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McLellan JL, Garcia-Vilanova A, Hanson KK. An Optimized P. berghei Liver Stage-HepG2 Infection Model for Simultaneous Quantitative Bioimaging of Host and Parasite Nascent Proteomes. Bio Protoc 2024; 14:e4952. [PMID: 38464937 PMCID: PMC10917691 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria undergo an obligate, asymptomatic developmental stage in the host liver before initiating the symptomatic blood-stage infection. The parasite liver stage is a key intervention point for antimalarial chemoprophylaxis: successful targeting of liver-stage parasites prevents disease development in individuals and can help to reduce parasite transmission in populations, as the gametocyte forms that transmit infection to mosquitos are exclusively found in the blood stage. Antimalarial drugs that can target multiple parasite stages are thus highly desirable, and one emerging cellular target for such multistage active compounds is the process of protein synthesis or translation. Quantitative study of liver stage translation, and thus mechanistic evaluation of translation inhibitors against liver stage parasites, is not amenable to the methods allowing quantification of asexual blood stage translation, such as radiolabeled amino acid incorporation or lysate-based translation of reporter transcripts. Here, we present a method using o-propargyl puromycin (OPP) labeling of host and parasite nascent proteomes in the P. berghei-HepG2 infection model, followed by automated confocal image acquisition and computational separation of P. berghei vs. H. sapiens nascent proteome signals to allow simultaneous readout of the effects of translation inhibitors on both host and parasite. This protocol details our HepG2 cell culture and infected monolayer handling optimized for microscopy, our OPP labeling workflow, and our approach to automated confocal imaging, image processing, and data analysis. Key features • Uses the o-propargyl puromycin labeling technique developed by Liu et al. to quantitatively analyze protein synthesis in Plasmodium berghei liver-stage parasites in actively translating hepatoma cells. • This quantitative approach should be adaptable for other puromycin-sensitive intracellular pathogens residing in actively translating host cells. • The P. berghei-infected HepG2 recovery and reseeding protocol presented here is of use in applications beyond nascent proteome labeling and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and STCEID,
University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and STCEID,
University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kirsten K. Hanson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and STCEID,
University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Brandsma AM, Hilmer C, Rauch M, Matuschewski K, Montagna GN. Plasmodium early transcribed membrane proteins appear tailored to the host range of malaria parasites. Int J Parasitol 2021; 52:135-143. [PMID: 34715088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Early transcribed membrane proteins form a unique protein family in malaria parasites. These molecules are expressed during Plasmodium intracellular phases and inserted at the parasite parasitophorus vacuole membrane, which constitutes the host-parasite interface. Upregulated in infectious sporozoites 4 (UIS4) is an essential early transcribed membrane protein of liver stages of the murine malaria model parasite Plasmodium berghei. Despite its relevance for liver stage maturation, the molecular functions of UIS4 remain elusive, and UIS4 orthologs in human malaria parasites have not yet been identified. In order to characterise functional domains of UIS4, we generated P. berghei parasites carrying a carboxy-terminally truncated version of UIS4. We observed that uis4Δc parasites are severely impaired in liver stage development, similar to uis4(-) parasites, indicating an important role of the C-terminal domain for UIS4 function. To test whether members of the P. falciparum early transcribed membrane protein family are potential UIS4 orthologs, we selected candidates based on structural homology and parasitophorous vacuole membrane localization. We generated transgenic P. berghei parasites where UIS4 was replaced by Plasmodium falciparum ETRAMP8 or ETRAMP10.3. Both early transcribed membrane proteins were expressed in transgenic parasite lines, but liver stage maturation was impaired, indicating that the selected early transcribed membrane proteins failed to substitute the function of UIS4. As a control, we included the UIS4 ortholog from the murine parasite Plasmodium chaubaudi. We observed that PcUIS4 successfully restores UIS4 function in P. berghei. Together, these results suggest that Plasmodium parasites express tailor-made parasitophorous vacuole membrane proteins that might at least partially explain the narrow host range of malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne M Brandsma
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberg 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilie Hilmer
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Rauch
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Dept. of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Dept. of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgina N Montagna
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr Rodolfo Ugalde' (IIBio), UNSAM-CONICET 1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Shears MJ, Murphy SC. Vancomycin improves Plasmodium yoelii malaria parasite in vitro liver stage cultures by controlling Elizabethkingia anophelis, a bacterium in the microbiome of lab-reared Anopheles mosquitoes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 237:111279. [PMID: 32360511 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies of Plasmodium sporozoites and liver stages require dissection of Anopheles mosquitoes to obtain sporozoites for experiments. Sporozoites from the rodent parasite P. yoelii are routinely used to infect hepatocytes for liver stage culture, but sometimes these cultures become contaminated. Using standard microbiological techniques, a single colony type of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria was isolated from contaminated cultures. Mass spectrometry and sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene identified the contaminant as Elizabethkingia spp. Based on sequence comparison and published studies of the Anopheles microbiome, the best match was E. anophelis. Culture contamination was not ameliorated by density gradient purification of sporozoites. However, the addition of vancomycin to the culture media consistently reduced contamination and improved culture outcomes as measured by liver stage parasite size. Thus, mosquito salivary gland-derived E. anophelis is identified a potential contaminant of Plasmodium liver stage cultures that can be mitigated by the addition of antibiotics.
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Winer B, Edgel KA, Zou X, Sellau J, Hadiwidjojo S, Garver LS, McDonough CE, Kelleher NL, Thomas PM, Villasante E, Ploss A, Gerbasi VR. Identification of Plasmodium falciparum proteoforms from liver stage models. Malar J 2020; 19:10. [PMID: 31910830 PMCID: PMC6947969 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunization with attenuated malaria sporozoites protects humans from experimental malaria challenge by mosquito bite. Protection in humans is strongly correlated with the production of T cells targeting a heterogeneous population of pre-erythrocyte antigen proteoforms, including liver stage antigens. Currently, few T cell epitopes derived from Plasmodium falciparum, the major aetiologic agent of malaria in humans are known. METHODS In this study both in vitro and in vivo malaria liver stage models were used to sequence host and pathogen proteoforms. Proteoforms from these diverse models were subjected to mild acid elution (of soluble forms), multi-dimensional fractionation, tandem mass spectrometry, and top-down bioinformatics analysis to identify proteoforms in their intact state. RESULTS These results identify a group of host and malaria liver stage proteoforms that meet a 5% false discovery rate threshold. CONCLUSIONS This work provides proof-of-concept for the validity of this mass spectrometry/bioinformatic approach for future studies seeking to reveal malaria liver stage antigens towards vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Winer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Kimberly A Edgel
- Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zou
- Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.,The Henry M Jackson Foundation, 6720A Rockledge Dr., Rockville, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Julie Sellau
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Molecular Infection Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sri Hadiwidjojo
- Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.,The Henry M Jackson Foundation, 6720A Rockledge Dr., Rockville, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Lindsey S Garver
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20190, USA
| | | | - Neil L Kelleher
- Northwestern University National Resource for Translational Proteomics, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Paul M Thomas
- Northwestern University National Resource for Translational Proteomics, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Eileen Villasante
- Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Vincent R Gerbasi
- Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA. .,Northwestern University National Resource for Translational Proteomics, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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Raphemot R, Toro-Moreno M, Lu KY, Posfai D, Derbyshire ER. Discovery of Druggable Host Factors Critical to Plasmodium Liver-Stage Infection. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1253-1262.e5. [PMID: 31257182 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites undergo an obligatory and asymptomatic developmental stage within the liver before infecting red blood cells to cause malaria. The hijacked host pathways critical to parasite infection during this hepatic phase remain poorly understood. Here, we implemented a forward genetic screen to identify over 100 host factors within the human druggable genome that are critical to P. berghei infection in hepatoma cells. Notably, we found knockdown of genes involved in protein trafficking pathways to be detrimental to parasite infection. The disruption of protein trafficking modulators, including COPB2 and GGA1, decreases P. berghei parasite size, and an immunofluorescence study suggests that these proteins are recruited to the Plasmodium parasitophorous vacuole in infected hepatocytes. These findings reveal that various host intracellular protein trafficking pathways are subverted by Plasmodium parasites during the liver stage and provide new insights into their manipulation for growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Raphemot
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Maria Toro-Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kuan-Yi Lu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dora Posfai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emily Rose Derbyshire
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Bonilla-Ramirez L, Rios A, Quiliano M, Ramirez-Calderon G, Beltrán-Hortelano I, Franetich JF, Corcuera L, Bordessoulles M, Vettorazzi A, López de Cerain A, Aldana I, Mazier D, Pabón A, Galiano S. Novel antimalarial chloroquine- and primaquine-quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide hybrids: Design, synthesis, Plasmodium life cycle stage profile, and preliminary toxicity studies. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:68-81. [PMID: 30199706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of drug resistance and targeting all stages of the parasite life cycle are currently the major challenges in antimalarial chemotherapy. Molecular hybridization combining two scaffolds in a single molecule is an innovative strategy for achieving these goals. In this work, a series of novel quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide hybrids containing either chloroquine or primaquine pharmacophores was designed, synthesized and tested against both chloroquine sensitive and multidrug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Only chloroquine-based compounds exhibited potent blood stage activity with compounds 4b and 4e being the most active and selective hybrids at this parasite stage. Based on their intraerythrocytic activity and selectivity or their chemical nature, seven hybrids were then evaluated against the liver stage of Plasmodium yoelii, Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium falciparum infections. Compound 4b was the only chloroquine-quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide hybrid with a moderate liver activity, whereas compound 6a and 6b were identified as the most active primaquine-based hybrids against exoerythrocytic stages, displaying enhanced liver activity against P. yoelii and P. berghei, respectively, and better SI values than primaquine. Although both primaquine-quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide hybrids slightly reduced the infection of mosquitoes, they inhibited sporogony of P. berghei and compound 6a showed 92% blocking of transmission. In vivo liver efficacy assays revealed that compound 6a showed causal prophylactic activity affording parasitaemia reduction of up to 95% on day 4. Absence of genotoxicity and in vivo acute toxicity were also determined. These results suggest the approach of primaquine-quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide hybrids as new potential dual-acting antimalarials for further investigation.
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7
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Bonilla-Ramirez L, Rios A, Quiliano M, Ramirez-Calderon G, Beltrán-Hortelano I, Franetich JF, Corcuera L, Bordessoulles M, Vettorazzi A, López de Cerain A, Aldana I, Mazier D, Pabón A, Galiano S. Novel antimalarial chloroquine- and primaquine-quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide hybrids: Design, synthesis, Plasmodium life cycle stage profile, and preliminary toxicity studies. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:68-81. [PMID: 30199706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of drug resistance and targeting all stages of the parasite life cycle are currently the major challenges in antimalarial chemotherapy. Molecular hybridization combining two scaffolds in a single molecule is an innovative strategy for achieving these goals. In this work, a series of novel quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide hybrids containing either chloroquine or primaquine pharmacophores was designed, synthesized and tested against both chloroquine sensitive and multidrug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Only chloroquine-based compounds exhibited potent blood stage activity with compounds 4b and 4e being the most active and selective hybrids at this parasite stage. Based on their intraerythrocytic activity and selectivity or their chemical nature, seven hybrids were then evaluated against the liver stage of Plasmodium yoelii, Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium falciparum infections. Compound 4b was the only chloroquine-quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide hybrid with a moderate liver activity, whereas compound 6a and 6b were identified as the most active primaquine-based hybrids against exoerythrocytic stages, displaying enhanced liver activity against P. yoelii and P. berghei, respectively, and better SI values than primaquine. Although both primaquine-quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide hybrids slightly reduced the infection of mosquitoes, they inhibited sporogony of P. berghei and compound 6a showed 92% blocking of transmission. In vivo liver efficacy assays revealed that compound 6a showed causal prophylactic activity affording parasitaemia reduction of up to 95% on day 4. Absence of genotoxicity and in vivo acute toxicity were also determined. These results suggest the approach of primaquine-quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide hybrids as new potential dual-acting antimalarials for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bonilla-Ramirez
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquía (UdeA), Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alexandra Rios
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquía (UdeA), Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Miguel Quiliano
- Universidad de Navarra, Institute of Tropical Health (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Ramirez-Calderon
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquía (UdeA), Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Iván Beltrán-Hortelano
- Universidad de Navarra, Institute of Tropical Health (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jean François Franetich
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL, 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Luis Corcuera
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mallaury Bordessoulles
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL, 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Aldana
- Universidad de Navarra, Institute of Tropical Health (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL, 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Adriana Pabón
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquía (UdeA), Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Silvia Galiano
- Universidad de Navarra, Institute of Tropical Health (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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Capela R, Magalhães J, Miranda D, Machado M, Sanches-Vaz M, Albuquerque IS, Sharma M, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Frade R, Perry MJ, Moreira R, Prudêncio M, Lopes F. Endoperoxide-8-aminoquinoline hybrids as dual-stage antimalarial agents with enhanced metabolic stability. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 149:69-78. [PMID: 29499488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid compounds may play a critical role in the context of the malaria eradication agenda, which will benefit from therapeutic tools active against the symptomatic erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium infection, and also capable of eliminating liver stage parasites. To address the need for efficient multistage antiplasmodial compounds, a small library of 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane-8- aminoquinoline hybrids, with the metabolically labile C-5 position of the 8-aminoquinoline moiety blocked with aryl groups, was synthesized and screened for antiplasmodial activity and metabolic stability. The hybrid compounds inhibited development of intra-erythrocytic forms of the multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 strain, with EC50 values in the nM range, and with low cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. The compounds also inhibited the development of P. berghei liver stage parasites, with the most potent compounds displaying EC50 values in the low μM range. SAR analysis revealed that unbranched linkers between the endoperoxide and 8-aminoquinoline pharmacophores are most beneficial for dual antiplasmodial activity. Importantly, hybrids were significantly more potent than a 1:1 mixture of 8-aminoquinoline-tetraoxane, highlighting the superiority of the hybrid approach over the combination therapy. Furthermore, aryl substituents at C-5 of the 8-aminoquinoline moiety improve the compounds' metabolic stability when compared with their primaquine (i.e. C-5 unsubstituted) counterparts. Overall, this study reveals that blocking the quinoline C-5 position does not result in loss of dual-stage antimalarial activity, and that tetraoxane-8- aminoquinoline hybrids are an attractive approach to achieve elimination of exo- and intraerythrocytic parasites, thus with the potential to be used in malaria eradication campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Capela
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela Miranda
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Machado
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Sanches-Vaz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês S Albuquerque
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Moni Sharma
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, CA 94143, USA
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, CA 94143, USA
| | - Raquel Frade
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria J Perry
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Francisca Lopes
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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9
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Pewkliang Y, Rungin S, Lerdpanyangam K, Duangmanee A, Kanjanasirirat P, Suthivanich P, Sa-Ngiamsuntorn K, Borwornpinyo S, Sattabongkot J, Patrapuvich R, Hongeng S. A novel immortalized hepatocyte-like cell line (imHC) supports in vitro liver stage development of the human malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax. Malar J 2018; 17:50. [PMID: 29370800 PMCID: PMC5785895 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eradication of malaria is difficult because of the ability of hypnozoite, the dormant liver-stage form of Plasmodium vivax, to cause relapse in patients. Research efforts to better understand the biology of P. vivax hypnozoite and design relapse prevention strategies have been hampered by the lack of a robust and reliable model for in vitro culture of liver-stage parasites. Although the HC-04 hepatoma cell line is used for culturing liver-stage forms of Plasmodium, these cells proliferate unrestrictedly and detach from the culture dish after several days, which limits their usefulness in a long-term hypnozoite assay. Methods A novel immortalized hepatocyte-like cell line (imHC) was evaluated for the capability to support P. vivax sporozoite infection. First, expression of basic hepatocyte markers and all major malaria sporozoite-associated host receptors in imHC was investigated. Next, in vitro hepatocyte infectivity and intracellular development of sporozoites in imHC were determined using an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Cytochrome P450 isotype activity was also measured to determine the ability of imHC to metabolize drugs. Finally, the anti-liver-stage agent primaquine was used to test this model for a drug sensitivity assay. Results imHCs maintained major hepatic functions and expressed the essential factors CD81, SR-BI and EphA2, which are required for host entry and development of the parasite in the liver. imHCs could be maintained long-term in a monolayer without overgrowth and thus served as a good, supportive substrate for the invasion and growth of P. vivax liver stages, including hypnozoites. The observed high drug metabolism activity and potent responses in liver-stage parasites to primaquine highlight the potential use of this imHC model for antimalarial drug screening. Conclusions imHCs, which maintain a hepatocyte phenotype and drug-metabolizing enzyme expression, constitute an alternative host for in vitro Plasmodium liver-stage studies, particularly those addressing the biology of P. vivax hypnozoite. They potentially offer a novel, robust model for screening drugs against liver-stage parasites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2198-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyut Pewkliang
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Rungin
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Siriraj Initiative in System Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kaewta Lerdpanyangam
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apisak Duangmanee
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phongthon Kanjanasirirat
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phichaya Suthivanich
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Drug Research Unit for Malaria, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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10
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Nyboer B, Heiss K, Mueller AK, Ingmundson A. The Plasmodium liver-stage parasitophorous vacuole: A front-line of communication between parasite and host. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:107-117. [PMID: 28964681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular development and differentiation of the Plasmodium parasite in the host liver is a prerequisite for the actual onset of malaria disease pathology. Since liver-stage infection is clinically silent and can be completely eliminated by sterilizing immune responses, it is a promising target for urgently needed innovative antimalarial drugs and/or vaccines. Discovered more than 65 years ago, these stages remain poorly understood regarding their molecular repertoire and interaction with their host cells in comparison to the pathogenic erythrocytic stages. The differentiating and replicative intrahepatic parasite resides in a membranous compartment called the parasitophorous vacuole, separating it from the host-cell cytoplasm. Here we outline seminal work that contributed to our present understanding of the fundamental dynamic cellular processes of the intrahepatic malarial parasite with both specific host-cell factors and compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Nyboer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Heiss
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,.
| | - Alyssa Ingmundson
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Mokgethi-Morule T, N'Da DD. Cell based assays for anti-Plasmodium activity evaluation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 84:26-36. [PMID: 26776968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most common and deadly infectious diseases worldwide. The severity of this global public health challenge is reflected by the approximately 198 million people, who were reportedly infected in 2013 and by the more than 584,000 related deaths in that same year. The rising emergence of drug resistance towards the once effective artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) has become a serious concern and warrants more robust drug development strategies, with the objective of eradicating malaria infections. The intricate biology and life cycle of Plasmodium parasites complicate the understanding of the disease in such a way that would enhance the development of more effective chemotherapies that would achieve radical clinical cure and that would prevent disease relapse. Phenotypic cell based assays have for long been a valuable approach and involve the screening and analysis of diverse compounds with regards to their activities towards whole Plasmodium parasites in vitro. To achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of malaria eradication by 2020, new generation drugs that are active against all parasite stages (erythrocytic (blood), exo-erythrocytic (liver stages and gametocytes)) are needed. Significant advances are being made in assay development to overcome some of the practical challenges of assessing drug efficacy, particularly in the liver and transmission stage Plasmodium models. This review discusses primary screening models and the fundamental progress being made in whole cell based efficacy screens of anti-malarial activity. Ongoing challenges and some opportunities for improvements in assay development that would assist in the discovery of effective, safe and affordable drugs for malaria treatments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabang Mokgethi-Morule
- Drug Design, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PHARMACEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - David D N'Da
- Drug Design, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PHARMACEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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12
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Bijker EM, Borrmann S, Kappe SH, Mordmüller B, Sack BK, Khan SM. Novel approaches to whole sporozoite vaccination against malaria. Vaccine 2015; 33:7462-8. [PMID: 26469716 PMCID: PMC6858867 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic disease malaria threatens more than 3 billion people worldwide, resulting in more than 200 million clinical cases and almost 600,000 deaths annually. Vaccines remain crucial for prevention and ultimately eradication of infectious diseases and, for malaria, whole sporozoite based immunization has been shown to be the most effective in experimental settings. In addition to immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites, chemoprophylaxis and sporozoites (CPS) is a highly efficient strategy to induce sterile protection in humans. Genetically attenuated parasites (GAP) have demonstrated significant protection in rodent studies, and are now being advanced into clinical testing. This review describes the existing pre-clinical and clinical data on CPS and GAP, discusses recent developments and examines how to transform these immunization approaches into vaccine candidates for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else M Bijker
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Steffen Borrmann
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Stefan H Kappe
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Alberts Schweitzer Hospital, BP 118 Lambaréné, Gabon
| | | | - Shahid M Khan
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Parasitology, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Abstract
Humanized mice with a chimeric liver are a promising tool to evaluate the "in vivo" efficacy of novel compounds or vaccine-induced antibodies directed against the pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum. The absence of human red blood cells in these humanized mice precludes the transition from liver to blood stage. The qPCR-based method described below allows for a sensitive and reliable quantification of parasite DNA in the chimeric liver following a challenge via infected mosquito bite or intravenous injection of sporozoites. With this method approximately 25 % of the total chimeric liver is examined and a single infected hepatocyte can be detected in the analyzed tissue. The use of appropriate species-specific probes can also allow for the detection of other Plasmodium species in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Foquet
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Cornelus C Hermsen
- Medical Centre, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 28, GA 6525, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Sauerwein
- Medical Centre, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 28, GA 6525, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
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14
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Abstract
Antibodies against the infectious sporozoite stage of malaria have been shown to be effective in preventing infection of the liver and in mitigating the ensuing blood stage. However, only a handful of antibody targets have been vetted and shown to be successful in mediating in vivo protection. Even more limited are the means with which to measure how effectively antibodies can reduce the number of parasites establishing infection in the liver. Traditionally, only qPCR of infected mouse livers could accurately measure liver parasite burden. However, this procedure requires sacrifice of the animal and precludes monitoring of the ensuing blood stage infection. Herein we describe a method of accurately assessing antibody-mediated reduction of parasite liver burden by combining passive or active immunization of mice and mosquito bite challenge with luciferase-expressing transgenic P. yoelii parasites. This method is rapid, reliable and allows for observation of blood stage disease in the same animal. This model will prove integral in screening the efficacy of novel antibody targets as the search for a more effective malaria vaccine continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K Sack
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Jessica L Miller
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ashley M Vaughan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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15
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Usui M, Masuda-Suganuma H, Fukumoto S, Angeles JMM, Hakimi H, Inoue N, Kawazu SI. Effect of thioredoxin peroxidase-1 gene disruption on the liver stages of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. Parasitol Int 2014; 64:290-4. [PMID: 25284813 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic observation of thioredoxin peroxidase-1 (TPx-1) gene-disrupted Plasmodium berghei (TPx-1 KO) in the liver-stage was performed with an in vitro infection system in order to investigate defective liver-stage development in a mouse infection model. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy assay with anti-circumsporozoite protein antibody revealed that in the liver schizont stage, TPx-1 KO parasite cells were significantly smaller than cells of the wild-type parent strain (WT). Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy assay with anti-merozoite surface protein-1 antibody, which was used to evaluate late schizont-stage development, indicated that TPx-1 KO schizont development was similar to WT strain development towards the merozoite-forming stage (mature schizont). However, fewer merozoites were produced in the mature TPx-1 KO schizont than in the mature WT schizont. Taken together, the results suggest that TPx-1 may be involved in merozoite formation during liver schizont development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Usui
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Hirono Masuda-Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Jose Ma M Angeles
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Hassan Hakimi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Noboru Inoue
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kawazu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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16
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Carballeira NM, Bwalya AG, Itoe MA, Andricopulo AD, Cordero-Maldonado ML, Kaiser M, Mota MM, Crawford AD, Guido RVC, Tasdemir D. 2-Octadecynoic acid as a dual life stage inhibitor of Plasmodium infections and plasmodial FAS-II enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4151-7. [PMID: 25103602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium goes through two life stages in the human host, a non-symptomatic liver stage (LS) followed by a blood stage with all clinical manifestation of the disease. In this study, we investigated a series of 2-alkynoic fatty acids (2-AFAs) with chain lengths between 14 and 18 carbon atoms for dual in vitro activity against both life stages. 2-Octadecynoic acid (2-ODA) was identified as the best inhibitor of Plasmodium berghei parasites with ten times higher potency (IC50=0.34 μg/ml) than the control drug. In target determination studies, the same compound inhibited three Plasmodium falciparum FAS-II (PfFAS-II) elongation enzymes PfFabI, PfFabZ, and PfFabG with the lowest IC50 values (0.28-0.80 μg/ml, respectively). Molecular modeling studies provided insights into the molecular aspects underlying the inhibitory activity of this series of 2-AFAs and a likely explanation for the considerably different inhibition potentials. Blood stages of P. falciparum followed a similar trend where 2-ODA emerged as the most active compound, with 20 times less potency. The general toxicity and hepatotoxicity of 2-AFAs were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo methods in mammalian cell lines and zebrafish models, respectively. This study identifies 2-ODA as the most promising antiparasitic 2-AFA, particularly towards P. berghei parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor M Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23346, San Juan 00931-3346, Puerto Rico.
| | - Angela Gono Bwalya
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of London, School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Maurice Ayamba Itoe
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Adriano D Andricopulo
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Computacional, Centro de Pesquisa e Inovação em Biodiversidade e Fármacos, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
| | - María Lorena Cordero-Maldonado
- Chemical Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria M Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Alexander D Crawford
- Chemical Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rafael V C Guido
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Computacional, Centro de Pesquisa e Inovação em Biodiversidade e Fármacos, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Deniz Tasdemir
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of London, School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK; School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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17
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Abkallo HM, Liu W, Hokama S, Ferreira PE, Nakazawa S, Maeno Y, Quang NT, Kobayashi N, Kaneko O, Huffman MA, Kawai S, Marchand RP, Carter R, Hahn BH, Culleton R. DNA from pre-erythrocytic stage malaria parasites is detectable by PCR in the faeces and blood of hosts. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:467-73. [PMID: 24704779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Following the bite of an infective mosquito, malaria parasites first invade the liver where they develop and replicate for a number of days before being released into the bloodstream where they invade red blood cells and cause disease. The biology of the liver stages of malaria parasites is relatively poorly understood due to the inaccessibility of the parasites to sampling during this phase of their life cycle. Here we report the detection in blood and faecal samples of malaria parasite DNA throughout their development in the livers of mice and before the parasites begin their growth in the blood circulation. It is shown that parasite DNA derived from pre-erythrocytic stage parasites reaches the faeces via the bile. We then show that different primate malaria species can be detected by PCR in blood and faecal samples from naturally infected captive macaque monkeys. These results demonstrate that pre-erythrocytic parasites can be detected and quantified in experimentally infected animals. Furthermore, these results have important implications for both molecular epidemiology and phylogenetics of malaria parasites. In the former case, individuals who are malaria parasite negative by microscopy, but PCR positive for parasite DNA in their blood, are considered to be "sub-microscopic" blood stage parasite carriers. We now propose that PCR positivity is not necessarily an indicator of the presence of blood stage parasites, as the DNA could derive from pre-erythrocytic parasites. Similarly, in the case of molecular phylogenetics based on DNA sequences alone, we argue that DNA amplified from blood or faeces does not necessarily come from a parasite species that infects the red blood cells of that particular host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein M Abkallo
- Malaria Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Agents, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarina Hokama
- Malaria Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Pedro E Ferreira
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Shusuke Nakazawa
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Maeno
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nguyen T Quang
- Khanh Phu Malaria Research Unit, Medical Committee Netherlands-Vietnam, Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam
| | - Nobuyuki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Agents, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Michael A Huffman
- Department of Ecology and Social Behaviour, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Satoru Kawai
- Laboratory of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ron P Marchand
- Khanh Phu Malaria Research Unit, Medical Committee Netherlands-Vietnam, Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam
| | - Richard Carter
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Center for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Richard Culleton
- Malaria Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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18
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Itani S, Torii M, Ishino T. D-Glucose concentration is the key factor facilitating liver stage maturation of Plasmodium. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:584-90. [PMID: 24691399 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The course of malaria infection in mammals begins with transmission of Plasmodium sporozoites into the skin by Anopheles mosquitoes, followed by migration of the sporozoites to the liver. As no symptoms present until hepatic merozoites are released and until they infect erythrocytes in the blood vessels, sporozoites and liver-stage (LS) parasites are promising targets for anti-malaria drugs aiming to prevent mosquito-to-mammal transmission. In vitro LS parasite development system is useful in the screening of candidate drugs on LS parasite development and the elucidation of its underlying molecular mechanisms, which remain unclear. Using rodent malaria parasites (Plasmodium berghei) as a model, this study aimed to develop an optimal in vitro LS culture system for the full maturation of the LS parasite into the hepatic merozoite, the next infective stage in parasite development. As the development of this system required measurement of maturation, a novel quantitative index of LS parasite maturation based on the expression pattern of liver-specific protein 2 (LISP2) was first developed. The use of this index for comparing the effect of incubation in different culture media on LS maturation revealed that the d-glucose concentration of the culture medium is the key factor promoting parasite development in hepatocytes and that a d-glucose concentration of 2000mg/L/day is the threshold concentration at which the maturation of P. berghei into infective hepatic merozoites is achieved. These findings can be utilized to optimize a human malaria LS culture system for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Itani
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Motomi Torii
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishino
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
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