Antimicrobial activity of coral-associated beneficial bacteria against coral disease-causing microbial pathogens

Microbial infection of immune-compromised corals influences disease severity, resulting in coral mortality. However, coral-associated beneficial bacteria are known to produce antimicrobial compounds that prevent the growth of potential pathogens and invading microbes. Hence, beneficial bacteria associated with coral Porites lutea were isolated and antimicrobial protein and bioactive secondary metabolites were extracted and tested for their antimicrobial activity against putative prokaryotic and eukaryotic coral pathogens. Bioactive secondary metabolites exhibited remarkable antagonism against various coral pathogens such as Serratia marcescens, Vibrio species, and Aspergillus sydowii. Besides, the metabolites of Cobetia marina, Cobetia amphilecti, Pseudoalteromonas neustonica, and Virgibacillus halodenitrificans manifested notable inhibition against the protozoan ciliates (Uronema marinum, Holosticha diademata, Cohnilembus verminus, and Euplotes vannus) and zooplankton that are known to be involved in the secondary pathogenesis in coral diseased lesion progression. Thus, the present study may benefit in understanding coral-associated beneficial bacteria for their antagonistic interactions with microbial pathogens, as well as their potential involvement in reducing coral disease severity.

Characterization of the defense properties of healthy and diseased coral mucus

The surface mucus layer of corals aids in feeding, silt removal, and defense against pathogens. However, first line of defense of secreted mucus of corals against tissue damage generated through pathogen or environmental factors is poorly understood. Hence, we used various methods such as a well diffusion assay and tests for quorum quenching, free radical scavenging, antioxidant enzyme expression and phenoloxidase (PO) activity to determine the mucus defense properties using mucus of healthy and diseased Porites sp. and Acropora sp. Interestingly the coral mucus showed antimicrobial activity against coral pathogens such as bacteria and protozoan ciliates. Inhibition of the N-Acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) molecule suggests quorum quenching. Free radical scavenging of mucus was screened using hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods, which was found significantly more in diseased corals (p < 0.05). Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and peroxidase activity were observed in both the diseased and healthy coral mucus. The presence of serine and metalloproteases was also detected in coral mucus. Further, phenoloxidase (PO) activity was highest in diseased coral mucus affected by pink line syndrome and white patch Acropora sp. disease than the healthy coral mucus. Thus, the present study of antimicrobial properties, antioxidant enzymes, and quorum quenching properties in coral mucus may aid in understanding the corals defense and survival against pathogens and any abiotic stress.

Possible beneficial interactions of ciliated protozoans with coral health and resilience

Microbial interactions contribute significantly to coral health in the marine environment. Most beneficial associations have been described with their bacterial communities, but knowledge of beneficial associations between protozoan ciliates and corals is still lacking. Ciliates are important bacterial predators and provide nutrition to higher trophic-level organisms. The mucus secreted by corals and the microenvironment of the coral surface layer attract ciliates based on their food preferences. The mixotrophic and heterotrophic ciliates play a major role in nutrient cycling by increasing nitrogen, phosphorus, and extractable sulfur, which can enhance the proliferation of coral beneficial microbe. Besides, bacterial predator ciliates reduce the pathogenic bacterial population that infects the coral and also act as bioindicators for assessing the toxicity of the reef ecosystem. Thus, these ciliates can be used as a beneficial partner in influencing coral health and resilience under various stress conditions. Herein, we explore the urgent need to understand the complex beneficial interactions of ciliates that may occur in the coral reef ecosystem.

Intraoperative Use of Ultrasonography in the Reduction of Zygomatico-Maxillary Complex Fractures

Study Design

A single blind randomized controlled study.

Objective

The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of ultrasonography intraoperatively to assess the reduction of unilateral zygomatic complex fractures with a control group using the conventional blind digit palpation.

Methods

The study comprised of a sample size of 24 patients with 21 male and 3 female patients. Patients of all age groups diagnosed with unilateral displaced zygomatic complex fracture with or without mandible fracture were included in the study. The subjects were randomized into study and control groups based on a standard protocol with a total of 24 patients. Imaging was in the form of a preoperative and postoperative 3D computed tomography scan with reconstruction of the maxilla and mandible to interpret the diagnosis for all subjects. The inter-fracture distance of the fractured infraorbital rim were measured in 3 dimensions (antero-posterior, medio-lateral and supero-inferior) and compared pre and postoperatively. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative ultrasonographic examination was performed and recorded on all patients at the frontozygomatic region, infraorbital rim and zygomatic buttress to assess the proximity of the fractured margins pre reduction, post reduction and post fixation of the fracture segments.

Result

Statistical analytic results were significant in all 3 dimensions when measured postoperatively using computed tomography.

Conclusion

Ultrasonography is an effective screening and intraoperative tool in the armamentarium of oral and maxillofacial surgery to assess zygomatic complex fractures, avoiding incisions in aesthetic areas of the maxillofacial region.

Indian Guidelines on Nebulization Therapy

Inhalational therapy, today, happens to be the mainstay of treatment in obstructive airway diseases (OADs), such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and is also in the present, used in a variety of other pulmonary and even non-pulmonary disorders. Hand-held inhalation devices may often be difficult to use, particularly for children, elderly, debilitated or distressed patients. Nebulization therapy emerges as a good option in these cases besides being useful in the home care, emergency room and critical care settings. With so many advancements taking place in nebulizer technology; availability of a plethora of drug formulations for its use, and the widening scope of this therapy; medical practitioners, respiratory therapists, and other health care personnel face the challenge of choosing appropriate inhalation devices and drug formulations, besides their rational application and use in different clinical situations. Adequate maintenance of nebulizer equipment including their disinfection and storage are the other relevant issues requiring guidance. Injudicious and improper use of nebulizers and their poor maintenance can sometimes lead to serious health hazards, nosocomial infections, transmission of infection, and other adverse outcomes. Thus, it is imperative to have a proper national guideline on nebulization practices to bridge the knowledge gaps amongst various health care personnel involved in this practice. It will also serve as an educational and scientific resource for healthcare professionals, as well as promote future research by identifying neglected and ignored areas in this field. Such comprehensive guidelines on this subject have not been available in the country and the only available proper international guidelines were released in 1997 which have not been updated for a noticeably long period of over two decades, though many changes and advancements have taken place in this technology in the recent past. Much of nebulization practices in the present may not be evidence-based and even some of these, the way they are currently used, may be ineffective or even harmful. Recognizing the knowledge deficit and paucity of guidelines on the usage of nebulizers in various settings such as inpatient, out-patient, emergency room, critical care, and domiciliary use in India in a wide variety of indications to standardize nebulization practices and to address many other related issues; National College of Chest Physicians (India), commissioned a National task force consisting of eminent experts in the field of Pulmonary Medicine from different backgrounds and different parts of the country to review the available evidence from the medical literature on the scientific principles and clinical practices of nebulization therapy and to formulate evidence-based guidelines on it. The guideline is based on all possible literature that could be explored with the best available evidence and incorporating expert opinions. To support the guideline with high-quality evidence, a systematic search of the electronic databases was performed to identify the relevant studies, position papers, consensus reports, and recommendations published. Rating of the level of the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendation was done using the GRADE system. Six topics were identified, each given to one group of experts comprising of advisors, chairpersons, convenor and members, and such six groups (A-F) were formed and the consensus recommendations of each group was included as a section in the guidelines (Sections I to VI). The topics included were: A. Introduction, basic principles and technical aspects of nebulization, types of equipment, their choice, use, and maintenance B. Nebulization therapy in obstructive airway diseases C. Nebulization therapy in the intensive care unit D. Use of various drugs (other than bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids) by nebulized route and miscellaneous uses of nebulization therapy E. Domiciliary/Home/Maintenance nebulization therapy; public & health care workers education, and F. Nebulization therapy in COVID-19 pandemic and in patients of other contagious viral respiratory infections (included later considering the crisis created due to COVID-19 pandemic). Various issues in different sections have been discussed in the form of questions, followed by point-wise evidence statements based on the existing knowledge, and recommendations have been formulated.

Manipulating Galectin Expression in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Techniques for disrupting gene expression are invaluable tools for the analysis of the biological role of a gene product. Because of its genetic tractability and multiple advantages over conventional mammalian models, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is recognized as a powerful system for gaining new insight into diverse aspects of human health and disease. Among the multiple mammalian gene families for which the zebrafish has shown promise as an invaluable model for functional studies, the galectins have attracted great interest due to their participation in early development, regulation of immune homeostasis, and recognition of microbial pathogens. Galectins are β-galactosyl-binding lectins with a characteristic sequence motif in their carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), that constitute an evolutionary conserved family ubiquitous in eukaryotic taxa. Galectins are emerging as key players in the modulation of many important pathological processes, which include acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmunity and cancer, thus making them potential molecular targets for innovative drug discovery. Here, we provide a review of the current methods available for the manipulation of gene expression in the zebrafish, with a focus on gene knockdown [morpholino (MO)-derived antisense oligonucleotides] and knockout (CRISPR-Cas) technologies.

Association of Human Papilloma Virus in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Alarming Need for Human Papillomavirus 16 Screening in Cancer Patients

BACKGROUND

The percentage of cancers of the tongue and palatine tonsils has continued to increase by 2%-4% among younger men. This increased prevalence of a subsection of oropharyngeal carcinoma can be associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). Among the head-and-neck cancers, a strong association with HPV infection is evident with oropharyngeal cancers, particularly tonsillar and basal tongue cancers.

OBJECTIVES

Oral carcinoma, with an overall incidence of 16.1 adults per 100,000, is one of the leading malignancies worldwide, presenting a noticeable geographic variation in its distribution. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) being the most common of all oral malignancies, the objective of the study is to detect the HPV antigen p16 over-expression in patients with oral SCC using immunohistochemistry (IHC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Oral SCC (OSCC) diagnosed formalin-fixed-paraffin embedded blocks were processed for IHC.

RESULTS

Out of 50 cases, 3 were deferred due to insufficient tumor sample and 2/47 cases were p16 positive and the site was the lateral border of the tongue.

CONCLUSION

The HPV antigen overexpression in patients with OSCC was investigated to detect the incidence of HPV in SCC of oral cavity. P16 was used as a marker for the detection of OSCC using IHC in HPV-induced OSCC. Positives were detected thus concluding the significance of studying HPV expression during diagnosis.

Intraoperative Management of Recurrent Leukoplakia at Red Zone

Oral leukoplakia (OL) is a potentially malignant oral disorder (PMOD) that sometimes trans-form into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). OL is one of the most frequent PMODs seen in the oral cavity. The global prevalence of OL is approximately 2.6%, with its worst prognosis of undergoing a malignant transformation. Leukoplakia is clinically divided into red zones (tongue and floor of mouth) and nonred zones (buccal mucosa, palate, and soft palate) areas. The red zone areas have more potency of transforming into malignancy. Hence, patients with red zone areas need to be followed up more frequently and treated appropriately. This case report signifies the importance of treating one such case of leukoplakia at red zone area.

Pleomorphic Sarcoma of the Oral Cavity: A Rare Case Entity

Pleomorphic sarcomas are extremely rare in the oral cavity, representing only 5% of all soft tissue sarcomas in the extremities of adults. They form a group of highly undifferentiated pleomorphic malignant tumors. A 36-year-old male reported to the OP with a chief complaint of a tooth ache in the right lower quadrant for the past 6 months. The patient gave a history of extraction of a mobile tooth in that region. A radiograph of the region was advised. An incisional biopsy was also done and sent for histopathological examination. The microscopy revealed the presence of spindle-shaped cells showing dysplastic features. A panel of immunohistochemical markers were performed to identify the tissue of origin of the lesion. The article details the clinical, radiographic, and microscopic features of a pleomorphic soft tissue lesion along with the array of immunohistochemical markers, leading to the final diagnosis of such enigmatic lesions.

Ciliated protozoan occurrence and association in the pathogenesis of coral disease

Various microbial infections have significantly contributed to disease progression leading to the mortality of corals. However, the holobiont and the external surfaces of coral, including the secreted mucus, provide a varied microenvironment that attracts ciliates based on their feeding preferences. Besides, some ciliates (e.g., Philasterine scuticociliate) may enter through the injuries or lesions on corals or through their indirect interactions with other types of microbes that influence coral health. Thus, ciliates occurrence and association are described with 12 different diseases worldwide. White syndrome disease lesions have diverse ciliate associations, and higher ciliate diversity was observed with diseased genera Acropora. Also, it was described, about sixteen ciliate species ingest coral Symbiodiniaceae and histophagous ciliates for coral tissue loss as secondary invaders. However, the ciliates nature of association with the coral disease remains unclear for primary or opportunistic secondary pathogenicity. Herein, we explore the urgent need to understand the complex interactions of ciliates in coral health.

Reliability of Modified Hertels Exophthalmometer as an Intraoperative Tool for Assessment of Relative Globe Position in Orbital/Zygomatic Fracture

INTRODUCTION

Axial globe position assessment is commonly carried out with Hertels Exophthalmometer. Hertels requires an intact lateral orbital rim for its placement, which is often fractured in zygomatic fractures. Hence, to overcome this problem, we have modified the instrument for its application in zygomatic/orbital fractures. Reliability of this Modified Hertels Exopthalmometer has been already validated in normal healthy patients. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of the Modified Hertels Exophthalmometer in pateints with zygomatic/orbital fracture.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is a prospective study carried out between April 2015 and October 2017, including 20 patients with a mean age of 34 years. Enophthalmos was measured using Modified Hertels in patients with unilateral orbital/zygomatic fracture indicated for surgical intervention by a single observer. The data was collected and statistically analyzed. Paired sample t-test was done to compare the preoperative exophthalmometer reading with readings at different time points.

RESULTS

A statistically significant difference was noted (P = 0.031) among the variables of Modified Hertels. We believe this instrument to be of practical use in the assessment of enophthalmos/exophthalmos in patients with lateral orbital trauma, surgery or disease and also precludes the use of rim-based exophthalmometry and other modifications of same.

Diseases and pathogens of marine invertebrate corals in Indian reefs

Diseases in marine invertebrate corals have been reported worldwide and have been associated with infection by various microbial pathogens that cause massive mortality. Several bacterial species, especially Vibrio species but also members of the cyanobacteria, fungi, viruses, and protists, are described as important pathogens associated with coral disease and mortality. The present work provides an updated overview of main diseases and implicated microbial species affecting corals in Indian reefs. Further study on pathogen diversity, classification, spread and environmental factors on pathogen-host interactions may contribute a better understanding of the coral diseases.

Comparision of Vital Surgical Parameters, after Administration of Midazolam and Dexmedetomidine for Conscious Sedation in Minor Oral Surgery

Aim:

The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy between midazolam and dexmedetomidine in relation to vital parameters, sedation score, pain score, cognitive judgment, and postoperative amnesia to the event in conscious sedation for minor oral surgical procedure.

Materials and Methods:

A sample size of 30 patients were selected in each group: Group M (midazolam) and Group D (dexmedetomidine).

Results:

The mean heart rate (HR) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements were significantly higher in Group M after the 20^th min when compared to Group D. The visual analog scale (VAS) scores of pain were not statistically significant between the two groups during the procedure, but at the time of discharge, statistically significant VAS scores were found between the two groups. Nine (30%) patients in Group D and 21 (70%) patients in Group M showed cognitive judgment impairment with the Stroop Color and Word Test at the 30^th min.

Conclusion:

The dexmedetomidine group of patients had reduced blood pressure and HR. No significant differences were noted in oxygen saturation or in respiratory rate between the two drugs. Patients had better sedation, analgesia, lesser cognitive impairment, and amnesia in the dexmedetomidine group.

Intra-alveolar extraction of impacted distoangular mandibular third molars: A novel technique

Recent trends in maxillofacial surgery are to reduce the trauma to the adjacent soft tissue. The distoangular impaction presents a challenge to the maxillofacial surgeon and also results in more surgical morbidity. Here, we present a minimally invasive extraction technique for the distoangular mandibular third molar impaction.

Mini review: Multifaceted role played by cyclin D1 in tumor behavior

The objective of this paper is to discuss and put forward the various diversified roles of cyclin D1 in cancer. Neoplasia is defined by abnormal regulation of the cell cycle. Cyclin D1 could be a protein derived from the PRAD1, CCND1, or bcl-1 sequence on body 11q13 that is concerned in each traditional regulation of the cell cycle and pathologic process. Within the G1 (resting) part of the cell cycle, cyclin D1 in conjunction with its cyclin-dependent enzyme (cyclin-dependent kinase) partner is accountable for transition to the S (DNA synthesis) part by phosphorylating the merchandise of the metastatic tumor sequence (protein retinoblastoma) that then releases transcription factors vital within the initiation of DNA replication. Amplification of the sequence or overexpression of the cyclin D1 releases a cell from its traditional controls and causes transformation to a malignant composition. Analysis of those changes provides vital diagnostic information in oral carcinogenesis and is of prognostic value in several cancers. Data of cyclin D1's role in malignancy at the assorted sites provide a basis on which future treatment directed against this molecule will proceed.

Intraoral neurilemmoma of mental nerve mimicking as traumatic fibroma: An unusual presentation - A case report and literature review

Neurilemmoma, neurinoma or schwannoma is a benign tumor of neurogenic origin, arising from the myelin sheath of a neuron. Head and neck region accounts for 25%-48% of these tumors reported till date. On the contrary, intraoral sites form only 1% of the cases accounted. Although a few cases of intraoral neurilemoma of mental nerve has been reported in English literature, none has been reported to arise from the terminal fibers of the mental nerve. In this particular article, we present a case were the tumor was noted in the lower labial mucosa.

Use of C-Arm to Assess Reduction of Zygomatic Complex Fractures: A Comparative Study

The aim of this study was to analyze the use of C-arm and its significance in accurate reduction of zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures. Orbital volume is used as parameter to compared pre- and postoperative volumes of injured orbit. Differences in orbital volume calculated in cases done with intraoperative imaging and in controls treated without the use of intraoperative imaging were evaluated using Student t-test. C-arm is definitively an effective tool in the armamentarium of oral and maxillofacial surgery in assessment of reduction of ZMC fracture.

The zebrafish galectins Drgal1-L2 and Drgal3-L1 bind in vitro to the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) glycoprotein and reduce viral adhesion to fish epithelial cells

The infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV; Rhabdoviridae, Novirhabdovirus) infects teleost fish, such as salmon and trout, and is responsible for significant losses in the aquaculture industry and in wild fish populations. Although IHNV enters the host through the skin at the base of the fins, the viral adhesion and entry mechanisms are not fully understood. In recent years, evidence has accumulated in support of the key roles played by protein-carbohydrate interactions between host lectins secreted to the extracellular space and virion envelope glycoproteins in modulating viral adhesion and infectivity. In this study, we assessed in vitro the potential role(s) of zebrafish (Danio rerio) proto type galectin-1 (Drgal1-L2) and a chimera galectin-3 (Drgal3-L1) in IHNV adhesion to epithelial cells. Our results suggest that the extracellular Drgal1-L2 and Drgal3-L1 interact directly and in a carbohydrate-dependent manner with the IHNV glycosylated envelope and glycans on the epithelial cell surface, significantly reducing viral adhesion.

Vertical Alveolar Ridge Augmentation by Distraction Osteogenesis

INTRODUCTION

Compromised alveolar ridge in vertical and horizontal dimension is a common finding in patients visiting practitioners for dental prosthesis. Various treatment modalities are available for correction of deficient ridges among which alveolar distraction osteogenesis is one.

AIM

To study the efficacy of alveolar distraction osteogenesis in augmentation of alveolar ridges deficient in vertical dimension.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ten patients aged 16 to 46 years with deficient alveolar ridge underwent ridge augmentation in 11 alveolar segments using the distraction osteogenesis method. For each patient a custom made distraction device was fabricated. The device was indigenously manufactured with SS-316 (ISO 3506).

RESULTS

The vertical bone gain reached more than 10mm without the use of bone transplantation. Certain complications like incorrect vector of distraction, paresthesia, pain and loss of transport segment were encountered during the course of the study.

CONCLUSION

Alveolar vertical distraction osteogenesis is a reliable and predictable technique for both hard and soft tissue genesis. Implant placement is feasible with primary stability in neogenerated bone at the level of the distracted areas.

Giant cell tumor of the mandible

Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is a distinctive neoplasm characterized by abundance of multinucleated giant cells scattered throughout the stroma of mononuclear cells. Its importance lies in recognizing and differentiating the characteristic histology, which at times may mimic several other bone tumors and endocrine disorders ranging from locally aggressive giant cell granulomas to hyperparathyroidism to malignant tumors. The jaw bones account for less than 1% of the lesion. Ina literature search, we found only five cases of GCT of jaw bones based on the new criteria. We present a rare case of GCT of the mandible which occurred in a 12-year-old female.

Manipulating galectin expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Techniques for disrupting gene expression are invaluable tools for the analysis of the biological role(s) of a gene product. Because of its genetic tractability and multiple advantages over conventional mammalian models, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is recognized as a powerful system for gaining new insight into diverse aspects of human health and disease. Among the multiple mammalian gene families for which the zebrafish has shown promise as an invaluable model for functional studies, the galectins have attracted great interest due to their participation in early development, regulation of immune homeostasis, and recognition of microbial pathogens. Galectins are β-galactosyl-binding lectins with a characteristic sequence motif in their carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), which comprise an evolutionary conserved family ubiquitous in eukaryotic taxa. Galectins are emerging as key players in the modulation of many important pathological processes, which include acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmunity and cancer, thus making them potential molecular targets for innovative drug discovery. Here, we provide a review of the current methods available for the manipulation of gene expression in the zebrafish, with a focus on gene knockdown [morpholino (MO)-derived antisense oligonucleotides] and knockout (CRISPR-Cas) technologies.

Finite element analysis comparison of plate designs in managing fractures involving the mental foramen

Introduction The aim of the study was to propose an ideal plating design for fractures running through the mental foramen. Methods The study compared three plating designs-two four-hole miniplates, 2 × 2-hole three-dimensional (3D) plate, and modified 2 × 2-hole 3D plate (posterior strut removed)-using finite element analysis. Von Mises stresses generated around the plates and bone were measured, as well as the mobility that is generated between the fracture fragments by applying muscle forces to generate bite force in one test and applying a force of 500 N over the premolars and first molar region in the second test. Results Von Mises stress in bone with miniplates measured 9.24 MPa in test 1 and 131.99 MPa in test 2. The stress with unmodified 3D plates measured 34.9 MPa in test 1 and150.03 MPa in test 2. The stress with modified 3D plates measured 24.98 MPa in test 1 and 150.59 MPa in test 2. Von Mises stress on the plates and screws measured 28.23 MPa, 95.97 MPa, 72.93 MPa in test 1 and 458.63 MPa, 779.01 MPa, 742.39 MPa in test 2 on miniplates, unmodified 3D plates, and modified 3D plates, respectively. The fracture mobility generated in the model with miniplates measured 0.001 mm in test 1 and 0.01 mm in test 2 and 0.007 mm and 0.02 mm in the model with unmodified 3D plates in test 1 and in test 2, respectively. In the model with modified 3D plates, the value was 0.001 mm and 0.01 mm in tests 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusion The ideal plate design is the two-plate technique with minimal stress generation on the bone and the hardware. The modified 3D plate has adequate strength to be used in the region but needs to be studied in detail.

Psammomatoid juvenile ossifying fibroma of the jaws

Juvenile ossifying fibroma is an uncommon, benign, bone-forming neoplasm with aggressive local growth that is distinguished from other fibro-osseous lesions primarily by its age of onset, clinical presentation and aggressive behavior. Although a benign entity, juvenile ossifying fibroma is known to be locally aggressive and has a high tendency to recur. Two distinctive microscopic patterns have been described: A trabecular variant and a psammomatoid variant. This latter variant is predominantly a craniofacial lesion and occurs rarely in the jaws. We present herein two cases of psammomatoid juvenile ossifying fibroma involving the jaws. The first case was a mandibular lesion in a 31-year-old female whereas the second case presented with maxillary involvement in a 46-year-old female. In addition, the pathology of the lesion was analyzed with confocal laser scanning microscopy.

A role for antioxidants in acclimation of marine derived pathogenic fungus (NIOCC 1) to salt stress

Salinity tolerance a key factor helps in understanding the ionic homeostasis in general, which is a fundamental cellular phenomenon in all living cells. Here, a marine derived pathogenic fungus was examined for its adaptation under salt stress using antioxidant properties. The aqueous extracts of halophilic fungus exhibited different levels of antioxidant activity in all the in vitro tests such as α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(·)), Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Assay (HRSA), Metal chelating assay and β-carotene-linoleic acid model system. The antioxidant capacity of marine fungus exposed to high salt condition showed an increase in activity. In addition, the production of intra and extracellular antioxidant enzymes of the fungus at various salt stresses were analyzed and discussed for their possible role in the stress mechanism. The marine derived fungus was identified as Phialosimplex genus, which is associated with infections in dogs. Thus the present study elucidates that the scavenging activity is one of the protective mechanisms developed in the fungus to avoid the deleterious effect of salt stress. In addition, the study also helps in understanding how the pathogenic fungus tackles the oxidative burst i.e. hypersensitivity reaction performed by host to kill the pathogens.

Morbidity and mortality at five years after initiating Category I treatment among patients with new sputum smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis

BACKGROUND

Evaluation of disease outcome is central to the assessment of tuberculosis control programmes. Most of the follow up studies in RNTCP are short-term. Five year follow up studies have not been done previously in this region. The objective of the present study is to [corrected] evaluate the outcome of Category I treatment in smear positive tuberculosis, five years after treatment in terms of relapse, sequelae and death and to know the associated factors.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Patients who had registered for Category 1 treatment during the period 2002 - 2004 were followed up at five years with clinical evaluation, Chest X-ray, ESR and sputum AFB smear.

RESULTS

Of the 224 patients who were studied, 81% patients were males. Addictions, including smoking and alcoholism, were prevalent in 136 patients (61%). Treatment success rate at six months was 94.2%. At the end of five years, 124 patients (57.9%) were symptomatic, 59% patients had radiological sequelae, relapse in 10 patients (4.5%), and mortality in 12 (5.4%) patients. Diabetes mellitus was the most common comorbid illness. Smoking and age > or = 45 years were associated with radiological sequelae. Smoking was significantly associated with mortality. Smokers had worse outcomes in all parameters.

CONCLUSIONS

Relapse rate was 4.5% and overall mortality was 5.4% at the end of five years. Significant proportion of patients has radiological sequelae. Smoking was the preventable risk factor associated with sequelae, relapse and mortality.

Efficacy of platelet rich plasma in sinus lift augmentation

The present study aims to evaluate and analyze the efficacy of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) with hydroxyapatite crystals for maxillary sinus augmentation procedures. A comparative study of 10 patients with a mean average age of 35 years with less than 5 mm of residual alveolar bone was conducted. Six patients underwent Lateral sinus lift procedure with allografts (platelet rich plasma and hydroxyappatite crystals) and four patients underwent the same procedure but with autografts (symphyseal). Follow-up for a period of 3 years was done. The patients were assessed for postoperative pain, sinusitis, oro-antral communication, epistaxis, graft rejection, infection and potential loss of bone and teeth. During the 3 years period of follow-up there were no complications recorded. A mean post-operative augmented height of 15 mm was achieved in all the patients. Maxillary sinus lift procedure using a mixture of hydroxyapatite crystals and platelet rich plasma was found to be very effective in increasing the height of residual alveolar bone when compared to the use of autografts alone.

Nasobronchial allergy and pulmonary function abnormalities among coir workers of Alappuzha

BACKGROUND

Coir is a commercially important natural fiber obtained from the coconut husk. Coir can be woven into strong twine or rope, and is used for padding mattresses, upholstery, etc. Coir industry provides a major share of occupation to the natives of Alappuzha district of Kerala State. It has been noticed earlier that there is increased incidence of nasobronchial allergy among the population involved in this industry.

OBJECTIVES

This study was aimed at recognizing the symptomatology and pulmonary functional impairment among symptomatic coir workers.

DESIGN

All coir workers who attended our institute over a period of three years were included in the study. Detailed occupational history was taken; symptom profile was studied in detail, clinical examination and pulmonary function tests conducted.

RESULTS

Among the 624 symptomatic coir workers selected for this purpose, 64 patients had purely nasal symptoms, while 560 had symptoms of nasobronchial allergy. 357 patients had reversible obstruction on PFT, while 121 had only small airway obstruction.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that coir work induced nasobronchial allergy and pulmonary function abnormalities. In absence of CT scan and bronchial challenge testing it may be inappropriate to label coir work as occupational hazard. However the present study may be used as thought provoking study to initiate further understanding.

A study of correlation between transhilar diameter and p pulmonale in copd patients

BACKGROUND

Early diagnosis and therapy of Pulmonary hypertension in COPD patients may help in retardation of progression and amelioration of symptoms. This is an attempt to diagnose the disease from X-ray chest of COPD patients, so that invasive investigations can be avoided.

OBJECTIVES

(1) Measurement of transhilar diameter in Chest X-ray PA view of COPD patients and its importance in detection of pulmonary hyper-tension. (2) To study correlation between P pulmonale and transhilar diameter / hilar thoracic ratio.

DESIGN

Prospective Clinical study.

SETTING

Institute of Chest Diseases, Medical College, Calicut.

PERIOD OF STUDY

One year from September 2002 to August 2003.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

100 patients admitted to Institute of Chest Diseases with COPD and ECG evidence of P pulmonale and/or RVH were included. Chest X-rays was taken and the following diameters were measured. Transhilar diameter, hilar thoracic ratio, width of descending branch of (Rt) pulmonary artery and cardiothoracic ratio.

CONCLUSIONS

Chest X-ray can be used for identification of pulmonary hypertension in COPD patients. Positive correlation was seen between P pulmonale and hilar thoracic ratio. Positive correlation was also seen between P pulmonale and other parameters like smoking status, symptom duration, ECG evidence of RVH and negative correlation was seen with % predicted FEV(1).

Pattern of mandibular fractures in Chennai, India

We describe the pattern of mandibular fractures in Chennai, and confirm that, as in most other large cities, the main cause is road traffic accidents.

Translesion DNA polymerases Pol zeta, Pol eta, Pol iota, Pol kappa and Rev1 are not essential for repeat-induced point mutation in Neurospora crassa

Pol zeta, Pol eta, Pol iota, Pol kappa and Rev1 are specialized DNA polymerases that are able to synthesize DNA across a damaged template. DNA synthesis by such translesion polymerases can be mutagenic due to the miscoding nature of most damaged nucleotides. In fact, many mutational and hypermutational processes in systems ranging from yeast to mammals have been traced to the activity of such polymerases. We show however, that the translesion polymerases are dispensable for repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) in Neurospora crassa. Additionally, we demonstrate that the upr-1 gene, which encodes the catalytic subunit of Pol zeta, is a highly polymorphic locus in Neurospora.

Chromosome segment duplications in Neurospora crassa and their effects on repeat-induced point mutation and meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA

The size and extent of four Neurospora crassa duplications, Dp(AR17), Dp(IBj5), Dp(OY329), and Dp(B362i), was determined by testing the coverage of RFLP markers. The first three duplications were all > approximately 350 kb and have been shown in earlier studies to act as dominant suppressors of repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) in gene-sized duplications, possibly via titration of the RIP machinery. Dp(B362i), which is only approximately 117 kb long, failed to suppress RIP. RIP suppression in gene-sized duplications by large duplications was demonstrated using another test gene, dow, and supposedly applies generally. Crosses homozygous for Dp(AR17) or Dp(IBj5) were as barren as heterozygous crosses. Barrenness of the heterozygous but not the homozygous crosses was suppressible by Sad-1, a semidominant suppressor of RNAi-dependent meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA. A model is proposed in which large duplications recessively suppress semidominant Sad-1 mutations. The wild-isolated Sugartown strain is hypothesized to contain a duplication that confers not only dominant suppression of RIP but also a barren phenotype, which is linked (9%) to supercontig 7.118 in LG VII.

Diffuse hepatic hemangiomatosis: case report

Hemangiomas of the liver are often incidental findings on routine abdominal ultrasonography. Majority are single and asymptomatic. We report a patient with diffuse hemangiomatosis of the liver who presented with thrombocytopenia and congestive cardiac failure.