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Matteoni S, Abbruzzese C, Matarrese P, De Luca G, Mileo AM, Miccadei S, Schenone S, Musumeci F, Haas TL, Sette G, Carapella CM, Amato R, Perrotti N, Signore M, Paggi MG. The kinase inhibitor SI113 induces autophagy and synergizes with quinacrine in hindering the growth of human glioblastoma multiforme cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:202. [PMID: 31101126 PMCID: PMC6525441 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), due to its location, aggressiveness, heterogeneity and infiltrative growth, is characterized by an exceptionally dismal clinical outcome. The small molecule SI113, recently identified as a SGK1 inhibitor, has proven to be effective in restraining GBM growth in vitro and in vivo, showing also encouraging results when employed in combination with other antineoplastic drugs or radiotherapy. Our aim was to explore the pharmacological features of SI113 in GBM cells in order to elucidate the pivotal molecular pathways affected by the drug. Such knowledge would be of invaluable help in conceiving a rational offensive toward GBM. Methods We employed GBM cell lines, either established or primary (neurospheres), and used a Reverse-Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) platform to assess the effect of SI113 upon 114 protein factors whose post-translational modifications are associated with activation or repression of specific signal transduction cascades. Results SI113 strongly affected the PI3K/mTOR pathway, evoking a pro-survival autophagic response in neurospheres. These results suggested the use of SI113 coupled, for maximum efficiency, with autophagy inhibitors. Indeed, the association of SI113 with an autophagy inhibitor, the antimalarial drug quinacrine, induced a strong synergistic effect in inhibiting GBM growth properties in all the cells tested, including neurospheres. Conclusions RPPA clearly identified the molecular pathways influenced by SI113 in GBM cells, highlighting their vulnerability when the drug was administered in association with autophagy inhibitors, providing a strong molecular rationale for testing SI113 in clinical trials in associative GBM therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1212-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Matteoni
- Section of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Abbruzzese
- Section of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Oncology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele De Luca
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna M Mileo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Miccadei
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Tobias L Haas
- Department of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sette
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine M Carapella
- Division of Neurosurgery, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario Amato
- Department of "Scienze della Salute", University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Perrotti
- Department of "Scienze della Salute", University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Signore
- RPPA Unit, Proteomics Area, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00162, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco G Paggi
- Section of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Sciuto
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - Valeria Coppola
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome Italy
| | - Gioacchin Iannolo
- Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Technologies Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT; Palermo Italy
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Tobias L. Haas
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS; Rome Italy
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3
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Peltzer N, Darding M, Montinaro A, Draber P, Draberova H, Kupka S, Rieser E, Fisher A, Hutchinson C, Taraborrelli L, Hartwig T, Lafont E, Haas TL, Shimizu Y, Böiers C, Sarr A, Rickard J, Alvarez-Diaz S, Ashworth MT, Beal A, Enver T, Bertin J, Kaiser W, Strasser A, Silke J, Bouillet P, Walczak H. LUBAC is essential for embryogenesis by preventing cell death and enabling haematopoiesis. Nature 2018; 557:112-117. [PMID: 29695863 PMCID: PMC5947819 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Linear Ubiquitin chain Assembly Complex (LUBAC) is required for optimal gene activation and prevention of cell death upon activation of immune receptors, including TNFR11. Deficiency in the LUBAC components SHARPIN or HOIP in mice results in severe inflammation in adulthood or embryonic lethality, respectively, due to deregulation of TNFR1-mediated cell death2–8. In humans, deficiency in the third LUBAC component, HOIL-1, causes autoimmunity and inflammatory disease, similar to HOIP deficiency, whereas HOIL-1 deficiency in mice was reported to cause no overt phenotype9–11. By creating HOIL-1-deficient mice, we here show that HOIL-1 is, however, as essential for LUBAC function as HOIP, albeit for different reasons: whereas HOIP is LUBAC’s catalytically active component, HOIL-1 is required for LUBAC assembly, stability and optimal retention in the TNFR1-signalling complex (TNFR1-SC), thereby preventing aberrant cell death. Both, HOIL-1 and HOIP prevent embryonic lethality at mid-gestation by interfering with aberrant TNFR1-mediated endothelial cell death, which only partially depends on RIPK1 kinase activity. Co-deletion of Caspase-8 with RIPK3 or MLKL prevents cell death in Hoil-1-/- embryos, yet only combined loss of Caspase-8 with MLKL results in viable HOIL-1-deficient mice. Interestingly, Ripk3-/-Caspase-8-/-Hoil-1-/- embryos die at late-gestation due to haematopoietic defects that are rescued by co-deletion of RIPK1 but not MLKL. Collectively, these results demonstrate that both, HOIP and HOIL-1 are essential LUBAC components and are required for embryogenesis by preventing aberrant cell death. Furthermore, they unveil that, when LUBAC and Caspase-8 are absent, RIPK3 prevents RIPK1 from inducing embryonic lethality by causing defects in foetal haematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Peltzer
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Peter Draber
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Draberova
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Eva Rieser
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Amanda Fisher
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Elodie Lafont
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias L Haas
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Yutaka Shimizu
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Aida Sarr
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - James Rickard
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Silvia Alvarez-Diaz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Allison Beal
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Tariq Enver
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Bertin
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - William Kaiser
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philippe Bouillet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henning Walczak
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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Sciuto MR, Warnken U, Schnölzer M, Valvo C, Brunetto L, Boe A, Biffoni M, Krammer PH, De Maria R, Haas TL. Two-Step Coimmunoprecipitation (TIP) Enables Efficient and Highly Selective Isolation of Native Protein Complexes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 17:993-1009. [PMID: 29217617 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.o116.065920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) is one of the most frequently used techniques to study protein-protein (PPIs) or protein-nucleic acid interactions (PNIs). However, the presence of coprecipitated contaminants is a well-recognized issue associated with single-step co-IPs. To overcome this limitation, we developed the two-step co-IP (TIP) strategy that enables sequential coimmunoprecipitations of endogenous protein complexes. TIP can be performed with a broad range of mono- and polyclonal antibodies targeting a single protein or different components of a given complex. TIP results in a highly selective enrichment of protein complexes and thus outperforms single-step co-IPs for downstream applications such as mass spectrometry for the identification of PPIs and quantitative PCR for the analysis of PNIs. We benchmarked TIP for the identification of CD95/FAS-interacting proteins in primary human CD4+ T cells, which recapitulated all major known interactors, but also enabled the proteomics discovery of PPM1G and IPO7 as new interaction partners. For its feasibility and high performance, we propose TIP as an advanced tool for the isolation of highly purified protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid complexes under native expression conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Sciuto
- From the ‡Department of Hematology and Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy;
| | - Uwe Warnken
- §Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- §Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia Valvo
- From the ‡Department of Hematology and Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.,¶Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University and Gemelli Polyclinic, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Lidia Brunetto
- From the ‡Department of Hematology and Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Boe
- From the ‡Department of Hematology and Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Biffoni
- From the ‡Department of Hematology and Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter H Krammer
- ‖Department of Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- ¶Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University and Gemelli Polyclinic, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Tobias L Haas
- From the ‡Department of Hematology and Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy; .,¶Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University and Gemelli Polyclinic, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
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5
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Haas TL, Sciuto MR, Brunetto L, Valvo C, Signore M, Fiori ME, di Martino S, Giannetti S, Morgante L, Boe A, Patrizii M, Warnken U, Schnölzer M, Ciolfi A, Di Stefano C, Biffoni M, Ricci-Vitiani L, Pallini R, De Maria R. Integrin α7 Is a Functional Marker and Potential Therapeutic Target in Glioblastoma. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:35-50.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Koschny R, Boehm C, Sprick MR, Haas TL, Holland H, Xu LX, Krupp W, Mueller WC, Bauer M, Koschny T, Keller M, Sinn P, Meixensberger J, Walczak H, Ganten TM. Bortezomib sensitizes primary meningioma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by enhancing formation of the death-inducing signaling complex. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:1034-46. [PMID: 25289891 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A meningioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor in adults. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in 37 meningiomas. Freshly isolated primary meningioma cells were treated with TRAIL with or without different sensitizing protocols, and apoptotic cell death was then quantified. Mechanisms of TRAIL sensitization were determined by a combination of Western blotting, flow cytometry, receptor complex immunoprecipitation, and siRNA-mediated knockdown experiments. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and quantified by an automated software-based algorithm. Primary tumor cells from 11 (29.7%) tumor samples were sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, 12 (32.4%) were intermediate TRAIL resistant, and 14 (37.8%) were completely TRAIL resistant. We tested synergistic apoptosis-inducing cotreatment strategies and determined that only the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib potently enhanced expression of the TRAIL receptors TRAIL-R1 and/or TRAIL-R2, the formation of the TRAIL death-inducing signaling complex, and activation of caspases; this treatment resulted in sensitization of all TRAIL-resistant meningioma samples to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Bortezomib pretreatment induced NOXA expression and downregulated c-FLIP, neither of which caused the TRAIL-sensitizing effect. Native TRAIL receptor expression could not predict primary TRAIL sensitivity. This first report on TRAIL sensitivity of primary meningioma cells demonstrates that TRAIL/bortezomib cotreatment may represent a novel therapeutic option for meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Koschny
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Heidelberg University Hospital (RK, TMG); German Cancer Research Center, Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics (CB); Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University (CB); and HI-STEM gGmbH/German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (MRS), Heidelberg, Germany; National Cancer Institute Regina Elena (TLH), Rome, Italy; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine Leipzig and Faculty of Medicine (HH, L-XX) and Departments of Neurosurgery (L-XX, WK, JM) and Neuropathology (WCM, MB), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Ames Laboratory-US DOE, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (TK); Departments of Cardiology (MK) and Pathology (PS), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; and Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom (HW)
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Gerlach B, Cordier SM, Schmukle AC, Emmerich CH, Rieser E, Haas TL, Webb AI, Rickard JA, Anderton H, Wong WWL, Nachbur U, Gangoda L, Warnken U, Purcell AW, Silke J, Walczak H. Linear ubiquitination prevents inflammation and regulates immune signalling. Nature 2011; 471:591-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature09816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 701] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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8
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Emmerich CH, Schmukle AC, Haas TL, Gerlach B, Cordier SM, Rieser E, Walczak H. The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex forms part of the TNF-R1 signalling complex and is required for effective TNF-induced gene induction and prevents TNF-induced apoptosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2011; 691:115-26. [PMID: 21153315 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6612-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Aydin D, Louban I, Perschmann N, Blümmel J, Lohmüller T, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Haas TL, Walczak H, Kessler H, Fiammengo R, Spatz JP. Polymeric substrates with tunable elasticity and nanoscopically controlled biomolecule presentation. Langmuir 2010; 26:15472-80. [PMID: 20831282 DOI: 10.1021/la103065x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous progress in recent years, nanopatterning of hydrated polymeric systems such as hydrogels still represents a major challenge. Here, we employ block copolymer nanolithography to arrange gold nanoparticles on a solid template, followed by the transfer of the pattern to a polymeric hydrogel. In the next step, these nanoparticles serve as specific anchor points for active biomolecules. We demonstrate the engineering of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel surfaces with respect to elasticity, nanopatterning, and functionalization with biomolecules. For the first time, biomolecule arrangement on the nanometer scale and substrate stiffness can be varied independently from each other. Young's moduli, a measure of the compliance of the substrates, can be tuned over 4 orders of magnitude, including the values for all of the different tissues found in the human body. Structured hydrogels can be used to pattern any histidine-tagged protein as exemplified for his-protein A as an acceptor for immunoglobulin. When cell-adhesion-promoting peptide cRGDfK is selectively coupled to gold nanoparticles, the surfaces provide cues for cell-surface interaction and allow for the study of the modulation of cellular adhesion by the mechanical properties of the environment. Therefore, these substrates represent a unique multipurpose platform for studying receptor/ligand interactions with adhering cells, mechanotransduction, and cell-adhesion-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aydin
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart, Germany
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11
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Haas TL, Emmerich CH, Gerlach B, Schmukle AC, Cordier SM, Rieser E, Feltham R, Vince J, Warnken U, Wenger T, Koschny R, Komander D, Silke J, Walczak H. Recruitment of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex stabilizes the TNF-R1 signaling complex and is required for TNF-mediated gene induction. Mol Cell 2010; 36:831-44. [PMID: 20005846 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
TNF is a key inflammatory cytokine. Using a modified tandem affinity purification approach, we identified HOIL-1 and HOIP as functional components of the native TNF-R1 signaling complex (TNF-RSC). Together, they were shown to form a linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) and to ubiquitylate NEMO. We show that LUBAC binds to ubiquitin chains of different linkage types and that its recruitment to the TNF-RSC is impaired in TRADD-, TRAF2-, and cIAP1/2- but not in RIP1- or NEMO-deficient MEFs. Furthermore, the E3 ligase activity of cIAPs, but not TRAF2, is required for HOIL-1 recruitment to the TNF-RSC. LUBAC enhances NEMO interaction with the TNF-RSC, stabilizes this protein complex, and is required for efficient TNF-induced activation of NF-kappaB and JNK, resulting in apoptosis inhibition. Finally, we demonstrate that sustained stability of the TNF-RSC requires LUBAC's enzymatic activity, thereby adding a third form of ubiquitin linkage to the triggering of TNF signaling by the TNF-RSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias L Haas
- Division of Apoptosis Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Strauss G, Lindquist JA, Arhel N, Felder E, Karl S, Haas TL, Fulda S, Walczak H, Kirchhoff F, Debatin KM. CD95 co-stimulation blocks activation of naive T cells by inhibiting T cell receptor signaling. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2009. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb1856oia13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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13
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Strauss G, Lindquist JA, Arhel N, Felder E, Karl S, Haas TL, Fulda S, Walczak H, Kirchhoff F, Debatin KM. CD95 co-stimulation blocks activation of naive T cells by inhibiting T cell receptor signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:1379-93. [PMID: 19487421 PMCID: PMC2715064 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD95 is a multifunctional receptor that induces cell death or proliferation depending on the signal, cell type, and cellular context. Here, we describe a thus far unknown function of CD95 as a silencer of T cell activation. Naive human T cells triggered by antigen-presenting cells expressing a membrane-bound form of CD95 ligand (CD95L) or stimulated by anti-CD3 and -CD28 antibodies in the presence of recombinant CD95L had reduced activation and proliferation, whereas preactivated, CD95-sensitive T cells underwent apoptosis. Triggering of CD95 during T cell priming interfered with proximal T cell receptor signaling by inhibiting the recruitment of ζ-chain–associated protein of 70 kD, phospholipase-γ, and protein kinase C-θ into lipid rafts, thereby preventing their mutual tyrosine protein phosphorylation. Subsequently, Ca2+ mobilization and nuclear translocation of transcription factors NFAT, AP1, and NF-κB were strongly reduced, leading to impaired cytokine secretion. CD95-mediated inhibition of proliferation in naive T cells could not be reverted by the addition of exogenous interleukin-2 and T cells primed by CD95 co-stimulation remained partially unresponsive upon secondary T cell stimulation. HIV infection induced CD95L expression in primary human antigeen-presenting cells, and thereby suppressed T cell activation, suggesting that CD95/CD95L-mediated silencing of T cell activation represents a novel mechanism of immune evasion.
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Aydin D, Schwieder M, Louban I, Knoppe S, Ulmer J, Haas TL, Walczak H, Spatz JP. Micro-nanostructured protein arrays: a tool for geometrically controlled ligand presentation. Small 2009; 5:1014-8. [PMID: 19242941 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aydin
- Abteilung Neue Materialien und Biosysteme, Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung & Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Stuttgart, Germany
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Abstract
Peripheral artery disease is characterized by reduced blood flow to the lower limb, resulting in chronic ischemia in these muscles, which can lead to eventual amputation of the affected limb. Stimulation of angiogenesis in the ischemic region would be of therapeutic benefit; however, attempts to increase angiogenesis through delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) largely have been unsuccessful. Recent studies have shown that VEGF signaling through its receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, is much more complex than previously appreciated. This review will examine current research into the function of VEGFR1 and -2 signaling pathways, and evidence of cross-talk between these two receptors. The potential impact of endothelial cell co-stimulation via other growth factors/cell surface receptors (such as angiopoietins and ephrins) on angiogenesis also will be discussed. Evidence suggesting deficiencies in VEGF pathway signaling in individuals with chronic ischemia and diabetes will be discussed. Numerous pro-angiogenic therapies for ischemia have been employed. The successes and limitations of these therapies will be illustrated, emphasizing more recent angiogenesis therapies that focus on activating co-ordinated patterns of pro-angiogenic genes as the most promising direction in the treatment of ischemic muscle tissue in peripheral artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Uchida
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, ON, Canada
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Vogler M, Walczak H, Stadel D, Haas TL, Genze F, Jovanovic M, Bhanot U, Hasel C, Möller P, Gschwend JE, Simmet T, Debatin KM, Fulda S. Small molecule XIAP inhibitors enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis and antitumor activity in preclinical models of pancreatic carcinoma. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2425-34. [PMID: 19258513 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evasion of apoptosis is a characteristic feature of pancreatic cancer, a prototypic cancer that is refractory to current treatment approaches. Hence, there is an urgent need to design rational strategies that counter apoptosis resistance. To explore X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer, we analyzed the expression of XIAP in pancreatic tumor samples and evaluated the effect of small molecule XIAP inhibitors alone and in combination with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) against pancreatic carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Here, we report that XIAP is highly expressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma samples compared with normal pancreatic ducts. Small molecule XIAP inhibitors synergize with TRAIL to induce apoptosis and to inhibit long-term clonogenic survival of pancreatic carcinoma cells. In contrast, they do not reverse the lack of toxicity of TRAIL on nonmalignant cells in vitro or normal tissues in vivo, pointing to a therapeutic index. Most importantly, XIAP inhibitors cooperate with TRAIL to trigger apoptosis and suppress pancreatic carcinoma growth in vivo in two preclinical models, i.e., the chorioallantoic membrane model and a mouse xenograft model. Parallel immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissue under therapy reveals that the XIAP inhibitor acts in concert with TRAIL to cause caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. In conclusion, our findings provide, for the first time, evidence in vivo that XIAP inhibitors prime pancreatic carcinoma cells for TRAIL-induced apoptosis and potentiate the antitumor activity of TRAIL against established pancreatic carcinoma. These findings build the rationale for further (pre)clinical development of XIAP inhibitors and TRAIL against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Vogler
- University Children's Hospital, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Vogler M, Walczak H, Stadel D, Haas TL, Genze F, Jovanovic M, Gschwend JE, Simmet T, Debatin KM, Fulda S. Targeting XIAP bypasses Bcl-2-mediated resistance to TRAIL and cooperates with TRAIL to suppress pancreatic cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7956-65. [PMID: 18829553 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to apoptosis is a hallmark of pancreatic cancer, a leading cause of cancer deaths. Therefore, novel strategies are required to target apoptosis resistance. Here, we report that the combination of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) inhibition and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an effective approach to trigger apoptosis despite Bcl-2 overexpression and to suppress pancreatic cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of XIAP by RNA interference cooperates with TRAIL to induce caspase activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, and apoptosis in pancreatic carcinoma cells. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release are extensively inhibited by a broad range or caspase-3 selective caspase inhibitor and by RNAi-mediated silencing of caspase-3, indicating that XIAP inhibition enhances TRAIL-induced mitochondrial damage in a caspase-3-dependent manner. XIAP inhibition combined with TRAIL even breaks Bcl-2-imposed resistance by converting type II cells that depend on the mitochondrial contribution to the death receptor pathway to type I cells in which TRAIL-induced activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and apoptosis proceeds irrespective of high Bcl-2 levels. Most importantly, XIAP inhibition potentiates TRAIL-induced antitumor activity in two preclinical models of pancreatic cancer in vivo. In the chicken chorioallantoic membrane model, XIAP inhibition significantly enhances TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and suppression of tumor growth. In a tumor regression model in xenograft-bearing mice, XIAP inhibition acts in concert with TRAIL to cause even regression of established pancreatic carcinoma. Thus, this combination of XIAP inhibition plus TRAIL is a promising strategy to overcome apoptosis resistance of pancreatic cancer that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Vogler
- Divison of Apoptosis Regulation, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Abstract
The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is activated when certain members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) are oligomerized by their cognate ligands that are members of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF). The apoptosis-inducing capacity of a member of the TNFRSF relies on the presence of a death domain (DD) in the intracellular portion of the receptor protein. Such receptors are also referred to as death receptors. Binding of a TNFSF ligand to a TNFRSF receptor that is expressed on the surface of a cell results in the formation of a receptor proximal protein complex. This protein complex is the platform for further signaling events within the cell. In case of death receptors like TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1/DR4), TRAIL-R2 (KILLER/APO-2/DR5/TRICK), CD95 (Fas, APO-1), or TNF receptor 1 (TNF-R1), this complex is termed death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). The compositions of the various DISCs have been intensively studied in the last 12 years. For the CD95 and the TRAIL-R1/R2 DISCs, it is now clear that the adaptor protein Fas-associated DD protein (FADD) forms part of these complexes and is necessary for recruitment of the proapoptotic signaling molecules caspase-8 and caspase-10. Recruitment of these proteases allows for their activation at the DISC and subsequent induction of apoptosis. The caspase-8 homologous cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) can also be recruited to the DISC. cFLIP acts as an anti-apoptotic regulator by interfering with activation of caspases 8 and 10 at the DISC. Interestingly, treatment of TRAIL-resistant tumor cells with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs or with proteasome inhibitors renders these cells sensitive for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. By applying the methodology of the biochemical analysis of the TRAIL DISC described here, we were able to show that this sensitization is mainly due to changes in the biochemical composition of the DISC as the apoptosis-initiating protein complex of the extrinsic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Walczak
- Division of Apoptosis Regulation, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
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Geserick P, Drewniok C, Hupe M, Haas TL, Diessenbacher P, Sprick MR, Schön MP, Henkler F, Gollnick H, Walczak H, Leverkus M. Suppression of cFLIP is sufficient to sensitize human melanoma cells to TRAIL- and CD95L-mediated apoptosis. Oncogene 2007; 27:3211-20. [PMID: 18084329 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Death ligands such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and certain forms of CD95L are attractive therapeutic options for metastatic melanoma. Since knowledge about the regulation of death receptor sensitivity in melanoma is sparse, we have analysed these signaling pathways in detail. The loss of CD95 or TRAIL-R1, but not of TRAIL-R2, surface expression correlated with apoptosis sensitivity in a panel of melanoma cell lines. In contrast, the expression of proteins of the apical apoptosis signaling cascade (FADD, initiator caspases-8 and cFLIP) did not predict apoptosis sensitivity. Since both TRAIL-R1 and -R2 transmit apoptotic signals, we asked whether cFLIP, highly expressed in several of the cell lines tested, is sufficient to maintain resistance to TRAIL-R2-mediated apoptosis. Downregulation of cFLIP in TRAIL-R2-positive, TRAIL-resistant IGR cells dramatically increased TRAIL sensitivity. Conversely ectopic expression of cFLIP in TRAIL-sensitive, TRAIL-R2-expressing RPM-EP melanoma cells inhibited TRAIL- and CD95L-mediated cell death. Thus, modulation of cFLIP is sufficient to sensitize TRAIL-R2-expressing cells for TRAIL. Taken together, albeit expressing all proteins necessary for death receptor-mediated apoptosis, TRAIL-R1 negative melanoma cells cannot undergo TRAIL- or CD95L-induced apoptosis due to expression of cFLIP. Hence, cFLIP represents an attractive therapeutic target for melanoma treatment, especially in combination with TRAIL receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Geserick
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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20
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Diessenbacher P, Hupe M, Sprick MR, Kerstan A, Geserick P, Haas TL, Wachter T, Neumann M, Walczak H, Silke J, Leverkus M. NF-kappaB inhibition reveals differential mechanisms of TNF versus TRAIL-induced apoptosis upstream or at the level of caspase-8 activation independent of cIAP2. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:1134-47. [PMID: 17989734 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Death ligands not only activate a death program but also regulate inflammatory signalling pathways, for example, through NF-kappaB induction. Although tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and TNF both activate NF-kappaB in human keratinocytes, only TRAIL potently induces apoptosis. However, when induction of NF-kappaB was inhibited with a kinase dead IKK2 mutant (IKK2-KD), TNF- but not TRAIL-induced apoptosis was dramatically enhanced. Acquired susceptibility to TNF-induced apoptosis was due to increased caspase-8 activation. To investigate the mechanism of resistance of HaCaT keratinocytes to TNF-induced apoptosis, we analyzed a panel of NF-kappaB-regulated effector molecules. Interestingly, the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family member cIAP2, but not cIAP1, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-1, or TRAF2, was downregulated in sensitive but not in resistant HaCaT keratinocytes. Surprisingly, however, stable inducible expression of cIAP2 was not sufficient to render IKK2-KD-sensitized keratinocytes resistant to TNF, and reduction of cIAP2 alone did not increase the sensitivity of HaCaT keratinocytes to TNF. In conclusion, we demonstrate that inhibition of NF-kappaB dramatically sensitizes human keratinocytes to TNF- but not to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and that this sensitization for TNF was largely independent of cIAP2. Our data thus clearly exclude the candidates proposed to date to confer TNF apoptosis resistance and suggest the function of an unanticipated effector of NF-kappaB critical for the survival of HaCaT keratinocytes upstream or at the level of caspase-8 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Diessenbacher
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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21
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Koschny R, Sykora J, Walczak H, Ganten TM, Haas TL, Sprick MR, Holland H, Ahnert P, Krupp W, Meixensberger J, Bauer M. Bortezomib-Mediated Up-Regulation of TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 Is Not Necessary for but Contributes to Sensitization of Primary Human Glioma Cells to TRAIL. Clin Cancer Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Eckert A, Böck BC, Tagscherer KE, Haas TL, Grund K, Sykora J, Herold-Mende C, Ehemann V, Hollstein M, Chneiweiss H, Wiestler OD, Walczak H, Roth W. The PEA-15/PED protein protects glioblastoma cells from glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis via the ERK/MAP kinase pathway. Oncogene 2007; 27:1155-66. [PMID: 17700518 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PEA-15 (phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 kDa) is a death effector domain-containing protein, which is involved in the regulation of apoptotic cell death. Since PEA-15 is highly expressed in cells of glial origin, we studied the role of PEA-15 in human malignant brain tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis of PEA-15 expression shows strong immunoreactivity in astrocytomas and glioblastomas. Phosphorylation of PEA-15 at Ser(116) is found in vivo in perinecrotic areas in glioblastomas and in vitro after glucose deprivation of glioblastoma cells. Overexpression of PEA-15 induces a marked resistance against glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis, whereas small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated downregulation of endogenous PEA-15 results in the sensitization to glucose withdrawal-mediated cell death. This antiapoptotic activity of PEA-15 under low glucose conditions depends on its phosphorylation at Ser(116). Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of PEA-15 abolishes the tumorigenicity of U87MG glioblastoma cells in vivo. PEA-15 regulates the level of phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in glioblastoma cells and the PEA-15-dependent protection from glucose deprivation-induced cell death requires ERK1/2 signaling. PEA-15 transcriptionally upregulates the Glucose Transporter 3, which is abrogated by the inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Taken together, our findings suggest that Ser(116)-phosphorylated PEA-15 renders glioma cells resistant to glucose deprivation-mediated cell death as encountered in poor microenvironments, for example in perinecrotic areas of glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eckert
- Molecular Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Gassler N, Roth W, Funke B, Schneider A, Herzog F, Tischendorf JJW, Grund K, Penzel R, Bravo IG, Mariadason J, Ehemann V, Sykora J, Haas TL, Walczak H, Ganten T, Zentgraf H, Erb P, Alonso A, Autschbach F, Schirmacher P, Knüchel R, Kopitz J. Regulation of enterocyte apoptosis by acyl-CoA synthetase 5 splicing. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:587-98. [PMID: 17681178 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The constant renewal of enterocytes along the crypt-villus axis (CVA) of human small intestine is due to cell-inherent changes resulting in the apoptotic cell death of senescent enterocytes. The aim of the present study was to examine underlying molecular mechanisms of the cell death at the villus tip. METHODS Characterization of human acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase 5 (ACSL5) was performed by cloning, recombinant protein expression, biochemical approaches, and several functional and in situ analyses. RESULTS Our data show that different amounts of acyl-CoA synthetase 5-full length (ACSL5-fl) and a so far unknown splice variant lacking exon 20 (ACSL5-Delta 20) are found in human enterocytes. In contrast with the splice variant ACSL5-Delta 20, recombinant and purified ACSL5-fl protein is active at a highly alkaline pH. Over expression of ACSL5-fl protein is associated with a decrease of the anti-apoptotic FLIP protein in a ceramide-dependent manner and an increased cell-surface expression of the death receptor TRAIL-R1. Expression analyses revealed that the ACSL5-fl/ACSL5-Delta 20 ratio increases along the CVA, thereby sensitizing ACSL5-fl-dominated cells at the villus tip to the death ligand TRAIL, which is corroborated by functional studies with human small intestinal mucosal samples and an immortalized human small intestinal cell line. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest an ACSL5-dependent regulatory mechanism that contributes to the cellular renewal along the CVA in human small intestine. Deregulation of the ACSL5-fl/ACSL5-Delta 20 homeostasis in the maturation and shedding of cells along the CVA might also be of relevance for the development of intestinal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Gassler
- Institute of Pathology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Koschny R, Holland H, Sykora J, Haas TL, Sprick MR, Ganten TM, Krupp W, Bauer M, Ahnert P, Meixensberger J, Walczak H. Bortezomib Sensitizes Primary Human Astrocytoma Cells of WHO Grades I to IV for Tumor Necrosis Factor–Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand–Induced Apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3403-12. [PMID: 17545549 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Malignant gliomas are the most aggressive human brain tumors without any curative treatment. The antitumor effect of tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in gliomas has thus far only been thoroughly established in tumor cell lines. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of TRAIL in primary human glioma cells.
Experimental Design: We isolated primary tumor cells from 13 astrocytoma and oligoastrocytoma patients of all four WHO grades of malignancy and compared the levels of TRAIL-induced apoptosis induction, long-term tumor cell survival, caspase, and caspase target cleavage.
Results: We established a stable culture model for isolated primary human glioma cells. In contrast to cell lines, isolated primary tumor cells from all investigated glioma patients were highly TRAIL resistant. Regardless of the tumor heterogeneity, cotreatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib efficiently sensitized all primary glioma samples for TRAIL-induced apoptosis and tremendously reduced their clonogenic survival. Due to the pleiotropic effect of bortezomibenhanced TRAIL DISC formation upon TRAIL triggering, down-regulation of cFLIPL and activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway seem to cooperatively contribute to the antitumor effect of bortezomib/TRAIL cotreatment.
Conclusion: TRAIL sensitivity of tumor cell lines is not a reliable predictor for the behavior of primary tumor cells. The widespread TRAIL resistance in primary glioma cells described here questions the therapeutic clinical benefit of TRAIL as a monotherapeutic agent. Overcoming TRAIL resistance by bortezomib cotreatment might, however, provide a powerful therapeutic option for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Koschny
- Division of Apoptosis Regulation (D040), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Koschny R, Ganten TM, Sykora J, Haas TL, Sprick MR, Kolb A, Stremmel W, Walczak H. TRAIL/bortezomib cotreatment is potentially hepatotoxic but induces cancer-specific apoptosis within a therapeutic window. Hepatology 2007; 45:649-58. [PMID: 17326159 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) represents a novel promising anticancer biotherapeutic. However, TRAIL-resistant tumor cells require combinatorial regimens to sensitize tumor but not normal cells for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Here, we investigated the mechanism of the synergistic antitumor effect of bortezomib in combination with TRAIL in hepatoma, colon, and pancreatic cancer cells in comparison to the toxicity in primary human hepatocytes (PHH). TRAIL cotreatment at high but clinically relevant concentrations of bortezomib caused toxicity in PHH which potentially limits the clinical applicability of bortezomib/TRAIL cotreatment. However, at low concentrations of bortezomib TRAIL-resistant hepatoma, colon and pancreatic cancer cell lines but not PHH were efficiently sensitized for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. RNA interference and TRAIL receptor blockage experiments revealed that in bortezomib-treated hepatoma cells TRAIL-R1/TRAIL-R2 up-regulation, enhanced TRAIL DISC formation and cFLIPL down-regulation in addition to accumulation of Bak cooperatively sensitized for TRAIL. Bim, although accumulated upon bortezomib treatment, did not play a causal role for TRAIL sensitization in Hep3b cells. Combined treatment with bortezomib and TRAIL massively reduced the clonogenic capacity of hepatoma cells in vitro. Surviving clones could be resensitized for repeated TRAIL treatment. CONCLUSION Bortezomib/TRAIL cotreatment bears the risk of severe hepatotoxicity at high but clinically relevant concentrations of bortezomib. However, within a wide therapeutic window bortezomib sensitized different cancer cells but not PHH for TRAIL-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Koschny
- Division of Apoptosis Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Wenger T, Mattern J, Haas TL, Sprick MR, Walczak H, Debatin KM, Büchler MW, Herr I. Apoptosis mediated by lentiviral TRAIL transfer involves transduction-dependent and -independent effects. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 14:316-26. [PMID: 17186015 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7701016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising anticancer agent, which selectively induces apoptosis in many transformed cells without apparent toxic side effects in normal tissue. We recently described the construction and characterization of a lentiviral vector for expression of TRAIL. In this report, we evaluate its suitability for therapeutic application. In vitro, we observed specific induction of apoptosis upon transduction in human lung cancer cells. Cell death was partially dependent on successful integration and TRAIL expression by the vectors, but was to some extent mediated by protein carryover, as we found TRAIL protein associated with virus particles. Transduction of subcutaneously growing lung tumors on nude mice with lentiviral TRAIL mediated a transient suppression of tumor growth. Analysis of tumor sections revealed that transduction efficiency of lentiviral control vector but not of lentiviral TRAIL vector was high. This was because of the direct cytotoxic activity of recombinant TRAIL present in viral particles, which prevented efficient tumor transduction. These data therefore suggest that enveloped viral vectors constitutively expressing TRAIL are well suited for ex vivo applications, such as the transduction of tumor-homing cells, but may have a lower effect when used directly for the transduction of tumor cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wenger
- Research Group Molecular OncoSurgery, Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Ganten TM, Koschny R, Sykora J, Schulze-Bergkamen H, Büchler P, Haas TL, Schader MB, Untergasser A, Stremmel W, Walczak H. Preclinical differentiation between apparently safe and potentially hepatotoxic applications of TRAIL either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:2640-6. [PMID: 16638878 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo2L) exhibits potent antitumor activity on systemic administration in nonhuman primates without deleterious side effects for normal tissue. However, there is a controversy about the potential toxicity of TRAIL on human hepatocytes. The use of different recombinant TRAIL forms only partially explains the contradicting reports on TRAIL sensitivity in primary human hepatocytes (PHH). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To clarify this issue, we comprehensively tested four different recombinant forms of TRAIL for their apoptosis-inducing capacity on PHH obtained from a total of 55 human livers between day 1 and day 8 of in vitro culture. RESULTS One day after single-cell isolation, all but one recombinant form of TRAIL [i.e., an untagged form of TRAIL (TRAIL.0)] induced apoptosis in PHH. Apoptosis induction by TRAIL in these cells could only be fully inhibited by concomitant blockade of TRAIL receptor 1 and TRAIL receptor 2. At day 4 of in vitro culture, when surrogate markers indicated optimal hepatocyte in vitro function, only high doses of cross-linked FLAG-TRAIL killed PHH whereas the other three recombinant TRAIL forms did not. Strikingly, cotreatment of day 4 PHH with cisplatin sensitized for TRAIL-induced apoptosis whereas 5-fluorouracil, etoposide, gemcitabine, irinotecan, or oxaliplatin, which are commonly used in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers, did not. CONCLUSION Our data show that whereas TRAIL alone or together with selected chemotherapeutic drugs seems to be safe, the combination of TRAIL with cisplatin is toxic to PHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom M Ganten
- Divison of Apoptosis Regulation, D040, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Wenger T, Mattern J, Penzel R, Gassler N, Haas TL, Sprick MR, Walczak H, Krammer PH, Debatin KM, Herr I. Specific resistance upon lentiviral TRAIL transfer by intracellular retention of TRAIL receptors. Cell Death Differ 2006; 13:1740-51. [PMID: 16470224 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively induces apoptosis in many transformed cells, suggesting TRAIL as an ideal candidate for cancer gene therapy. A main obstacle in cancer therapy is intrinsic or acquired therapy resistance of malignant cells. To study induction of resistance against TRAIL, we generated lentiviral vectors allowing efficient TRAIL expression and apoptosis induction in a variety of human cancer cell lines. Within days upon TRAIL overexpression, cells became resistant towards TRAIL, but not to CD95 ligation or DNA damage by cisplatin. Cell surface expression of TRAIL receptors 1 and 2 was completely abrogated in resistant cells due to intracellular retention of the receptors by TRAIL. SiRNA directed against TRAIL resensitized the resistant cells by restoring cell surface expression of TRAIL receptors. These findings represent a novel resistance mechanism towards TRAIL, specifically caused by TRAIL overexpression, and question the use of TRAIL expression in tumor-cell targeting gene therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Death Domain Receptor Signaling Adaptor Proteins
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors
- Golgi Apparatus/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Transduction, Genetic
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wenger
- Research Group Molecular Urooncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ganten TM, Koschny R, Haas TL, Sykora J, Li-Weber M, Herzer K, Walczak H. Proteasome inhibition sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells, but not human hepatocytes, to TRAIL. Hepatology 2005; 42:588-97. [PMID: 16037944 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
TRAIL exhibits potent anti-tumor activity on systemic administration in mice. Because of its proven in vivo efficacy, TRAIL may serve as a novel anti-neoplastic drug. However, approximately half of the tumor cell lines tested so far are TRAIL resistant, and potential toxic side effects of certain recombinant forms of TRAIL on human hepatocytes have been described. Pretreatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and PS-341 rendered TRAIL-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines but not primary human hepatocytes sensitive for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We investigated the different levels of possible MG132-induced interference with resistance to apoptotic signal transduction. Although proteasome inhibition efficiently suppressed nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity, specific suppression of NF-kappaB by mutIkappaBalpha failed to sensitize TRAIL-resistant cell lines for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In contrast to the previously reported mechanism of sensitization by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIP)(L) and cFLIP(S) were markedly upregulated in the TRAIL death inducing signaling complex (DISC) by proteasome inhibitor pretreatment. Compared with 5-FU pretreatment, caspase-8 was more efficiently recruited to the DISC in MG132 pretreated cells despite the presence of fewer death receptors and more cFLIP in the DISC. But downregulation of cFLIP by short interference RNA (siRNA) further sensitized the HCC cell lines. In conclusion, these results show that otherwise chemotherapy-resistant tumor cells can be sensitized for TRAIL-induced apoptosis at the DISC level in the presence of high levels of cFLIP, which suggests the existence of an additional factor that modulates the interaction of FADD and the TRAIL death receptors. Of clinical relevance, proteasome inhibitors sensitize HCC cells but not primary human hepatocytes for TRAIL-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom M Ganten
- Division of Apoptosis Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Ganten TM, Haas TL, Sykora J, Stahl H, Sprick MR, Fas SC, Krueger A, Weigand MA, Grosse-Wilde A, Stremmel W, Krammer PH, Walczak H. Enhanced caspase-8 recruitment to and activation at the DISC is critical for sensitisation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by chemotherapeutic drugs. Cell Death Differ 2005; 11 Suppl 1:S86-96. [PMID: 15105837 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) exhibits potent antitumour activity upon systemic administration in mice without showing the deleterious side effects observed with other apoptosis-inducing members of the TNF family such as TNF and CD95L. TRAIL may, thus, have great potential in the treatment of human cancer. However, about 60% of tumour cell lines are not sensitive to TRAIL. To evaluate the mechanisms of tumour resistance to TRAIL, we investigated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines that exhibit differential sensitivity to TRAIL. Pretreatment with chemotherapeutic drugs, for example, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), rendered the TRAIL-resistant HCC cell lines sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Analysis of the TRAIL death-inducing signalling complex (DISC) revealed upregulation of TRAIL-R2. Caspase-8 recruitment to and its activation at the DISC were substantially increased after 5-FU sensitisation, while FADD recruitment remained essentially unchanged. 5-FU pretreatment downregulated cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIP) and specific cFLIP downregulation by small interfering RNA was sufficient to sensitise TRAIL-resistant HCC cell lines for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Thus, a potential mechanism for TRAIL sensitisation by 5-FU is the increased effectiveness of caspase-8 recruitment to and activation at the DISC facilitated by the downregulation of cFLIP and the consequent shift in the ratio of caspase-8 to cFLIP at the DISC.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Blotting, Western
- CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Caspase 3
- Caspase 6
- Caspase 8
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/physiology
- Death Domain Receptor Signaling Adaptor Proteins
- Down-Regulation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Synergism
- Enzyme Precursors/metabolism
- Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorouracil/pharmacology
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 10c
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/physiology
- Up-Regulation
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Ganten
- Divison of Apoptosis Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Haas TL, Milkiewicz M, Davis SJ, Zhou AL, Egginton S, Brown MD, Madri JA, Hudlicka O. Matrix metalloproteinase activity is required for activity-induced angiogenesis in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 279:H1540-7. [PMID: 11009439 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2000.279.4.h1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis of the capillary basement membrane is a hallmark of inflammation-mediated angiogenesis, but it is undetermined whether proteolysis plays a critical role in the process of activity-induced angiogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute the major class of proteases responsible for degradation of basement membrane proteins. We observed significant elevations of mRNA and protein levels of both MMP-2 and membrane type 1 (MT1)-MMP (2.9 +/- 0.7- and 1.5 +/- 0.1-fold above control, respectively) after 3 days of chronic electrical stimulation of rat skeletal muscle. Inhibition of MMP activity via the inhibitor GM-6001 prevented the growth of new capillaries as assessed by the capillary-to-fiber ratio (1.34 +/- 0.08 in GM-6001-treated muscles compared with 1.69 +/- 0.03 in control 7-day-stimulated muscles). This inhibition correlated with a significant reduction in the number of capillaries with observable breaks in the basement membrane, as assessed by electron microscopy (0.27 +/- 0.27% in GM-6001-treated muscles compared with 3.72 +/- 0.65% in control stimulated muscles). Proliferation of capillary-associated cells was significantly elevated by 2 days and remained elevated throughout 14 days of stimulation. Capillary-associated cell proliferation during muscle stimulation was not affected by MMP inhibition (80.3 +/- 9.3 nuclei in control and 63.5 +/- 8.5 nuclei in GM-6001-treated animals). We conclude that MMP proteolysis of capillary basement membrane proteins is a critical component of physiological angiogenesis, and we postulate that capillary-associated proliferation precedes and occurs independently of endothelial cell sprout formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Haas
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06515, USA.
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Haas TL, Stitelman D, Davis SJ, Apte SS, Madri JA. Egr-1 mediates extracellular matrix-driven transcription of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase in endothelium. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:22679-85. [PMID: 10428849 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.32.22679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase activity is instrumental in processes of cellular invasion. The interstitial invasion of endothelial cells during angiogenesis is accompanied by up-regulation of several matrix metalloproteinases, including membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP). In this study, we show that endothelial cells stimulated to undergo angiogenesis by a three-dimensional extracellular matrix environment increase production of the transcription factor Egr-1. Increased binding of Egr-1 to the MT1-MMP promoter correlates with enhanced transcriptional activity, whereas mutations in the Egr-1 binding site abrogate the increased transcription of MT1-MMP in the stimulated cells. These data identify Egr-1-mediated transcription of MT1-MMP as a mechanism by which endothelial cells can initiate an invasive phenotype in response to an alteration in extracellular matrix environment, thus functionally associating MT1-MMP with a growing number of proteins known to be up-regulated by Egr-1 in response to tissue injury or mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Haas
- Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Abstract
The process of new blood vessel growth, angiogenesis, involves orchestrated alterations in endothelial cell interactions with adjacent cells and with components of the underlying basement membrane matrix. The activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), proteases that can cleave basement membrane and interstitial matrix molecules, has been shown to be necessary for angiogenesis as it occurs in several different in vivo and in vitro models. This review discusses the potential roles of two particular MMPs, MMP-2 and MT1-MMP, in angiogenesis, with emphasis on current understanding of how endothelial cell-extracellular matrix interactions may regulate the production of these MMPs via matrix-induced signaling leading to transcriptional activation and subsequent formation of active multiprotease complexes on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Haas
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Haas TL, Davis SJ, Madri JA. Three-dimensional type I collagen lattices induce coordinate expression of matrix metalloproteinases MT1-MMP and MMP-2 in microvascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:3604-10. [PMID: 9452488 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.6.3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are hypothesized to play a key role in the processes of endothelial cell migration and matrix remodeling during angiogenesis. We utilized an in vitro model of microvascular endothelial cell angiogenesis, cells cultured within a collagen matrix, to investigate the MMP profile of endothelial cells undergoing angiogenesis. We demonstrated by gelatin zymography that monolayer cultures (two-dimensional) of endothelial cells constitutively expressed low levels of latent MMP-2, but that culture in a three-dimensional collagen matrix increased the total amount of MMP-2 mRNA and protein. Furthermore, 51% of total MMP-2 protein was activated in the three-dimensional culture lysates, compared with 3.5% in two-dimensional culture. The mRNA and protein of MT1-MMP, the putative activator of MMP-2, were up-regulated in endothelial cells cultured in three-dimensional as compared with two-dimensional culture. Treatment of cultures with MMP inhibitors blocked activation of MMP-2 and inhibited formation of endothelial cell networks within the collagen gel. Induction of MT1-MMP and MMP-2 appeared to be specific to collagen, inasmuch as culture of the endothelial cells on top of, or within, a Matrigel(R) matrix neither increased total MMP-2 nor increased activation of MMP-2. These results suggest that MT1-MMP activation of MMP-2 occurs in endothelial cells undergoing angiogenesis, that this activation has a functional role in endothelial cell organization, and that specific matrix interactions may be critical for the increased expression of MT1-MMP and MMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Haas
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Abstract
We examined the morphological parameters of arteriolar endothelial and smooth muscle cell dimensions and gap junctional surface areas to obtain an indication of the coupling capacity of each cell type. Silver nitrate staining was utilized to define cell borders of endothelial and smooth muscle cells in arterioles of several vascular beds from two species. From video images of silver-stained arterioles, the mean endothelial cell length of hamster cheek pouch arterioles (diameter 20 to 110 microns) was found to be 141 +/- 2 microns. Mean endothelial cell width was 7 +/- 0.2 microns in the same arterioles. Mean smooth muscle cell length in hamster cheek pouch arterioles of diameter 80 to 150 microns was 66 +/- 3 microns, with an average cell width of 8 +/- 0.2 microns. Dimensions of both endothelial and smooth muscle cells varied moderately with arteriole size and tissue type, but no general trends were seen. Based on the measured dimensions and the specific orientation of cell types within the arteriole, it was calculated that in hamster cheek pouch arterioles (60 microns diameter), 6 or 7 endothelial cell lengths would constitute a 1-mm segment of vessel, whereas approximately 140 smooth muscle cell widths would be required to span the same length. Estimates of connexin43 gap junctional plaque surface areas in each cell type suggest that endothelial cell junctional surface area is approximately eight times that of smooth muscle cells. Thus, combined measurement of cell dimensions and orientation with estimates of junctional plaque density leads to the conclusion that the endothelial cell layer forms a more permissive pathway for longitudinal conduction of signals through the blood vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Haas
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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