarming motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:6770-80. [PMID: 21965567 PMCID: PMC3232867 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05929-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen capable of group behaviors, including biofilm formation and swarming motility. These group behaviors are regulated by both the intracellular signaling molecule c-di-GMP and acylhomoserine lactone quorum-sensing systems. Here, we show that the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) system also contributes to the regulation of swarming motility. Specifically, our data indicate that 2-heptyl-4-quinolone (HHQ), a precursor of PQS, likely induces the production of the phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), which in turn acts via an as-yet-unknown downstream mechanism to repress swarming motility. We show that this HHQ- and PCA-dependent swarming repression is apparently independent of changes in global levels of c-di-GMP, suggesting complex regulation of this group behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Gon Ha
- Dartmouth Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Judith H. Merritt
- Dartmouth Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Dartmouth Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - James T. Hodgkinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Matej Janecek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Welch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - George A. O'Toole
- Dartmouth Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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Fadul CE, Fisher JL, Gui J, Hampton TH, Côté AL, Ernstoff MS. Immune modulation effects of concomitant temozolomide and radiation therapy on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:393-400. [PMID: 21339188 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant radiation therapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ) therapy after surgery is the standard treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Radiation and chemotherapy can affect the immune system with implications on subsequent immune therapy. Therefore, we examined the phenotype and function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 25 patients with GBM prior to and 4 weeks after treatment with RT-TMZ using multicolor flow cytometry, as well as in vitro CD4(+) regulatory T cell (T(reg)) suppressor and dendritic cell maturation assays. RT-TMZ induced significant lymphopenia, with a decrease in total CD4(+) T cells, but did not significantly change monocyte counts. The proportion of functional T(reg) cells increased after treatment, whereas their absolute numbers remained stable. There was also a measurable decrease in the proportion of CD8(+)CD56(+) and absolute number of CD3(-)CD56(+) effector cells. Posttherapy monocytes retained the ability to mature into dendritic cells. Treatment with RT-TMZ is associated with changes in regulatory and effector peripheral blood mononuclear cells that tilt the balance towards an immune suppressive state. This shift can affect the outcome of immune therapy following RT-TMZ treatment and should be considered in the design of future combination therapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo E Fadul
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Neuro-oncology Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Gifford AH, Miller SD, Jackson BP, Hampton TH, O'Toole GA, Stanton BA, Parker HW. Iron and CF-related anemia: expanding clinical and biochemical relationships. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011; 46:160-5. [PMID: 20963784 PMCID: PMC3413076 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.21335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the relationship between iron levels in the plasma and sputum of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. METHODS Demographic, clinical, and iron-related laboratory data were prospectively obtained from 25 patients with stable clinical features and 14 patients with worsened clinical features since their most recent evaluations. RESULTS Compared to patients with stable clinical features, those who experienced clinical deterioration demonstrated significantly worse lung function and were more frequently malnourished and diabetic. Members of the latter group were also significantly more hypoferremic and had higher sputum iron content than patients with stable clinical features. No significant correlation was found between plasma and sputum iron levels when the groups were analyzed together and separately. CONCLUSIONS Sputum iron content does not correlate with iron-related hematologic tests. Hypoferremia is common in CF and correlates with poor lung function and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Gifford
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
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Hampton TH, Stanton BA. A novel approach to analyze gene expression data demonstrates that the DeltaF508 mutation in CFTR downregulates the antigen presentation pathway. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 298:L473-82. [PMID: 20044437 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00379.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene array studies comparing cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF genotypes should reveal factors that explain variability in CF lung disease progression, yielding insights that lead to improved CF care. To date, studies have reached conflicting conclusions, perhaps due to experimental differences and divergent statistical approaches. This review aims: 1) to summarize the findings of four recent gene studies comparing CF and non-CF genotypes, and 2) to reanalyze original data using a recently developed statistical approach, with the aim of identifying genes and paths consistently regulated by the CF genotype. We identified four studies evaluating the effect of the DeltaF508-CFTR mutation on human airway epithelial cell gene expression, restricting our investigation to human airway epithelial cell studies whose data were accessible in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus or the European Bioinformatic Institute's ArrayExpress. Gene expression patterns showed consistent repression of MHC class I antigen presentation genes in CF human airway epithelia, suggesting a novel mechanistic explanation for poor clearance of viral and bacterial infections by CF patients. We also examined proinflammatory and NF-kappaB genes, whose induction is widely accepted as a hallmark of the CF genotype, but found little evidence of induction, consistent with a recent review (Machen TE, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 291: C218-C230, 2006.). In conclusion, our analysis suggests that the CF genotype may impair immune function in airway epithelial cells but may not increase inflammation. Additional studies are required to determine whether MHC class I gene repression in CF reduces antigen presentation at the protein level and whether repression impairs immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Hampton
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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Davis AP, Murphy CG, Saraceni-Richards CA, Rosenstein MC, Wiegers TC, Hampton TH, Mattingly CJ. GeneComps and ChemComps: a new CTD metric to identify genes and chemicals with shared toxicogenomic profiles. Bioinformation 2009; 4:173-4. [PMID: 20198196 PMCID: PMC2825594 DOI: 10.6026/97320630004173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database is a public resource that promotes understanding about the effects of environmental chemicals on human health. Currently, CTD describes over 184,000 molecular interactions for more than 5,100 chemicals and 16,300 genes/proteins. We have leveraged this dataset of chemical-gene relationships to compute similarity indices following the statistical method of the Jaccard index. These scores are used to produce lists of comparable genes ("GeneComps") or chemicals ("ChemComps") based on shared toxicogenomic profiles. GeneComps and ChemComps are now provided for every curated gene and chemical in CTD. ChemComps are particularly significant because they provide a way to group chemicals based upon their biological effects, instead of their physical or structural properties. These metrics provide a novel way to view and classify genes and chemicals and will help advance testable hypotheses about environmental chemical-genedisease networks. AVAILABILITY CTD is freely available at http://ctd.mdibl.org/
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Peter Davis
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA.
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