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Kalyanaraman V, Naveen SV, Mohana N, Balaje RM, Navaneethakrishnan KR, Brabu B, Murugan SS, Kumaravel TS. Biocompatibility studies on cerium oxide nanoparticles - combined study for local effects, systemic toxicity and genotoxicity via implantation route. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 8:25-37. [PMID: 30713658 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00248g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An implantation study of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NP) combined with 28-day systemic toxicity and genotoxicity studies aligned to current regulatory standards was conducted. The results suggested that local tissue reactions caused by CeO2-NP was minimal (implantation irritation index of less than 3) and was better tolerated than most other implant materials tested in our laboratory. Furthermore, CeO2-NP showed virtually no systemic toxicity or in vivo micronucleus induction in bone marrow via implantation route. Chemical analysis showed that CeO2-NP migrated from the implant sites (250 mg per site) in low levels and was deposited predominantly in liver (191.8 ± 35.1 ng g-1 of tissue; P < 0.01), lungs (263.4 ± 30.9 ng g-1 of tissue; P < 0.001), spleen (211.2 ± 6.5 ng g-1 of tissue; P < 0.001) and kidneys (272.8 ± 20.4 ng g-1 of tissue; P < 0.001). These observations provide a base line biocompatibility and toxicity data on CeO2-NP. The current findings will also be useful in defining standards for nanoparticle containing biomaterials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kalyanaraman
- GLR Laboratories Private Limited , 444 Gokulam Street , Mathur , Chennai 600068 , India .
| | | | - N Mohana
- GLR Laboratories Private Limited , 444 Gokulam Street , Mathur , Chennai 600068 , India .
| | - R M Balaje
- GLR Laboratories Private Limited , 444 Gokulam Street , Mathur , Chennai 600068 , India .
| | - K R Navaneethakrishnan
- GLR Laboratories Private Limited , 444 Gokulam Street , Mathur , Chennai 600068 , India .
| | - B Brabu
- Nanoregulatory Platform , Pharma Chemistry , Drug Discovery and Development , Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Genova 16163 , Italy
| | - S S Murugan
- GLR Laboratories Private Limited , 444 Gokulam Street , Mathur , Chennai 600068 , India . .,GLR Laboratories (Europe) Private Limited , No 4 , The Exchange , Colworth Science Park , Sharnbrook MK44 1LZ , UK
| | - T S Kumaravel
- GLR Laboratories Private Limited , 444 Gokulam Street , Mathur , Chennai 600068 , India . .,GLR Laboratories (Europe) Private Limited , No 4 , The Exchange , Colworth Science Park , Sharnbrook MK44 1LZ , UK
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Sainitya R, Sriram M, Kalyanaraman V, Dhivya S, Saravanan S, Vairamani M, Sastry TP, Selvamurugan N. Scaffolds containing chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose/mesoporous wollastonite for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 80:481-8. [PMID: 26188305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold based bone tissue engineering utilizes a variety of biopolymers in different combinations aiming to deliver optimal properties required for bone regeneration. In the current study, we fabricated bio-composite scaffolds containing chitosan (CS), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) with varied concentrations of mesoporous wollastonite (m-WS) particles by the freeze drying method. The CS/CMC/m-WS scaffolds were characterized by the SEM, EDS and FT-IR studies. Addition of m-WS particles had no effect on altering the porosity of the scaffolds. m-WS particles at 0.5% concentration in the CS/CMC scaffolds showed significant improvement in the bio-mineralization and protein adsorption properties. Addition of m-WS particles in the CS/CMC scaffolds significantly reduced their swelling and degradation properties. The CS/CMC/m-WS scaffolds also showed cyto-friendly nature to human osteoblastic cells. The osteogenic potential of CS/CMC/m-WS scaffolds was confirmed by calcium deposition and expression of an osteoblast specific microRNA, pre-mir-15b. Thus, the current investigations support the use of CS/CMC/m-WS scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sainitya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Sriram
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Dhivya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Saravanan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Vairamani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T P Sastry
- Bioproducts Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Demberg T, Brocca-Cofano E, Kuate S, Aladi S, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Venzon D, Kalisz I, Kalyanaraman V, Lee EM, Pal R, DiPasquale J, Ruprecht RM, Montefiori DC, Srivastava I, Barnett SW, Robert-Guroff M. Impact of antibody quality and anamnestic response on viremia control post-challenge in a combined Tat/Env vaccine regimen in rhesus macaques. Virology 2013; 440:210-21. [PMID: 23528732 PMCID: PMC3744165 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, priming rhesus macaques with Adenovirus type 5 host range mutant-recombinants encoding Tat and Env and boosting with Tat and Env protein in MPL-SE controlled chronic viremia by 4 logs following homologous intravenous SHIV89.6P challenge. Here we evaluated Tat, Env, and Tat/Env regimens for immunogenicity and protective efficacy using clade C Env, alum adjuvant, and a heterologous intrarectal SHIV1157ipd3N4 challenge. Despite induction of strong cellular and humoral immunity, Tat/Env group T and B-cell memory responses were not significantly enhanced over Tat- or Env-only groups. Lack of viremia control post-challenge was attributed to lower avidity Env antibodies and no anamnestic ADCC response or SHIV1157ipd3N4 neutralizing antibody development post-challenge. Poor biologic activity of the Tat immunogen may have impaired Tat immunity. In the absence of sterilizing immunity, strong anamnestic responses to heterologous virus can help control viremia. Both antibody breadth and optimal adjuvanticity are needed to elicit high-quality antibody for protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Demberg
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Seraphin Kuate
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stanley Aladi
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Irene Kalisz
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, MD 20895, USA
| | | | - Eun Mi Lee
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, MD 20895, USA
| | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, MD 20895, USA
| | - Janet DiPasquale
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Polonis V, Wieczorek L, Kalyanaraman V, Matyas G, Whitney S, Williams C, Tovanabutra S, Sanders-Buell E, Wesberry M, Ochsenbauer C, Chenine A, Rao M, Tong T, Alving C, Cheng H, Zolla-Pazner S, Michael N, VanCott T, Marovich M. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of a novel, acute HIV-1 Tanzanian subtype C gp145 envelope protein for clinical development. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3441268 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Yu Y, Hanssen KF, Kalyanaraman V, Chirindel A, Jenkins AJ, Nankervis AJ, Torjesen PA, Scholz H, Henriksen T, Lorentzen B, Garg SK, Menard MK, Hammad SM, Scardo JA, Stanley JR, Wu M, Basu A, Aston CE, Lyons TJ. Reduced soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) scavenger capacity precedes pre-eclampsia in Type 1 diabetes. BJOG 2012; 119:1512-20. [PMID: 22900949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their soluble receptors (sRAGE) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia (PE). However, this association has not been elucidated in pregnancies complicated by diabetes. We aimed to investigate the serum levels of these factors in pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), a condition associated with a four-fold increase in PE. DESIGN Prospective study in women with T1DM at 12.2 ± 1.9, 21.6 ± 1.5 and 31.5 ± 1.7 weeks of gestation [mean ± standard deviation (SD); no overlap] before PE onset. SETTING Antenatal clinics. POPULATION Pregnant women with T1DM (n = 118; 26 developed PE) and healthy nondiabetic pregnant controls (n = 21). METHODS Maternal serum levels of sRAGE (total circulating pool), N(ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), hydroimidazolone (methylglyoxal-modified proteins) and total AGEs were measured by immunoassays. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum sRAGE and AGEs in pregnant women with T1DM who subsequently developed PE (DM PE+) versus those who remained normotensive (DM PE-). RESULTS In DM PE+ versus DM PE-, sRAGE was significantly lower in the first and second trimesters, prior to the clinical manifestation of PE (P < 0.05). Further, reflecting the net sRAGE scavenger capacity, sRAGE:hydroimidazolone was significantly lower in the second trimester (P < 0.05) and sRAGE:AGE and sRAGE:CML tended to be lower in the first trimester (P < 0.1) in women with T1DM who subsequently developed PE versus those who did not. These conclusions persisted after adjusting for prandial status, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), duration of diabetes, parity and mean arterial pressure as covariates. CONCLUSIONS In the early stages of pregnancy, lower circulating sRAGE levels, and the ratio of sRAGE to AGEs, may be associated with the subsequent development of PE in women with T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center and Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Patterson LJ, Daltabuit-Test M, Xiao P, Zhao J, Hu W, Wille-Reece U, Brocca-Cofano E, Kalyanaraman V, Kalisz I, Whitney S, Lee EM, Pal R, Montefiori DC, Dandekar S, Seder R, Roederer M, Wiseman RW, Hirsch V, Robert-Guroff M. Rapid SIV Env-specific mucosal and serum antibody induction augments cellular immunity in protecting immunized, elite-controller macaques against high dose heterologous SIV challenge. Virology 2011; 411:87-102. [PMID: 21237474 PMCID: PMC3039060 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three Indian rhesus macaques, Ad-SIV primed/protein boosted and exposed twice to high-dose mucosal SIV(mac251) challenges, exhibited elite control of viremia over 6.5 years. They were negative for host factors associated with control of SIV infection. After a third intrarectal challenge with SIV(smE660), all controlled viremia, with one (macaque #5) maintaining undetectable viremia in blood. Acquisition was not blocked, but virus was contained in the jejunum and draining lymph nodes. Polyfunctional memory T cell responses and high-titered neutralizing and non-neutralizing serum and mucosal antibodies were present before and maintained post-challenge. The level of protection seen for animal #5 was predicted from analyses of gene transcription in jejunum 2 weeks post-challenge. Macaques #7 and #9, exhibiting lower pre-challenge cellular and humoral immunity, partially controlled the SIV(smE660) challenge. Initial vaccine-induced control by macaque #5 extended to the SIV(smE660) challenge due to multiple immune mechanisms that were boosted and augmented by cryptic SIV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Jean Patterson
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mara Daltabuit-Test
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Peng Xiao
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jun Zhao
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - William Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ulrike Wille-Reece
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Irene Kalisz
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, MD 20895
| | - Stephen Whitney
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, MD 20895
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, MD 20895
| | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, MD 20895
| | | | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Robert Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Roger W. Wiseman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Vanessa Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Sangani B, Kalyanaraman V, Bhargava M, Dwek JH. Autopsy rates and diagnosis. JAMA 1999; 281:2182-3; author reply 2184-5. [PMID: 10376562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Abstract
Large-conductance Ca2+- and voltage-activated BK-type K+ channels are expressed abundantly in normal rat pancreatic islet cells and in the clonal rat insulinoma tumor (RINm5f) and hamster insulinoma tumor (HIT) beta cell lines. Previous work has suggested that the Ca2+ sensitivity of BK channels in RIN cells is substantially less than that in HIT cells, perhaps contributing to differences between the cell lines in responsiveness to glucose in mediating insulin secretion. In both RIN cells and normal pancreatic beta cells, BK channels are thought to play a limited role in responses of beta cells to secretagogues and in the electrical activity of beta cells. Here we examine in detail the properties of BK channels in RIN and HIT cells using inside-out patches and whole cell recordings. BK channels in RIN cells exhibit rapid inactivation that results in an anomalous steady-state Ca2+ dependence of activation. In contrast, BK channels in HIT cells exhibit the more usual noninactivating behavior. When BK inactivation is taken into account, the Ca2+ and voltage dependence of activation of BK channels in RIN and HIT cells is essentially indistinguishable. The properties of BK channel inactivation in RIN cells are similar to those of inactivating BK channels (termed BKi channels) previously identified in rat chromaffin cells. Inactivation involves multiple, trypsin-sensitive cytosolic domains and exhibits a dependence on Ca2+ and voltage that appears to arise from coupling to channel activation. In addition, the rates of inactivation onset and recovery are similar to that of BKi channels in chromaffin cells. The charybdotoxin (CTX) sensitivity of BKi currents is somewhat less than that of the noninactivating BK variant. Action potential voltage-clamp waveforms indicate that BK current is activated only weakly by Ca2+ influx in RIN cells but more strongly activated in HIT cells even when Ca2+ current magnitude is comparable. Concentrations of CTX sufficient to block BKi current in RIN cells have no effect on action potential activity initiated by glucose or DC injection. Despite its abundant expression in RIN cells, BKi current appears to play little role in action potential activity initiated by glucose or DC injection in RIN cells, but BK current may play an important role in action potential repolarization in HIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z W Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Tamma SM, Chirmule N, Yagura H, Oyaizu N, Kalyanaraman V, Pahwa S. CD4 cross-linking (CD4XL) induces RAS activation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion in CD4+ T cells. Blood 1997; 90:1588-93. [PMID: 9269777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 molecules are the primary receptors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and bind the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of HIV with high-affinity. We have previously shown that cross-linking of CD4 molecules (CD4XL) in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) results in secretion of cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), but not of interleukin-2 (IL-2) or IL-4. To investigate the intracellular signaling events associated with CD4-gp120 interaction, we incubated CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood of HIV-negative healthy donors with HIV envelope protein gp160 alone or performed CD4XL with gp160 and anti-gp160 antibody. This procedure resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular substrates p59fyn, zap 70, and p95vav and also led to ras activation, as assessed by conversion of rasGDP to rasGTP. The role of ras in CD4 signaling was further investigated using CD4+ Jurkat cells transfected with a dominant negative ras mutant. CD4+ T cells expressing dn-ras secreted significantly reduced levels of TNF-alpha in response to CD4XL. These studies indicate that interaction of HIV gp160 with CD4 molecules activates the ras pathway in T cells, which may result in the cells becoming unresponsive to subsequent stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Tamma
- Department of Pediatrics, North Shore University Hospital, New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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VanCott TC, Mascola JR, Kaminski RW, Kalyanaraman V, Hallberg PL, Burnett PR, Ulrich JT, Rechtman DJ, Birx DL. Antibodies with specificity to native gp120 and neutralization activity against primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates elicited by immunization with oligomeric gp160. J Virol 1997; 71:4319-30. [PMID: 9151820 PMCID: PMC191648 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.6.4319-4330.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Current human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope vaccine candidates elicit high antibody binding titers with neutralizing activity against T-cell line-adapted but not primary HIV-1 isolates. Serum antibodies from these human vaccine recipients were also found to be preferentially directed to linear epitopes within gp120 that are poorly exposed on native gp120. Systemic immunization of rabbits with an affinity-purified oligomeric gp160 protein formulated with either Alhydrogel or monophosphoryl lipid A-containing adjuvants resulted in the induction of high-titered serum antibodies that preferentially bound epitopes exposed on native forms of gp120 and gp160, recognized a restricted number of linear epitopes, efficiently bound heterologous strains of monomeric gp120 and cell surface-expressed oligomeric gp120/gp41, and neutralized several strains of T-cell line-adapted HIV-1. Additionally, those immune sera with the highest oligomeric gp160 antibody binding titers had neutralizing activity against some primary HIV-1 isolates, using phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell targets. Induction of an antibody response preferentially reactive with natively folded gp120/gp160 was dependent on the tertiary structure of the HIV-1 envelope immunogen as well as its adjuvant formulation, route of administration, and number of immunizations administered. These studies demonstrate the capacity of a soluble HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein vaccine to elicit an antibody response capable of neutralizing primary HIV-1 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C VanCott
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
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Yan K, Kalyanaraman V, Gautam N. Differential ability to form the G protein betagamma complex among members of the beta and gamma subunit families. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:7141-6. [PMID: 8636150 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.12.7141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have determined the relative abilities of several members of the G protein beta and gamma subunit families to associate with each other using the yeast two-hybrid system. We show first that the mammalian beta1 and gamma3 fusion proteins form a complex in yeast and that formation of the complex activates the reporter gene for beta-galactosidase. Second, the magnitude of reporter activity stimulated by various combinations of beta and gamma subunit types varies widely. Third, the reporter activity evoked by a particular combination of beta and gamma subunit types is not correlated with the expression levels of these subunit types in the yeast cells. Finally, the reporter activity shows a direct relationship with the amount of hybrid betagamma complex formed in the cell as determined by immunoprecipitation. These results suggest that different beta and gamma subunit types interact with each other with widely varying abilities, and this in combination with the level of expression of a subunit type in a mammalian cell determines which G protein will be active in that cell. The strong preference of all gamma subunit types for the beta1 subunit type explains the preponderence of this subunit type in most G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Abstract
Two different cDNAs for G protein gamma subunits have been isolated from mouse brain. One encodes a novel gamma subunit, gamma 4, the expression of which is detected only in brain. A fragment of this cDNA had been isolated previously. The other cDNA encodes gamma 3, a subunit type previously isolated from bovine brain. The primary structure of the gamma 3 subunit is conserved completely across species indicating that the diversity in the structure of the gamma subunits is of functional consequence. Moreover, gamma 2, gamma 3 and gamma 4, which are predominantly expressed in brain, are more homologous to each other than other gamma subunits, indicating that the G protein gamma subunits belong to distinct subfamilies similar to the alpha subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalyanaraman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
We have assessed the oligomeric structure and antigenic properties of an affinity purified gp160 protein (oligo-gp160) using biosensor technology. Sucrose gradient purification analysis identified the existence of tetrameric, dimeric and monomeric forms of the protein. Reactivity to a broad panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for oligomeric gp160, discontinuous epitopes within monomeric gp120 and several linear epitopes within gp120 (V3) and gp41 was demonstrated. International sera from several countries, where HIV-1 clades A-F are prevalent, including type O from Cameroon, were reactive with oligo-gp160 indicating conserved antigenic epitopes. Enhanced immunologic reactivity per gp160 molecule was obtained with oligo-gp160 as compared to other current HIV-1(IIIB) subunit monomeric envelope gp120/gp160 immunogens suggesting higher HIV-1 envelope protein mimicry. HIV-1 antibodies from sera during acute HIV-1 infection were detectable by oligo-gp160 prior to detection with either a recombinant, monomeric gp120 protein or several commercial HIV-1 screening kits suggesting antibodies sensitive to oligomeric gp160 structure may be present earlier in infection. The oligomeric nature of this gp160 protein preparation and high reactivity with divergent mAbs and HIV-1 sera support the use of this protein as an HIV-1 immunogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C VanCott
- Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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VanCott TC, Bethke FR, Kalyanaraman V, Burke DS, Redfield RR, Birx DL. Preferential antibody recognition of structurally distinct HIV-1 gp120 molecules. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (1988) 1994; 7:1103-1115. [PMID: 7523653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an assay, using a biosensor matrix and surface plasmon resonance, that rapidly and reproducibly measures antibody reactivity to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 in various structural conformations. In particular, antibodies displaying preferential reactivity to a CD4-binding competent ("native," rgp120) or CD4-binding incompetent ("reduced," rcmgp120) monomeric gp120 molecule were distinguished. This technique has advantages over conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology in which it is difficult to control the concentration of protein adsorbed to the ELISA wells and a significant disruption of protein structure occurs on adsorption. A population of gp120 molecules that lacked CD4 receptor binding capacity and bound antibodies specific for reduced gp120 was found in several native gp120 preparations. The relative amount of this CD4-binding incompetent population varied among the various preparations studied. This presence of CD4-binding incompetent molecules within various native recombinant gp120 preparations may have implications for HIV-1 envelope vaccine development. By measuring antibody-binding ratios, several monoclonal antibodies were identified, which, although elicited by immunization with various native gp120 preparations, bound specifically to reduced gp120. The ability to screen antibody specificity against HIV-1 envelope proteins with different conformations will assist in determining the quality of antibodies induced by various HIV-1 envelope vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C VanCott
- Department of Retroviral Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland
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Koralnik IJ, Boeri E, Saxinger WC, Monico AL, Fullen J, Gessain A, Guo HG, Gallo RC, Markham P, Kalyanaraman V. Phylogenetic associations of human and simian T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I strains: evidence for interspecies transmission. J Virol 1994; 68:2693-707. [PMID: 7908063 PMCID: PMC236747 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.4.2693-2707.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous env sequences from 17 human T-leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) strains from throughout the world and from 25 simian T-leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-I) strains from 12 simian species in Asia and Africa were analyzed in a phylogenetic context as an approach to resolving the natural history of these related retroviruses. STLV-I exhibited greater overall sequence variation between strains (1 to 18% compared with 0 to 9% for HTLV-I), supporting the simian origin of the modern viruses in all species. Three HTLV-I phylogenetic clusters or clades (cosmopolitan, Zaire, and Melanesia) were resolved with phenetic, parsimony, and likelihood analytical procedures. Seven phylogenetic clusters of STLV-I were resolved with the most primitive (deeply rooted) divergence involving several STLV-I strains from Asian primate species. Combined analysis of HTLV-I and STLV-I revealed that neither STLV-I clusters nor HTLV-I clusters recapitulated host species specificity; rather, multiple clades from the same species were closer to clades from other species than to each other. We interpret these evolutionary associations as support for the occurrence of multiple discrete interspecies transmissions of ancestral viruses between primate species (including human) that led to recognizable phylogenetic clades that persist in modern species. Geographic concordance of divergent host species that harbor closely related viruses reinforces that physical feasibility for hypothesized interspecies virus transmission in the past and in the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Koralnik
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Srinivasan A, York D, Ranganathan P, Ferguson R, Butler D, Feorino P, Kalyanaraman V, Jaffe H, Curran J, Anand R. Transfusion-associated AIDS: donor-recipient human immunodeficiency virus exhibits genetic heterogeneity. Blood 1987; 69:1766-70. [PMID: 2884000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) isolated from transfusion-associated AIDS patients has been examined. Restriction enzyme mapping studies of integrated proviral DNA of donor and recipient origin demonstrated genomic variation between isolates. Analysis of the molecularly cloned viral genomes of one donor-recipient pair showed that virus from the recipient had restriction enzyme site differences from the donor, noticeably clustered in the env and orf-2 regions, and also had a greater number of restriction sites in common with the donor as well. These results suggest that HIV may undergo genomic variation in vivo. Comparison of donor-recipient viruses may further the understanding of the molecular basis for AIDS pathogenesis.
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Kalyanaraman V, Narayanan R, Feorino P, Ramsey R, Palmer E, Chorba T, McDougal S, Getchell J, Holloway B, Harrison A. Isolation and characterization of a human T cell leukemia virus type II from a hemophilia-A patient with pancytopenia. EMBO J 1985; 4:1455-60. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Kalyanaraman
- Asst. Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky
| | - George Winter
- Prof. Emeritus, Dept. of Struct. Engrg., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y
| | - Teoman Pekoz
- Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Struct. Engrg., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y
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Veeraraghavan N, Kalyanaraman V, Visalakshi VK. Role of pentamethylenediamine (cadaverine) in experimental cholera infection. Indian J Med Res 1966; 54:117-28. [PMID: 4956633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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