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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tiller
- MorphoSys AG, Discovery Alliances & Technologies, Planegg, Germany
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Neuber T, Frese K, Jaehrling J, Jäger S, Daubert D, Felderer K, Linnemann M, Höhne A, Kaden S, Kölln J, Tiller T, Brocks B, Ostendorp R, Pabst S. Characterization and screening of IgG binding to the neonatal Fc receptor. MAbs 2014; 6:928-42. [PMID: 24802048 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) protects immunoglobulin G (IgG) from degradation and increases the serum half-life of IgG, thereby contributing to a higher concentration of IgG in the serum. Because altered FcRn binding may result in a reduced or prolonged half-life of IgG molecules, it is advisable to characterize Fc receptor binding of therapeutic antibody lead candidates prior to the start of pre-clinical and clinical studies. In this study, we characterized the interactions between FcRn of different species (human, cynomolgus monkey, mouse and rat) and nine IgG molecules from different species and isotypes with common variable heavy (VH) and variable light chain (VL) domains. Binding was analyzed at acidic and neutral pH using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and biolayer interferometry (BLI). Furthermore, we transferred the well-accepted, but low throughput SPR-based method for FcRn binding characterization to the BLI-based Octet platform to enable a higher sample throughput allowing the characterization of FcRn binding already during early drug discovery phase. We showed that the BLI-based approach is fit-for-purpose and capable of discriminating between IgG molecules with significant differences in FcRn binding affinities. Using this high-throughput approach we investigated FcRn binding of 36 IgG molecules that represented all VH/VL region combinations available in the fully human, recombinant antibody library Ylanthia®. Our results clearly showed normal FcRn binding profiles for all samples. Hence, the variations among the framework parts, complementarity-determining region (CDR) 1 and CDR2 of the fragment antigen binding (Fab) domain did not significantly change FcRn binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne Höhne
- MorphoSys AG; Martinsried/Planegg, Germany
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Tiller T, Schuster I, Deppe D, Siegers K, Strohner R, Herrmann T, Berenguer M, Poujol D, Stehle J, Stark Y, Heßling M, Daubert D, Felderer K, Kaden S, Kölln J, Enzelberger M, Urlinger S. A fully synthetic human Fab antibody library based on fixed VH/VL framework pairings with favorable biophysical properties. MAbs 2013; 5:445-70. [PMID: 23571156 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.24218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the design, generation and testing of Ylanthia, a fully synthetic human Fab antibody library with 1.3E+11 clones. Ylanthia comprises 36 fixed immunoglobulin (Ig) variable heavy (VH)/variable light (VL) chain pairs, which cover a broad range of canonical complementarity-determining region (CDR) structures. The variable Ig heavy and Ig light (VH/VL) chain pairs were selected for biophysical characteristics favorable to manufacturing and development. The selection process included multiple parameters, e.g., assessment of protein expression yield, thermal stability and aggregation propensity in fragment antigen binding (Fab) and IgG1 formats, and relative Fab display rate on phage. The framework regions are fixed and the diversified CDRs were designed based on a systematic analysis of a large set of rearranged human antibody sequences. Care was taken to minimize the occurrence of potential posttranslational modification sites within the CDRs. Phage selection was performed against various antigens and unique antibodies with excellent biophysical properties were isolated. Our results confirm that quality can be built into an antibody library by prudent selection of unmodified, fully human VH/VL pairs as scaffolds.
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are arguably the most significant class of biologics for use as pharmaceuticals and diagnostics. Many technological concepts exist for the generation and identification of therapeutically relevant mAbs, including the isolation and cloning of immunoglobulin (Ig) encoding genes from single B-lineage cells. This review summarizes various single B cell approaches and describes their use for the discovery of mAbs with potential therapeutic values or in basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tiller
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Tiller T, Kofer J, Kreschel C, Busse CE, Riebel S, Wickert S, Oden F, Mertes MMM, Ehlers M, Wardemann H. Development of self-reactive germinal center B cells and plasma cells in autoimmune Fc gammaRIIB-deficient mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:2767-78. [PMID: 21078890 PMCID: PMC2989760 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The leukemogenic effects of Myc drive recurrent trisomy in a mouse model of acute myeloid leukemia. Abnormalities in expression levels of the IgG inhibitory Fc gamma receptor IIB (FcγRIIB) are associated with the development of immunoglobulin (Ig) G serum autoantibodies and systemic autoimmunity in mice and humans. We used Ig gene cloning from single isolated B cells to examine the checkpoints that regulate development of autoreactive germinal center (GC) B cells and plasma cells in FcγRIIB-deficient mice. We found that loss of FcγRIIB was associated with an increase in poly- and autoreactive IgG+ GC B cells, including hallmark anti-nuclear antibody–expressing cells that possess characteristic Ig gene features and cells producing kidney-reactive autoantibodies. In the absence of FcγRIIB, autoreactive B cells actively participated in GC reactions and somatic mutations contributed to the generation of highly autoreactive IgG antibodies. In contrast, the frequency of autoreactive IgG+ B cells was much lower in spleen and bone marrow plasma cells, suggesting the existence of an FcγRIIB-independent checkpoint for autoreactivity between the GC and the plasma cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tiller
- Max Planck Molecular Immunology Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Mietzner B, Tsuiji M, Scheid J, Velinzon K, Tiller T, Abraham K, Gonzalez JB, Pascual V, Stichweh D, Wardemann H, Nussenzweig MC. Autoreactive IgG memory antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus arise from nonreactive and polyreactive precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9727-32. [PMID: 18621685 PMCID: PMC2474524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0803644105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent autoantibody production in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) suggests the existence of autoreactive humoral memory, but the frequency of self-reactive memory B cells in SLE has not been determined. Here, we report on the reactivity of 200 monoclonal antibodies from single IgG+ memory B cells of four SLE patients. The overall frequency of polyreactive and HEp-2 self-reactive antibodies in this compartment was similar to controls. We found 15% of IgG memory B cell antibodies highly reactive and specific for SLE-associated extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) Ro52 and La in one patient with serum autoantibody titers of the same specificity but not in the other three patients or healthy individuals. The germ-line forms of the ENA antibodies were non-self-reactive or polyreactive with low binding to Ro52, supporting the idea that somatic mutations contributed to autoantibody specificity and reactivity. Heterogeneity in the frequency of memory B cells expressing SLE-associated autoantibodies suggests that this variable may be important in the outcome of therapies that ablate this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brun Mietzner
- *Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Tiller
- *Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Central Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Charité Hospital, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose B. Gonzalez
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité Hospital, 12200 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Virginia Pascual
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor University, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Dorothee Stichweh
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor University, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- *Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Tiller T, Meffre E, Yurasov S, Tsuiji M, Nussenzweig MC, Wardemann H. Corrigendum to ‘Efficient generation of monoclonal antibodies from single human B cells by single cell RT-PCR and expression vector cloning’[J. Immunol. Methods 329 (2008) 112−124]. J Immunol Methods 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tiller T, Meffre E, Yurasov S, Tsuiji M, Nussenzweig MC, Wardemann H. Efficient generation of monoclonal antibodies from single human B cells by single cell RT-PCR and expression vector cloning. J Immunol Methods 2007; 329:112-24. [PMID: 17996249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 779] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient strategy that combines immunoglobulin (Ig) gene repertoire analysis and Ig reactivity profiling at the single cell level. Based on surface marker expression individual cells at different stages of human B cell development are isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. For each cell Ig heavy and corresponding Ig light chain gene transcripts are amplified by nested RT-PCR and cloned into eukaryotic expression vectors to produce monoclonal human antibodies of the same specificity in vitro. All reactions are performed in 96-well plates and allow cloning of large numbers of Ig genes. The recombinant antibodies are tested for reactivity with diverse self- and non-self antigens and the reactivity profile can be directly linked to the complete Ig heavy and Ig light chain gene sequence information that is obtained as part of the cloning strategy. In summary, our method to clone and express human monoclonal antibodies is unbiased, highly efficient, requires only small cell numbers and the recombinant antibodies allow direct conclusions on the frequency of specific human B cells in a diverse repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tiller
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Tiller T, Tsuiji M, Yurasov S, Velinzon K, Nussenzweig MC, Wardemann H. Autoreactivity in human IgG+ memory B cells. Immunity 2007; 26:205-13. [PMID: 17306569 PMCID: PMC1839941 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
More than half of the nascent B cells in humans initially express autoreactive antibodies. However, most of these autoantibodies are removed from the repertoire at two checkpoints before maturation into naive B cells. A third checkpoint excludes remaining autoantibodies from the antigen-experienced IgM(+) memory B cell pool. Nevertheless, low-affinity self-reactive antibodies are frequently found in the serum of normal humans. To determine the source of these antibodies, we cloned and expressed antibodies from circulating human IgG(+) memory B cells. Surprisingly, we found that self-reactive antibodies including anti-nuclear antibodies were frequently expressed by IgG(+) memory B cells in healthy donors. Most of these antibodies were created de novo by somatic hypermutation during the transition between mature naive and IgG(+) memory B cells. We conclude that deregulation of self-reactive IgG(+) memory B cells may be associated with autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tiller
- Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Makoto Tsuiji
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Sergey Yurasov
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Klara Velinzon
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Yurasov S, Tiller T, Tsuiji M, Velinzon K, Pascual V, Wardemann H, Nussenzweig MC. Persistent expression of autoantibodies in SLE patients in remission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2255-61. [PMID: 16966430 PMCID: PMC2118096 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A majority of the antibodies expressed by nascent B cells in healthy humans are self-reactive, but most of these antibodies are removed from the repertoire during B cell development. In contrast, untreated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients fail to remove many of the self-reactive and polyreactive antibodies from the naive repertoire. Here, we report that SLE patients in clinical remission continue to produce elevated numbers of self-reactive and polyreactive antibodies in the mature naive B cell compartment, but the number of B cells expressing these antibodies is lower than in patients with active disease. Our finding that abnormal levels of self-reactive mature naive B cells persist in the majority of patients in clinical remission suggests that early checkpoint abnormalities are an integral feature of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yurasov
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Yurasov S, Hammersen J, Tiller T, Tsuiji M, Wardemann H. B-Cell Tolerance Checkpoints in Healthy Humans and Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1062:165-74. [PMID: 16461799 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1358.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are protective effector molecules in the body's immune defense against pathogens. However, if directed against the body's own tissues or organs, antibodies can also play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Here, we discuss our data on how autoreactive antibodies are regulated in healthy humans and how a failure to establish self-tolerance during early B-cell development in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus may predispose to the development of this autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yurasov
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA
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White JD, Hanselmann R, Jackson RW, Porter WJ, Ohba Y, Tiller T, Wang S. Total synthesis of rutamycin B, a macrolide antibiotic from Streptomyces aureofaciens. J Org Chem 2001; 66:5217-31. [PMID: 11463276 DOI: 10.1021/jo0104429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rutamycin B (2) was synthesized from three principal subunits, spiroketal 75, keto aldehyde 83, and aldehyde 108. First, triol 62 was assembled by Julia coupling of sulfone 56 with aldehyde 58 followed by an acid-catalyzed spiroketalization. The three hydroxyl functions of 62 were successfully differentiated, leading to phosphonate 75. The latter was condensed in a Wadsworth-Emmons reaction with 83, prepared in six steps from (R)-aldehyde 76, to give 92. Coupling of the titanium enolate of 92 with 108 afforded Felkin product 109 with high stereoselectivity in a process that is critically dependent on the presence of the p-methoxybenzyl ether in the aldehyde. Transformation of 109 via aldehyde 116 to vinylboronate 122 was followed by macrocyclization under Suzuki conditions to yield 123. Exhaustive desilylation of the latter yielded rutamycin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D White
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, USA.
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Groth U, Schöllkopf U, Tiller T. Asymmetric Syntheses via Heterocyclic Intermediates, XLIV. Asymmetric Synthesis of Methyl (2R,3S)-2-Amino-3-cyclopropyl-3-hydroxyalkanoates via Diastereoselective Simmons-Smith Reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.1991199101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wason S, Tiller T, Cunha C. Severe hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, acidosis, and shock in a 5-month-old child following the administration of an adult Fleet enema. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18:696-700. [PMID: 2729698 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0644(89)80533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the case of a 5-month-old girl who was given an adult Fleet enema by her mother because of her concern that the baby was constipated. Within minutes the child became extremely ill. She developed shock, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and acidosis. This case is presented to demonstrate that life-threatening events may result after the injudicious use of enemas in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wason
- Emergency Department, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Baker RC, Tiller T, Bausher JC, Bellet PS, Cotton WH, Finley AH, Lenane AM, McHenry C, Perez KK, Shapiro RA. Severity of disease correlated with fever reduction in febrile infants. Pediatrics 1989; 83:1016-9. [PMID: 2786183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A prospective study of the effects of fever reduction on the clinical appearance of infants at risk for occult bacteremia was undertaken to study the hypothesis that infants with bacteremic illness fail to improve clinically following defervescence compared with infants with benign viral illness. A total of 154 children were enrolled in the study, including 19 with bacteremia: 13 with occult Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia, two with occult Haemophilus influenzae, type b bacteremia, and four with Haemophilus meningitis and bacteremia. There were no differences in degree of temperature reduction with acetaminophen between the bacteremic and nonbacteremic groups of infants. Among infants with bacteremia but without meningitis, differences from nonbacteremic children were detected in clinical appearance prior to fever reduction but not following defervescence. All patients with meningitis appeared seriously ill before and after defervescence. It was concluded that clinical improvement with defervescence is not a reliable indicator of the presence of occult bacteremia. Lack of clinical improvement with defervescence may be a reliable indicator for the presence of meningitis. Because there were differences in clinical appearance prior to fever reduction, routine administration of acetaminophen may interfere with the clinical evaluation by the physician.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Baker
- Division of Ambulatory and Community Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-2899
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Baker RC, Bausher JC, Tiller T. Cicada-related injuries. Pediatrics 1987; 80:970. [PMID: 3684414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Ammann AJ, Ashman RF, Buckley RH, Hardie WR, Krantmann HJ, Nelson J, Ochs H, Stiehm ER, Tiller T, Wara DW, Wedgwood R. Use of intravenous gamma-globulin in antibody immunodeficiency: results of a multicenter controlled trial. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1982; 22:60-7. [PMID: 6749355 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(82)90022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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