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Gregorin C, Di Vito M, Roveta C, Pulido Mantas T, Gridelli S, Domenichelli F, Cilenti L, Vega Fernández T, Puce S, Musco L. Reduction of small-prey capture rate and collective predation in the bleached sea anemone Exaiptasiadiaphana. Mar Environ Res 2024; 196:106435. [PMID: 38467089 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Cnidarians may dominate benthic communities, as in the case of coral reefs that foster biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services. Polyps may feed by predating mesozooplantkon and large motile prey, but many species further obtain autotrophic nutrients from photosymbiosis. Anthropogenic disturbance, such as the rise of seawater temperature and turbidity, can lead to the loss of symbionts, causing bleaching. Prolonged periods of bleaching can induce mortality events over vast areas. Heterotrophy may allow bleached cnidarians to survive for long periods of time. We tested the reinforcement of heterotrophic feeding of bleached polyps of Exaiptasia diaphana fed with both small zooplantkon and large prey, in order to evaluate if heterotrophy allows this species to compensate the reduction of autotrophy. Conversely to expected, heterotrophy was higher in unbleached polyps (+54% mesozooplankton prey and +11% large prey). The increase of heterotrophic intake may not be always used as a strategy to compensate autotrophic depletion in bleached polyps. Such a resilience strategy might be more species-specific than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gregorin
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marica Di Vito
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Camilla Roveta
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Torcuato Pulido Mantas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Gridelli
- Cattolica Aquarium, Piazzale Delle Nazioni 1/A, 47841 Cattolica, Italy
| | | | - Lucrezia Cilenti
- National Research Council -National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Via Michele Protano, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Tomás Vega Fernández
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Puce
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luigi Musco
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Salento University, Via Lecce - Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina, 61 90133 Palermo, Italy.
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Ghosh G, Bhimrao Daile S, Chakraborty S, Atta A. Influence of super-optimal light intensity on the acetic acid uptake and microalgal growth in mixotrophic culture of Chlorella sorokiniana in bubble-column photobioreactors. Bioresour Technol 2024; 393:130152. [PMID: 38049018 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
This study seeks to determine the influence of super-optimal light intensity on acetic acid uptake and its associated impact on the cellular composition of Chlorella sorokiniana in a semi-batch mixotrophic cultivation setup. Unicellular green microalga Chlorella sorokiniana is grown in a 1L bubble-column photobioreactor at light intensities from 6000 to 14,000 lx (≈81 to 189 µmol.photons.m-2.s-1). We find that microalgal acetic acid utilization reduces as illumination increases from an optimal 10,000 lx (≈135 µmol.photons.m-2.s-1) to a super-optimal zone (>10000 lx). This lowers microalgal growth (2.75 g/L) and acetic acid intake, which peak at 6 mL/L (10000 lx) and drop to 2 and 1 mL/L at 12,000 and 14,000 lx, respectively. Concurrently, the maximum lipid yield decreases from 0.66 g/L (10000 lx) to 0.54 g/L (12000 lx) and 0.42 g/L (14000 lx). Hence, super-optimal illumination not only disturbs phototrophy but also affects the heterotrophic component, creating an imbalance between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Sushrunsha Bhimrao Daile
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Saikat Chakraborty
- Biological Systems Engineering, Plaksha University, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Arnab Atta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
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Srivastava A, De Corte D, Garcia JAL, Swan BK, Stepanauskas R, Herndl GJ, Sintes E. Interplay between autotrophic and heterotrophic prokaryotic metabolism in the bathypelagic realm revealed by metatranscriptomic analyses. Microbiome 2023; 11:239. [PMID: 37925458 PMCID: PMC10625248 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01688-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterotrophic microbes inhabiting the dark ocean largely depend on the settling of organic matter from the sunlit ocean. However, this sinking of organic materials is insufficient to cover their demand for energy and alternative sources such as chemoautotrophy have been proposed. Reduced sulfur compounds, such as thiosulfate, are a potential energy source for both auto- and heterotrophic marine prokaryotes. METHODS Seawater samples were collected from Labrador Sea Water (LSW, ~ 2000 m depth) in the North Atlantic and incubated in the dark at in situ temperature unamended, amended with 1 µM thiosulfate, or with 1 µM thiosulfate plus 10 µM glucose and 10 µM acetate (thiosulfate plus dissolved organic matter, DOM). Inorganic carbon fixation was measured in the different treatments and samples for metatranscriptomic analyses were collected after 1 h and 72 h of incubation. RESULTS Amendment of LSW with thiosulfate and thiosulfate plus DOM enhanced prokaryotic inorganic carbon fixation. The energy generated via chemoautotrophy and heterotrophy in the amended prokaryotic communities was used for the biosynthesis of glycogen and phospholipids as storage molecules. The addition of thiosulfate stimulated unclassified bacteria, sulfur-oxidizing Deltaproteobacteria (SAR324 cluster bacteria), Epsilonproteobacteria (Sulfurimonas sp.), and Gammaproteobacteria (SUP05 cluster bacteria), whereas, the amendment with thiosulfate plus DOM stimulated typically copiotrophic Gammaproteobacteria (closely related to Vibrio sp. and Pseudoalteromonas sp.). CONCLUSIONS The gene expression pattern of thiosulfate utilizing microbes specifically of genes involved in energy production via sulfur oxidation and coupled to CO2 fixation pathways coincided with the change in the transcriptional profile of the heterotrophic prokaryotic community (genes involved in promoting energy storage), suggesting a fine-tuned metabolic interplay between chemoautotrophic and heterotrophic microbes in the dark ocean. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Srivastava
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1a, 1160, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Daniele De Corte
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl Von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
- Currently at Ocean Technology and Engineering Department, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Juan A L Garcia
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Informatics, INS La Ferreria, 08110, Montcada i Reixach, Spain
| | - Brandon K Swan
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | | | - Gerhard J Herndl
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Sintes
- Ecosystem Oceanography Group (GRECO), Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Palma, Spain.
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Mkala EM, Jost M, Dong X, Mwachala G, Musili PM, Wanke S, Hu GW, Wang QF. Phylogenetic and comparative analyses of Hydnora abyssinica plastomes provide evidence for hidden diversity within Hydnoraceae. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:34. [PMID: 37464315 PMCID: PMC10353213 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02142-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, plastid genomes have been published for all but two holoparasitic angiosperm families. However, only a single or a few plastomes represent most of these families. Of the approximately 40 genera of holoparasitic angiosperms, a complete plastid genome sequence is available for only about half. In addition, less than 15 species are currently represented with more than one published plastid genome, most of which belong to the Orobanchaceae. Therefore, a significant portion of the holoparasitic plant plastome diversity remains unexplored. This limited information could hinder potential evolutionary pattern recognition as well as the exploration of inter- and intra-species plastid genome diversity in the most extreme holoparasitic angiosperms. RESULTS Here, we report the first plastomes of Kenyan Hydnora abyssinica accessions. The plastomes have a typical quadripartite structure and encode 24 unique genes. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction recovers the Kenyan accessions as monophyletic and together in a clade with the Namibian H. abyssinica accession and the recently published H. arabica from Oman. Hydnora abyssinica as a whole however is recovered as non-monophyletic, with H. arabica nested within. This result is supported by distinct structural plastome synapomorphies as well as pairwise distance estimates that reveal hidden diversity within the Hydnora species in Africa. CONCLUSION We propose to increase efforts to sample widespread holoparasitic species for their plastid genomes, as is the case with H. abyssinica, which is widely distributed in Africa. Morphological reinvestigation and further molecular data are needed to fully investigate the diversity of H. abyssinica along the entire range of distribution, as well as the diversity of currently synonymized taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Mbandi Mkala
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, CN-430074, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, CN-430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, CN-100049, China
| | - Matthias Jost
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiang Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, CN-430074, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, CN-430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, CN-100049, China
| | - Geoffrey Mwachala
- East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, P. O. Box 451660-0100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul Mutuku Musili
- East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya, P. O. Box 451660-0100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stefan Wanke
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guang-Wan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, CN-430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, CN-430074, China.
| | - Qing-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, CN-430074, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, CN-430074, China
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Banerjee A, Stefanović S. A comparative study across the parasitic plants of Cuscuta subgenus Grammica (Convolvulaceae) reveals a possible loss of the plastid genome in its section Subulatae. Planta 2023; 257:66. [PMID: 36826697 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Most species in Cuscuta subgenus Grammica retain many photosynthesis-related plastid genes, generally under purifying selection. A group of holoparasitic species in section Subulatae may have lost their plastid genomes entirely. The c. 153 species of plants belonging to Cuscuta subgenus Grammica are all obligate stem parasites. However, some have completely lost the ability to conduct photosynthesis while others retain photosynthetic machinery and genes. The plastid genome that primarily encodes key photosynthesis genes functions as a bellwether for how reliant plants are on primary production. This research assembles and analyses 17 plastomes across Cuscuta subgenus Grammica with the aim of characterizing the state of the plastome in each of its sections. By comparing the structure and content of plastid genomes across the subgenus, as well as by quantifying the selection acting upon each gene, we reconstructed the patterns of plastome change within the phylogenetic context for this group. We found that species in 13 of the 15 sections that comprise Grammica retain the bulk of plastid photosynthesis genes and are thus hemiparasitic. The complete loss of photosynthesis can be traced to two clades: the entire section Subulatae and a complex of three species within section Ceratophorae. We were unable to recover any significant plastome sequences from section Subulatae, suggesting that plastomes in these species are either drastically reduced or lost entirely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Banerjee
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2Z9, Canada.
| | - Saša Stefanović
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
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Pessi BA, Baroukh C, Bacquet A, Bernard O. A universal dynamical metabolic model representing mixotrophic growth of Chlorella sp. on wastes. Water Res 2023; 229:119388. [PMID: 36462256 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An emerging idea is to couple wastewater treatment and biofuel production using microalgae to achieve higher productivities and lower costs. This paper proposes a metabolic modeling of Chlorella sp. growing on fermentation wastes (blend of acetate, butyrate and other acids) in mixotrophic conditions, accounting also for the possible inhibitory substrates. This model extends previous works by modifying the metabolic network to include the consumption of glycerol and glucose by Chlorella sp., with the goal to test the addition of these substrates in order to overcome butyrate inhibition. The metabolic model was built using the DRUM framework and consists of 188 reactions and 173 metabolites. After a calibration phase, the model was successfully challenged with data from 122 experiments collected from scientific literature in autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. The optimal feeding strategy estimated with the model reduces the time to consume the volatile fatty acids from 16 days to 2 days. The high prediction capability of this model opens new routes for enhancing design and operation in waste valorization using microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Baroukh
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Anais Bacquet
- LOV, UMR 7093, Sorbonne university, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Olivier Bernard
- Biocore, INRIA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France; LOV, UMR 7093, Sorbonne university, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
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Reintjes G, Klassen L, Abbott DW. Visualization of Carbohydrate Uptake Using Fluorescent Polysaccharides. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2657:241-249. [PMID: 37149536 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3151-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescently labeled polysaccharides enable the visualization of carbohydrate-bacterial interactions and the quantification of carbohydrate hydrolysis rates in cultures and complex communities. Here, we present the method of generating polysaccharides conjugated to the fluorescent molecule, fluoresceinamine. Further, we describe the protocol of incubating these probes in bacterial cultures and complex environmental microbial communities, visualizing bacterial-probe interactions using fluorescence microscopy, and quantifying these interactions using flow cytometry. Finally, we present a novel approach for the in situ metabolic phenotyping of bacterial cells using fluorescently activated cell sorting coupled with omics-based analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Reintjes
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Leeann Klassen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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8
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Arora N, Philippidis GP. Unraveling metabolic alterations in Chlorella vulgaris cultivated on renewable sugars using time resolved multi-omics. Sci Total Environ 2021; 800:149504. [PMID: 34426316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The inherent metabolic versatility of Chlorella vulgaris that enables it to metabolize both inorganic and organic carbon under various trophic modes of cultivation makes it a promising candidate for industrial applications. To shed light on the metabolic flexibility of this microalga, time resolved proteomic and metabolomic studies were conducted in three distinct trophic modes (autotrophic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic) at two growth stages (end of linear growth at 6 days and during nutrient deprivation at 10 days). Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) hydrolysate was supplied to the cultivation medium as a renewable source of organic carbon mainly in the form of glucose. Integrated multi-omics data showed improved nitrogen assimilation, re-allocation, and recycling and increased levels of photosystem II (PS II) proteins indicating effective cellular quenching of excess electrons during mixotrophy. As external addition of organic carbon (glucose) to the cultivation medium decreases the cell's dependence on photosynthesis, an upregulation in the mitochondrial electron transport chain was recorded that led to increased cellular energy generation and hence higher growth rates under mixotrophy. Moreover, upregulation of the lipid-packaging proteins caleosin and 14_3_3 domain-containing protein resulted in maximum expression during mixotrophy suggesting a strong correlation between lipid synthesis, stabilization, and assembly. Overall, cells cultivated under mixotrophy showed better nutrient stress tolerance and redox balancing leading to higher biomass and lipid production. The study offers a panoramic view of the microalga's metabolic flexibility and contributes to a deeper understanding of the altered biochemical pathways that can be exploited to enhance algal productivity and commercial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Arora
- Patel College of Global Sustainability, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - George P Philippidis
- Patel College of Global Sustainability, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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Ravindran C, Raveendran HP, Irudayarajan L. Ciliated protozoan occurrence and association in the pathogenesis of coral disease. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105211. [PMID: 34582942 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Various microbial infections have significantly contributed to disease progression leading to the mortality of corals. However, the holobiont and the external surfaces of coral, including the secreted mucus, provide a varied microenvironment that attracts ciliates based on their feeding preferences. Besides, some ciliates (e.g., Philasterine scuticociliate) may enter through the injuries or lesions on corals or through their indirect interactions with other types of microbes that influence coral health. Thus, ciliates occurrence and association are described with 12 different diseases worldwide. White syndrome disease lesions have diverse ciliate associations, and higher ciliate diversity was observed with diseased genera Acropora. Also, it was described, about sixteen ciliate species ingest coral Symbiodiniaceae and histophagous ciliates for coral tissue loss as secondary invaders. However, the ciliates nature of association with the coral disease remains unclear for primary or opportunistic secondary pathogenicity. Herein, we explore the urgent need to understand the complex interactions of ciliates in coral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnarajan Ravindran
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paulo, 403004, Goa, India; AcSIR- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India.
| | - Haritha P Raveendran
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paulo, 403004, Goa, India
| | - Lawrance Irudayarajan
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paulo, 403004, Goa, India; AcSIR- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
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Marella TK, Bhattacharjya R, Tiwari A. Impact of organic carbon acquisition on growth and functional biomolecule production in diatoms. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:135. [PMID: 34266439 PMCID: PMC8281487 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are unicellular photosynthetic protists which constitute one of the most successful microalgae contributing enormously to global primary productivity and nutrient cycles in marine and freshwater habitats. Though they possess the ability to biosynthesize high value compounds like eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA), fucoxanthin (Fx) and chrysolaminarin (Chrl) the major bottle neck in commercialization is their inability to attain high density growth. However, their unique potential of acquiring diverse carbon sources via varied mechanisms enables them to adapt and grow under phototrophic, mixotrophic as well as heterotrophic modes. Growth on organic carbon substrates promotes higher biomass, lipid, and carbohydrate productivity, which further triggers the yield of various biomolecules. Since, the current mass culture practices primarily employ open pond and tubular photobioreactors for phototrophic growth, they become cost intensive and economically non-viable. Therefore, in this review we attempt to explore and compare the mechanisms involved in organic carbon acquisition in diatoms and its implications on mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth and biomolecule production and validate how these strategies could pave a way for future exploration and establishment of sustainable diatom biorefineries for novel biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kiran Marella
- Algae Biomass and Energy System R&D Center (ABES), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Raya Bhattacharjya
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Albina P, Durban N, Bertron A, Albrecht A, Robinet JC, Erable B. Nitrate and nitrite bacterial reduction at alkaline pH and high nitrate concentrations, comparison of acetate versus dihydrogen as electron donors. J Environ Manage 2021; 280:111859. [PMID: 33352382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses bacterial denitrification at alkaline pH, up to 12, and high nitrate concentration, up to 400 mM. Two types of electron donors organic (acetate) and inorganic (dihydrogen) were compared. With both types of electron donors, nitrite reduction was the key step, likely to increase the pH and lead to nitrite accumulation. Firstly, an acclimation process was used: nitrate was progressively increased in three cultures set at pH 9, 10, or 11. This method allowed to observe for the first time nitrate reduction up to pH 10 and 100 mM nitrate with dihydrogen, or up to pH 10 and 400 mM nitrate with acetate. Nitrate reduction kinetics were faster in the presence of acetate. To investigate further the impact of the type of electron donor, a transition from acetate to dihydrogen was tested, and the pH evolution was modelled. Denitrification with dihydrogen strongly increases the pH while with acetate the pH evolution depends on the initial pH. The main difference is the production of acidifying CO2 during the acetate oxidation. Finally, the use of long duration cultures with a highly alkaline pH allowed a nitrate reduction up to pH 11.5 with acetate. However, no reduction was possible in hydrogenotrophy as it would have increased the pH further. Instead, bacteria used organic matter from inoculum to reduce nitrate at pH 11.5. Therefore, considering bacterial denitrification in a context of alkaline pH and high nitrate concentration an organic electron donor such as acetate is advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Albina
- LGC, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; LMDC, INSA/UPS Génie Civil, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France.
| | - Nadège Durban
- LGC, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; LMDC, INSA/UPS Génie Civil, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Alexandra Bertron
- LMDC, INSA/UPS Génie Civil, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Achim Albrecht
- Andra, 1-7 rue Jean-Monet, Châtenay-Malabry, 62298, France
| | | | - Benjamin Erable
- LGC, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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12
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Gao B, Wang F, Huang L, Liu H, Zhong Y, Zhang C. Biomass, lipid accumulation kinetics, and the transcriptome of heterotrophic oleaginous microalga Tetradesmus bernardii under different carbon and nitrogen sources. Biotechnol Biofuels 2021; 14:4. [PMID: 33407769 PMCID: PMC7789750 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae has been proposed as a viable alternative method for novel high-value biomolecules, enriched biomass, and biofuel production because of their allowance of high cell density levels, as well as simple production technology. Tetradesmus bernardii, a newly isolated high-yielding oleaginous microalga under photoautotrophic conditions, is able to grow heterotrophically, meaning that it can consume organic carbon sources in dark condition. We investigated the effect of different carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios on the growth and lipid accumulation of T. bernardii in heterotrophic batch culture under two nitrogen sources (NaNO3 and CO(NH2)2). In addition, we conducted time-resolved transcriptome analysis to reveal the metabolic mechanism of T. bernardii in heterotrophic culture. RESULTS T. bernardii can accumulate high biomass concentrations in heterotrophic batch culture where the highest biomass of 46.09 g/L was achieved at 100 g/L glucose concentration. The rate of glucose to biomass exceeded 55% when the glucose concentration was less than 80 g/L, and the C/N ratio was 44 at urea treatment. The culture was beneficial to lipid accumulation at a C/N ratio between 110 and 130. NaNO3 used as a nitrogen source enhanced the lipid content more than urea, and the highest lipid content was 45% of dry weight. We performed RNA-seq to analyze the time-resolved transcriptome of T. bernardii. As the nitrogen was consumed in the medium, nitrogen metabolism-related genes were significantly up-regulated to speed up the N metabolic cycle. As chloroplasts were destroyed in the dark, the metabolism of cells was transferred from chloroplasts to cytoplasm. However, storage of carbohydrate in chloroplast remained active, mainly the synthesis of starch, and the precursor of starch synthesis in heterotrophic culture may largely come from the absorption of organic carbon source (glucose). With regard to lipid metabolism, the related genes of fatty acid synthesis in low nitrogen concentration increased gradually with the extension of cultivation time. CONCLUSION T. bernardii exhibited rapid growth and high lipid accumulation in heterotrophic culture. It may be a potential candidate for biomass and biofuel production. Transcriptome analysis showed that multilevel regulation ensured the conversion from carbon to the synthesis of carbohydrate and lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyan Gao
- Department of Ecology, Research Center for Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Ecology, Research Center for Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Luodong Huang
- Department of Ecology, Research Center for Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Yuming Zhong
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- Department of Ecology, Research Center for Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
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da Silva Fonseca J, Mies M, Paranhos A, Taniguchi S, Güth AZ, Bícego MC, Marques JA, Fernandes de Barros Marangoni L, Bianchini A. Isolated and combined effects of thermal stress and copper exposure on the trophic behavior and oxidative status of the reef-building coral Mussismilia harttii. Environ Pollut 2021; 268:115892. [PMID: 33120157 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and local disturbances such as pollution cause several impacts on coral reefs. Among them is the breakdown of the symbiosis between host corals and photosynthetic symbionts, which is often a consequence of oxidative stress. Therefore, we investigated if the combined effects of thermal stress and copper (Cu) exposure change the trophic behavior and oxidative status of the reef-building coral Mussismilia harttii. Coral fragments were exposed in a mesocosm system to three temperatures (25.0, 26.6 and 27.3 °C) and three Cu concentrations (2.9, 5.4 and 8.6 μg L-1). Samples were collected after 4 and 12 days of exposure. We then (i) performed fatty acid analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to quantify changes in stearidonic acid and docosapentaenoic acid (autotrophy markers) and cis-gondoic acid (heterotrophy marker), and (ii) assessed the oxidative status of both host and symbiont through analyses of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Our findings show that trophic behavior was predominantly autotrophic and remained unchanged under individual and combined stressors for both 4- and 12-day experiments; for the latter, however, there was an increase in the heterotrophy marker. Results also show that 4 days was not enough to trigger changes in LPO or TAC for both coral and symbiont. However, the 12-day experiment showed a reduction in symbiont LPO associated with thermal stress alone, and the combination of stressors increased their TAC. For the coral, the isolated effects of increase in Cu and temperature led to an increase in LPO. The effects of combined stressors on trophic behavior and oxidative status were not much different than those from the isolated effects of each stressor. These findings highlight that host and symbionts respond differently to stress and are relevant as they show the physiological response of individual holobiont compartments to both global and local stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana da Silva Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Miguel Mies
- Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça Do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua Dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil
| | - Alana Paranhos
- Departamento de Oceanografia Física, Química e Geológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça Do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Departamento de Oceanografia Física, Química e Geológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça Do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur Z Güth
- Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça Do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia C Bícego
- Departamento de Oceanografia Física, Química e Geológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça Do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Joseane Aparecida Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua Dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil
| | - Laura Fernandes de Barros Marangoni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua Dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua Dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande. Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
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Sun Z, Guo W, Yang J, Zhao X, Chen Y, Yao L, Hou H. Enhanced biomass production and pollutant removal by duckweed in mixotrophic conditions. Bioresour Technol 2020; 317:124029. [PMID: 32916457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Duckweed is a potential biomass source for alternative energy production. This work reports the effects of trophic modes on growth rates, biomass accumulation, and removal rates of pollutant by duckweed. Glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, and maltose all supported heterotrophic and mixotrophic growth of duckweed. The mixotrophic growth rate was 4.98 and 6.22 times higher than those in heterotrophic and photoautotrophic conditions, respectively. Notably, mixotrophy produced more biomass than the simple sum of the biomass accumulation during heterotrophy and photoautotrophy. Mixotrophy was also superior in starch and protein production, as well as in removal rates of nutrients and organic carbon from the growth medium. However, the starch content of duckweed grown heterotrophically was 2.06 times higher than in mixotrophy, suggesting a combination of mixotrophy and heterotrophy as an effective strategy for starch-rich biomass production. This study thus provides a paradigm for future studies supporting duckweed-based biomass production and organic wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoliang Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wenjun Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xuyao Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Henan, PR China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Shrestha N, Dandinpet KK, Schneegurt MA. Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Limitation on Lipid Accumulation by Chlorella kessleri str. UTEX 263 Grown in Darkness. J Appl Phycol 2020; 32:2795-2805. [PMID: 33584008 PMCID: PMC7879712 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-020-02144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growing algae in darkness for biodiesel production eliminates the challenges of evaporation and light penetration reported for open ponds and the costs and fouling that plague photobioreactors. The current study demonstrated that Chlorella kessleri str. UTEX 263 could grow heterotrophically in the dark on pure sugars or lignocellulosic hydrolysates of plant biomass. Hydrolysates of a prairie grass native to Kansas, Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), supported the growth of C. kessleri in the dark. Nitrogen limitation stimulated the accumulation of biodiesel lipids by 10-fold in heterotrophic cultures grown on pure sugars or Big bluestem hydrolysate. Limiting P in the growth medium also was shown to increase cellular lipid accumulation in C. kessleri. Iron limitation was not sufficient to increase cellular lipid content. Crude biomass extracts may have levels of N that can't be easily removed, which are high enough to relieve N limitations in growth media. This initial study suggests that P might be more easily removed from biomass extracts than N for increasing cellular lipid production by nutrient limitation and further that native prairie grasses are potentially suitable as sources of lignocellulosic sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark A. Schneegurt
- Corresponding author: Department of Biological Sciences, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, 316-978-6883,
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Kim U, Cho DH, Heo J, Yun JH, Choi DY, Cho K, Kim HS. Two-stage cultivation strategy for the improvement of pigment productivity from high-density heterotrophic algal cultures. Bioresour Technol 2020; 302:122840. [PMID: 32014729 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a two-stage cultivation process was devised to overcome low pigment content of algal biomass grown in heterotrophy. Post-treatment conditions (i.e., light intensity, temperature, pH and salinity) were initially tested for dense heterotrophically-grown Chlorella sp. HS2 cultures in a multi-channel photobioreactor (mcPBR), and the results clearly indicated the influence of each abiotic factor on algal pigment production. Subsequently, the optimal post-treatment conditions (i.e., 455 μmol m-2 s-1, 34.8℃, pH 8.23 and 0.7% (w/v) salinity), in which highest accumulation of algal pigments is expected, were identified using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Compared to the control cultures grown in mixotrophy for the same duration of entire two-stage process, the results indicated a significantly higher pigment productivity (i.e., 167.5 mg L-1 day-1) in a 5-L fermenter following the post-treatment at optimal conditions. Collectively, these results suggest that the post-treatment of heterotrophic cultures can be successfully deployed to harness the nascent algae-based bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urim Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Cho
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Heo
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Yun
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yoon Choi
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichul Cho
- Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sik Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Guimarais-Bermejo MO, Merino-Ibarra M, Valdespino-Castillo PM, Castillo-Sandoval FS, Ramírez-Zierold JA. Metabolism in a deep hypertrophic aquatic ecosystem with high water-level fluctuations: a decade of records confirms sustained net heterotrophy. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5205. [PMID: 30038862 PMCID: PMC6054066 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term and seasonal changes in production and respiration were surveyed in the Valle de Bravo reservoir, Mexico, in a period during which high water-level fluctuations occurred (2006-2015). We assessed the community metabolism through oxygen dynamics in this monomictic water-body affected by strong diurnal winds. The multiple-year data series allowed relationships with some environmental drivers to be identified, revealing that water level-fluctuations strongly influenced gross primary production and respiratory rates. Production and respiration changed mainly vertically, clearly in relation to light availability. Gross primary production ranged from 0.15 to 1.26 gO2 m-2 h-1, respiration rate from -0.13 to -0.83 gO2 m-2 h-1 and net primary production from -0.36 to 0.66 gO2 m-2 h -1 within the production layer, which had a mean depth of 5.9 m during the stratification periods and of 6.8 m during the circulations. The greater depth of the mixing layer allowed the consumption of oxygen below the production layer even during the stratifications, when it averaged 10.1 m. Respiration below the production layer ranged from -0.23 to -1.38 gO2 m-2 h-1. Vertically integrated metabolic rates (per unit area) showed their greatest variations at the intra-annual scale (stratification-circulation). Gross primary production and Secchi depth decreased as the mean water level decreased between stratification periods. VB is a highly productive ecosystem; its gross primary production averaged 3.60 gC m-2 d-1 during the 10 years sampled, a rate similar to that of hypertrophic systems. About 45% of this production, an annual average net carbon production of 599 g C m-2 year-1, was exported to the hypolimnion, but on the average 58% of this net production was recycled through respiration below the production layer. Overall, only 19% of the carbon fixed in VB is buried in the sediments. Total ecosystem respiration rates averaged -6.89 gC m-2 d-1 during 2006-2015, doubling the gross production rates. The reservoir as a whole exhibited a net heterotrophic balance continuously during the decade sampled, which means it has likely been a net carbon source, potentially releasing an average of 3.29 gC m-2 d-1 to the atmosphere. These results are in accordance with recent findings that tropical eutrophic aquatic ecosystems can be stronger carbon sources than would be extrapolated from temperate systems, and can help guide future reassessments on the contribution of tropical lakes and reservoirs to carbon cycles at the global scale. Respiration was positively correlated with temperature both for the stratification periods and among the circulations, suggesting that the contribution of C to the atmosphere may increase as the reservoirs and lakes warm up owing to climate change and as their water level is reduced through intensification of their use as water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayrene O Guimarais-Bermejo
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico
| | - Martin Merino-Ibarra
- Unidad Académica de Ecología y Biodiversidad Acuática, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico
| | - Patricia M Valdespino-Castillo
- Unidad Académica de Ecología y Biodiversidad Acuática, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico
| | - Fermín S Castillo-Sandoval
- Unidad Académica de Ecología y Biodiversidad Acuática, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico
| | - Jorge A Ramírez-Zierold
- Unidad Académica de Ecología y Biodiversidad Acuática, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico
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Nzayisenga JC, Eriksson K, Sellstedt A. Mixotrophic and heterotrophic production of lipids and carbohydrates by a locally isolated microalga using wastewater as a growth medium. Bioresour Technol 2018. [PMID: 29524911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The biomass production and changes in biochemical composition of a locally isolated microalga (Chlorella sp.) were investigated in autotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, using glucose or glycerol as carbon sources and municipal wastewater as the growth medium. Both standard methods and Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) analysis of data acquired by Fourier-transform IR (FTIR) spectrometry showed that autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions promoted carbohydrate accumulation, while heterotrophic conditions with glycerol resulted in the highest lipid content and lowest carbohydrate content. Heterotrophic conditions with glycerol as a carbon source also resulted in high oleic acid (18:1) contents and low linolenic acid (18:3) contents, and thus increasing biodiesel quality. The results also show the utility of MCR-ALS for analyzing changes in microalgal biochemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Eriksson
- Department of Plant Physiology, UPSC, Umea University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Anita Sellstedt
- Department of Plant Physiology, UPSC, Umea University, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
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Rosa IC, Rocha RJM, Cruz I, Lopes A, Menezes N, Bandarra N, Kikuchi R, Serôdio J, Soares AMVM, Rosa R. Effect of tidal environment on the trophic balance of mixotrophic hexacorals using biochemical profile and photochemical performance as indicators. Mar Environ Res 2018; 135:55-62. [PMID: 29397993 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluctuations of environmental factors in intertidal habitats can disrupt the trophic balance of mixotrophic cnidarians. We investigated the effect of tidal environments (subtidal, tidal pools and emerged areas) on fatty acid (FA) content of Zoanthus sociatus and Siderastrea stellata. Effect on photophysiology was also accessed as an autotrophy proxy. There was a general tendency of a lower percentage of zooplankton-associated FAs in colonies from emerged areas or tidal pools when compared with colonies from the subtidal environment. Moreover, tidal environment significantly affected the photophysiology of both species. Colonies from the subtidal generally showed lower values of α, ETRmax and Ek when compared with their conspecifics from tidal pools or emerged areas. However, the absence of consistent patterns in Fv/Fm and in dinoflagellate-associated FAs, suggest that these corals are well adapted to intertidal conditions. This suggests that intertidal pressures may disturb the trophic balance, mainly by affecting heterotrophy of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C Rosa
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui J M Rocha
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Igor Cruz
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanógrafo, 191, Butantã, 05508120, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Lopes
- MARE - Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Natália Menezes
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Narcisa Bandarra
- Divisão de Aquacultura e Valorização (DivAV), Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Brasília, Lisbon, 1449-006, Portugal
| | - Ruy Kikuchi
- Laboratório de Recifes de Corais e Mudanças Globais (RECOR), Departamento de Oceanografia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - João Serôdio
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
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Hu H, Ma LL, Shen XF, Li JY, Wang HF, Zeng RJ. Effect of cultivation mode on the production of docosahexaenoic acid by Tisochrysis lutea. AMB Express 2018; 8:50. [PMID: 29603024 PMCID: PMC5878155 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Tisochrysis lutea was cultivated in mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultures with glycerol as a carbon source and with glucose and acetate for comparison; autotrophic cultivation was the control group without a carbon source. It was found that T. lutea used glycerol and did not use glucose and acetate under mixotrophy. Mixotrophy slightly elevated the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total fatty acids (TFA) content in the dry-weight and enhanced the DHA and TFA production in medium (41.3 and 31.9% respectively) at the end of a 16-day cultivation, while heterotrophy reduced the DHA content and TFA production. Under the mixotrophy, the glycerol contribution to the DHA production (16.19 mg/L) and the TFA production (97.8 mg/L) was not very high and the DHA yield [2.63% chemical oxygen demand (COD)] and TFA yield (13.1% COD) were also very low. Furthermore, T. lutea using glycerol had a period of adaptation, indicating that T. lutea was not an ideal microalga for organic carbon utilization.
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Spijkerman E, Lukas M, Wacker A. Ecophysiological strategies for growth under varying light and organic carbon supply in two species of green microalgae differing in their motility. Phytochemistry 2017; 144:43-51. [PMID: 28881198 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mixing events in stratified lakes result in microalgae being exposed to varying conditions in light and organic carbon concentrations. Stratified lakes consist of an upper illuminated strata and a lower, darker strata where organic carbon accumulates. Therefore, in this contribution we explore the importance of dissolved organic carbon for growth under various light intensities by measuring some ecophysiological adaptations in two green microalgae. We compared the non-motile Chlorella vulgaris with the flagellated Chlamydomonas acidophila under auto-, mixo-, and heterotrophic growth conditions. In both algae the maximum photosynthetic and growth rates were highest under mixotrophy, and both algae appeared inhibited in their phosphorus acquisition under heterotrophy. Heterotrophic conditions provoked the largest differences as C. vulgaris produced chlorophyll a in darkness and grew as well as in autotrophic conditions, whereas Chl. acidophila bleached and could not grow heterotrophically. Although the fatty acid composition of both phytoplankton species differed, both species reacted in a similar way to changes in their growth conditions, mainly by a decrease of C18:3n-3 and an increase of C18:1n-9 from auto- to heterotrophic conditions. The two contrasting responses within the group of green microalgae suggest that dissolved organic carbon has a high deterministic potential to explain the survival and behaviour of green algae in the deeper strata of lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Spijkerman
- University of Potsdam, Dept. of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling, Maulbeerallee 2, 14469 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Marcus Lukas
- University of Potsdam, Dept. of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling, Maulbeerallee 2, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexander Wacker
- University of Potsdam, Dept. of Theoretical Aquatic Ecology and Ecophysiology, Maulbeerallee 2, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
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22
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Yadav A, Pandey J. Water Quality Interaction with Alkaline Phosphatase in the Ganga River: Implications for River Health. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2017; 99:75-82. [PMID: 28516255 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus inputs through atmospheric deposition, surface runoff and point sources were measured in the Ganga River along a gradient of increasing human pressure. Productivity variables (chlorophyll a, gross primary productivity, biogenic silica and autotrophic index) and heterotrophy (respiration, substrate induced respiration, biological oxygen demand and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis) showed positive relationships with these inputs. Alkaline phosphatase (AP), however, showed an opposite trend. Because AP is negatively influenced by available P, and eutrophy generates a feedback on P fertilization, the study implies that the alkaline phosphatase can be used as a high quality criterion for assessing river health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Yadav
- Ganga River Ecology Research Laboratory, Environmental Science Division, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Jitendra Pandey
- Ganga River Ecology Research Laboratory, Environmental Science Division, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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23
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Souza LDS, Simioni C, Bouzon ZL, Schneider RDCDS, Gressler P, Miotto MC, Rossi MJ, Rörig LR. Morphological and ultrastructural characterization of the acidophilic and lipid-producer strain Chlamydomonas acidophila LAFIC-004 (Chlorophyta) under different culture conditions. Protoplasma 2017; 254:1385-1398. [PMID: 27696020 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas acidophila LAFIC-004 is an acidophilic strain of green microalgae isolated from coal mining drainage. In the present work, this strain was cultivated in acidic medium (pH 3.6) under phototrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic regimes to determine the best condition for growth and lipid production, simultaneously assessing possible morphological and ultrastructural alterations in the cells. For heterotrophic and mixotrophic treatments, two organic carbon sources were tested: 1 % glucose and 1 % sodium acetate. Lipid content and fatty acid profiles were only determined in phototrophic condition. The higher growth rates were achieved in phototrophic conditions, varying from 0.18 to 0.82 day-1. Glucose did not result in significant growth increase in either mixotrophic or heterotrophic conditions, and acetate proved to be toxic to the strain in both conditions. Oil content under phototrophic condition was 15.9 % at exponential growth phase and increased to 54.63 % at stationary phase. Based on cell morphology (flow cytometry and light microscopy) and ultrastructure (transmission electron microscopy), similar characteristics were observed between phototrophic and mixotrophic conditions with glucose evidencing many lipid bodies, starch granules, and intense fluorescence. Under the tested conditions, mixotrophic and heterotrophic modes did not result in increased neutral lipid fluorescence. It can be concluded that the strain is a promising lipid producer when grown until stationary phase in acidic medium and under a phototrophic regime, presenting a fatty acid profile suitable for biodiesel production. The ability to grow this strain in acidic mining residues suggests a potential for bioremediation with production of useful biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Dos S Souza
- Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Biosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Carmen Simioni
- Postdoctoral Research of Post-Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Development, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Zenilda L Bouzon
- Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rosana de Cassia da S Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Graduate Program in Environmental Technology, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, 96815-900, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Pablo Gressler
- Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Biosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Cecília Miotto
- Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Biosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcio J Rossi
- Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R Rörig
- Phycology Laboratory, Botany Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Miazek K, Remacle C, Richel A, Goffin D. Beech wood Fagus sylvatica dilute-acid hydrolysate as a feedstock to support Chlorella sorokiniana biomass, fatty acid and pigment production. Bioresour Technol 2017; 230:122-131. [PMID: 28187341 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluates the possibility of using beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) dilute-acid (H2SO4) hydrolysate as a feedstock for Chlorella sorokiniana growth, fatty acid and pigment production. Neutralized wood acid hydrolysate, containing organic and mineral compounds, was tested on Chlorella growth at different concentrations and compared to growth under phototrophic conditions. Chlorella growth was improved at lower loadings and inhibited at higher loadings. Based on these results, a 12% neutralized wood acid hydrolysate (Hyd12%) loading was selected to investigate its impact on Chlorella growth, fatty acid and pigment production. Hyd12% improved microalgal biomass, fatty acid and pigment productivities both in light and in dark, when compared to photoautotrophic control. Light intensity had substantial influence on fatty acid and pigment composition in Chlorella culture during Hyd12%-based growth. Moreover, heterotrophic Chlorella cultivation with Hyd12% also showed that wood hydrolysate can constitute an attractive feedstock for microalgae cultivation in case of lack of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Miazek
- TERRA, AgricultureIsLife Platform, University of Liege-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux B-5030, Belgium; Unit of Biological and Industrial Chemistry, University of Liege-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux B-5030, Belgium.
| | - Claire Remacle
- Genetics and Physiology of Microalgae, Institute of Botany, University of Liege, B22, Chemin de la vallée, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Aurore Richel
- Unit of Biological and Industrial Chemistry, University of Liege-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux B-5030, Belgium
| | - Dorothee Goffin
- Cellule Innovation et Créativité, University of Liege-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux B-5030, Belgium
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Di Giulio M. An Autotrophic Origin for the Coded Amino Acids is Concordant with the Coevolution Theory of the Genetic Code. J Mol Evol 2016; 83:93-6. [PMID: 27743002 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-016-9760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The coevolution theory of the origin of the genetic code maintains that the biosynthetic relationships between amino acids co-evolved with the genetic code organization. In other words, the metabolism of amino acids co-evolved with the organization of the genetic code because the biosynthetic pathways of amino acids occurred on tRNA-like molecules. Thus, a heterotrophic origin of amino acids-also only of those involved in the early phase of the structuring of the genetic code-would seem to contradict the main postulate of the coevolution theory. As a matter of fact, this origin not being linked to the metabolism of amino acids in any way-being taken from a physical setting-would seem to remove the possibility that this metabolism had instead heavily contributed to the structuring of the genetic code. Therefore, I have analyzed the structure of the genetic code and mechanisms that brought to its structuring for understanding if the coevolution theory is compatible with autotrophic or heterotrophic conditions. One of the arguments was that an autotrophic origin of amino acids would have the advantage to be able to directly link their metabolism to the structure of the genetic code if-as hypothesized by the coevolution theory-the biosyntheses of amino acids occurred on tRNA-like molecules. Simultaneously, a heterotrophic origin would not have been able to link the metabolism of amino acids to the structure of the genetic code for the absence of a precise determinism of allocation of amino acids, that is to say of a clear mechanism-linked to tRNA-like molecules, for example-that would have determined the specific pattern observed in the genetic code of the biosynthetic relationships between amino acids. The conclusion is that an autotrophic origin of coded amino acids would seem to be the condition under which the genetic code originated.
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Nguyen VK, Park Y, Yu J, Lee T. Microbial selenite reduction with organic carbon and electrode as sole electron donor by a bacterium isolated from domestic wastewater. Bioresour Technol 2016; 212:182-189. [PMID: 27099943 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Selenium is said to be multifaceted element because it is essential at a low concentration but very toxic at an elevated level. For the purpose of screening a potential microorganism for selenite bioremediation, we isolated a bacterium, named strain THL1, which could perform both heterotrophic selenite reduction, using organic carbons such as acetate, lactate, propionate, and butyrate as electron donors under microaerobic condition, and electrotrophic selenite reduction, using an electrode polarized at -0.3V (vs. standard hydrogen electrode) as the sole electron donor under anaerobic condition. This bacterium determined to be a new strain of the genus Cronobacter, could remove selenite with an efficiency of up to 100%. This study is the first demonstration on a pure culture could take up electrons from an electrode to perform selenite reduction. The selenium nanoparticles produced by microbial selenite reduction might be considered for recovery and use in the nanotechnology industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghyun Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaecheul Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Sun Z, Dou X, Wu J, He B, Wang Y, Chen YF. Enhanced lipid accumulation of photoautotrophic microalgae by high-dose CO2 mimics a heterotrophic characterization. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 32:9. [PMID: 26712624 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae possess higher photosynthetic efficiency and accumulate more neutral lipids when supplied with high-dose CO2. However, the nature of lipid accumulation under conditions of elevated CO2 has not been fully elucidated so far. We now revealed that the enhanced lipid accumulation of Chlorella in high-dose CO2 was as efficient as under heterotrophic conditions and this may be attributed to the driving of enlarged carbon source. Both photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cultures were established by using Chlorella sorokiniana CS-1. A series of changes in the carbon fixation, lipid accumulation, energy conversion, and carbon-lipid conversion under high-dose CO2 (1-10%) treatment were characterized subsequently. The daily carbon fixation rate of C. sorokiniana LS-2 in 10% CO2 aeration was significantly increased compared with air CO2. Correspondingly, double oil content (28%) was observed in 10% CO2 aeration, close to 32.3% produced under heterotrophic conditions. In addition, with 10% CO2 aeration, the overall energy yield (Ψ) in Chlorella reached 12.4 from 7.3% (with air aeration) because of the enhanced daily carbon fixation rates. This treatment also improved the energetic lipid yield (Ylipid/Es) with 4.7-fold, tending to the heterotrophic parameters. More significantly, 2.2 times of carbon-lipid conversion efficiency (ηClipid/Ctotal, 42.4%) was observed in 10% CO2 aeration, towards to 53.7% in heterotrophic cultures, suggesting that more fixed carbon might flow into lipid synthesis under both 10% CO2 aeration and heterotrophic conditions. Taken together, all our evidence showed that 10% CO2 may push photoautotrophic Chlorella to display heterotrophic-like efficiency at least in lipid production. It might bring us an efficient model of lipid production based on microalgal cells with high-dose CO2, which is essential to sustain biodiesel production at large scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilan Sun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiao Dou
- Institute of Biotechnology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Bing He
- Institute of Biotechnology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuancong Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yi-Feng Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
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28
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Turon V, Trably E, Fouilland E, Steyer JP. Growth of Chlorella sorokiniana on a mixture of volatile fatty acids: The effects of light and temperature. Bioresour Technol 2015; 198:852-860. [PMID: 26461792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of light and temperature on Chlorella sorokiniana grown on a mixture of acetate and butyrate, two of the volatile fatty acids produced by dark fermentation. Exposure to light caused autotrophic biomass production (56% of the final biomass) and reduced the time to reach butyrate exhaustion to 7 days at 25°C from 10 days in the dark. For growth on acetate at the optimum temperature (35°C), the presence of butyrate reduced the growth rate (by 46%) and the carbon yield (by 36%). For successful microalgae growth on dark fermentation effluent, butyrate inhibition may be reduced by setting the temperature to 30°C and providing light.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Turon
- INRA, UR0050 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, F-11100 Narbonne, France
| | - E Trably
- INRA, UR0050 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, F-11100 Narbonne, France
| | - E Fouilland
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation - UMR 9190 MARBEC, CNRS, UM, IFREMER, IRD, Station Marine, Université de Montpellier, 2 Rue des Chantiers, 34200 Sète, France.
| | - J-P Steyer
- INRA, UR0050 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, F-11100 Narbonne, France
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Wan M, Zhang Z, Wang J, Huang J, Fan J, Yu A, Wang W, Li Y. Sequential Heterotrophy-Dilution-Photoinduction Cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis for efficient production of astaxanthin. Bioresour Technol 2015; 198:557-63. [PMID: 26433152 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel cultivation strategy called "Sequential Heterotrophy-Dilution-Photoinduction" was successfully applied in the cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis to produce astaxanthin effectively. Cells were first cultivated heterotrophically to achieve a high cell density, then were diluted to a suitable concentration and switched to a favorable environment for cells acclimation. Finally, the culture was transferred to high light environment for astaxanthin accumulation. By this strategy, the dry cell weight of 26 g/L and biomass productivity of 64.1mg/L/h were obtained in heterotrophy stage which surpassed ever before reported in literatures. Meanwhile, the cells could accumulate considerable astaxanthin up to 4.6% of dry cell weight after 10 days of photoinduction. Furthermore, the application prospects of the strategy were confirmed further by outdoor experiments. Therefore, this novel strategy provided a promising approach for high-efficient production of natural astaxanthin from H. pluvialis to meet the huge demand of this high value product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiaxing Zeyuan Bio-Products Limited Company, Jiaxing 314006, PR China
| | - Jianke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Anquan Yu
- Jiaxing Zeyuan Bio-Products Limited Company, Jiaxing 314006, PR China
| | - Weiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yuanguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
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Zheng H, Ma X, Gao Z, Wan Y, Min M, Zhou W, Li Y, Liu Y, Huang H, Chen P, Ruan R. Lipid Production of Heterotrophic Chlorella sp. from Hydrolysate Mixtures of Lipid-Extracted Microalgal Biomass Residues and Molasses. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:662-74. [PMID: 26234438 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the feasibility of lipid production of Chlorella sp. from waste materials. Lipid-extracted microalgal biomass residues (LMBRs) and molasses were hydrolyzed, and their hydrolysates were analyzed. Five different hydrolysate mixture ratios (w/w) of LMBRs/molasses (1/0, 1/1, 1/4, 1/9, and 0/1) were used to cultivate Chlorella sp. The results showed that carbohydrate and protein were the two main compounds in the LMBRs, and carbohydrate was the main compound in the molasses. The highest biomass concentration of 5.58 g/L, Y biomass/sugars of 0.59 g/g, lipid productivity of 335 mg/L/day, and Y lipids/sugars of 0.25 g/g were obtained at the hydrolysate mixture ratio of LMBRs/molasses of 1/4. High C/N ratio promoted the conversion of sugars into lipids. The lipids extracted from Chlorella sp. shared similar lipid profile of soybean oil and is therefore a potential viable biodiesel feedstock. These results showed that Chlorella sp. can utilize mixed sugars and amino acids from LMBRs and molasses to accumulate lipids efficiently, thus reducing the cost of microalgal biodiesel production and improving its economic viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Zheng
- MOE Biomass Energy Research Center and College of Food Science and State Key Laboratory of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Ma
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A3 Datun Road., Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqin Wan
- MOE Biomass Energy Research Center and College of Food Science and State Key Laboratory of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Min
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Wenguang Zhou
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- MOE Biomass Energy Research Center and College of Food Science and State Key Laboratory of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul Chen
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Roger Ruan
- MOE Biomass Energy Research Center and College of Food Science and State Key Laboratory of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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31
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Tremblay P, Maguer JF, Grover R, Ferrier-Pagès C. Trophic dynamics of scleractinian corals: stable isotope evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:1223-34. [PMID: 25722004 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.115303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Reef-building corals form symbioses with dinoflagellates from the diverse genus Symbiodinium. This symbiotic association has developed adaptations to acquire and share nutrients, which are essential for its survival and growth in nutrient-poor tropical waters. The host is thus able to prey on a wide range of organic food sources (heterotrophic nutrition) whereas the symbionts acquire most of the inorganic nutrients (autotrophic nutrition). However, nutrient fluxes between the two partners remain unclear, especially concerning heterotrophically acquired carbon and nitrogen. We combined physiological measurements and pulse-chase isotopic labeling of heterotrophic carbon and nitrogen, as well as autotrophic carbon to track nutrient fluxes in two coral species, Stylophora pistillata and Turbinaria reniformis, in symbiosis with Symbiodinium clades A, and C,D respectively. We showed a rapid acquisition, exchange and a long-term retention of heterotrophic nutrients within the symbiosis, whereas autotrophic nutrients were rapidly used to meet immediate metabolic needs. In addition, there was a higher retention of heterotrophic nitrogen compared with carbon, in agreement with the idea that tropical corals are nitrogen-limited. Finally, a coupling between auto- and heterotrophy was observed in the species S. pistillata, with a higher acquisition and retention of heterotrophic nutrients under low irradiance to compensate for a 50% reduction in autotrophic nutrient acquisition and translocation. Conversely, T. reniformis conserved an equivalent heterotrophic nutrient acquisition at both light levels because this coral species did not significantly reduce its rates of gross photosynthesis and autotrophic carbon acquisition between the two irradiances. These experiments advance the current understanding of the nutrient exchanges between the two partners of a symbiotic association, providing evidence of the complexity of the host-symbiont relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Tremblay
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco
| | - Jean François Maguer
- LEMAR - UMR 6539 UBO/CNRS/IRD, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Place Nicolas Copernic, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Renaud Grover
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000, Monaco
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Turon V, Baroukh C, Trably E, Latrille E, Fouilland E, Steyer JP. Use of fermentative metabolites for heterotrophic microalgae growth: Yields and kinetics. Bioresour Technol 2015; 175:342-349. [PMID: 25459841 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The growth of two lipid-producing Chlorella species on fermentative end-products acetate, butyrate and lactate, was investigated using a kinetic modeling approach. Chlorella sorokiniana and Auxenochlorella protothecoides were grown on synthetic media with various (acetate:butyrate:lactate) ratios. Both species assimilated efficiently acetate and butyrate with yields between 0.4 and 0.5g carbon of biomass/g carbon of substrate, but did not use lactate. The highest growth rate on acetate, 2.23d(-1), was observed for C. sorokiniana, and on butyrate, 0.22d(-1), for A. protothecoides. Butyrate removal started after complete acetate exhaustion (diauxic effect). However, butyrate consumption may be favored by the increase of biomass concentration induced by the initial use of acetate. A model combining Monod and Haldane functions was then built and fitted the experimental data well for both species. Butyrate concentration and (acetate:butyrate) ratios were identified as key parameters for heterotrophic growth of microalgae on fermentative metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Turon
- INRA, UMR 050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France
| | - C Baroukh
- INRA, UMR 050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France
| | - E Trably
- INRA, UMR 050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France
| | - E Latrille
- INRA, UMR 050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France
| | - E Fouilland
- Laboratoire Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers-UMR 5119, 2 Rue des Chantiers, 34200 Sète, France
| | - J-P Steyer
- INRA, UMR 050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France.
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Fan J, Cui Y, Zhou Y, Wan M, Wang W, Xie J, Li Y. The effect of nutrition pattern alteration on Chlorella pyrenoidosa growth, lipid biosynthesis-related gene transcription. Bioresour Technol 2014; 164:214-220. [PMID: 24859213 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrophy to photoautotrophy transition leads to the accumulation of lipids in Chlorella, which has potential to produce both healthy food and biofuels. Therefore, it is of key interest to study the metabolism shift and gene expression changes that influenced by the transition. Both total and neutral lipids contents were increased rapidly within 48 h after the switch to light environment, from 24.5% and 18.0% to 35.3% and 27.4%, respectively, along with the sharp decline of starch from 42.3% to 10.4% during 24h photoinduction phase. By analyzing the correlation between lipid content and gene expression, results revealed several genes viz. me g3137, me g6562, pepc g6833, dgat g3280 and dgat g7566, which encode corresponding enzymes in the de novo lipid biosynthesis pathway, are highly related to lipid accumulation and might be exploited as target genes for genetic modification. These results represented the feasibility of lipid production through trophic converting cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Yanbin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Minxi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Weiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Jingli Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Yuanguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
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Nilo-Poyanco R, Olivares D, Orellana A, Hinrichsen P, Pinto M. Proteomic analysis of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaf changes induced by transition to autotrophy and exposure to high light irradiance. J Proteomics 2013; 91:309-30. [PMID: 23933133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Using a proteomics approach, we evaluated the response of heterotrophic and autotrophic leaves of grapevine when exposed to high light irradiation. From a total of 572 protein spots detected on two-dimensional gels, 143 spots showed significant variation caused by changes in the trophic state. High light treatment caused variation in 90 spots, and 51 spots showed variation caused by the interaction between both factors. Regarding the trophic state of the leaf, most of the proteins detected in the heterotrophic stage decreased in abundance when the leaf reached the autotrophic stage. Major differences induced by high light were detected in autotrophic leaves. In the high-light-treated autotrophic leaves several proteins involved in the oxidative stress response were up-regulated. This pattern was not observed in the high-light-treated heterotrophic leaves. This indicates that in these types of leaves other mechanisms different to the protein antioxidant system are acting to protect young leaves against the excess of light. This also suggests that these protective mechanisms rely on other sets of proteins or non-enzymatic molecules, or that differences in protein dynamics between the heterotrophic and autotrophic stages makes the autotrophic leaves more prone to the accumulation of oxidative stress response proteins. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Transition from a heterotrophic to an autotrophic state is a key period during which the anatomical, physiological and molecular characteristics of a leaf are defined. In many aspects the right functioning of a leaf at its mature stage depends on the conditions under what this transition occurs. This because apart of the genetic control, environmental factors like mineral nutrition, temperature, water supply, light etc. are also important in its control. Many anatomical and physiological changes have been described in several plant species, however in grapevine molecular data regarding changes triggered by this transition or by light stress are still scarce. In this study, we identify that the transition from heterotrophic to autotrophic state in grapevine triggers major changes in the leaf proteome, which are mainly related to processes such as protein synthesis, protein folding and degradation, photosynthesis and chloroplast development. With the exception of proteins involved in carbon fixation, that increased in abundance, most of the proteins detected during the heterotrophic stage decreased in abundance when the leaf reached its autotrophic stage. This is most likely because leaves have reached their full size and from now they have to work as a carbon source for sink organs located in other parts of the plant. Despite the potential control of this transition by light, to date, no studies using a proteomics approach have been conducted to gain a broader view of the effects of short-term high light stress. Our results indicate that short-term high light exposure has a major impact on the proteome of the autotrophic leaves, and trigger a differential accumulation of several proteins involved in the oxidative stress response. Surprisingly, heterotrophic leaves do not display this pattern which can be attributed to a lower sensitivity of these leaves to high light stimulus. In fact we discovered that heterotrophic leaves are more tolerant to light stress than autotrophic leaves. This finding is of high biological significance because it helps to understand how young leaves are able to evolve to autotrophy in areas where high light intensities are predominant. This also reveals in this type of leaves the existence of alternative mechanisms to address this stressful condition. These observations provide new insights into the molecular changes occurring during transition of leaves to autotrophy particularly when this transition occurs under high light intensities. This for example occurs during the springtime when the grapevine buds burst and the young leaves are suddenly exposed to high light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nilo-Poyanco
- FONDAP Centre for Genome Regulation, Núcleo Milenio en Biotecnología Celular Vegetal, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Marshall JD, Dawson TE, Ehleringer JR. Integrated nitrogen, carbon, and water relations of a xylem-tapping mistletoe following nitrogen fertilization of the host. Oecologia 1994; 100:430-438. [PMID: 28306932 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/1994] [Accepted: 07/30/1994] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Xylem-tapping mistletoes transpire large volumes of water (E) while conducting photosynthesis (A) at low rates, thus maintaining low instantaneous wateruse efficiency (A/E). These gas-exchange characteristics have been interpreted as a means of facilitating assimilation of nitrogen dissolved at low concentration in host xylem water; however, low A/E also results in substantial heterotrophic carbon gain. In this study, host trees (Juniperus osteosperma) were fertilized and gas exchange of mistletoe (Phoradendron juniperinum) and host were monitored to determine whether mistletoe A/E would approach that of the host if mistletoes were supplied with abundant nitrogen. Fertilization significantly increased foliar N concentrations (N), net assimilation rates, and A/E in both mistletoe and host. However, at any given N concentration, mistletoes maintained lower A and lower A/E than their hosts. On the other hand, when instantaneous water-use efficiency and A/N were calculated to include heterotrophic assimilation of carbon dissolved in the xylem sap of the host, both water-use efficiency and A/N converged on host values. A simple model of Phoradendron carbon and nitrogen budgets was constructed to analyze the relative benefits of nitrogen- and carbonparasitism. The model assumes constant E and includes feedbacks of tissue nitrogen concentration on photosyn-thesis. These results, combined with our earlier observation that net assimilation rates of mistletoes and their hosts are approximately matched (Marshall et al. 1994), support part of the nitrogen-parasitism hypothesis: that high rates of transpiration benefit the mistletoe primarily through nitrogen gain. However, the low ratio of A/E is interpreted not as a means of acquiring nitrogen, but as an inevitable consequence of an imbalance in C and N assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Marshall
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Idaho, 83843, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, 14853-2701, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - James R Ehleringer
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 84112, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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