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Weidinger A, Milivojev N, Hosmann A, Duvigneau JC, Szabo C, Törö G, Rauter L, Vaglio-Garro A, Mkrtchyan GV, Trofimova L, Sharipov RR, Surin AM, Krasilnikova IA, Pinelis VG, Tretter L, Moldzio R, Bayır H, Kagan VE, Bunik VI, Kozlov AV. Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex controls glutamate-mediated neuronal death. Redox Biol 2023; 62:102669. [PMID: 36933393 PMCID: PMC10031542 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain injury is accompanied by neuroinflammation, accumulation of extracellular glutamate and mitochondrial dysfunction, all of which cause neuronal death. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of these mechanisms on neuronal death. Patients from the neurosurgical intensive care unit suffering aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were recruited retrospectively from a respective database. In vitro experiments were performed in rat cortex homogenate, primary dissociated neuronal cultures, B35 and NG108-15 cell lines. We employed methods including high resolution respirometry, electron spin resonance, fluorescent microscopy, kinetic determination of enzymatic activities and immunocytochemistry. We found that elevated levels of extracellular glutamate and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites correlated with poor clinical outcome in patients with SAH. In experiments using neuronal cultures we showed that the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC), a key enzyme of the glutamate-dependent segment of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is more susceptible to the inhibition by NO than mitochondrial respiration. Inhibition of OGDHC by NO or by succinyl phosphonate (SP), a highly specific OGDHC inhibitor, caused accumulation of extracellular glutamate and neuronal death. Extracellular nitrite did not substantially contribute to this NO action. Reactivation of OGDHC by its cofactor thiamine (TH) reduced extracellular glutamate levels, Ca2+ influx into neurons and cell death rate. Salutary effect of TH against glutamate toxicity was confirmed in three different cell lines. Our data suggest that the loss of control over extracellular glutamate, as described here, rather than commonly assumed impaired energy metabolism, is the critical pathological manifestation of insufficient OGDHC activity, leading to neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelheid Weidinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadja Milivojev
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arthur Hosmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Catharina Duvigneau
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Csaba Szabo
- University of Fribourg, Section of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Section of Pharmacology, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gabor Törö
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Laurin Rauter
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Vaglio-Garro
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Garik V Mkrtchyan
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidia Trofimova
- Biological Faculty, Department of Biophysics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rinat R Sharipov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Pain, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Surin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Pain, Moscow, Russia; National Medical Research Center of Children's Health, Russian Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Brain Development, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina A Krasilnikova
- National Medical Research Center of Children's Health, Russian Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Brain Development, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod G Pinelis
- National Medical Research Center of Children's Health, Russian Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Brain Development, Moscow, Russia
| | - Laszlo Tretter
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Moldzio
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Chemistry and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Neuroscience Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Chemistry and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Victoria I Bunik
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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Sorokina EG, Semenova ZB, Reutov VP, Arsenieva EN, Karaseva OV, Fisenko AP, Roshal LM, Pinelis VG. Brain Biomarkers in Children After Mild and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2021; 131:103-107. [PMID: 33839828 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59436-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain biomarkers (protein S100b and neuron-specific enolase (NSE)), antibodies (aAb) to the NR2 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NR2(NMDA)) and to the GluR1 subunit of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (GluR1(AMPA)) subtype of glutamate receptors (GluR), NR2 and AMPA peptides, nitrogen oxides (NOx; "nitrites and nitrates"), and 3-nitrotyrosine (NT) were measured in blood from 159 children after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), moderate traumatic brain injury (mdTBI), or severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) within 1-2 days and at intervals during the first 15 days after brain trauma. S100b and NSE levels on the first day were not a strict criterion for injury outcomes. Children with mTBI had the most significant elevations in antibodies to NR2(NMDA) and AMPA peptides, a slight increase in NOx, and, in 25% of cases, appearance of NT in the blood right after TBI. The lowest level of antibodies to NR2(NMDA) GluR detected shortly after the initial TBI was found in children with sTBI, with a negative outcome. The opposite characters of antibodies to NR2(NMDA) on the first day in children with mild and moderate versus severe TBI may be associated with an important mechanism aimed at protecting neurons from Glu excitotoxicity. We hypothesized that a slight increase in NOx after the onset of TBI rapidly activates the innate immune system and contributes to an increase in antibodies to NR2(NMDA). An increase in the AMPA peptide level in mTBI may be early signs of diffuse axonal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Sorokina
- National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Zhanna B Semenova
- Research Institute for Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentin P Reutov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N Arsenieva
- National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Karaseva
- Research Institute for Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey P Fisenko
- National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid M Roshal
- Research Institute for Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow, Russia
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Sorokina EG, Semenova ZB, Averianova NS, Karaseva OV, N Arsenieva E, Luk'yanov VI, Reutov VP, Asanov AY, Roshal LM, Pinelis VG. [APOΕ gene polymorphism and markers of brain damage in the outcomes of severe traumatic brain injury in children]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:72-80. [PMID: 32490622 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012004172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes with outcomes and levels of neuromarkers in children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). MATERIAL AND METHODS APOE polymorphisms were genotyped in 69 children with severe TBI. The following markers of brain damage were identified: neuron-specific enolase (NSE), glial protein S100b, content of autoantibodies (aAB) to glutamate receptors (to the NR2 subunit of NMDA receptors), aAB to S100b and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION There was no association between APOE 3/3, 3/4, 3/2 genotypes and outcomes assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). The greatest number of favorable outcomes was noted in the group of APOE 3/3 genotype carriers (60%). The ratio of favorable outcomes to unfavorable outcomes was equal (50%:50%) in groups with APOE 3/4 and APOE 3/2 genotypes. An association between APOE polymorphism and BDNF was found: there were normal BDNF levels in the APOE 3/3 group and reduced levels in the APOE 3/2 group. The correlation between neuromarkers and GOS scores was shown for BDNF and aAB to S100b. In children with favorable TBI outcomes, normal BDNF levels and a lower level of aAB to S100b were observed. Regardless of APOE genotypes, almost all children with severe TBI (95%) showed a significant increase in aAB to glutamate receptors in the remote period and most children had an increase in aAB to S100b in the blood. This fact can be explained by the presence of cerebral hypoxia, activation of autoimmune processes and increased BBB permeability, which may be enhanced by increased NO content and intensification of oxidative processes in children with severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Sorokina
- Federal State Autonomous Institution «National Medical Research Center of Children's Health» of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zh B Semenova
- Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow Department of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - N S Averianova
- Federal State Autonomous Institution «National Medical Research Center of Children's Health» of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - O V Karaseva
- Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow Department of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - E N Arsenieva
- Federal State Autonomous Institution «National Medical Research Center of Children's Health» of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Luk'yanov
- Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow Department of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - V P Reutov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Yu Asanov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenovskiy University), Moscow, Russia
| | - L M Roshal
- Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow Department of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - V G Pinelis
- Federal State Autonomous Institution «National Medical Research Center of Children's Health» of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Bakaeva ZV, Surin AM, Lizunova NV, Zgodova AE, Krasilnikova IA, Fisenko AP, Frolov DA, Andreeva LA, Myasoedov NF, Pinelis VG. Neuroprotective Potential of Peptides HFRWPGP (ACTH 6-9PGP), KKRRPGP, and PyrRP in Cultured Cortical Neurons at Glutamate Excitotoxicity. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2020; 491:62-66. [PMID: 32483752 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672920020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) excitotoxicity, which accompanies brain ischemia or traumatic brain injury, is the leading mechanism of neuronal death. In the present work, we studied the effects of the peptides HFRWPGP (ACTH6-9PGP), KKRRPG, and PyrRP on the survival of cultured cortical neurons on the background of excitotoxic effect of Glu (100 µM). Biochemical (MTT/WST) and morphometric analyzes showed that, depending on the dose, ACTH6-9PGP and KKRRPGP protect neurons from the cells death, while PyrRP, conversely, enhances it. The neuroprotective effect of ACTH6-9PGP is accompanied by a slowdown in the development of delayed calcium dysregulation and synchronous mitochondrial depolarization. Among the studied peptides, only ACTH6-9PGP significantly increased the number of neurons that restored Ca2+ homeostasis after Glu was abolished. The influence of KKRRPGP was less pronounced, whereas PyrRP, on the contrary, reduced the number of neurons with low [Ca2+]i. Thus, this study revealed the high therapeutic significance of ACTH6-9PGP and allowed assessing the prospects for its possible clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z V Bakaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119296, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A M Surin
- National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119296, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Lizunova
- National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119296, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - A E Zgodova
- National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119296, Moscow, Russia.,The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University under Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119146, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Krasilnikova
- National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119296, Moscow, Russia
| | - A P Fisenko
- National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119296, Moscow, Russia
| | - D A Frolov
- MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119454, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Andreeva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - N F Myasoedov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - V G Pinelis
- National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119296, Moscow, Russia
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Grebenik EA, Surin AM, Bardakova KN, Demina TS, Minaev NV, Veryasova NN, Artyukhova MA, Krasilnikova IA, Bakaeva ZV, Sorokina EG, Boyarkin DP, Akopova TA, Pinelis VG, Timashev PS. Chitosan-g-oligo(L,L-lactide) copolymer hydrogel for nervous tissue regeneration in glutamate excitotoxicity: in vitro feasibility evaluation. Biomed Mater 2020; 15:015011. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab6228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Gusar VA, Timofeeva AV, Zhanin IS, Shram SI, Pinelis VG. [Estimation of Time-Dependent microRNA Expression Patterns in Brain Tissue, Leukocytes, and Blood Plasma of Rats under Photochemically Induced Focal Cerebral Ischemia]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2018; 51:683-695. [PMID: 28900088 DOI: 10.7868/s0026898417040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
miRNA expression over different time periods (24 and 48 h) using the quantitative RT-PCR and deep sequencing has been evaluated in a model of photochemically induced thrombosis. A combination of two approaches allowed us to determine the miRNA expression patterns caused by ischemia. Nine miRNAs, including let-7f-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-30c-5p, miR-30a-3p, miR-223-3p, miR-23a-3p, miR-22-5p, and miR-99a-5p, were differentially expressed in brain tissue and leukocytes of rats 48 h after onset of ischemia. In addition, six miRNAs were differentially expressed in the brain tissue and blood plasma of rats 24 h after exposure, among which miR-145-3p and miR-375-3p were downregulated and miR-19a-3p, miR-92a-3p, miR-188-5p, and miR-532-5p were upregulated. In our opinion, miR-188-5p and miR-532-5p may be considered to be new potential markers of ischemic injury. The level of miRNA expression tended to increase 48 h after the onset of ischemia in brain tissue and leukocytes, which reflects not only the local response in brain tissue due to inflammation, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and disorders of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, but also the systemic response of the organism to multifactor molecular processes induced by ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Gusar
- Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 117997 Russia.,Scientific Center of Children's Health, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 119991 Russia.,
| | - A V Timofeeva
- Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 117997 Russia.,Scientific Center of Children's Health, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - I S Zhanin
- Scientific Center of Children's Health, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 119991 Russia.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - S I Shram
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182 Russia
| | - V G Pinelis
- Scientific Center of Children's Health, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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Safina DR, Surin AM, Pinelis VG, Kostrov SV. Effect of neurotrophin-3 precursor on glutamate-induced calcium homeostasis deregulation in rat cerebellum granule cells. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1865-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dina R. Safina
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering; Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander M. Surin
- Laboratory of Ionic Transport and Intracellular Signaling Pathology; Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular; Genetic, and Cell Biology, Scientific Center for Children's Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Moscow Russia
| | - Vsevolod G. Pinelis
- Laboratory of Molecular; Genetic, and Cell Biology, Scientific Center for Children's Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Sergey V. Kostrov
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering; Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Centre for Convergence of Nano-, Bio-, Information, and Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute,”; Moscow Russia
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Surin AM, Gorbacheva LR, Savinkova IG, Sharipov RR, Khodorov BI, Pinelis VG. Study on ATP concentration changes in cytosol of individual cultured neurons during glutamate-induced deregulation of calcium homeostasis. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2015; 79:146-57. [PMID: 24794730 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, simultaneous monitoring of changes in the concentration of cytosolic ATP ([ATP]c), pH (pHc), and intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) of the individual neurons challenged with toxic glutamate (Glu) concentrations was performed. To this end, the ATP-sensor AT1.03, which binds to ATP and therefore enhances the efficiency of resonance energy transfer between blue fluorescent protein (energy donor) and yellow-green fluorescent protein (energy acceptor), was expressed in cultured hippocampal neurons isolated from 1-2-day-old rat pups. Excitation of fluorescence in the acceptor protein allowed monitoring changes in pHc. Cells were loaded with fluorescent low-affinity Ca2+ indicators Fura-FF or X-rhod-FF to register [Ca2+]i. It was shown that Glu (20 µM, glycine 10 µM, Mg2+-free) produced a rapid acidification of the cytosol and decrease in [ATP]c. An approximately linear relationship (r(2) = 0.56) between the rate of [ATP]c decline and latency of glutamate-induced delayed calcium deregulation (DCD) was observed: higher rate of [ATP]c decrease corresponded to shorter DCD latency period. DCD began with a decrease in [ATP]c of as much as 15.9%. In the phase of high [Ca2+]i, the plateau of [ATP]c dropped to 10.4% compared to [ATP]c in resting neurons (100%). In the presence of the Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor ouabain (0.5 mM), glutamate-induced reduction in [ATP]c in the phase of the high [Ca2+]i plateau was only 36.6%. Changes in [ATP]c, [Ca2+]i, mitochondrial potential, and pHc in calcium-free or sodium-free buffers, as well as in the presence of the inhibitor of Na+/K+-ATPase ouabain (0.5 mM), led us to suggest that in addition to increase in proton conductivity and decline in [ATP]c, one of the triggering factors of DCD might be a reversion of the neuronal plasma membrane Na+/Ca2+ exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Surin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 125315, Russia.
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Zakirov RS, Sorokina EG, Karaseva OV, Semenova ZB, Petrichuk SV, Roshal LM, Pinelis VG. [Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Mitochondrial Function in Children with Traumatic Brain Injury]. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk 2015:710-7. [PMID: 27093799 DOI: 10.15690/vramn568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGRAUND It is known that mitochondria play an important role in the mechanisms of brain cells damage and death following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the relationship between the severity of brain damage following TBI and mitochondrial dysfunction are not well defined. AIM to study activities of NADN- and succinate dehydrogenases, a key enzyme of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in children with TBI of varying severity and different outcomes; to detect ATP content in lymphocytes; the level of NOx and 3-nitrotyrosine in serum and plasma. Methods: all parameters were determined in the dynamics of one month following TBI, and in some cases up to the death ofpatients. The severity of TBI was scored by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), the outcome of TBI-Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Based on the clinical examination children with TBI were divided into 3 groups: (1) mild TBI; (2) severe TBI and (3) severe TBI with fatal outcome. RESULTS we found that activity of dehydrogenases is significantly reduced only in patients with the poor neurologic outcome. The greatest decrease in these parameters was observed in patients with severe traumatic brain injury and fatal outcome. A direct correlation was found between the indices of dehydrogenases activity and A TP content in lymphocytes (r = 0.97, p = 0.005). The levels of NOx metabolites and 3-nitrotyrosine were significantly increased in children with severe TBI. CONCLUSION obtained results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired cerebral energy metabolism and oxidative stress contribute to cell death in the brain and thus represent therapeutic targets for the treatment of TBI.
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Persiyantseva NA, Storozhevykh TP, Senilova YE, Gorbacheva LR, Pinelis VG, Pomytkin IA. Mitochondrial H2O2 as an enable signal for triggering autophosphorylation of insulin receptor in neurons. J Mol Signal 2013; 8:11. [PMID: 24094269 PMCID: PMC3817577 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin receptors are widely distributed in the brain, where they play roles in synaptic function, memory formation, and neuroprotection. Autophosphorylation of the receptor in response to insulin stimulation is a critical step in receptor activation. In neurons, insulin stimulation leads to a rise in mitochondrial H2O2 production, which plays a role in receptor autophosphorylation. However, the kinetic characteristics of the H2O2 signal and its functional relationships with the insulin receptor during the autophosphorylation process in neurons remain unexplored to date. Results Experiments were carried out in culture of rat cerebellar granule neurons. Kinetic study showed that the insulin-induced H2O2 signal precedes receptor autophosphorylation and represents a single spike with a peak at 5–10 s and duration of less than 30 s. Mitochondrial complexes II and, to a lesser extent, I are involved in generation of the H2O2 signal. The mechanism by which insulin triggers the H2O2 signal involves modulation of succinate dehydrogenase activity. Insulin dose–response for receptor autophosphorylation is well described by hyperbolic function (Hill coefficient, nH, of 1.1±0.1; R2=0.99). N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a scavenger of H2O2, dose-dependently inhibited receptor autophosphorylation. The observed dose response is highly sigmoidal (Hill coefficient, nH, of 8.0±2.3; R2=0.97), signifying that insulin receptor autophosphorylation is highly ultrasensitive to the H2O2 signal. These results suggest that autophosphorylation occurred as a gradual response to increasing insulin concentrations, only if the H2O2 signal exceeded a certain threshold. Both insulin-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation and H2O2 generation were inhibited by pertussis toxin, suggesting that a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein may link the insulin receptor to the H2O2-generating system in neurons during the autophosphorylation process. Conclusions In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that the receptor autophosphorylation occurs only if mitochondrial H2O2 signal exceeds a certain threshold. This finding provides novel insights into the mechanisms underlying neuronal response to insulin. The neuronal insulin receptor is activated if two conditions are met: 1) insulin binds to the receptor, and 2) the H2O2 signal surpasses a certain threshold, thus, enabling receptor autophosphorylation in all-or-nothing manner. Although the physiological rationale for this control remains to be determined, we propose that malfunction of mitochondrial H2O2 signaling may lead to the development of cerebral insulin resistance.
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Surin AM, Khiroug S, Gorbacheva LR, Khodorov BI, Pinelis VG, Khiroug L. Comparative analysis of cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP synthesis in embryonic and postnatal hippocampal neuronal cultures. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 5:102. [PMID: 23335879 PMCID: PMC3541538 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP in neurons is commonly believed to be synthesized mostly by mitochondria via oxidative phosphorylation. Neuronal mitochondria have been studied primarily in culture, i.e., in neurons isolated either from embryos or from neonatal pups. Although it is generally assumed that both embryonic and postnatal cultured neurons derive their ATP from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, this has never been tested experimentally. We expressed the FRET-based ATP sensor AT1.03 in cultured hippocampal neurons isolated either from E17 to E18 rat embryos or from P1 to P2 rat pups and monitored [ATP]c simultaneously with mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm; TMRM) and NAD(P)H autofluorescence. In embryonic neurons, transient glucose deprivation induced a near-complete decrease in [ATP]c, which was partially reversible and was accelerated by inhibition of glycolysis with 2-deoxyglucose. In the absence of glucose, pyruvate did not cause any significant increase in [ATP]c in 84% of embryonic neurons, and inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthase with oligomycin failed to decrease [ATP]c. Moreover, ΔΨm was significantly reduced by oligomycin, indicating that mitochondria acted as consumers rather than producers of ATP in embryonic neurons. In sharp contrast, in postnatal neurons pyruvate added during glucose deprivation significantly increased [ATP]c (by 54 ± 8%), whereas oligomycin induced a sharp decline in [ATP]c and increased ΔΨm. These signs of oxidative phosphorylation were observed in all tested P1-P2 neurons. Measurement of ΔΨm with the potential-sensitive probe JC-1 revealed that neuronal mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly reduced in embryonic cultures compared to the postnatal ones, possibly due to increased proton permeability of inner mitochondrial membrane. We conclude that, in embryonic, but not postnatal neuronal cultures, ATP synthesis is predominantly glycolytic and the oxidative phosphorylation-mediated synthesis of ATP by mitochondrial F1Fo-ATPase is insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Surin
- Neuroscience Center, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical SciencesMoscow, Russia
- Scientific Center for Children's Health, Russian Academy of Medical SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Serguei Khiroug
- Neuroscience Center, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | | | - Boris I. Khodorov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod G. Pinelis
- Scientific Center for Children's Health, Russian Academy of Medical SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Leonard Khiroug
- Neuroscience Center, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
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Pinelis VG, Litvinova MM, Kuzenkova LM, Asanov AI. [Hereditary thrombophilia in children: current views of etiology and pathogenesis]. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk 2011:50-57. [PMID: 21786606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on the role of genetic factors in etiology and pathogenesis of thrombophilia in adults and children. Their knowledge permits to elucidate the main causes of this pathology and choose adequate measures for its prevention.
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13
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Sorokina EG, Vol'pina OM, Semenova ZB, Karaseva OV, Koroev DO, Kamynina AV, Reutov VP, Salykina MA, Panova AV, Goriunova AV, Pinelis VG, Roshal' LM. [Autoantibodies to α7-subunit of neuronal acetylcholine receptor in children with traumatic brain injury]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2011; 111:56-60. [PMID: 21512503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An objective of the study was to search for new biologically significant markers of brain damage. Levels of blood serum autoantibodies (aAB) to different fragments of α7-subunit of acetylcholine receptor (ACR) were studied in children with traumatic brain injury of different severity. The more severe was trauma, the higher was the level of aAB to fragments of α7-subunit of ACR in the first week after trauma. The data obtained suggest that α7-subunits of ACR and aAB to them are involved in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain lesions and, probably, play a significant role in the course of post traumatic period.
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Makarova AM, Gorbacheva LR, Savinkova IV, Mikhailova AG, Rumsh LD, Pinelis VG, Strukova SM. Effect of enteropeptidase on survival of cultured hippocampal neurons under conditions of glutamate toxicity. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2010; 75:1153-9. [PMID: 21077835 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910090099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of full-size bovine enteropeptidase (BEK) and of human recombinant light chain enteropeptidase (L-HEP) on survival of cultured hippocampal neurons were studied under conditions of glutamate excitotoxicity. Low concentrations of L-HEP or BEK (0.1-1 and 0.1-0.5 nM, respectively) protected hippocampal neurons against the death caused by 100 µM glutamate. Using the PAR1 (proteinase-activated receptor) antagonist SCH 79797, we revealed a PAR1-dependent mechanism of neuroprotective action of low concentrations of enteropeptidase. The protective effect of full-size enteropeptidase was not observed at the concentrations of 1 and 10 nM; moreover, 10 nM of BEK caused death of 88.9% of the neurons, which significantly exceeded the cell death caused by glutamate (31.9%). Under conditions of glutamate cytotoxicity the survival of neurons was 26.8% higher even in the presence of 10 nM of L-HEP than in the presence of 10 nM BEK. Pretreatment of cells with 10 nM of either form of enteropeptidase abolished the protective effect of 10 nM thrombin under glutamate cytotoxicity. High concentrations of BEK and L-HEP caused the death of neurons mainly through necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Makarova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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15
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Sorokina EG, Semenova ZB, Granstrem OK, Karaseva OV, Meshcheriakov SV, Reutov VP, Sushkevich GN, Pinelis VG, Roshal' LM. [S100B protein and autoantibodies to S100B protein in diagnostics of brain damage in craniocerebral trauma in children]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2010; 110:30-35. [PMID: 20823827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Levels of antibodies AB (AB) to S100B and S100B protein were studied in the blood serum of children with different severity and outcomes of traumatic brain injury (TBI) from the 1st to 15-75th days after TBI. Severity and outcomes were assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Patients were stratified by outcomes into the following groups: complete recovery (group 1), moderate disability (group 2), high disability (group 3), vegetative state (group 4) and fatal outcome (group 5). In patients of groups 1-3, the changes of S100B in the blood serum didn't depend on the severity of brain's damage; the significant increase of S100B protein levels in the 1st day was accompanied by the decrease to the normal range in the following 2-3 days. On the contrary, the levels of nAB in these groups increased starting from 3-5 days corresponding to the severity of brain's damage. The development of vegetative state was accompanied by low S100B and high AB to S100B levels in the blood serum. The maximal level of S100B protein and increased levels of AB were observed in patients with fatal outcome. In most patients with combined TBI, the levels of both parameters were higher compared to those with separate TBI.
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16
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Baĭder LM, Reutov VP, Krushinskiĭ AL, Kuzenkov VS, Sorokina EG, Koshelev VB, Fadiukov OE, Zhymabaeva TT, Lozinova TA, Komissarova LK, Pinelis VG, Kositsin NS, Kuropteva ZV. [EPR study of the influence of hypoxia on nitric oxide formation in the blood of Krushinskii-Molodkina rats]. Biofizika 2009; 54:894-900. [PMID: 19894631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The influence of hypoxia on nitric oxide formation in the blood of Krushinskii-Molodkina rats has been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance. It was found that nitric oxide synthesis in Krushinskii-Molodkina rats is increased compared with that in Wistar rats. A significant enhancement of the EPR signal of Hb-NO complexes in the animal blood was observed after hypoxia simulating the altitude of 5000 m above the sea level, in particular in the presence of sodium nitrite and the NO-synthase inhibitor L-nitroarginine. It was assumed that NO synthesis and nitro-/nitrite- reductase systems are activated under hypoxic conditions.
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Bunik VI, Kabysheva MS, Klimuk EI, Storozhevykh TP, Pinelis VG. Phosphono Analogues of 2-Oxoglutarate Protect Cerebellar Granule Neurons upon Glutamate Excitotoxicity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1171:521-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Reutov VP, Samosudova NV, Filippova NA, Krushinskii AL, Kuzenkov VS, Sorokina EG, Pinelis VG, Granstrem OK, Larionova NP, Chailakhyan LM. Cortexin and combination of nitrite with cortexin decrease swelling and destruction of cerebellar neurons in hemorrhagic stroke. Dokl Biol Sci 2009; 426:201-204. [PMID: 19650315 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496609030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V P Reutov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485 Russia
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19
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Persiyantseva NA, Birikh KR, Dvoretskova EA, Pinelis VG, Khodorov BI. Role of protein kinase C in Ca(2+) homeostasis disorders in cultured rat neurons during hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. Bull Exp Biol Med 2009; 145:595-9. [PMID: 19145290 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-008-0159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The primary culture of rat cerebellar neurons was used to study protein kinase C activity, intracellular variations in calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i), changes in the mitochondrial potential, and neuronal death during hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors and after 24-h incubation with phorbol ester. Prolonged exposure of neurons to glutamate (100 microM, 45 min) was followed by the development of delayed calcium dysregulation. Protein kinase C activity depended on the time of cell incubation with glutamate. Protein kinase C activity increased in response to application of glutamate for 15 min. However, protein kinase C activity decreased after 45-min exposure to glutamate and development of delayed calcium dysregulation. Protein kinase C activity was nearly undetected after 24-h preincubation of neurons with phorbol ester. Under these conditions, delayed calcium dysregulation developed more slowly and was observed in a smaller number of neurons. Neuronal death decreased to 2+/-1%. Our results suggest that protein kinase C plays an important role in death of neurons, which exhibit delayed calcium dysregulation during glutamate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Persiyantseva
- Laboratory of Membranology, Research Center of Child Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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20
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Kabysheva MS, Storozhevykh TP, Pinelis VG, Bunik VI. Synthetic regulators of the 2-oxoglutarate oxidative decarboxylation alleviate the glutamate excitotoxicity in cerebellar granule neurons. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1531-40. [PMID: 19426691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of the 2-oxoglutarate oxidative decarboxylation by the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC) is associated with the glutamate accumulation, ROS production and neuropathologies. We hypothesized that correct function of OGDHC under metabolic stress is essential to overcome the glutamate excitotoxic action on neurons. We show that synthetic phosphono analogs of 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl phosphonate and its phosphono ethyl ester, improve the catalysis by brain OGDHC through inhibiting the side reaction of irreversible inactivation of its first component, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. Under the substrate and cofactor saturation, the component and complex undergo the inactivation during catalysis with the apparent rate constant 0.2 min(-1). The inactivation rate is reduced by 90% and 60% in the presence of 50 microM succinyl phosphonate and its phosphono ethyl ester, correspondingly. In cultured cerebellar granule neurons exposed to excitotoxic glutamate, the phosphonates (100 microM) protect from the irreversible impairment of mitochondrial function and delayed calcium deregulation. The deregulation amplitude is decreased by succinyl phosphonate and its phosphono ethyl ester by 50% and 30%, correspondingly. Thus, succinyl phosphonate is more potent than its phosphono ethyl ester in protecting both the isolated brain OGDHC from inactivation and cultured neurons from the glutamate-induced calcium deregulation. The correlation of the relative efficiency of the phosphonates in vitro and in situ indicates that their cellular effects are due to targeting OGDHC, which is in accord with independent studies. We conclude that the compounds preserving the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity are of neuroprotective value upon metabolic disbalance induced by glutamate excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Kabysheva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
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21
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Pomytkin IA, Storozhevykh TP, Senilova YE, Persiyantseva NA, Pinelis VG, Storozheva ZI, Proshin AT, Sherstnev VV, Semenova NA. P4-224: Mitochondrial respiration plays an integral role in insulin receptor activation in neurons: A possible link between dysfunctional insulin receptor signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yana E. Senilova
- Scientific Centre for Children‘s Health,RAMS; Moscow Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | - Andrey T. Proshin
- P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology; RAMS Moscow Russian Federation
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22
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Gorbacheva LR, Storozhevykh TP, Pinelis VG, Davydova ON, Ishiwata S, Strukova SM. Activated protein C via PAR1 receptor regulates survival of neurons under conditions of glutamate excitotoxicity. Biochemistry Moscow 2008; 73:717-24. [PMID: 18620539 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908060138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of an anticoagulant and cytoprotector blood serine proteinase--activated protein C (APC)--on survival of cultured hippocampal and cortical neurons under conditions of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity has been studied. Low concentrations of APC (0.01-10 nM) did not cause neuron death, but in the narrow range of low concentrations APC twofold and stronger decreased cell death caused by glutamate toxicity. High concentrations of APC (>50 nM) induced the death of hippocampal neurons similarly to the toxic action of glutamate. The neuroprotective effect of APC on the neurons was mediated by type 1 proteinase-activated receptor (PAR1), because the inactivation of the enzyme with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride or PAR1 blockade by a PAR1 peptide antagonist ((Tyr1)-TRAP-7) prevented the protective effect of APC. Moreover, APC inhibited the proapoptotic effect of 10 nM thrombin on the neurons. Geldanamycin, a specific inhibitor of heat shock protein Hsp90, completely abolished the antiapoptotic effect of 0.1 nM APC on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in the hippocampal neurons. Thus, APC at low concentrations, activating PAR1, prevents the death of hippocampal and cortical neurons under conditions of glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Gorbacheva
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
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23
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Sorokina EG, Reutov VP, Senilova YE, Khodorov BI, Pinelis VG. Changes in ATP content in cerebellar granule cells during hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors: possible role of NO and nitrite ions. Bull Exp Biol Med 2008; 143:442-5. [PMID: 18214295 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In primary 7-8-day culture of cerebellar granule cells, glutamate exposure (100 microM, 10-240 min) induced a 60-30% drop in ATP level; during the postglutamate period ATP level completely recovered after 24 h. Inhibition of NO-synthase with L-NAME during glutamate application resulted in less pronounced decrease in ATP level immediately after its application and had no effect on ATP recovery after 24 h. It was found that hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors elevates concentration of NO products (nitrites and nitrates), while NO2(-) ions can increase ATP content.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Sorokina
- Laboratory of Membranology, Research Center of Children Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow.
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24
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Storozhevykh TP, Tukhbatova GR, Senilova YE, Pinelis VG, Andreeva LA, Myasoyedov NF. Effects of semax and its Pro-Gly-Pro fragment on calcium homeostasis of neurons and their survival under conditions of glutamate toxicity. Bull Exp Biol Med 2008; 143:601-4. [PMID: 18239779 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Semax (100 microM) and its Pro-Gly-Pro fragment (20 and 100 microM) delayed the development of calcium dysregulation and reduction of the mitochondrial potential in cultured cerebellar granule cells under conditions of glutamate neurotoxicity. Incubation with these peptides improved neuronal survival by on average 30%. The neuroprotective effect of semax in cerebral ischemia/hypoxia can be due to improvement of mitochondrial resistance to "calcium" stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Storozhevykh
- Laboratory of Membranology, Center of Children's Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Storozheva ZI, Proshin AT, Sherstnev VV, Storozhevykh TP, Senilova YE, Persiyantseva NA, Pinelis VG, Semenova NA, Zakharova EI, Pomytkin IA. Dicholine salt of succinic acid, a neuronal insulin sensitizer, ameliorates cognitive deficits in rodent models of normal aging, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, and beta-amyloid peptide-(25-35)-induced amnesia. BMC Pharmacol 2008; 8:1. [PMID: 18215309 PMCID: PMC2262060 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulated evidence suggests that insulin resistance and impairments in cerebral insulin receptor signaling may contribute to age-related cognitive deficits and Alzheimer's disease. The enhancement of insulin receptor signaling is, therefore, a promising strategy for the treatment of age-related cognitive disorders. The mitochondrial respiratory chain, being involved in insulin-stimulated H2O2 production, has been identified recently as a potential target for the enhancement of insulin signaling. The aim of the present study is to examine: (1) whether a specific respiratory substrate, dicholine salt of succinic acid (CS), can enhance insulin-stimulated insulin receptor autophosphorylation in neurons, and (2) whether CS can ameliorate cognitive deficits of various origins in animal models. RESULTS In a primary culture of cerebellar granule neurons, CS significantly enhanced insulin-stimulated insulin receptor autophosphorylation. In animal models, CS significantly ameliorated cognitive deficits, when administered intraperitoneally for 7 days. In 16-month-old middle-aged C57Bl/6 mice (a model of normal aging), CS enhanced spatial learning in the Morris water maze, spontaneous locomotor activity, passive avoidance performance, and increased brain N-acetylaspartate/creatine levels, as compared to the age-matched control (saline). In rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, CS enhanced spatial learning, passive avoidance performance, and increased brain N-acetylaspartate/creatine levels, as compared to control rats (saline). In rats with beta-amyloid peptide-(25-35)-induced amnesia, CS enhanced passive avoidance performance and increased activity of brain choline acetyltransferase, as compared to control rats (saline). In all used models, CS effects lasted beyond the seven-day treatment period and were found to be significant about two weeks following the treatment. CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that dicholine salt of succinic acid, a novel neuronal insulin sensitizer, ameliorates cognitive deficits and neuronal dysfunctions in animal models relevant to age-related cognitive impairments, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinaida I Storozheva
- P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, RAMS, Mohovaya 11-4, 125009, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey T Proshin
- P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, RAMS, Mohovaya 11-4, 125009, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Sherstnev
- P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, RAMS, Mohovaya 11-4, 125009, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana P Storozhevykh
- Scientific Centre for Children's Health, RAMS, Lomonosovsky prospect 2/62, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana E Senilova
- Scientific Centre for Children's Health, RAMS, Lomonosovsky prospect 2/62, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A Persiyantseva
- Scientific Centre for Children's Health, RAMS, Lomonosovsky prospect 2/62, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod G Pinelis
- Scientific Centre for Children's Health, RAMS, Lomonosovsky prospect 2/62, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia A Semenova
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, RAS, Kosygina 4, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I Zakharova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, RAMS, Baltijskaya 8, 125315, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor A Pomytkin
- Biosignal Ltd., M. Gruzinskaya 29-153, 123557, Moscow, Russia
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Goryunova AV, Bazarnaya NA, Sorokina EG, Semenova NY, Globa OV, Semenova ZB, Pinelis VG, Roshal' LM, Maslova OI. Glutamate receptor autoantibody concentrations in children with chronic post-traumatic headache. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 37:761-4. [PMID: 17922239 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-007-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report here studies on the levels of autoantibodies (aAb) to AMPA glutamate receptors (GluR1 subunit) and NMDA glutamate receptors (NR2A subunit) in serum from 60 children aged 7-16 years with chronic posttraumatic headache (CPTHA) following mild craniocerebral trauma (CCT). The first group consisted of 48 children who had sustained cerebral concussion (CC), of which 34 had single-episode CC (subgroup 1a) and 14 had repeated CC (subgroup 1). The second group included 12 children with mild cerebral contusions (MCC). Serum glutamate receptor aAb levels were measured six months and one year after trauma. Increased aAb levels were expressed as percentages and were regarded as significant when increases were to 120% of the level seen in healthy children of the same age. The highest levels of aAb to NMDA receptors were seen in children with MCC (165 +/- 34%) and single CC (145 +/- 12.6%). Children with repeated CC had NMDA receptor aAb at normal levels (108 +/- 12.4%). Increases in NMDA receptor aAb were seen during the first year after trauma. Increases in AMPA receptor aAb were seen in children with repeated CC and MCC (150 +/- 16.8% and 167 +/- 31.3%). EEG studies showed that 18% of these children had nonspecific paroxysmal changes and 6% showed epileptiform activity. These results provide evidence that children with post-traumatic headache demonstrated hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors and overdevelopment of the autoimmune process. Increases in serum levels of aAb to NMDA glutamate receptors reflected hypoxic-ischemic brain lesions in children with CPTHA and dictate the need for these children to receive metabolic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Goryunova
- State Research Institute of Pediatric Traumatology and Surgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Russia
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27
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Sorokina EG, Semenova ZB, Bazarnaia NA, Meshcheriakov SV, Reutov VP, Goriunova AV, Pinelis VG, Granstrem OK, Roshal' LM. [Autoantibodies to glutamate receptors and metabolic products of nitric oxide in blood serum of children in the acute period of brain trauma]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2008; 108:67-72. [PMID: 18427542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies (AB) to glutamate receptors of AMPA (Glur1) and NMDA (NR2A) types and nitric oxide metabolites, nitrates and nitrites (NOx), were studied in the blood serum of children with brain trauma of different severity. The level of both AB types increased from the 1st to the 10th day after trauma. The level of NMDA (NR2A) AB was higher comparing to AMPA (Glur1). Patients with mild brain trauma, scoring 14-15 on the Coma Glasgow Scale, had the highest AB concentration while patients with severe brain trauma (scores <9), had the lower level of NMDA (NR2A) AB. The lowest level of AB and the highest level of NOx in the blood serum were found in a group of children with the fatal outcome of severe brain trauma. The many-fold increase of NOx concentration in this group points to marked hypoxia after severe brain trauma.
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Pinelis VG, Sorokina EG. [Autoimmune mechanisms of modulation of the activity of glutamate receptors in children with epilepsy and craniocerebral injury]. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk 2008:44-51. [PMID: 19189459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The role of glutamate receptors and their hyperstimulation in the development of autoimmune processes is discussed with reference to brain pathology associated with hypoxia and ischemia. Epilepsy, paroxismal condition, and craniocerebral injury (CCI) in children are shown to be accompanied by a rise in the levels of antibodies against AMPA and NMDA receptors of glutamate and nitric oxide markers (cGMP, nitrates + nitrites). Also enhanced in epilepsy and paroxismal condition are the levels of cGMP and antibodies against AMPA(GluR1) receptors of glutamate. Acute CCI period is characterized by a marked change in the levels of NO metabolites and antibodies to two subtypes of glutamate receptor, AMPA and NMDA. The levels of antibodies to NMDA(NR2A) receptors are significantly different within 1 day after CCI depending on its outcome. Unfavourable outcome of CCI is associated with the lowest level of antibodies and high NO metabolite content. Relationship between the levels of NO and antibodies against glutamate receptors is discussed with the use of experimental data. It is concluded that antibodies to glutamate receptors and receptor hyperstimulation play an important role in pathogenesis of hypoxia.
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Bolshakov AP, Mikhailova MM, Szabadkai G, Pinelis VG, Brustovetsky N, Rizzuto R, Khodorov BI. Measurements of mitochondrial pH in cultured cortical neurons clarify contribution of mitochondrial pore to the mechanism of glutamate-induced delayed Ca2+ deregulation. Cell Calcium 2007; 43:602-14. [PMID: 18037484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2006] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the role of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPT) in the mechanism of the glutamate-induced delayed calcium deregulation (DCD) and mitochondrial depolarization (MD), we studied changes in cytosolic (pH(c)) and mitochondrial pH (pH(m)) induced by glutamate in cultured cortical neurons expressing pH-sensitive fluorescent proteins. We found that DCD and MD were associated with a prominent pH(m) decrease which presumably resulted from MPT opening. This pH(m) decrease occurred with some delay after the onset of DCD and MD. This argued against the hypothesis that MPT opening plays a dominant role in triggering of DCD. This conclusion was also supported by experiments in which Ca(2+) was replaced with antagonist of MPT opening Sr(2+). We found that in Sr(2+)-containing medium glutamate-induced delayed strontium deregulation (DSD), similar to DCD, which was accompanied by a profound MD. Analysis of the changes in pH(c) and pH(m) associated with DSD led us to conclude that MD in Sr(2+)-containing medium occurred without involvement of the pore. In contrast, in Ca(2+)-containing medium such "non-pore mechanism" was responsible only for MD initiation while in the final stages of MD development the MPT played a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey P Bolshakov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology RAMS, Baltiiskaya Street 8a, Moscow, Russia
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30
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Storozhevykh TP, Sorokina EG, Vabnitz AV, Senilova YE, Tukhbatova GR, Pinelis VG. Na+/Ca2+ exchange and regulation of cytoplasmic concentration of calcium in rat cerebellar neurons treated with glutamate. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2007; 72:750-9. [PMID: 17680767 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907070097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the forward and/or reversed Na+/Ca2+ exchange in cerebellar granular cells was suppressed by substitution of Na+o by Li+ before, during, and after exposure to glutamate for varied time and also using the inhibitor KB-R7943 of the reversed exchange. After glutamate challenge for 1 min, Na+o/Li+ substitution did not influence the recovery of low [Ca2+]i in a calcium-free medium. A 1-h incubation with 100 microM glutamate induced in the neurons a biphasic and irreversible [Ca2+]i rise (delayed calcium deregulation (DCD)), enhancement of [Na+]i, and decrease in the mitochondrial potential. If Na+o had been substituted by Li+ before the application of glutamate, i.e. the exchange reversal was suppressed during the exposure to glutamate, the number of cells with DCD was nearly fourfold lowered. However, addition of the Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor ouabain (0.5 mM) not preventing the exchange reversal also decreased DCD in the presence of glutamate. Both exposures decreased the glutamate-caused loss of intracellular ATP. Glucose deprivation partially abolished protective effects of the Na+o/Li+ substitution and ouabain. KB-R7943 (10 microM) increased 7.4-fold the number of cells with the [Ca2+]i decreased to the basal level after the exposure to glutamate. Thus, reversal of the Na+/Ca2+ exchange reinforced the glutamate-caused perturbations of calcium homeostasis in the neurons and slowed the recovery of the decreased [Ca2+]i in the post-glutamate period. However, for development of DCD, in addition to the exchange reversal, other factors are required, in particular a decrease in the intracellular concentration of ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Storozhevykh
- Research Center for Children's Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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31
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Storozhevykh TP, Senilova YE, Persiyantseva NA, Pinelis VG, Pomytkin IA. Mitochondrial respiratory chain is involved in insulin-stimulated hydrogen peroxide production and plays an integral role in insulin receptor autophosphorylation in neurons. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:84. [PMID: 17919343 PMCID: PMC2089077 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulated evidence suggests that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generated in cells during insulin stimulation plays an integral role in insulin receptor signal transduction. The role of insulin-induced H2O2 in neuronal insulin receptor activation and the origin of insulin-induced H2O2 in neurons remain unclear. The aim of the present study is to test the following hypotheses (1) whether insulin-induced H2O2 is required for insulin receptor autophosphorylation in neurons, and (2) whether mitochondrial respiratory chain is involved in insulin-stimulated H2O2 production, thus playing an integral role in insulin receptor autophosphorylation in neurons. Results Insulin stimulation elicited rapid insulin receptor autophosphorylation accompanied by an increase in H2O2 release from cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGN). N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a H2O2 scavenger, inhibited both insulin-stimulated H2O2 release and insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation of insulin receptor. Inhibitors of respiratory chain-mediated H2O2 production, malonate and carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)-phenylhydrazone (FCCP), inhibited both insulin-stimulated H2O2 release from neurons and insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation of insulin receptor. Dicholine salt of succinic acid, a respiratory substrate, significantly enhanced the effect of suboptimal insulin concentration on the insulin receptor autophosphorylation in CGN. Conclusion Results of the present study suggest that insulin-induced H2O2 is required for the enhancement of insulin receptor autophosphorylation in neurons. The mitochondrial respiratory chain is involved in insulin-stimulated H2O2 production, thus playing an integral role in the insulin receptor autophosphorylation in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana P Storozhevykh
- Scientific Centre for Children's Health, RAMS, Lomonosovsky prospect 2/62, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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Krushinskiĭ AL, Reutov VP, Kuzenkov VS, Sorokina EG, Koshelev VB, Fadiukova OE, Baĭder LM, Kuropteva ZV, Zhumambaeva TT, Komissarova LK, Riasina TV, Kositsyn NS, Pinelis VG. [Nitric oxide is involved in the protective effects of short-term adaptaion to hypoxia in the course of stress-induced disorders in Krushinsky-Molodkina rats]. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 2007:329-35. [PMID: 17853695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A possible involvement of nitric oxide in the protective effect of short-term adaptation of Krushinsky-Molodkina rats to mild hypoxia simulating 5000 m above sea level was studied. Nitric oxide proved to have a considerable protective effect on stress-induced disorders in Krushinsky-Molodkina rats as demonstrated using NO-synthase inhibitors and NO monitoring by electron spin resonance under different experimental conditions.
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33
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Sorokina EG, Storozhevykh TP, Senilova YE, Granstrem OK, Reutov VP, Pinelis VG. Effect of antibodies against AMPA glutamate receptors on brain neurons in primary cultures of the cerebellum and hippocampus. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 142:51-4. [PMID: 17369901 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit antibodies against GluR1 subunit of AMPA glutamate receptors in a concentration of 1 mug/ml significantly increased intracellular Ca(2+)concentration and decreased mitochondrial potential in hippocampal neurons, i.e. produced changes typical of the influence of glutamate in toxic concentrations. In cerebellar neurons rabbit antibodies potentiated glutamate-induced increase in intracellular Ca(2+)concentration and significantly decreased the mitochondrial potential (compared to the level observed after application of glutamate alone). The exposure of cultured cerebellar neurons to antibodies in a concentration of 0.1 mug/ml for 24 h was followed by a 50% decrease in ATP concentration and development of neuronal necrosis. Our results attest to an important role of autoimmune damage to neurons during hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Sorokina
- Laboratory of Membranology, Scientific Center for Children's Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow.
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Surin AM, Bolshakov AP, Mikhailova MM, Sorokina EG, Senilova YE, Pinelis VG, Khodorov BI. Arachidonic acid enhances intracellular [Ca2+]i increase and mitochondrial depolarization induced by glutamate in cerebellar granule cells. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2007; 71:864-70. [PMID: 16978149 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906080074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Maturation of primary neuronal cultures is accompanied by an increase in the proportion of cells that exhibit biphasic increase in free cytoplasmic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) followed by synchronic decrease in electrical potential difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane (DeltaPsim) in response to stimulation of glutamate receptors. In the present study we have examined whether the appearance of the second phase of [Ca2+]i change can be attributed to arachidonic acid (AA) release in response to the effect of glutamate (Glu) on neurons. Using primary culture of rat cerebellar granule cells we have investigated the effect of AA (1-20 microM) on [Ca2+]i, DeltaPsim, and [ATP] and changes in these parameters induced by neurotoxic concentrations of Glu (100 microM, 10-40 min). At =10 microM, AA caused insignificant decrease in DeltaPsim without any influence on [Ca2+]i. The mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor oligomycin enhanced AA-induced decrease in DeltaPsim; this suggests that AA may inhibit mitochondrial respiration. Addition of AA during the treatment with Glu resulted in more pronounced augmentation of [Ca2+]i and the decrease in DeltaPsim than the changes in these parameters observed during independent action of AA; removal of Glu did not abolish these changes. An inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of AA metabolism, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, increased the proportion of neurons characterized by Glu-induced biphasic increase in [Ca2+]i and the decrease in DeltaPsim. Palmitic acid (30 microM) did not increase the percentage of neurons exhibiting biphasic response to Glu. Co-administration of AA and Glu caused 2-3 times more pronounced decrease in ATP concentrations than that observed during the independent effect of AA and Glu. The data suggest that AA may influence the functional state of mitochondria, and these changes may promote biphasic [Ca2+]i and DeltaPsim responses of neurons to the neurotoxic effect of Glu.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Surin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 125315, Russia.
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35
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Gorbacheva LR, Storozhevykh TP, Pinelis VG, Ishiwata S, Strukova SM. Modulation of hippocampal neuron survival by thrombin and factor Xa. Biochemistry (Moscow) 2006; 71:1082-9. [PMID: 17125455 DOI: 10.1134/s000629790610004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Effects of thrombin, factor Xa (FXa), and protease-activated receptor 1 and 2 agonist peptides (PAR1-AP and PAR2-AP) on survival and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in hippocampal neuron cultures treated with cytotoxic doses of glutamate were investigated. It is shown that at low concentrations (<or=10 nM) thrombin and FXa protect neurons from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Inactivation of the proteases blocked the neuroprotective effect. Using PAR1-AP, PAR2-AP, and PAR1 antagonist, we have demonstrated that the neuroprotective effect of thrombin is mediated through activation of PAR1, whereas the effect of FXa may involve novel subtype(s) of PARs. Unlike FXa, thrombin induced transient intracellular calcium signal in hippocampal neurons, which was mainly mediated via IP(3) receptors of the endoplasmic reticulum. Both of the serine proteases improved the recovery of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis after glutamate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Gorbacheva
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
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36
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Goriunova AV, Bazarnaia NA, Sorokina EG, Semenova NI, Globa OV, Semenova ZB, Pinelis VG, Roshal' LM, Maslova OI. [Autoantibodies to glutamate receptors in children with chronic posttraumatic headache]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2006; 106:50-3. [PMID: 16972597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies (aAB) to AMPA (Glu R1 subunit) and NMDA (NR 2A subunit) glutamate receptors were studied in blood serum of 60 children, aged 7-16 years, with chronic posttraumatic headache after mild skull injury. All the children were divided into 2 groups: group 1 included 48 children with concussion of the brain, group 2--12 children with brain contusion. Group 1 was divided into 2 subgroups: subgroup 1a comprised 34 children with single concussion and subgroup 1b--14 children with repeated concussion. The aAB level was determined 6 months and 1 year after skull injury. The aAB concentration was expressed in percents to the control level being considered significant if the increase was higher than 120%. The increased NMDA aAB level was observed during the first year after skull injury. In the la subgroup, the NR2 aAB level in blood serum was 145 +/- 12,6%, in the 1b one--108 +/- 12,4%, in group 2--165 +/- 34%. The content of aAB to AMPA receptors was elevated only in children of lb subgroup and group 2 (150 +/- 16,8% and 167 +/- 31,3%, respectively). The EEG examination of this group revealed the nonspecific paroxysmal discharges in 18% of cases and epileptiform activity in 6% of children. The results obtained suggest that children with posttraumatic headache have elevated levels of aAB to glutamate receptors, hyperstimulation of which reflects hypoxic processes in the brain, and are in need of metabolic therapy.
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Gorbacheva LR, Storozhevykh TP, Kiseleva EV, Pinelis VG, Strukova SM. Proteinase-Activated Type 1 Receptors are Involved in the Mechanism of Protection of Rat Hippocampal Neurons from Glutamate Toxicity. Bull Exp Biol Med 2005; 140:285-8. [PMID: 16307037 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-005-0468-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Survival of cultured rat hippocampal neurons was estimated 4, 24, and 48 h after 15-min exposure to the toxic effect of glutamate under conditions of pre- or coincubation with 10 nM thrombin. Thrombin inhibited glutamate-induced apoptosis in neurons 24 and 48 h after treatment, but had no effect on necrosis. Selective peptide agonist of proteinase-activated type 1 receptors simulated, but receptor antagonist suppressed the neuroprotective effect of thrombin. Our results suggest that peptide antagonist of type 1 receptors play a role in the mechanisms of neuronal protection from glutamate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Gorbacheva
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Biological Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
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38
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Abstract
The effect of thrombin, an agonist of proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) family, was studied on cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Thrombin in a concentration range of 1 pM - 10 nM induced a transitory dose-dependent increase in intracellular free calcium concentration. Involvement of PAR1 in neural response to thrombin was corroborated in experiments with TFLLRN, a selective synthetic peptide agonist of these receptors. In a calcium-free medium and after treatment with cyclopiazonic acid (inhibitor of Ca(2+)-ATPase in the endoplasmic reticulum) activation of PAR not only mobilized Ca(2+) from intracellular stores, but also induced Ca(2+) entry into the cells. Thrombin decreased Ca(2+) signal triggered by activation of NMDA-subtype glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Kiseleva
- Biological Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
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39
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Strukova SM, Kiseleva EV, Dugina TN, Glusa E, Storozhevykh TP, Pinelis VG. [Effect of thrombin on survival of hippocampal neurons]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2005; 91:53-60. [PMID: 15773580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of thrombin on the rat hippocampal neurons death in model of neurotoxicity induced by hemoglobin or glutamate, was studied. Thrombin (10 nM) was shown to inhibit 100-mkM glutamate--or 10-mkM hemoglobin-induced apoptosis of the rat hippocampal neurons. With the aid of PAR1 (protease-activated receptor1) agonist peptide and PAR1 antagonist, the PAR1 was found to be necessary for protective action of thrombin in hippocampal neurons in models of neurotoxicity induced by hemoglobin or glutamate. Because the prolonged elevation [Ca2+] ib neurons is a critical part of neurodestructive processes in CNS, the effect of thrombin on Ca2+-homeostatis of neurons after its injury by the inducer of neuronal apoptosis: a synthetic agonist of the NMDA receptors N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), was studied. We hypothesized that thrombin via receptors PAR may prove to be neuroprotective for the hippocampus. Thrombin was shown to stimulate via PAR1 a transient increase in [Ca2+] in neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. Thrombin (1 nM) decreased the [Ca2+] signal induced by activation of the NMDA-subtype of glutamate receptors. This thrombin effect may be one of the reasons of the protective action of thrombin in hippocampal neurons.
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Fadyukova OE, Storozhevykh TP, Pinelis VG, Koshelev VB. Ischemic and hemorrhagic disturbances in cerebral circulation alter contractile responses of the rat middle cerebral artery. Brain Res 2004; 995:145-9. [PMID: 14644480 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In our study, we examined middle cerebral artery (MCA) contractile responses in two animal models. After hemorrhagic disturbances in rats of Krushinsky-Molodkina strain (KMRs) a decrease in contractile responses to serotonin (5-HT) was observed. During incomplete global cerebral ischemia, MCAs had increased responsiveness to endothelin-1 (ET-1), but reduced responsiveness to serotonin. These findings suggest that cerebral circulation disorders alter cerebrovascular function possibly leading to secondary disturbances in brain circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga E Fadyukova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky Pr., 31/5 Moscow 117192, Russia.
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41
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Storozhevykh TP, Pinelis VG, Vinskaya NP, Surin AM, Khodorov BI. The leading role of membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase in recovery of Ca(2+) homeostasis after glutamate shock. Bull Exp Biol Med 2003; 135:139-42. [PMID: 12802418 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023811613109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2002] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Combined blockade of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange, Ca(2+) uptake by mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum usually does not prevent recovery of the basal level of intracellular Ca(2+) after 1-min action of glutamate (100 microM) or K(+) (50 mM). However, replacement of Ca(2+) with Ba(2+), which cannot be transported by Ca(2+)-ATPase, considerably delayed the decrease in intracellular Ba(2+) after its rise caused by glutamate or potassium application in all examined cells, which attest to an important role of Ca(2+)-ATPase in Ca(2+) extrusion after the action of glutamate or K(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Storozhevykh
- Laboratory of Membranology, Research Center of Children Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow.
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42
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Khodorov BI, Storozhevykh TP, Surin AM, Yuryavichyus AI, Sorokina EG, Borodin AV, Vinskaya NP, Khaspekov LG, Pinelis VG. The leading role of mitochondrial depolarization in the mechanism of glutamate-induced disruptions in Ca2+ homeostasis. Neurosci Behav Physiol 2002; 32:541-7. [PMID: 12403008 DOI: 10.1023/a:1019819925257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Data obtained in studies of the nature of the correlation which we have previously observed [10,17] between mitochondrial depolarization and the level of disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis in cultivated brain neuronsare summarized. Experiments were performed on cultured cerebellar granule cells loaded with Fura-2-AM or rhodamine 123 to measure changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ and mitochondrial potential during pathogenic treatments of the cells. Prolonged exposure to 100 microM glutamate induced a reversible increase in [Ca2+]i, which was accompanied by only a small degree of mitochondrial depolarization. A sharp increase in this mitochondrial depolarization, induced by addition of 3 mM NaCN or 300 microM dinitrophenol (DNP) to the glutamate-containing solution, resulted in further increase in [Ca2+]i, due to blockade of electrophoretic mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Prolonged exposure to CN- or DNP in the post-glutamate period maintained [Ca2+]i at a high level until the metabolic inhibitors were removed. In most cells, this plateau was characterized by low sensitivity to removal of external Ca2+, demonstrating that the mechanisms of Ca2+ release from neurons were disrupted. Addition of oligomycin, a blocker of mitochondrial ATP synthase/ATPase, to the solution containing glutamate and CN- or DNP eliminated the post-glutamate plateau. Parallel experiments with direct measurements of intracellular ATP levels ([ATP]) showed that profound mitochondrial depolarization induced by CN- or DNP sharply enhanced the drop in ATP due to glutamate, while oligomycin significantly weakened this effect of the metabolic inhibitors. Analysis of these data led to the conclusion that blockade of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and inhibition of ATP synthesis resulted from mitochondrial depolarization and plays a key role in the mechanism disrupting [Ca2+]i homeostasis after toxic exposure to glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Khodorov
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow
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43
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Storozhevykh TP, Yuryavichyus AI, Sorokina EG, Pinelis VG. Induction of cyclosporin A-sensitive pore in mitochondria of intact neurons during uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Bull Exp Biol Med 2001; 131:440-3. [PMID: 11550047 DOI: 10.1023/a:1017963629229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2000] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells we showed that Ca(2+)transported into neurons under the effect of glutamate is accumulated and stored in mitochondria for a long time. Protonophore FCCP, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, stimulated the release of Ca(2+)from mitochondria in a calcium-free medium in 81% glutamate-treated cells. Cyclosporin A and ATP-synthase blocker oligomycin decreased the number of cells with FCCP-induced Ca(2+)release to 53 and 12%, respectively. Oligomycin partly prevented glutamate- and FCCP-induced decrease of intracellular ATP level.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Storozhevykh
- Laboratory of Membranology, Center of Children Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow.
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44
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Khodorov BI, Storozhevykh TP, Surin AM, Iuriavichus AI, Sorokina EG, Borodin AV, Vinskaia NP, Khaspekov LG, Pinelis VG. [The leading role of mitochondrial depolarization in the mechanism of glutamate-induced disorder in Ca(2+)-homeostasis]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2001; 87:459-67. [PMID: 11449973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Digital fluorescence imaging techniques were employed to monitor changes in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration and mitochondrial potential in fura-2 AM or rhodamine-123 loaded individual cerebellar granule cells during and following the Glu exposure. The data obtained suggests that the MD-induced blockade of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and a reversal of the mitochondrial ATP-synthase play a critical role in the mechanism of the glutamate-induced disorder of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Khodorov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Acad. Med. Sci., Baltiyskaya St., 8, Moscow 125315, Russia
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Sorokina EG, Reutov VP, Pinelis VG, Vinskaya NP, Vergun OV, Khodorov BI. The mechanism of potentiation of the glutamate-induced neurotoxicity by serum albumin. A possible role of nitric oxide. Membr Cell Biol 2000; 13:389-96. [PMID: 10768489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Potentiation of the delayed (Glu)-induced neurotoxicity by serum albumin (SA) was studied in experiments with cultured cerebellar granule cells. The delayed neuronal death (DND) was evaluated by counting neurons containing or excluding Trypan Blue 4 h after treatment with Glu. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) was measured in individual Fura-2-loaded neurons. It was shown that a 15-min application of bovine SA (4 mg/ml) together with Glu (100 microM, 10 microM glycine, Mg2+-free solution) enhanced DND in the culture 1.7 times (43.1+/-3.1%) with respect to the effect induced by Glu alone (24.6+/-0.6%). The bovine SA application did not change the dynamics of [Ca2+]i response during a short-term (1 min) and long-term (15 min) Glu-treatment. DND was prevented by simultaneous application of Glu and inhibitor of NO-synthase N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 100 microM) (10.8+/-1.0%) as well as by the application of Glu with SA and L-NAME (9.8+/-1.2%). In order to evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the SA effect, the cells were incubated for 15 min with the NO-donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 10 and 100 microM) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2, 10 and 100 microM) together with SA and in its absence. SA also greatly enhanced the DND induced by SNP and NaNO2. Thus, the DND after simultaneous treatment with SA and SNP was 16.3+/-2.5% (10 microM) or 29.6+/-2.1% (100 microM), and 9.6+/-0.8% (10 microM) and 19.7+/-2.1% after treatment with SNP alone. Exposure to SA together with NaNO2 led to the DND increase up to 26.5+/-1.9% (10 microM) and 37.7+/-3.5% (100 microM) in comparison with 7.4+/-2.0% (10 microM) and 18.9+/-0.8% (100 microM) in experiments with NaNO2 alone. Taking into account the ability of NO and NO2 to oxidize unsaturated fatty acids and the ability of SA to bind them after their hydrolytic removal, we suggested that the SA-induced potentiation of Glu neurotoxicity resulted from exacerbation of the toxic effects of NO and other trace radicals on the neuronal membranes. This hypothesis was supported by the finding that SA also enhanced the neurotoxicity of the lipid prooxidant FeCl2. The simultaneous 15-min application of FeCl2 (10 microM) and SA caused a 51.5+/-4.0% increase in DND, which exceeded 2.4 times the effect produced by FeCl2 alone (21.3+/-2.3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Sorokina
- Institute of Pediatrics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow
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Strukova SM, Chistov IV, Umarova BA, Dugina TN, Storozhevykh TP, Pinelis VG, Glusa E. Modulation of mast cell activity by a peptide agonist of the thrombin receptor: role of nitric oxide. Biochemistry (Mosc) 1999; 64:658-64. [PMID: 10395981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a thrombin receptor agonist peptide (TRAP-6) on the release of nitric oxide (NO) and platelet activating factor (PAF) from resting and calcium-ionophore (A23187)-activated rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) was studied using a platelet aggregation bioassay. RPMC spontaneously released NO, which inhibited TRAP-6-, ADP-, and PAF-stimulated platelet aggregation. This effect of NO was abolished by the addition of an NO binding agent, oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb), to the platelet suspension. The RPMC-induced suppression of platelet aggregation was completely inhibited by the NO-synthase inhibitor L-NAME. TRAP-6 and its high affinity analog haTRAP stimulated the rapid release of NO from RPMC. The effect of TRAP-6 was inhibited by pretreatment of the RPMC with L-NAME or with the inhibitor of the constitutive NO-synthase isoform (cNOS) calmidazolium. TRAP-6 inhibited PAF release from A23187-activated RPMC via an NO-dependent mechanism. Platelet aggregation induced by PAF release from activated RPMC was also confirmed in experiments using the PAF receptor antagonist ginkgolide B. Thus, TRAP-6 is a rapidly acting modulator of mast cell reactivity; it stimulates NO release and inhibits PAF secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Strukova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
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Abstract
Platelets play an important role in the natural history of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS). Although thromboembolic events are rare, the activation of circulating platelets is generally considered an important factor in the prethrombotic state in children with NS. Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent endogenous phospholipid mediator of inflammation, stimulates intracellular free calcium (Ca2+) mobilization, aggregation, and release reactions in platelets obtained from normal donors. Platelet-related effects of PAF in children with NS are unknown. We studied PAF-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in washed platelets and ATP secretion in platelet-rich plasma in 34 children with idiopathic NS and in 7 healthy children. There was a significant decrease in ATP secretion: 0.021+/-0.011 microg/10(7) cells with 20 nM PAF and 0.089+/-0.017 microg/10(7) platelets with 200 nM PAF versus control values (0.195+/-0.004 microg/10(7) and 0.813+/-0.09 microg/10(7), respectively). Moreover, PAF-evoked increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration was twofold lower in NS patients than in control subjects (230.1+/-22.4 nM versus 455.6+/-15.3 nM). Also, thrombin-induced intracellular free Ca2+ mobilization was diminished in children with NS compared with the control group. Thus, contrary to expectations, a decrease of platelet reactivity in response to PAF in vitro was observed in children with idiopathic NS. We suggest that this decreased platelet reactivity may reflect a period refractory to PAF and may be considered as platelet desensitization to PAF released in vivo in children with NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Svetlov
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Khodorov BI, Pinelis VG, Viktorov IV. [Mechanisms of neuronal calcium homeostasis destabilization caused by hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors]. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk 1998:41-6. [PMID: 9771130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The present paper summarizes the data obtained in studying the mechanisms of glutamate-induced deterioration of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis. In the cultured mammalian central neurons, a short-term (< 1 min) glutamate (GLU, 100 mu) challenge is known to induce a readily reversible (transient) neuronal [Ca2+]i increase. In contrast, a long-term (15-30 min) GLU exposure leads to the appearance of high [Ca2+]i plateau or to the partial recovery of the increased [Ca2+]i. Experiments show that impaired [Ca2+]i recovery in the postglutamate period cannot be explained by the increased [Ca2+]i permeability of the neuronal membrane, as earlier considered. Moreover, a sustained elevation of [Ca2+]i during and after chronic GLU application is associated with a progressive decrease in Ca2+ permeability. The major cause of GLU-induced Ca2+ overload is the mitochondrial depolarization resulted from excessive Ca2+ influx into the mitochondria, the generation of free radicals and the opening of a "giant pore" in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This in turn suppresses both ATP synthesis and Ca2+ electrophoretic uptake into the mitochondrial matrix. In combination with [Ca2+]i-dependent acidification, this leads to the suppression of Ca2+ release from the cell via Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and Ca2+/H+ pump of the neuronal membrane. Therefore, [Ca2+]i recovery following a long-term GLU treatment becomes strongly or even irreversibly compromised.
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Fadiukova OE, Storozhevykh TP, Pinelis VG, Koshelev VB. [Changes in reactivity of the middle cerebral artery caused by cerebral circulation disturbances of ischemic and hemorrhagic types in rats]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 1998; 84:672-8. [PMID: 9805779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Reactivity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) to serotonin was attenuated in vitro in vessels taken from rats following an audiogenic stress. The MCA reactivity to endothelin remained unchanged. Chronic cerebral ischemia diminished the 5-HT-induced contraction and the contractile responses to endothelin were enhanced. Preliminary hypoxic adaptation decreased the artery sensitivity to endothelin in ischemic animals. The findings suggest that a progressing ischemia may involve changes in reactivity of cerebral vessels whereupon hypoxic adaptation may prove to be protecting the brain from ischemia development.
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Maslova OI, Globa OV, Sorokina EG, Pinelis VG. [Paroxysmal activity test in pediatric neurology]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 1998; 98:33-6. [PMID: 9505402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Taking into consideration the significance of glutamate receptors in epileptic focus forming, the authors studied the level of autoantibodies (Glu aAB) to fragment of glutamate receptors, quisqualate membrane protein with molecular mass 56 kDa in blood serum. The study employed the diagnostic kit "Paroxysmal activity test" (PAT) elaborated in Institute of Human Brain, RAS (St-Petersburg), 140 children from 2 months to 16 years with epilepsy, epileptic syndrome, paroxysmal states of nonepileptic genesis and with other neurologic diseases as well as 32 practically healthy children were examined. Significant increase of Glu aAB level was found in children with epilepsy and epileptic syndrome as compared with healthy children. Glu aAB level was decreased in patients which were treated by adequate anticonvulsant therapy that resulted in relief of convulsive fits for 6 months and normalization of EEG. In patients with paroxysmal disorders Glu aAB content was lower than in patients with epilepsy and epileptic syndrome, but higher than in healthy children; 5 children from this group with high level of Glu aAB had seizures in aged. It was proposed to introduce the described method into clinic for the study of the processes of brain's epileptization in process of development of diseases of nervous system, accompanied by convulsions or paroxysmal states.
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