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Riana E, Sri-In C, Songkasupa T, Bartholomay LC, Thontiravong A, Tiawsirisup S. Infection, dissemination, and transmission of lumpy skin disease virus in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Giles), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) mosquitoes. Acta Trop 2024; 254:107205. [PMID: 38579960 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a transboundary viral disease in cattle and water buffaloes. Although this Poxvirus is supposedly transmitted by mechanical vectors, only a few studies have investigated the role of local vectors in the transmission of LSDV. This study examined the infection, dissemination, and transmission rates of LSDV in Aedes aegypti, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and Culex quinquefasciatus following artificial membrane feeding of 102.7, 103.7, 104.7 TCID50/mL LSDV in sheep blood. The results demonstrated that these mosquito species were susceptible to LSDV, with Cx tritaeniorhynchus exhibiting significantly different characteristics from Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. These three mosquito species were susceptible to LSDV. Ae. aegypti showed it as early as 2 days post-infection (dpi), indicating swift dissemination in this particular species. The extrinsic incubation period (EIP) of LSDV in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. quinquefasciatus was 8 and 14 dpi, respectively. Ingestion of different viral titers in blood did not affect the infection, dissemination, or transmission rates of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. quinquefasciatus. All rates remained consistently high at 8-14 dpi for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. In all three species, LSDV remained detectable until 14 dpi. The present findings indicate that, Ae. aegypti, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus may act as vectors during the LSDV outbreak; their involvement may extend beyond being solely mechanical vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Riana
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Animal Vector-Borne Diseases, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalida Sri-In
- Center of Excellence in Animal Vector-Borne Diseases, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tapanut Songkasupa
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Center of Excellence in Animal Vector-Borne Diseases, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sonthaya Tiawsirisup
- Center of Excellence in Animal Vector-Borne Diseases, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Tang X, Li R, Qi Y, Li W, Liu Z, Wu J. The identification and genetic characteristics of Quang Binh virus from field-captured Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Guizhou Province, China. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:318. [PMID: 37679786 PMCID: PMC10486134 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05938-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes carry a variety of viruses that can cause disease in humans, animals and livestock. Surveys for viruses carried by wild mosquitoes can significantly contribute to surveillance efforts and early detection systems. In addition to mosquito-borne viruses, mosquitoes harbor many insect-specific viruses (ISVs). Quang Binh virus (QBV) is one such example, categorized as an ISV within the Flavivirus genus (family Flaviviridae). QBV has been specifically documented in Vietnam and China, with reports limited to several mosquito species. METHODS The homogenate obtained from female mosquitoes was cultured on C6/36 (Aedes albopictus) and BHK-21 (baby hamster kidney) cell lines. Positive cultures were identified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT‒PCR) with taxon- or species-specific primers. Next-generation sequencing was employed to sequence the complete genomes of the identified positive samples. Subsequently, phylogenetic, gene homology, molecular evolutionary and genetic variation analyses were conducted. RESULT In 2021, a total of 32,177 adult female mosquitoes were collected from 15 counties in Guizhou Province, China. The predominant mosquito species identified were Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Armigeres subalbatus and Anopheles sinensis. Among the collected mosquitoes, three positive cultures were obtained from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus pools, revealing the presence of Quang Binh virus (QBV) RNA sequences. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the three Guizhou isolates, along with the prototype isolate from Vietnam, formed distinct branches. These branches were primarily closely related to other QBV isolates reported in China. Comparative analysis revealed a high degree of nucleotide and amino acid homology between the Guizhou isolates and both Vietnamese and other indigenous Chinese isolates. Additionally, nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) were observed in these strains compared to the QBV prototype strain. CONCLUSION This study represents the first report of QBV presences in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in Guizhou Province, China. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the three Guizhou isolates were most closely related to the QBV genes found in China. In addition, the study of the genetic characteristics and variation of this virus provided a deeper understanding of QBV and enriched the baseline data of these insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFVs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Tang
- Characteristic Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Rongting Li
- Characteristic Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yanfei Qi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, California Health Sciences University, Clovis, CA, 93611, USA
| | - Weiyi Li
- Characteristic Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Characteristic Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jiahong Wu
- Characteristic Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Wu Z, Liu J, Feng X, Zhang Y, Liu L, Niu G. Identification and Molecular Characteristics of a Novel Single-Stranded RNA Virus Isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus in China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0053623. [PMID: 37358406 PMCID: PMC10433992 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00536-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hubei mosquito virus 2 (HMV2) is a novel mosquito virus that was first identified in 2016 in Hubei Province, China. Until now, HMV2 has been shown to be endemic in some areas of China and Japan, but its biological characteristics, epidemiology, and pathogenicity are not yet known. This report describes the detection of HMV2 in mosquitoes that were collected in Shandong Province in 2019 and presents the first isolation and molecular characterization of the virus. In this study, a total of 2,813 mosquitoes were collected and then divided into 57 pools, according to location and species. qRT-PCR and nested PCR were performed to confirm the presence of HMV2, and its genomic features, phylogenetic relationships, growth characteristics, and potential pathogenicity were further analyzed. The results showed that HMV2 was detected in 28 of the 57 mosquito pools and that the minimum infection rate (MIR) for HMV2 was 1.00% (28/2,813). A HMV2 strain and 14 viral partial sequences were obtained from the HMV2-positive pools, including one complete genome sequence. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that HMV2 from Shandong Province shared over 90% identity with other reported isolates and was closely related to the Culex inatomii luteo-like virus. IMPORTANCE Our study provided important epidemiological evidence for the epidemic of HMV2 in Shandong Province. Here, we report the first isolation and molecular characteristics of this virus and enrich our knowledge of the distribution of HMV2 in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- School of Public Health, WeiFang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yantai, China
| | - Xiuwei Feng
- School of Public Health, WeiFang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yuli Zhang
- School of Public Health, WeiFang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Immune-Path Biotechnology (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Guoyu Niu
- School of Public Health, WeiFang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Azerigyik FA, Faizah AN, Kobayashi D, Amoa-Bosompem M, Matsumura R, Kai I, Sasaki T, Higa Y, Isawa H, Iwanaga S, Ishino T. Evaluating the mosquito host range of Getah virus and the vector competence of selected medically important mosquitoes in Getah virus transmission. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:99. [PMID: 36922882 PMCID: PMC10015795 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-borne Alphavirus (family Togaviridae) that is of significant importance in veterinary medicine. It has been associated with major polyarthritis outbreaks in animals, but there are insufficient data on its clinical symptoms in humans. Serological evidence of GETV exposure and the risk of zoonotic transmission makes GETV a potentially medically relevant arbovirus. However, minimal emphasis has been placed on investigating GETV vector transmission, which limits current knowledge of the factors facilitating the spread and outbreaks of GETV. METHODS To examine the range of the mosquito hosts of GETV, we selected medically important mosquitoes, assessed them in vitro and in vivo and determined their relative competence in virus transmission. The susceptibility and growth kinetics of GETVs in various mosquito-derived cell lines were also determined and quantified using plaque assays. Vector competency assays were also conducted, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and plaque assays were used to determine the susceptibility and transmission capacity of each mosquito species evaluated in this study. RESULTS GETV infection in all of the investigated mosquito cell lines resulted in detectable cytopathic effects. GETV reproduced the fastest in Culex tritaeniorhynchus- and Aedes albopictus-derived cell lines, as evidenced by the highest exponential titers we observed. Regarding viral RNA copy numbers, mosquito susceptibility to infection, spread, and transmission varied significantly between species. The highest vector competency indices for infection, dissemination and transmission were obtained for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. This is the first study to investigate the ability of Ae. albopictus and Anopheles stephensi to transmit GETV, and the results emphasize the role and capacity of other mosquito species to transmit GETV upon exposure to GETV, in addition to the perceived vectors from which GETV has been isolated in nature. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of GETV vector competency studies to determine all possible transmission vectors, especially in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustus Akankperiwen Azerigyik
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Astri Nur Faizah
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Amoa-Bosompem
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ryo Matsumura
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izumi Kai
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sasaki
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Higa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shiroh Iwanaga
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Center for Infectious Disease Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishino
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Tong Y, Jiang H, Xu N, Wang Z, Xiong Y, Yin J, Huang J, Chen Y, Jiang Q, Zhou Y. Global Distribution of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Impact Factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:4701. [PMID: 36981610 PMCID: PMC10048298 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Culex tritaeniorhynchus is the primary vector of Japanese encephalitis (JE) and has a wide global distribution. However, the current and future geographic distribution maps of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in global are still incomplete. Our study aims to predict the potential distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in current and future conditions to provide a guideline for the formation and implementation of vector control strategies all over the world. We collected and screened the information on the occurrence of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus by searching the literature and online databases and used ten algorithms to investigate its global distribution and impact factors. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus had been detected in 41 countries from 5 continents. The final ensemble model (TSS = 0.864 and AUC = 0.982) indicated that human footprint was the most important factor for the occurrence of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The tropics and subtropics, including southeastern Asia, Central Africa, southeastern North America and eastern South America, showed high habitat suitability for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus is predicted to have a wider distribution in all the continents, especially in Western Europe and South America in the future under two extreme emission scenarios (SSP5-8.5 and SSP1-2.6). Targeted strategies for the control and prevention of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus should be further strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Tong
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Center for Tropical Disease Research, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Honglin Jiang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Center for Tropical Disease Research, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ning Xu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Center for Tropical Disease Research, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhengzhong Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Center for Tropical Disease Research, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Center for Tropical Disease Research, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiangfan Yin
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Center for Tropical Disease Research, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junhui Huang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Center for Tropical Disease Research, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Center for Tropical Disease Research, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yibiao Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Center for Tropical Disease Research, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong’an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Kumar S, Sreelekshmi PR, Godke YS, Sudeep AB. Vector competence of three species of mosquitoes to Ingwavuma virus ( Manzanilla orthobunyavirus), a new bunyavirus found circulating in India. Virusdisease 2023; 34:15-20. [PMID: 37009260 PMCID: PMC10050543 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-023-00808-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ingwavuma virus (INGV), a mosquito-borne arbovirus reported from Africa and Southeast Asia has been found circulating in India as evidenced by virus isolation and antibody prevalence. INGV is now classified as Manzanilla orthobunyavirus belonging to family Peribunyaviridae. The virus is maintained in nature in a pig-mosquito-bird cycle. Human infection has been confirmed by virus isolation and detection of neutralizing antibodies. A study was initiated to determine the vector competence of Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Cx tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes to INGV due to their high prevalence in India. Mosquitoes were oral fed on viraemic mice and INGV dissemination to legs, wings, salivary glands (saliva) was studied alongwith virus growth kinetics. The three mosquitoes replicated INGV with maximum titers of 3.7, 3.7 and 4.7log10TCID50/ml respectively and maintained the virus till 16th day post infection. However, vector competence and horizontal transmission to infant mouse was demonstrated only by Cx quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Vertical or trans-ovarial transmission of INGV could not be demonstrated in the mosquito during the study. Though no major outbreak involving humans has been reported yet, the potential of the virus to replicate in different species of mosquitoes and vertebrates including humans pose a threat to public health should there be a change in its genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Kumar
- Division of Medical Entomology, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 India
| | - P. R. Sreelekshmi
- Division of Medical Entomology, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 India
| | - Y. S. Godke
- Division of Medical Entomology, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 India
| | - A. B. Sudeep
- Division of Medical Entomology, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 India
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Xie GL, Ma XR, Liu QY, Meng FX, Li C, Wang J, Guo YH. Genetic structure of Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) based on COI DNA barcodes. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 6:1411-1415. [PMID: 35174283 PMCID: PMC8843312 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1911711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex tritaeniorhynchus Gile is a major vector of Japanese encephalitis in China. The population genetics study is crucial as it helps understanding the epidemiological aspects of mosquito-brone diseases and improving vector control measures. Here, the genetic population structure of C. tritaeniorhynchus in the mainland China were estimated using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) DNA barcodes region. 485 individuals of C. tritaeniorhynchus were collected from 38 sampling sites in 21 geographic populations in the mainland China. In total, 485 sequences were used to explore the population structure and genetic diversity. The results showed that the populations of C. tritaeniorhynchus had high haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.98, with 303 haplotypes), low nucleotide diversity (p = 0.02245) and high gene flow (Nm = 47.11) with two maternal lineages and four groups. An AMOVA indicated that 98.8% of the total variation originated from variation within populations. In addition, the population genetic structure exhibited by C. tritaeniorhynchus filling the vacant of the genetic structure in the mainland China. Human activities may also assist mosquito movement and migration. Gene flow among the populations of C. tritaeniorhynchus can facilitate the spread of insecticide resistance genes over geographical areas, and it will be a challenging for controlling the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Lin Xie
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Ran Ma
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Xia Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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8
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Roy M, Chatterjee S, Dangar TK. Characterization and mosquitocidal potency of a Bacillus thuringiensis strain of rice field soil of Burdwan, West Bengal, India. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105093. [PMID: 34271121 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is the most popular mosquitocidal bacteria, strains of which are effective against almost all mosquito larvae. It has host specificity and thus, has no adverse effect on non-target species of the ecosystem. Culex tritaeniorhynchus, a vector of Japanese encephalitis (JE), breeds in vast area of rice fields in Burdwan district of West Bengal, India, which has already confronted JE epidemic. Entomological investigation and ecological studies on this vector mosquito showed that JE epidemic may reoccur anytime in the area. A strain of Bt (BU55) was isolated from rice field soil, efficacy was tested against Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and mosquitocidal role was confirmed against Cx. quinquefascistus also. The LC50 of Bacillus thuringiensis BU55 against Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. quinquefascistus after 72 h was 8.59 ml (final dose 2.49 x107 CFU/ml) and 7.52 ml (final dose 2.20 x 107 CFU/ml), respectively. Insecticidal crystal protein profile of BU55 produced 136.89, 64.80, 43.45, 33.65 and 26.98 kDa bands. Among them 136.89, 64.29, 26.98 kDa proteins are comparable to actual toxins viz. Cry1Ac (138.3 kDa, Lepidoptera specific), Cry4D (68.0 kDa, Diptera specific) and Cyt (27.4 kDa, Diptera specific). The results clearly showed that the Bt strain is a potent dipteran larvicide and can be used against the JE vectors to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milita Roy
- Bejoy Narayan Mahavidyalaya, Itachuna, Hooghly, West Bengal, 712147, India; Parasitology and Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Soumendranath Chatterjee
- Parasitology and Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India.
| | - Tushar Kanti Dangar
- Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Crop Production, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
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Fang Y, Li XS, Zhang W, Xue JB, Wang JZ, Yin SQ, Li SG, Li XH, Zhang Y. Molecular epidemiology of mosquito-borne viruses at the China-Myanmar border: discovery of a potential epidemic focus of Japanese encephalitis. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:57. [PMID: 33902684 PMCID: PMC8073957 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance can serve as an early warning in evaluating the status of mosquito-borne virus prevalence and thus prevent local outbreaks. Although Tengchong County in Yunnan Province-which borders Myanmar-is abundant and diverse in mosquitoes, very few mosquito-based arbovirus investigations have been conducted in the recent decade. Herein, this study aims to evaluate the presence and the diffusion of mosquito-borne pathogens, currently prevalent in this region. METHODS We collected 9486 mosquitoes, representing eight species, with Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis as the dominant species, during high mosquito activity seasons (July-October) in Tengchong, in 2018. Samples collected from 342 pools were tested using reverse-transcription PCR to determine the species, distribution, and infection rates of virus and parasite, and further analyze their genotypes, phylogenetic relationships, infection rate, and potential pathogenicity. RESULTS Fifteen Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strains from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus pools were detected. Seven strains of insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFVs), including two Aedes flavivirus (AeFV) and Yunnan Culex flavivirus strains each, one Culex theileri flavivirus, Yamadai flavivirus (YDFV) and Anopheles-associated flavivirus (AAFV) strains each were detected in Aedes albopictus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. vagans, Cx. pseudovihnui, and An. sinensis pools, respectively. The whole-genome was successfully amplified in one strain of JEV and AeFV each. Phylogenetic analysis using the E gene placed all the newly detected JEV strains into the GI-b genotype. They showed highly nucleotide identities, and were most closely related to the strain detected in Tengchong in 2010. The comparison of the E protein of JEV strains and vaccine-derived strain, showed six amino residue differences. The bias-corrected maximum likelihood estimation values (and 95% confidence interval) for JEV in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus collected in Tengchong in 2018 were 2.4 (1.4-3.9). CONCLUSIONS A potential Japanese encephalitis epidemic focus with the abundance of host mosquitoes and high JEV infection rate was observed in Tengchong. In addition, at least five species of ISFVs co-circulate in this area. This study highlights the importance of widespread and sustained mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance in local areas to prevent the transmission of JEV, and other emerging/re-emerging mosquito-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Shang Li
- Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Zichuan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, Zibo, China
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Zhi Wang
- Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, Yunnan, China
| | - Shou-Qin Yin
- Zichuan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, Zibo, China
| | - Sheng-Guo Li
- Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin-He Li
- Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Kuwata R, Torii S, Shimoda H, Supriyono S, Phichitraslip T, Prasertsincharoen N, Takemae H, Bautista RCJT, Ebora VDBM, Abella JAC, Dargantes AP, Hadi UK, Setiyono A, Baltazar ET, Simborio LT, Agungpriyono S, Jittapalapong S, Rerkamnuaychoke W, Hondo E, Maeda K. Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Japan and Southeast Asia, 2016-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:125-128. [PMID: 31855535 PMCID: PMC6924880 DOI: 10.3201/eid2601.190235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2016–2018, we conducted surveillance for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in mosquitoes and pigs in Japan, Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that our isolates (genotypes Ia, Ib, III, IV) were related to JEV isolates obtained from the same regions many years ago. Indigenous JEV strains persist in Asia.
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11
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Morales Vargas R, Tsunoda T, Noda J, Bousses P, Nguyen TY, Hasebe F, Dujardin JP. Shape relatedness between geographic populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus, the primary vector of Japanese encephalitis virus: A landmark study. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 90:104764. [PMID: 33581329 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis is a severe disease of acute encephalitis, with children and the elderly primarily affected, and with mortality rates reaching over 25%. The virus is transmitted mainly by species of the Culex (Culex) vishnui subgroup, primarily the widely spread Cx. tritaeniorhynchus Giles. The latter is known as a highly migratory mosquito which moves with airflow over large distances. We explored the geometric variation of the wing venation among distant areas of its geographic distribution. Our working hypothesis was that shape variation across geography could reveal known past and present migratory routes. MATERIALS METHODS We compared the wing venation geometry of 236 female Culex tritaeniorhynchus from different locations in the Madagascan (La Reunion), Oriental (Thailand, Vietnam) and Paleartic (Japan) regions. To ascertain the taxonomic signal of the wing venation we also used two species as relative outgroups, Cx. whitmorei and Cx. brevipalpis. RESULTS In spite of an increasing morphometric variation as expected with larger geographic dispersion, our Cx. tritaeniorhynchus samples were clustered as a single species when considered relative to other Culex species. The relationships between geographic sites of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus globally conformed with an isolation by distance model. The shape homogeneity of our Palearctic samples (Japan) contrasted with some heterogeneity observed in the Oriental region (Thailand, Vietnam), and could be related to the different regimes of wind trajectories in these regions. CONCLUSION The average shape variation of Culex tritaeniorhynchus disclosed a separation between Madagascan, Oriental and Palearctic regions in accordance with geography. The wing venation not only could reflect geography, it also contained a clear taxonomic signal separating three Culex species. Within Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, a contrasting pattern of shape variation between the Palearctic and the Oriental regions is tentatively explained by the influence of wind trajectories.
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12
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Wang J, Xu H, Song S, Cheng R, Fan N, Fu S, Zhang S, Xu Z, He Y, Lei W, Li F, Wang H, Lu X, Liang G. Emergence of Zika Virus in Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis Mosquitoes in China. Virol Sin 2021; 36:33-42. [PMID: 32617898 PMCID: PMC7973324 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00239-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has been isolated from mosquitoes such as Aedes, Mansonia uniformis, and Culex perfuscus; However, the isolation of ZIKV from Anopheles sinensis and Culex tritaeniorhynchus has not yet been reported. In June and July 2018, 22,985 mosquitoes and 57,500 midges were collected in Jiangxi Province in southeastern China. Among them, six strains of ZIKV were isolated from mosquitoes: four from An. sinensis and two from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Molecular genetic analysis showed that the ZIKV isolated from An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus belonged to genotype 2 in the Asian evolutionary branch of ZIKV. In addition, the ZIKV strains isolated from An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus had amino acid substitutions identical to ZIKV strains prevalent in South America since 2015. This study is the first to isolate ZIKV from mosquito specimens collected in the wild of Jiangxi Province, China; This is also the first time that ZIKV has been isolated from An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Given that An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus have a very wide geographical distribution in China and even in eastern and southern Asia, the isolation of several strains of ZIKV from these two mosquitoes poses new challenges for the prevention and control of ZIKV infection in the mainland of China and countries and regions with the same distribution of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hongbin Xu
- Jiangxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Song Song
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Na Fan
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shaozai Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Ziqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | | | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Sanisuriwong J, Yurayart N, Thontiravong A, Tiawsirisup S. Vector competence of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) for duck Tembusu virus transmission. Acta Trop 2021; 214:105785. [PMID: 33309596 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), an emerging infectious disease in ducks, was detected in Culex (Cx.) tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes collected from a duck farm; however, the exact role of mosquitoes in the ecology of DTMUV in Thailand remains unclear. Vector competence of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. quinquefasciatus was examined for DTMUV. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes were allowed to feed on four levels (102, 103, 104, and 105 TCID50/mL) of DTMUV, while Cx. quinquefasciatus were allowed to feed on two levels (104 and 105 TCID50/mL) of DTMUV. Infection rates in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were 1.6, 10.2, 35.8, and 59.3% after feeding on 102, 103, 104, and 105 TCID50/mL of DTMUV, respectively, while dissemination and transmission were 20.3 and 16.9% after feeding on 105 TCID50/mL of DTMUV. Infection rates in Cx. quinquefasciatus were 2.5 and 2.3% after feeding on 104 and 105 TCID50/mL of DTMUV, respectively, with no virus dissemination and transmission found in all tested mosquitoes. Another study was conducted to examine the transovarial transmission of DTMUV in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Mosquitoes were allowed to feed on blood meal infected with 105 TCID50/mL of DTMUV. Each blood-fed mosquito was isolated and allowed to lay eggs. After oviparity, the mosquitoes were tested for DTMUV infection; 43 DTMUV infected and 37 non-infected female mosquitoes with eggs were included. A total of 182 F1 progeny from DTMUV infected mosquitoes and 145 F1 progeny from non-infected mosquitoes were tested for DTMUV but all were negative. Findings indicated the potential role of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the DTMUV transmission cycle in duck farms in Thailand. No transovarial transmission of DTMUV was found in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus.
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14
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Faizah AN, Kobayashi D, Isawa H, Amoa-Bosompem M, Murota K, Higa Y, Futami K, Shimada S, Kim KS, Itokawa K, Watanabe M, Tsuda Y, Minakawa N, Miura K, Hirayama K, Sawabe K. Deciphering the Virome of Culex vishnui Subgroup Mosquitoes, the Major Vectors of Japanese Encephalitis, in Japan. Viruses 2020; 12:E264. [PMID: 32121094 DOI: 10.3390/v12030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains a public health concern in several countries, and the Culex mosquito plays a central role in its transmission cycle. Culex mosquitoes harbor a wide range of viruses, including insect-specific viruses (ISVs), and can transmit a variety of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that cause human and animal diseases. The current trend of studies displays enhanced efforts to characterize the mosquito virome through bulk RNA sequencing due to possible arbovirus-ISV interactions; however, the extent of viral diversity in the mosquito taxon is still poorly understood, particularly in some disease vectors. In this study, arboviral screening and RNA virome analysis of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and C. pseudovishnui, which are part of the Culex vishnui subgroup mosquitoes, were performed. Results from these two mosquito species, known as the major vectors of JE virus (JEV) in Asia, collected in three prefectures in Japan were also compared with the sympatric species C. inatomii. A total of 27 viruses, including JEV, were detected from these Culex mosquitoes. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the detected viruses classified 15 of the 27 viruses as novel species, notably belonging to the Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Totiviridae, and Iflaviridae families. The successful isolation of JEV genotype I confirmed its continuous presence in Japan, suggesting the need for periodic surveillance. Aside from JEV, this study has also reported the diversity of the RNA virome of disease vectors and broadened the knowledge on mosquito virome profiles containing both arbovirus and ISV. Mosquito taxon seemed to contribute largely to the virome structure (e.g., virome composition, diversity, and abundance) as opposed to the geographical location of the mosquito species. This study therefore offers notable insights into the ecology and evolution of each identified virus and viral family. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the viromes of the major JE vectors in Japan.
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15
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Li F, Du J, Wu Z, Zhang W, Fu S, Song J, Wang Q, He Y, Lei W, Xu S, Xu A, Zhao L, Liang G, Wang H. Identification and genetic analysis of a totivirus isolated from the Culex tritaeniorhynchus in northern China. Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:807-813. [PMID: 31844947 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Totiviridae, a viral family of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses, contain a single dsRNA genome 4.6-7.0 kb in length. Totiviridae were initially only known to infect fungi and other eukaryotes as well as plants, but an increase in totiviruses has been detected in insects, mosquitoes, and bats. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a strain belonging to the family Totiviridae isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Kenli, China, in 2016. We isolated a totivirus from field-collected mosquitoes in China by cell culture in Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells, identified the virus by morphological observation and complete genome sequencing, and characterized it by phylogenetic analysis. Transmission electron microscopy identified icosahedral, non-enveloped virus particles with a mean diameter of 35-40 nm. The genome was 7612 bp in length, including two open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 (5058 nt) encodes the capsid protein, while ORF2 (2216 nt) encodes the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Nucleotide and amino acid homology analysis of isolate showed higher levels of sequence identity with isolate CTV_NJ2 (China, 2010) with 94.87% nucleic acid identity and 97.32% amino acid identity. The isolate was designated C. tritaeniorhynchus totivirus KL (CTV-KL). This is the first identification of a totivirus in a C. tritaeniorhynchus in northern China. Analysis of the virus's morphology, characteristic and genome organization will further enrich our understanding of the molecular and biological characteristics of dsRNA Totiviridae viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihong Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingdong Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianying Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Songtao Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Institute for Immunization Program, Shandong Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
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Fang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou ZB, Xia S, Shi WQ, Xue JB, Li YY, Wu JT. New strains of Japanese encephalitis virus circulating in Shanghai, China after a ten-year hiatus in local mosquito surveillance. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:22. [PMID: 30626442 PMCID: PMC6327439 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Continuous vector pathogen surveillance is essential for preventing outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases. Several mosquito species acting as vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus, Zika virus, malaria parasites and other pathogens are primary mosquito species in Shanghai, China. However, few surveys of human pathogenic arboviruses in mosquitoes in Shanghai have been reported in the last ten years. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated mosquito activity in Shanghai, China during 2016 and tested for the presence of alphaviruses, flaviviruses, orthobunyaviruses and several parasitic pathogens. Results Five pooled samples were JEV-positive [4/255 pools of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and 1/256 pools of Cx. pipiens (s.l.)] based on analysis of the NS5 gene. Alphaviruses, orthobunyaviruses, Plasmodium and filariasis were not found in this study. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses revealed that the JEV strains belonged to genotype I. Moreover, newly detected Shanghai JEV strains were genetically close to previously isolated Shandong strains responsible for transmission during the 2013 Japanese encephalitis (JE) outbreak in Shandong Province, China but were more distantly related to other Shanghai strains detected in the early 2000s. The E proteins of the newly detected Shanghai JEV strains differed from that in the live attenuated vaccine SA14-14-2-derived strain at six amino residues: E130 (Ile→Val), E222 (Ala→Ser), E327 (Ser→Thr), E366 (Arg→Ser/Pro), E393 (Asn→Ser) and E433 (Val→Ile). However, no differences were observed in key amino acid sites related to antigenicity. Minimum JEV infection rates were 1.01 and 0.65 per 1000 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. pipiens (s.l.), respectively. Conclusions Five new Shanghai JEV genotype I strains, detected after a ten-year hiatus in local mosquito surveillance, were genetically close to strains involved in the 2013 Shandong JE outbreak. Because JEV is still circulating, vaccination in children should be extensively and continuously promoted. Moreover, JEV mosquito surveillance programmes should document the genotype variation, intensity and distribution of circulating viruses for use in the development and implementation of disease prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng-Bin Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qi Shi
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Tong Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025, People's Republic of China
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Rekha R, Vaseeharan B, Vijayakumar S, Abinaya M, Govindarajan M, Alharbi NS, Kadaikunnan S, Khaled JM, Al-Anbr MN. Crustin-capped selenium nanowires against microbial pathogens and Japanese encephalitis mosquito vectors - Insights on their toxicity and internalization. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 51:191-203. [PMID: 30466931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we reported a method to synthesize selenium nanowires (Cr-SeNWs) relying to purified cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide crustin in presence of ascorbic acid. Cr-SeNWs were characterized by UV-vis, XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, as well as SEM, HR-TEM and EDAX. The UV-vis spectroscopy peak was noted at 350 nm. XRD showed the crystalline nature of Cr-SeNWs through diffraction peaks observed 2θ at 12° and 28° corresponding to (020), and (241) lattice planes, respectively. HR-TEM results shed light on the size of Cr-SeNWs, ranging from 17 to 47 nm. Raman spectroscopy and EDAX analysis of Cr-SeNWs showed presence of 57% selenium element. Furthermore, Cr-SeNWs showed higher antimicrobial activity on Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis) over Gram-negative ones (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli). The zone of inhibition was larger on S. aureus (50 μg/ml = 4.0 mm, 75 μg/ml = 7.2 mm) and E. faecalis (50 μg/ml = 3.1 mm, 75 μg/ml = 5.1 mm), over P. aeruginosa (50 μg/ml = 2.1 mm, 75 μg/ml = 4.8 mm), E. coli (50 μg/ml = 1.3 mm, 75 μg/ml = 4.3 mm) bacteria. The antibiofilm activity of Cr-SeNWs was also investigated and biofilm reduction was observed at 75 μg/ml. In addition, Cr-SeNWs were highly effective as larvicides against Zika virus and Japanese encephalitis mosquito vectors, i.e., Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus, with LC50 values of 4.15 and 4.85 mg/l, respectively. The nanowire toxicity and internalization was investigated through confocal laser scanning microscopy and histological studies. To investigate the potential of Cr-SeNWs for real-world applications, we also evaluated Cr-SeNWs in hemolytic assays, showing no cytotoxicity till 5 mg/ml. Besides, higher antioxidant activity at the concentration at 100 μg/ml was noted, if compared with purified crustin. The strong antioxidant potential of this nanomaterial can be helpful to boost the shelf-life potential of Cr-SeNWs-based pesticides and antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandran Rekha
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sekar Vijayakumar
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthukumar Abinaya
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marimuthu Govindarajan
- Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Kumbakonam, 612 001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Naiyf S Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shine Kadaikunnan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal M Khaled
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed N Al-Anbr
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Samy AM, Alkishe AA, Thomas SM, Wang L, Zhang W. Mapping the potential distributions of etiological agent, vectors, and reservoirs of Japanese Encephalitis in Asia and Australia. Acta Trop 2018; 188:108-117. [PMID: 30118701 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a substantial cause of viral encephalitis, morbidity, and mortality in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. World Health Organization recognized Japanese Encephalitis (JE) as a public health priority in demands to initiate active vaccination programs. Recently, the geographic distribution of JEV has apparently expanded into other areas in the Pacific islands and northern Australia; however, major gaps exist in knowledge in regard to its current distribution. Here, we mapped the potential distribution of mosquito vectors of JEV (Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. vishnui, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. gelidus), and reservoirs (Egretta garzetta, E. intermedia, Nycticorax nycticorax) based on ecological niche modeling approach. Ecological niche models predicted all species to occur across Central, South and South East Asia; however, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, E. garzetta, E. intermedia, and N. nycticorax had broader potential distributions extending west to parts of the Arabian Peninsula. All predictions were robust and significantly better than random (P < 0.001). We also tested the JEV prediction based on 4335 additional independent human case records collected by the Chinese Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP); 4075 cases were successfully predicted by the model (P < 0.001). Finally, we tested the ecological niche similarity among JEV, vector, and reservoir species and could not reject any of the null hypotheses of niche similarity in all combination pairs.
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Liu B, Gao X, Ma J, Jiao Z, Xiao J, Wang H. Influence of Host and Environmental Factors on the Distribution of the Japanese Encephalitis Vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15091848. [PMID: 30150565 PMCID: PMC6165309 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Culex tritaeniorhynchus is an important vector that transmits a variety of human and animal diseases. Japanese encephalitis (JE), an endemic disease in the Asia-Pacific region, is primarily transmitted by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Insufficient monitoring of vector mosquitoes has led to a poor understanding of the distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in China. To delineate the habitat of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and any host and environmental factors that affect its distribution, we used a maximum entropy modeling method to predict its distribution in China. Our models provided high resolution predictions on the potential distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The predicted suitable habitats of the JE vector were correlated with areas of high JE incidence in parts of China. Factors driving the distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in China were also revealed by our models. Furthermore, human population density and the maximum NDVI were the most important predictors in our models. Bioclimate factors and elevation also significantly impacted the distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Our findings may serve as a reference for vector and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Liu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Zhihui Jiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Raju HK, Sabesan S, Subramanian S, Jambulingam P. Validating the Association of Japanese Encephalitis Vector Abundance with Paddy Growth, Using MODIS Data. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:560-562. [PMID: 30016208 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of the leading causes of viral encephalitis in Southeast Asia, particularly India. The major vector transmitting the disease, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, breeds in paddy field and its associated water bodies. The incidence of human infection usually occurs after the peak in vector abundance. Earlier, an association between JE vector abundance and paddy growth was demonstrated in Bellary district of Karnataka state, India, using radar satellite (RISAT 1) data. In this study, an attempt has been made to validate this phenomenon with the data collected from Uttar Pradesh state, using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data.
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Fang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou ZB, Shi WQ, Xia S, Li YY, Wu JT, Liu Q, Lin GY. Co-circulation of Aedes flavivirus, Culex flavivirus, and Quang Binh virus in Shanghai, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:75. [PMID: 30021614 PMCID: PMC6052644 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With increases in global travel and trade, the spread of arboviruses is undoubtedly alarming. Pathogen detection in field-caught mosquitoes can provide the earliest possible warning of transmission. Insect-specific flavivirus (ISFV) has been first detected in 1991 and documented worldwide in the latest ten years. Although infection with ISFVs is apparently limited to insects, an increase in the infection rate of mosquito-borne flaviviruses may be able to induce cytopathic effects in vertebrate cells during co-infection with other human pathogens. However, little is known whether ISFVs persist in most regions of China. Methods During the mosquito activity season in 2016, a surveillance program was carried out to detect ISFVs in mosquitoes in metropolitan Shanghai, China. The presence of ISFVs was randomly tested in different species of mosquitoes using RT-PCR-based and hemi-nested PCR assays, following by the sequencing of PCR products. Sequences from positive pooled samples were compared with those deposited in GenBank. Thereafter, sequences of representative insect flaviviruses were used for further phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses. Results Our investigations showed: (1) the presence of Aedes flavivirus (AEFV) in 11/161 pooled samples (nine pools in Songjiang District, one pool in Huangpu District, and one pool in Qingpu District) of Aedes albopictus, (2) the presence of Quang Binh virus (QBV) in 10/195 pooled samples (all in Chongming District) of Culex tritaeniorhynchus; and (3) the presence of Culex flavivirus (CxFV) in 9/228 pooled samples (six pools in Pudong New Area, two pools in Huangpu District, and one pool in Chongming District) of Cx. pipiens. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses of the gene sequences of envelope proteins indicated that Shanghai CxFV strains belonged to the Asia/USA genotype. The overall maximum likelihood estimation values (and 95% confidence interval) for CxFV, QBV, and AEFV in mosquitoes collected in Shanghai in 2016 were 1.34 (0.66–2.45), 1.65 (0.87–2.85), and 1.51 (0.77–2.70) per 1000, respectively. Conclusions This study reveals the presence and the geographical distribution of ISFVs, and determines the genetic variation and the infection rate of ISFVs in Shanghai, China. At least, three insect flaviviruses including ISFVs, AEFV, CxFV, and QBV, co-circulate in this area. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AEFV in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0457-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng-Bin Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qi Shi
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Tong Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yi Lin
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
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Sudeep AB, Shaikh N, Ghodke YS, Ingale VS, Gokhale MD. Vector competence of certain Culex and Aedes mosquitoes for the Chittoor virus, the Indian variant of the Batai virus. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:581-588. [PMID: 29718685 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chittoor virus (CHITV), a mosquito-borne bunyavirus (Orthobunyavirus: Bunyaviridae) isolated in India, has been found to be antigenically close to the Batai virus (BATV), which has a wide distribution across Asia, Europe, and Africa. The latter virus causes influenza-like illness in humans and mild illness in sheep and goats. BATV has been involved in genetic reassortment with other bunyaviruses, generating novel genome combinations and causing severe clinical manifestations including hemorrhagic fever. Conversely, CHITV has never been associated with any major outbreaks in India, although neutralizing antibodies have been detected in humans and domestic animals. Repeated isolations and seroprevalence have prompted us to determine the vector competence of three important mosquito species, viz., Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and Aedes aegypti, for CHITV. The three mosquito species replicated CHITV to titers of 6.3, 5.0, and 5.2 log10 TCID50/mL, respectively, and maintained the virus for substantial periods. Both of the Culex species demonstrated vector competence, while A. aegypti did not. Horizontal transmission to infant mice was also demonstrated by both Culex species. Active circulation of the virus and the availability of both susceptible hosts and competent vector mosquitoes pose a serious threat to public health should there be a reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Sudeep
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, PUNE-411021, India.,ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, PUNE-411021, India
| | - Neda Shaikh
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, PUNE-411021, India.,ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, PUNE-411021, India
| | - Y S Ghodke
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, PUNE-411021, India.,ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, PUNE-411021, India
| | - V S Ingale
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, PUNE-411021, India.,ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, PUNE-411021, India
| | - M D Gokhale
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, PUNE-411021, India.,ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, PUNE-411021, India
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Atoni E, Wang Y, Karungu S, Waruhiu C, Zohaib A, Obanda V, Agwanda B, Mutua M, Xia H, Yuan Z. Metagenomic Virome Analysis of Culex Mosquitoes from Kenya and China. Viruses 2018; 10:E30. [PMID: 29329230 DOI: 10.3390/v10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many blood-feeding arthropods are known vectors of viruses that are a source of unprecedented global health concern. Mosquitoes are an integral part of these arthropod vectors. Advancements in next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics has expanded our knowledge on the richness of viruses harbored by arthropods. In the present study, we applied a metagenomic approach to determine the intercontinental virome diversity of Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Kwale, Kenya and provinces of Hubei and Yunnan in China. Our results showed that viromes from the three locations were strikingly diverse and comprised 30 virus families specific to vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and protozoa as well as unclassified group of viruses. Though sampled at different times, both Kwale and Hubei mosquito viromes were dominated by vertebrate viruses, in contrast to the Yunnan mosquito virome, which was dominated by insect-specific viruses. However, each virome was unique in terms of virus proportions partly influenced by type of ingested meals (blood, nectar, plant sap, environment substrates). The dominant vertebrate virus family in the Kwale virome was Papillomaviridae (57%) while in Hubei it was Herpesviridae (30%) and the Yunnan virome was dominated by an unclassified viruses group (27%). Given that insect-specific viruses occur naturally in their hosts, they should be the basis for defining the viromes. Hence, the dominant insect-specific viruses in Kwale, Hubei, and Yunnan were Baculoviridae, Nimaviridae and Iflaviridae, respectively. Our study is preliminary but contributes to growing and much needed knowledge, as mosquito viromes could be manipulated to prevent and control pathogenic arboviruses.
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Mishra P, Samuel MK, Reddy R, Tyagi BK, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Environmentally benign nanometric neem-laced urea emulsion for controlling mosquito population in environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:2211-2230. [PMID: 29116538 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing risk of vector-borne diseases and the environmental pollution in the day-to-day life due to the usage of the conventional pesticides makes the role of nanotechnology to come into the action. The current study deals with one of the applications of nanotechnology through the formulation of neem urea nanoemulsion (NUNE). NUNE was formulated using neem oil, Tween 20, and urea using the microfluidization method. Prior to the development of nanoemulsion, the ratio of oil/surfactant/urea was optimized using the response surface modeling method. The mean droplet size of the nanoemulsion was found to be 19.3 ± 1.34 nm. The nanoemulsion was found to be stable for the period of 4 days in the field conditions which aids to its mosquitocidal activity. The nanoemulsion exhibited a potent ovicidal and larvicidal activity against A. aegypti and C. tritaeniorhynchus vectors. This result was corroborated with the histopathological analysis of the NUNE-treated larvae. Further, the effect of NUNE on the biochemical profile of the target host was assessed and was found to be efficacious compared to the bulk counterpart. The nanoemulsion was then checked for its biosafety towards the non-target species like plant beneficial bacterium (E. ludwigii), and phytotoxicity was assessed towards the paddy plant (O. sativa). Nanometric emulsion at the concentration used for the mosquitocidal application was found to be potentially safe towards the environment. Therefore, the nanometric neem-laced urea emulsion tends to be an efficient mosquito control agent with an environmentally benign property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Mishra
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Merlyn Keziah Samuel
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Ruchishya Reddy
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Brij Kishore Tyagi
- Department of Zoology & Environment Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
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Chu H, Wu Z, Chen H, Li C, Guo X, Liu R, Wang G, Zhou M, Zhao T. Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection Rate and Detection of Genotype I From Culex tritaeniorhynchus Collected From Jiangsu, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:503-509. [PMID: 28509619 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Information regarding the infection rate and genotype shifts for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are important for JE vaccine application. In Jiangsu province, China, which is one of the provinces with a high prevalence of JE, JEV infection in swine and mosquitoes in certain cities has only been investigated in 2008-2009. Lianyungang City has one of the highest numbers of JE cases in Jiangsu province, and it has a high risk of JEV invasion via migrant birds. JEV infection in vectors in Lianyungang City, which has urban and rural parts, has not been investigated. In 2015-2016, we collected mosquitoes in cowsheds with ultraviolet light traps and detected JEV by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method in Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Xintan village, Xuzhuang village, and Xiaogaozhuang village in Lianyungang City, China. The proportion of positive pools, which is calculated by the number of infected pools to the total number of pools tested in these villages, were 16.67%, 20.00%, and 4.17%, respectively, and the minimum infection rates, which is calculated as the ratio of the number of positive pools to the total number of mosquitoes tested, were 3.33‰, 4.00‰, and 0.83‰, respectively. Four JEV strains from positive samples were coded as LYG-1, LYG-2, LYG-3, and LYG-4, and the complete E genes were sequenced. Furthermore, the complete genome of LYG-3 was sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that all the four JEV strains belonged to genotype I-b. This is the first report of genotype I JEV strain in Jiangsu province. The high JEV infection rate in Culex tritaeniorhynchus indicated a high risk of JE reemergence in Lianyungang. The detected JEV strains may have similar antigenicity to that of SA14-14-2 according to molecular characters. These findings suggest that the vaccine can still be effective in Lianyungang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Fengtai District, Beijing, China .,2 Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Gulou District, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiming Wu
- 2 Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Gulou District, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongna Chen
- 2 Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Gulou District, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Guo
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Liu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- 3 Zhejiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of the People's Republic of China, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minghao Zhou
- 2 Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Gulou District, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongyan Zhao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Fengtai District, Beijing, China
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Longbottom J, Browne AJ, Pigott DM, Sinka ME, Golding N, Hay SI, Moyes CL, Shearer FM. Mapping the spatial distribution of the Japanese encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901 (Diptera: Culicidae) within areas of Japanese encephalitis risk. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:148. [PMID: 28302156 PMCID: PMC5356256 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of the most significant aetiological agents of viral encephalitis in Asia. This medically important arbovirus is primarily spread from vertebrate hosts to humans by the mosquito vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Knowledge of the contemporary distribution of this vector species is lacking, and efforts to define areas of disease risk greatly depend on a thorough understanding of the variation in this mosquito's geographical distribution. RESULTS We assembled a contemporary database of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus presence records within Japanese encephalitis risk areas from formal literature and other relevant resources, resulting in 1,045 geo-referenced, spatially and temporally unique presence records spanning from 1928 to 2014 (71.9% of records obtained between 2001 and 2014). These presence data were combined with a background dataset capturing sample bias in our presence dataset, along with environmental and socio-economic covariates, to inform a boosted regression tree model predicting environmental suitability for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus at each 5 × 5 km gridded cell within areas of JE risk. The resulting fine-scale map highlights areas of high environmental suitability for this species across India, Nepal and China that coincide with areas of high JE incidence, emphasising the role of this vector in disease transmission and the utility of the map generated. CONCLUSIONS Our map contributes towards efforts determining the spatial heterogeneity in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus distribution within the limits of JE transmission. Specifically, this map can be used to inform vector control programs and can be used to identify key areas where the prevention of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus establishment should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Longbottom
- Spatial Ecology & Epidemiology Group, Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Annie J. Browne
- Spatial Ecology & Epidemiology Group, Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David M. Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Marianne E. Sinka
- Oxford Long Term Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nick Golding
- Quantitative & Applied Ecology Group, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Simon I. Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine L. Moyes
- Spatial Ecology & Epidemiology Group, Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Freya M. Shearer
- Spatial Ecology & Epidemiology Group, Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Mansfield KL, Hernández-Triana LM, Banyard AC, Fooks AR, Johnson N. Japanese encephalitis virus infection, diagnosis and control in domestic animals. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:85-92. [PMID: 28284628 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a significant cause of neurological disease in humans throughout Asia causing an estimated 70,000 human cases each year with approximately 10,000 fatalities. The virus contains a positive sense RNA genome within a host-derived membrane and is classified within the family Flaviviridae. Like many flaviviruses, it is transmitted by mosquitoes, particularly those of the genus Culex in a natural cycle involving birds and some livestock species. Spill-over into domestic animals results in a spectrum of disease ranging from asymptomatic infection in some species to acute neurological signs in others. The impact of JEV infection is particularly apparent in pigs. Although infection in adult swine does not result in symptomatic disease, it is considered a significant reproductive problem causing abortion, still-birth and birth defects. Infected piglets can display fatal neurological disease. Equines are also infected, resulting in non-specific signs including pyrexia, but occasionally leading to overt neurological disease that in extreme cases can lead to death. Veterinary vaccination is available for both pigs and horses. This review of JEV disease in livestock considers the current diagnostic techniques available for detection of the virus. Options for disease control and prevention within the veterinary sector are discussed. Such measures are critical in breaking the link to zoonotic transmission into the human population where humans are dead-end hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Mansfield
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - Luis M Hernández-Triana
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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29
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Tuno N, Tsuda Y, Takagi M. How Zoophilic Japanese Encephalitis Vector Mosquitoes Feed on Humans. J Med Entomol 2017; 54:8-13. [PMID: 28082626 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the most frequent cause of mosquito-borne encephalitis in Asian countries. Several culicine species are potential vectors. The primary JEV vectors feed mainly on cows (a dead-end host for JEV), pigs (an amplifying host), and, occasionally, humans (a dead-end host). It is essential to determine blood-feeding patterns to understand the transmission cycle of the disease. Here we review blood-feeding characteristics of the primary JEV vectors Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex vishnui, and Culex gelidus based on experimental works and field surveys conducted in Asian countries. Several studies showed that these JEV vectors have an innate preference for cows; however, the former two species often showed higher rates of blood-feeding on pigs than on cows, probably because pigs are more abundant than cows. On the other hand, the latter species Cx. gelidus fed mostly on cows. Thus, the first two species showed higher plasticity to compromise host availability than the last. By reviewing the available articles and based on our relevant studies, it may be deduced that JEV transmission cannot be reduced by zooprophylaxis. We emphasize the need of keeping cows away from the human residences to dampen the human risk of JEV. These primary JEV vector species exhibit pre-biting resting. The adaptive significance of this behavior remains to be unexplored, but it may have a function to avoid defensive attack of host animals. Application of recent quantitative analysis of gene expression in this phase may enable us to come up with novel vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tuno
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Y Tsuda
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640
| | - M Takagi
- Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523
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Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Doosti S, Schaffner F, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Akbarzadeh K, Yaghoobi-Ershadi N. Morphological studies on adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and first report of the potential Zika virus vector Aedes (Stegomyia) unilineatus (Theobald, 1906) in Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 110:116-21. [PMID: 28028709 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-016-0530-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Beside numerous extensive studies on Anophelinae mosquitoes of Iran, little is known on Aedes species in the country and existing reports are dispersed. The objective of this study was to identify adults of Culicinae species occurring in the Sistan and Baluchestan Province, southeast of Iran, during 2012-2014. Mosquito collections were carried out three times (May-June, September, October-November) in four counties by Centers for Diseases Control (CDC) light traps and human landing catches outdoors and under bed nets baited with carbon dioxide. These trapping were carried out two consecutive nights during the field studies. Several mosquito collections were also conducted with aspirator and pyrethrum spray space catches during the day. A total of 1885 mosquitoes were collected, belonging to 10 species of genus Culex including Cx. pipiens Complex, Cx. laticinctus, Cx. sinaiticus, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, one species of the genus Culiseta, Cs. longiareolata, and five species of the genus Aedes, Ae. caspius, Ae. vexans, Ae. detritus, Ae. albopictus, and Ae. unilineatus. Ae. vexans was the dominant species in the area (77.7%). During the study, seven Ae. unilineatus were collected in two villages near the city of Chabahar located in a coastal area; this is the first record for Iran and identification was confirmed by Cytochrome oxidase (COI) sequences analysis. Confirmation of the presence of Ae. unilineatus in the country raises the number of species of the genus Aedes to 12. The detection of this species reveals its probable establishment in the southeast of the country, which has implications for public health such as dengue and Zika infections and requires active entomological surveillance and implementation of adapted vector control measures in the area.
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Kobayashi D, Isawa H, Ejiri H, Sasaki T, Sunahara T, Futami K, Tsuda Y, Katayama Y, Mizutani T, Minakawa N, Ohta N, Sawabe K. Complete Genome Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis of a Getah Virus Strain (Genus Alphavirus, Family Togaviridae) Isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus Mosquitoes in Nagasaki, Japan in 2012. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:769-776. [PMID: 27827562 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV; genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae) is a mosquito-borne virus known to cause disease in horses and pigs. In 2014, for the first time in ∼30 years, a sudden GETV outbreak occurred among racehorses in Ibaraki, Japan. Two years before this outbreak, we obtained multiple GETV isolates from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes collected in Nagasaki, Japan and determined the whole genome sequence of GETV isolate 12IH26. Our phylogenetic analysis of GETV strains revealed that the isolate 12IH26 forms a robust clade with the epidemic strains 14-I-605-C1 and 14-I-605-C2 isolated from horses in the 2014 outbreak in Ibaraki. Furthermore, the complete genomic sequence of the isolate 12IH26 was 99.9% identical to those of the 2014 epidemic strains in Ibaraki. Phylogenetic analysis also showed that the recent Japanese GETV strains, including the isolate 12IH26, are closely related to the Chinese and South Korean strains rather than the previous Japanese strains, suggesting that GETV strains may be transported from overseas into Japan through long-distance migration of the infected mosquitoes or migratory birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kobayashi
- 1 Department of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo, Japan .,2 Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- 2 Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ejiri
- 2 Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan .,3 Division of infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Control, National Defense Medical Research Institute , National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sasaki
- 2 Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Sunahara
- 4 Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kyoko Futami
- 4 Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshio Tsuda
- 2 Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- 5 Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- 5 Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Minakawa
- 4 Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- 1 Department of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- 2 Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
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Govindarajan M, Kadaikunnan S, Alharbi NS, Benelli G. Acute toxicity and repellent activity of the Origanum scabrum Boiss. & Heldr. (Lamiaceae) essential oil against four mosquito vectors of public health importance and its biosafety on non-target aquatic organisms. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:23228-23238. [PMID: 27604128 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus highlighted the pivotal importance of mosquito vector control in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. However, mosquito control is facing hot challenges, mainly due to the rapid development of pesticide resistance in Culicidae and the limited success of biocontrol programs on Aedes mosquitoes. In this framework, screening botanicals for their mosquitocidal potential may offer effective and eco-friendly tools in the fight against mosquitoes. In the present study, the essential oil (EO) obtained from the medicinal plant Origanum scabrum was analyzed by GC-MS and evaluated for its mosquitocidal and repellent activities towards Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. GC-MS analysis showed a total of 28 compounds, representing 97.1 % of the EO. The major constituents were carvacrol (48.2 %) and thymol (16.6 %). The EO was toxic effect to the A. stephensi, A. aegypti, C. quinquefasciatus, and C. tritaeniorhynchus larvae, with LC50 of 61.65, 67.13, 72.45, and 78.87 μg/ml, respectively. Complete ovicidal activity was observed at 160, 200, 240, and 280 μg/ml, respectively. Against adult mosquitoes, LD50 were 122.38, 134.39, 144.53, and 158.87 μg/ml, respectively. In repellency assays, the EOs tested at 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/cm2 concentration of O. scabrum gave 100 % protection from mosquito bites up to 210, 180, 150, and 120 min, respectively. From an eco-toxicological point of view, the EO was tested on three non-target mosquito predators, Gambusia affinis, Diplonychus indicus, and Anisops bouvieri, with LC50 ranging from 4162 to 12,425 μg/ml. Overall, the EO from O. scabrum may be considered as a low-cost and eco-friendly source of phytochemicals to develop novel repellents against Culicidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimuthu Govindarajan
- Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, TN, 608 002, India.
| | - Shine Kadaikunnan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naiyf S Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Insect Behavior Group, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Murakami M, Hori K, Kitagawa Y, Oikawa Y, Kamimura K, Takegami T. An Ecological Survey of Mosquitoes and the Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, between 2010 and 2014. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 70:362-367. [PMID: 27795474 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2016.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus, responsible for over 30,000 annual cases of encephalitis worldwide, with a mortality rate of approximately 30%. Therefore, it is important to examine the distribution of mosquitos carrying JEV in the fields, even though recently, the number of Japanese encephalitis cases has been approximately 5 per year in Japan. We report the seasonal dynamics of mosquitoes between 2010 and 2014 in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. We collected 39,308 female adult mosquitoes, 98.2% of which were classified as Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles. We identified JEV genomic RNA belonging to genotype 1 from the homogenate of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, collected during our study using reverse transcription-PCR and nucleotide sequencing techniques. Our results indicate that mosquito vectors for JEV are distributed not only in areas in Ishikawa, but also throughout Japan, and the results suggest that we must be careful regarding JEV outbreaks in Japan in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiyoe Hori
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University
| | - Yoko Kitagawa
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University
| | | | | | - Tsutomu Takegami
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University
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Luo QC, Hao YJ, Meng F, Li TJ, Ding YR, Hua YQ, Chen B. The mitochondrial genomes of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae) and comparison analysis with two other Culex species. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:406. [PMID: 27444629 PMCID: PMC4957372 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens pallens are the major vectors of the Japanese encephalitis virus and Wuchereria bancrofti, the causative agent of filariasis. The knowledge of mitochondrial genomes has been widely useful for the studies on molecular evolution, phylogenetics and population genetics. Methods In this study, we sequenced and annotated the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. p. pallens, and performed a comparative analysis including four known mt genomes of species of the subgenus Culex (Culex). The phylogenetic relationships of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. p. pallens and four known Culex mt genome sequences were reconstructed by maximum likelihood based on concatenated protein-coding gene sequences. Results Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. p. pallens mt genomes are 14,844 bp and 15,617 bp long, both consists of 13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs and 1 CR (not sequenced for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus). The initiation and termination codons of PCGs are ATN and TAA, respectively, except for COI starting with TCG, and COI and COII terminated with T. tRNAs have the typical clover-leaf secondary structures except for trnS(AGN) that is lacking the DHU stem. 16S rRNA and 12S rRNA secondary structures were drawn for the first time for mosquito mt genomes. The control region of Cx. p. pallens mt genome is 747 bp long and with four tandem repeat structures. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the mt genome of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was significantly separated from the remaining five mt genomes of Culex spp. Culex p. pipiens, Cx. p. pallens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus formed a monophyletic clade with Cx. p. quinquefasciatus linked in the middle of the clade, and Cx. p. pallens should have the same taxonomic level as Culex p. pipiens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus. Conclusions The mt genomes of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. p. pallens share the same gene composition and order with those of two other Culex species. Culex p. pallens of the Pipiens complex should have the same taxonomic level as Culex p. pipiens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus investigated. We enriched the Culex mt genome data and provided a reference basis for further Culex mt genome sequencing and analyses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1694-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Chun Luo
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Jin Hao
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxia Meng
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Jing Li
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ran Ding
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Qiong Hua
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China.
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Wu ZM, Chu HL, Wang G, Zhu XJ, Guo XX, Zhang YM, Xing D, Yan T, Zhao MH, Dong YD, Li CX, Zhao TY. Multiple-Insecticide Resistance and Classic Gene Mutations to Japanese Encephalitis Vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus from China. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2016; 32:144-151. [PMID: 27280353 DOI: 10.2987/moco-32-02-144-151.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Widespread resistance of insect pests to insecticides has been widely reported in China and there is consequently an urgent need to adjust pest management strategies appropriately. This requires detailed information on the extent and causes of resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate levels of resistance to 5 insecticides among 12 strains of Culex tritaeniorhynchus, a major vector of Japanese encephalitis in China. Resistance to deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, permethrin, dichlorvos, and propoxur were measured using larval bioassays. The allelic frequency of knockdown resistance (kdr) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) mutations were determined in all strains. Larval bioassay results indicated that the field strains collected from different sites were resistant to deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, permethrin, dichlorvos, and propoxur, with resistance ratio values ranging from 1.70- to 71.98-fold, 7.83- to 43.07-fold, 3.54- to 40.03-fold, 291.85- to 530.89-fold, and 51.32- to 108.83-fold, respectively. A polymerase chain reaction amplification of specific alleles method for individual was developed to detect genotypes of the AChE gene mutation F455W in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The frequency of the AChE gene mutation F455W was 100.00% in all strains, making this mutation of no value as a marker of resistance to organophosphorous and carbamate pesticides in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in China. The kdr allele was present in all strains at frequencies of 10.00-29.55%. Regression analysis indicated a significant correlation between kdr allele frequencies and levels of resistance to deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, and permethrin. These results highlight the need to monitor and map insecticide resistance in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and to adjust pesticide use to minimize the development of resistance in these mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ming Wu
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
- 2 Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hong-Liang Chu
- 3 Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Gang Wang
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
- 2 Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Guo
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ying-Mei Zhang
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Dan Xing
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ting Yan
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zhao
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
- 2 Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yan-De Dong
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Li
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tong-Yan Zhao
- 1 Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
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Govindarajan M, Hoti SL, Benelli G. Facile fabrication of eco-friendly nano-mosquitocides: Biophysical characterization and effectiveness on neglected tropical mosquito vectors. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 95:155-163. [PMID: 27866611 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors are solely responsible for transmitting important diseases such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, lymphatic filariasis and Zika virus. Eco-friendly control tools of Culicidae vectors are a priority. In this study, we proposed a facile fabrication process of poly-disperse and stable silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using a cheap leaf extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens (Apocyanaceae). Bio-reduced Ag NPs were characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The acute toxicity of I. frutescens leaf extract and green-synthesized Ag NPs was evaluated against larvae of the malaria vector Anopheles subpictus, the dengue vector Aedes albopictus and the Japanese encephalitis vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Compared to the leaf aqueous extract, Ag NPs showed higher toxicity against A. subpictus, A. albopictus, and C. tritaeniorhynchus with LC50 values of 14.22, 15.84 and 17.26μg/mL, respectively. Ag NPs were found safer to non-target mosquito predators Anisops bouvieri, Diplonychus indicus and Gambusia affinis, with LC50 values ranging from 636.61 to 2098.61μg/mL. Overall, this research firstly shed light on the mosquitocidal potential of I. frutescens, a potential bio-resource for rapid, cheap and effective synthesis of poly-disperse and highly stable silver nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimuthu Govindarajan
- Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002 Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S L Hoti
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Insect Behaviour Group, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Veerakumar K, Muthukumaran U, Hoti SL, Benelli G. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles fabricated using Anisomeles indica: Mosquitocidal potential against malaria, dengue and Japanese encephalitis vectors. Exp Parasitol 2015; 161:40-7. [PMID: 26708933 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) represent a key threat for millions of people worldwide, since they act as vectors for devastating parasites and pathogens. In this scenario, eco-friendly control tools against mosquito vectors are a priority. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using a cheap, aqueous leaf extract of Anisomeles indica by reduction of Ag(+) ions from silver nitrate solution has been investigated. Bio-reduced AgNP were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The acute toxicity of A. indica leaf extract and biosynthesized AgNP was evaluated against larvae of the malaria vector Anopheles subpictus, the dengue vector Aedes albopictus and the Japanese encephalitis vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Both the A. indica leaf extract and AgNP showed dose dependent larvicidal effect against all tested mosquito species. Compared to the leaf aqueous extract, biosynthesized AgNP showed higher toxicity against An. subpictus, Ae. albopictus, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus with LC50 values of 31.56, 35.21 and 38.08 μg/mL, respectively. Overall, this study firstly shed light on the mosquitocidal potential of A. indica, a potential bioresource for rapid, cheap and effective AgNP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimuthu Govindarajan
- Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohan Rajeswary
- Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaliyan Veerakumar
- Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Udaiyan Muthukumaran
- Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S L Hoti
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Misra BR, Gore M. Malathion Resistance Status and Mutations in Acetylcholinesterase Gene (Ace) in Japanese Encephalitis and Filariasis Vectors from Endemic Area in India. J Med Entomol 2015; 52:442-446. [PMID: 26334819 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) and lymphatic filariasis (LF) are endemic in estern part of Uttar Pradesh in India and transmitted by Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). JE vaccination and mass drug administration for JE and LF management is being undertaken respectively. In addition to this, indoor residual spraying and fogging are used for the control of mosquito vectors. Organophosphate resistance in mosquito is dependent on alteration in acetylcholinesterase (Ace) gene. Hence, it is important to evaluate organophosphate resistance in Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (JE vector) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (LF vector). The current study showed the presence of resistant populations and F331W mutation in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and G119S mutation in Cx. quinquefasciatus insensitive Ace genes. Resistant populations of these two vectors increase the chances of spreading of resistance in the natural population and may cause failure of intervention programs that include organophosphates against these two vectors in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brij Ranjan Misra
- National Institute of Virology, GKP Unit, B.R.D. Medical College Campus, Gorakhpur 273013, India
| | - Milind Gore
- National Institute of Virology, GKP Unit, B.R.D. Medical College Campus, Gorakhpur 273013, India.
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Kuwata R, Isawa H, Hoshino K, Sasaki T, Kobayashi M, Maeda K, Sawabe K. Analysis of Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus Superinfection in Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) Cells Persistently Infected with Culex Flavivirus (Flaviviridae). J Med Entomol 2015; 52:222-229. [PMID: 26336307 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tju059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Superinfection exclusion is generally defined as a phenomenon in which a pre-existing viral infection prevents a secondary viral infection; this has also been observed in infections with mosquito-borne viruses. In this study, we examined the superinfection exclusion of the vertebrate-infecting flaviviruses, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and dengue virus (DENV), by stable and persistent infection with an insect-specific flavivirus, Culex flavivirus (CxFV), in a Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles cell line (CTR cells). Our experimental system was designed based on the premise that wild Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes naturally infected with CxFV are superinfected with JEV by feeding on JEV-infected animals. As a result, we found no evidence of the superinfection exclusion of both JEV and DENV by pre-existing CxFV infection at the cellular level. However, JEV superinfection induced severe cytopathic effects on persistently CxFV-infected CTR cells. These observations imply the possibility that JEV superinfection in CxFV-infected Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes has an adverse effect on their fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusei Kuwata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan. Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan. Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Keita Hoshino
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sasaki
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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Lytra I, Emmanouel N. Study of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and species composition of mosquitoes in a rice field in Greece. Acta Trop 2014; 134:66-71. [PMID: 24613156 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito species composition and seasonal abundance were studied in a rice field in western Greece over a three-year period (2009-2011). A total of 11,716 larvae and pupae of mosquitoes were recorded, representing seven species, namely Aedes caspius (Pallas), Anopheles hyrcanus (Pallas), Anopheles sacharovi Favre, Culex theileri Theobald, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, Culex pipiens Linnaeus, Uranotaenia unguiculata Edwards and belonging to four genera. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus constituted the most abundant species. It is the second recorded occurrence of this species in Greece, but the first time that a high population of this mosquito species is recorded in the country. In all three years, the total population density of mosquitoes was found to be higher in early August. The number of immatures of all species was found higher in 2009 and 2010 than in 2011, as well was that of the Cx. tritaeniorhynchus adults derived from the rearing of the collected immatures. This regularity is probably due to the lack of water in the rice field in early August 2011. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was found to be the most abundant species after the rearing of immatures representing 85.1%, 93.5% and 96.1% of the total number of the mosquito adults in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The rice culturing practices may have affected the seasonal occurrence of mosquito immatures in all of the study years.
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Kim NH, Lee WG, Shin EH, Roh JY, Rhee HC, Park MY. Prediction Forecast for Culex tritaeniorhynchus Populations in Korea. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014; 5:131-7. [PMID: 25180145 PMCID: PMC4147216 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Japanese encephalitis is considered as a secondary legal infectious disease in Korea and is transmitted by mosquitoes in the summer season. The purpose of this study was to predict the ratio of Culex tritaeniorhynchus to all the species of mosquitoes present in the study regions. Methods From 1999 to 2012, black light traps were installed in 10 regions in Korea (Busan, Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, and Jeju) to capture mosquitoes for identification and classification under a dissecting microscope. The number of mosquitoes captured/week was used to calculate its daily occurrence (mosquitoes/trap/night). To predict the characteristics of the mosquito population, an autoregressive model of order p (AR(p)) was used to execute the out-of-sample prediction and the in-sample estimation after presumption. Results Compared with the out-of-sample method, the sample-weighted regression method's case was relatively superior for prediction, and this method predicted a decrease in the frequency of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus for 2013. However, the actual frequency of this species showed an increase in frequency. By contrast, the frequency rate of all the mosquitoes including Cx. tritaeniorhynchus gradually decreased. Conclusion The number of patients with Japanese encephalitis has been strongly associated with the occurrence and density of vector mosquitoes, and the importance of this infectious disease has been highlighted since 2010. The 2013 prediction indicated an increase after an initial decrease, although the ratio of the two mosquito species decreased. The increase in vector density may be due to changes in temperature and the environment. Thus, continuous prevalence prediction is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Hyun Kim
- School of Economics, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wook-Gyo Lee
- Division of Medical Entomology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea
| | - E-Hyun Shin
- Division of Medical Entomology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea
| | - Jong Yul Roh
- Division of Medical Entomology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea
| | - Hae-Chun Rhee
- School of Economics, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Yeoun Park
- Division of Medical Entomology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea
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Zhang C, Cheng P, Liu B, Shi G, Wang H, Liu L, Guo X, Ren H, Gong M. Measure post-bloodmeal dispersal of mosquitoes and duration of radioactivity by using the isotope ³²P. J Insect Sci 2014; 14:ieu058. [PMID: 25502034 PMCID: PMC5633936 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The radioactive isotope (32)P-labeled disodium phosphate (Na₂H(32)PO₄) was injected via the jugular vein into a cow kept in a shed in Maozhuang Village, Cao Township of Shanxian County, China. Over the following 5 d, mosquitoes feeding on the cow were captured at distances up to 400 m to determine dispersal distance. The duration of radioactivity in the cow and marked mosquitoes was 10 d. The results showed that after blood feeding, Anopheles sinensis and Culex tritaeniorhynchus temporarily rested in the cattle shed and then flew outdoors. In contrast, Culex pipiens pallens remained in the cattle shed after feeding. These findings confirmed that local An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were partially endophilic and tended to rest out of doors, whereas Cx. pipiens pallens was endophilic. For marked An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, there was a significant tendency for dispersal to be in a northeast and east direction, probably because of the presence of heavy shading by an agricultural field, a small river for mosquito oviposition sites, and locations downwind from the blood source. The furthest flight distances for An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were 210 and 240 m; therefore, control of these mosquitoes should include resting places indoors and outdoors within a radius of 250 m from confirmed cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxing Zhang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Vector Biology Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Medical Entomology, Vector Biology Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Vector Biology Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihong Shi
- Department of Medical Entomology, Vector Biology Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiwei Wang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Vector Biology Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Vector Biology Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxia Guo
- Department of Medical Entomology, Vector Biology Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong 272033, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqing Ren
- Surgical Department, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272002, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoqing Gong
- Department of Medical Entomology, Vector Biology Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health Shandong Province, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong 272033, People's Republic of China
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