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Kazemi M, Shahidi F, Javad Varidi M, Roshanak S. Encapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus in solid lipid microparticles via cryomilling. Food Chem 2022; 395:133564. [PMID: 35763922 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We herein delved into the microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) into solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) via the cryomilling technique. For this aim, a frozen lipid mixture containing LA was pulverized at different times (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 min) using a cryogenic mixer mill to produce probiotic-loaded SLMs. The impacts of different cryomilling durations on the SLMs properties (morphology, particle size, water activity, polymorphism, crystallinity, and thermal behavior) and the viability of LA were evaluated. Microencapsulation improved the viability of LA in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, heat stress, and different concentrations of salt and sucrose. SLMs also were suitable to be incorporated into foods. However, once the cryomilling time was prolonged, the viability of encapsulated LA declined, and particle size grew. The cryomilling technique showed great potential as an alternative approach for encapsulation due to the lack of solvent, short processing time, and simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Kazemi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fakhri Shahidi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Javad Varidi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Sahar Roshanak
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Etaware PM. The effects of the phytochemistry of cocoa on the food chemistry of chocolate(s) and how disease resistance in cocoa can be improved using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Food Chem (Oxf) 2021; 3:100043. [PMID: 35415660 PMCID: PMC8991945 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Consumers' rating of "chocolate brands" are majorly based on texture and taste rather than packaging. The texture/taste of a chocolate bar is largely influenced by the cocoa variety used for its production, whereas, its bioactive constituent is directly affected by the seed processing/chocolate manufacturing technique(s) adopted, and the additives used. Cacao is the key ingredient for chocolate production; therefore, the choicest varieties must be used to protect consumers' interest. Currently, the availability of the African variety is the only reason why it is globally sought-after for chocolate production rather than its taste. Therefore, a transfer of genetic materials from quality cocoa breeds into the high-yielding and resilient African variety or vice versa, would inferably increase the availability of quality cocoa beans all-year-round, and also increase the chances of obtaining sumptuous and palatable chocolates anywhere in the world.
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Key Words
- (-)-Catechin (PubChem CID: 73160)
- AFLP, Amplification Fragment Length Polymorphism
- Anthocyanin (PubChem CID: 11979368)
- BbsI, Biobricks Standard Idempotency (Restriction Endonuclease)
- CRISPR, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- CRISPR/Cas9 technology for gene editing
- CTAB, Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide
- Cacao beans
- Caffeine (PubChem CID: 2519)
- Cas9, CRISPR-associated protein 9
- Chocolate
- Disease resistance
- EcoRI, Restriction Endonuclease Enzyme isolated from E. coli
- Epicatechin (PubChem CID: 1203)
- Food chemistry
- Genetically modified hybrids
- HDL, High-Density Lipoprotein
- HindIII, Site-specific Deoxyribonuclease Enzyme from Haemophilus Influenzae
- IL-1 to IL-10, Interleukin 1 to 10
- LDL, Low-Density Lipoprotein
- ORAC, Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity
- Oleic acid (PubChem CID: 445639)
- PAM, Protospacer-Adjacent Motif
- PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Palmitic acid (PubChem CID: 9881577)
- Phytochemicals
- Proanthocyanidin (PubChem CID: 108065)
- RDA, Recommended Dietary Allowance
- RFLP, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- Stearic acid (PubChem CID: 5281)
- T generation, Transgenic generation
- T-DNA, Transfer Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- TNF-a, Tumor Necrosis Factor “a”
- Theobromine (PubChem CID: 5429)
- Theophylline (PubChem CID: 2153)
- cGMP, Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate
- crRNA, CRISPR RNA
- dCAPs, Derived Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences
- eNOS, Endothelium-derived Nitric Oxide Synthase
- psgR-Cas9-At, Phosphorylated Single Guide RNA-Cas9-At
- sgRNA, Single Guide Ribonucleic Acid
- tracrRNA, Trans-Activating CRISPR RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mudiaga Etaware
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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3
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Mi H, Su Q, Chen J, Yi S, Li X, Li J. Starch-fatty acid complexes improve the gel properties and enhance the fatty acid content of Nemipterus virgatus surimi under high-temperature treatment. Food Chem 2021; 362:130253. [PMID: 34116429 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of high amylose corn starch (HAS)-fatty acid complexes on the gel properties, protein secondary structure, microstructure, fatty acid content, and sensory properties of surimi under high-temperature treatment were investigated. The formation of HAS-fatty acid complexes increased melting temperature and decreased average particle size of HAS. The addition of HAS-fatty acid complexes significantly improved the breaking force, deformation and whiteness of surimi gels. The water in surimi gels containing HAS or HAS-fatty acid complexes became increasingly immobilized. HAS or HAS-fatty acid complexes promoted protein conformational transition from α-helix structure to other three secondary structure. Surimi gels added with HAS-fatty acid complexes had more compact network structure and higher fatty acid content. Moreover, the better sensory properties were obtained in surimi gels containing HAS-fatty acid complexes. Therefore, starch-fatty acid complexes not only could improve the gel properties of surimi, but also enhance its fatty acid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Mi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China
| | - Qing Su
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China
| | - Jingxin Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China.
| | - Shumin Yi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China
| | - Xuepeng Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China.
| | - Jianrong Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China
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Štrympl O, Vohlídal J, Hermannová M, Maldonado-Domínguez M, Brandejsová M, Kopecká K, Velebný V, Huerta-Ángeles G. Oleate-modified hyaluronan: Controlling the number and distribution of side chains by varying the reaction conditions. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 267:118197. [PMID: 34119164 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, low molecular weight hyaluronan was chemically modified by oleoyl moieties utilising mixed anhydrides methodology. The activation of oleic acid with benzoyl chloride in organic solvents miscible with water was followed by NMR spectroscopy. The product selectivity correlates with the solvent's Hildebrand solubility parameter. Furthermore, the effect of the solvent for the mixed anhydride formation was elucidated by density functional theory (DFT) and showed that the reactions are faster in acetonitrile or alcohols than in hexane. Furthermore, the solvent demonstrated to control the substituent distribution pattern along HA chain during esterification. An even distribution of substituents was observed in reactions performed in water mixed with ethers. The substituent distribution pattern clearly influenced the aggregation behaviour of amphiphilic HA, controlling the stability of the delivery system, while increasing the encapsulation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Štrympl
- Contipro a.s., Dolni Dobrouč 401, 561 02 Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic; Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vohlídal
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | | | - Mauricio Maldonado-Domínguez
- Department of Computational Chemistry, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | | | - Kateřina Kopecká
- Contipro a.s., Dolni Dobrouč 401, 561 02 Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Velebný
- Contipro a.s., Dolni Dobrouč 401, 561 02 Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
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Rodríguez G, Squeo G, Estivi L, Quezada Berru S, Buleje D, Caponio F, Brandolini A, Hidalgo A. Changes in stability, tocopherols, fatty acids and antioxidant capacity of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) oil during French fries deep-frying. Food Chem 2020; 340:127942. [PMID: 32890859 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) oil (SI) is appreciated for its nutritional and sensorial characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate SI changes during French fries deep-frying at 170 °C or 180 °C up to 119 and 50 min, respectively; commercial soybean oil (SO) was tested as control. SI had high α-linolenic acid (53.8%), linoleic acid (33.4%) and total tocopherols (2540.1 mg/kg). During frying tocopherol content, oil stability and antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH) decreased following zero-order kinetics; γ-tocopherol showed the strongest decrease. Notwithstanding the high SI unsaturation and the commercial antioxidant (TBHQ) in SO, SI showed slightly higher or similar hydrolysis (free fatty acids and diacylglycerols), similar primary (K232, oxidized-triacylglycerols) and lower secondary (K268, triacylglycerol oligopolymers) oxidation. Because of the high tocopherol content, SI showed lower degradation than SO. Thus, SI is suitable for short-term deep-frying; additionally, it may enhance the nutritional value and the flavour of fried foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giacomo Squeo
- University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Estivi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Dianeth Buleje
- Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Juan F. Ramos 380, Andahuaylas, Peru
| | - Francesco Caponio
- University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Brandolini
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Unità di Ricerca per la Zootecnia e l'Acquacoltura (CREA-ZA), via Forlani 3, 26866 S. Angelo Lodigiano, LO, Italy
| | - Alyssa Hidalgo
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan, Italy.
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El-Gendy MA, Mansour M, El-Assal MIA, Ishak RAH, Mortada ND. Delineating penetration enhancer-enriched liquid crystalline nanostructures as novel platforms for improved ophthalmic delivery. Int J Pharm 2020; 582:119313. [PMID: 32283196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline nanostructures (LCNs), for instance cubosomes, have been widely used as a promising carrier for drug delivery through the last few years. To date, the ophthalmic application of these platforms was not well explored, and the effect of integrating penetration enhancers (PEs) into LCNs has not been investigated yet. Hence, the present work aimed coupling novel PEs into glyceryl monooleate-based cubosomes for ocular administration. Various enhancers viz, free fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids), natural terpenes (D-limonene and cineole), medium-chain triglycerides (Captex® 1000 and Captex® 8000), mono-/di-glycerides (Capmul® MCM, Capmul® PG-8, and Capmul® PG-12) were tested at different amounts. The morphology of the formed LCNs was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The crystallinity and thermal behavior studies were also conducted. The ocular safety of optimized formulae was tested via hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM), rabbit eye Draize test, and histopathological examinations of ocular tissues. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was utilized to assess the enhanced permeation of fluorescently-labeled LCNs across corneal layers. The acceptable formulations exhibited relatively homogenous particle nano-sizes ranging from 139.26 ± 3.68 to 590.56 ± 24.86 nm carrying negative surface charges. TEM images, X-ray patterns and DSC thermograms demonstrated the influential effect of PEs in developing altered crystalline structures. The ocular compatibility of optimized LCNs was confirmed. The corneal distribution using CLSM proved the disseminated fluorescence intensity of LCNs enriched with oleic acid, Captex® 8000 and Capmul® MCM. Selected LCNs showed good physical stability upon storage and lyophilization. The results demonstrated the efficiency of tailored PE-modified LCNs in enhancing the ocular transport with no evidence of any irritation potential, and hence suggested their prospective applicability in ophthalmic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Gendy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Postal Code 11835 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mai Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Postal Code 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona I A El-Assal
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Postal Code 11835 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rania A H Ishak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Postal Code 11566 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nahed D Mortada
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Postal Code 11566 Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Shaker DS, Ishak RAH, Elhuoni MA, Ghoneim AM. Boosting transdermal delivery of atorvastatin calcium via o/w nanoemulsifying system: Two-step optimization, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119073. [PMID: 31982556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A nanoemulsion system was designed for Atorvastatin calcium (ATOR) transdermal delivery to overcome its poor bioavailability of (30%) resulting from the extensive first-pass effect and dissolution rate-limited in vivo absorption. Pseudo ternary phase diagrams were developed, and various NE formulae were prepared using oleic acid (OA), Tween 80 as surfactant and PEG 400 as cosurfactant, ethanol and limonene as permeation enhancers (PEs). NEs were characterized for morphology, droplet size, zeta potential and in vitro release. The optimized formulae were assessed for ex vivo transdermal permeation and in vivo pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic studies. Hypocholesterolemic effect after 7 days skin treatment was detected and compared to oral ATOR dispersion. Finally, blood plasma levels were measured for 24 h for rats received the selected transdermal NE and transdermal drug in OA. The obtained results suggested the low potentiality of NE systems in transdermal delivery of lipophilic drugs, only the addition of PEs is driving factor for increasing drug flux through full thickness rat skin. In the optimized formula, the presence of ethanol and PEG 400 disrupts SC lipids exhibiting rapid ex vivo release profile compared to other NEs and to ATOR in OA. In contrast, the optimized NE achieved a prolonged plasma profile. Transdermal NE was significantly more efficient than oral administration in lowering cholesterol plasma level and in increasing ATOR bioavailability. In conclusion, data revealed no correlation between ex vivo and in vivo studies explained by the collapse of the follicles in ex vivo skin permeation study, leaving only the lipoidal pathway for NE to pass through, thus only NE components, neither nanosizing nor other reported mechanisms, are the main influencing factors. In vivo experiments suggested that o/w NE changed ATOR pathway to follicular delivery leading to accumulation of NE in follicles and consequently a prolonged plasma profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia S Shaker
- Department of Pharmaceutics &Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt (FUE), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rania A H Ishak
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Muaeid A Elhuoni
- Quality Control Department, Elnajah Medical Services, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Amira M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmaceutics &Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt (FUE), Cairo, Egypt.
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Abedi F, Hayes AW, Reiter R, Karimi G. Acute lung injury: The therapeutic role of Rho kinase inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104736. [PMID: 32135249 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a pulmonary illness with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Rho GTPase and its downstream effector, Rho kinase (ROCK), have been demonstrated to be involved in cell adhesion, motility, and contraction which can play a role in ALI. The electronic databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched to obtain relevant studies regarding the role of the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway in the pathophysiology of ALI and the effects of specific Rho kinase inhibitors in prevention and treatment of ALI. Upregulation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway causes an increase of inflammation, immune cell migration, apoptosis, coagulation, contraction, and cell adhesion in pulmonary endothelial cells. These effects are involved in endothelium barrier dysfunction and edema, hallmarks of ALI. These effects were significantly reversed by Rho kinase inhibitors. Rho kinase inhibition offers a promising approach in ALI [ARDS] treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Abedi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Russel Reiter
- University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, USA
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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9
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Aithammou R, Harrouni C, Aboudlou L, Hallouti A, Mlouk M, Elasbahani A, Daoud S. Effect of clones, year of harvest and geographical origin of fruits on quality and chemical composition of Argan oil. Food Chem 2019; 297:124749. [PMID: 31253289 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Argan oil is precious oil with food and cosmetic uses. In recent years, this oil has been subject to an increasing national and international demand. The present work aims at studying the effect of clones and age, year of harvest and geographical origin on Argan oil quality and chemical composition. The results indicate that age does not affect Argan oil quality and fatty acids content. However, clones had a significant effect on fatty acids and tocopherol levels. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were highly influenced by the year of harvest and geographical origin, presumably due to climatic conditions. Unsaturated fatty acids varied from 78.28% to 81.77%. Depending on clones, total tocopherols varied from 687.40 mg/kg to 1068 mg/kg. This study is useful for the choice of clones with the aim of developing Argan trees orchards destined to oil production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Aithammou
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco; Direction des Domaines Agricoles (Les Arômes du Maroc), Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Cherif Harrouni
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Environment, I.A.V. Hassan II, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Leila Aboudlou
- Etablissement Autonome de Contrôle et de Coordination des Exportations, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Ayoub Hallouti
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Mlouk
- Direction des Domaines Agricoles (Les Arômes du Maroc), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdelhafed Elasbahani
- Laboratory Lacape- Bio-organic Chemistry and Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Salma Daoud
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
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Oueslati I, Manaï H, Madrigal-Martínez M, Martínez-Cañas MA, Sánchez-Casas J, Zarrouk M, Flamini G. Volatile molecular markers of VOO Thermo-oxidation: Effect of heating processes, macronutrients composition, and olive ripeness on the new emitted aldehydic compounds. Food Res Int 2018; 106:654-665. [PMID: 29579972 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heating operation has been applied to Chétoui extra-virgin olive oils (EVOOs) extracted from fruits with several ripening stages (RS). The studied samples, were subjected to microwave and conventional heating. Results showed that heated VOOs after 2.5 h and 7 min of conventional and microwave heating, respectively, gave rise to a drastically decrease of LOX products and allowed the detection of toxic new formed aldehydic volatiles (alkanal: nonanal, alkenals: (Z)-2-heptenal and (E)-2-decenal, and alkadienals: (E.E)-2.4-decadienal), which can be used as markers of VOO degradation. Their abundance in the VOO headspaces depends on their boiling points, the rate of their possible degradation to yield other compounds, on the heating processes and on the rate of macronutrients. The emission rate of the new synthesized volatiles during heating processes was mainly attributed to enzymatic oxidation of some fatty acids. Hexanal, (Z)-2-heptenal, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,E) and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal, and (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, derived from linoleic acid, and heptanol, octanal, nonanal, decanal, (E) and (Z)-2-decenal, (E)-2-undecenal, and (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, are emitted after degradation of oleic acid. During thermo-oxidation, the ECN44 (LLO, and OLnO), and the ECN46 (OLO, and PLO + SLL) compounds decreased, whereas, the ECN48 (OOO, and PPO), and the ECN50 (SOO) compounds increased when temperature and heating time increased. The several variations of the studied biochemical compounds depend to the heating processes. Ripening stage of olive fruits can be used as a tool to monitor the emission rate of the aldehydic volatiles, but cannot be used for a chemometric discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Oueslati
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Olivier, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria, B.P. 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
| | - Hédia Manaï
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Olivier, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria, B.P. 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Mónica Madrigal-Martínez
- CICYTEX- Technological Agri-Food Institute (INTAEX), Government of Extremadura. Avenida Adolfo Suaret s/n, E-06007 Badajoz. Spain
| | - Manuel A Martínez-Cañas
- CICYTEX- Technological Agri-Food Institute (INTAEX), Government of Extremadura. Avenida Adolfo Suaret s/n, E-06007 Badajoz. Spain
| | - Jacinto Sánchez-Casas
- CICYTEX- Technological Agri-Food Institute (INTAEX), Government of Extremadura. Avenida Adolfo Suaret s/n, E-06007 Badajoz. Spain
| | - Mokhtar Zarrouk
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Olivier, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria, B.P. 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Guido Flamini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Xia Q, Li Y. Mild high hydrostatic pressure pretreatments applied before soaking process to modulate wholegrain brown rice germination: An examination on embryo growth and physicochemical properties. Food Res Int 2018; 106:817-824. [PMID: 29579992 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This investigation aimed to examine the effects of a novel processing pattern, combining high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) with germination, on the embryo growth and physicochemical characteristics of wholegrain brown rice (WBR). WBR grains were firstly subjected to mild HHP stress (30-90 MPa/5 min) and then incubated at 37 °C for 52 h for obtaining germinated samples (GBR). The results showed that HHP shock resulted in a delayed embryo growth of WBR grains, maintaining acceptable sprouting rates ranging from 65% to 76% when germination was finished. The contents of gama-aminobutyric acid in GBR were greatly increased responding to HHP stress, showing pressure intensities dependent. Total digestible and resistant starch contents in samples stressed at 60/90 MPa were decreased, mainly associated with high pressure-induced amorphization as revealed by SEM imaging and FTIR, which promoted starch hydrolysis during germination. Besides, the levels of zinc and iron were influenced by HHP pretreatments due to the high pressure-mediated degradation behavior for phytic acids. The storability of HHP-stressed GBR grains was significantly enhanced through reducing free fatty acids formation and maintaining color stability during a storage testing. These results obtained from the current work demonstrated that mild HHP stress pretreatment prior to germination process could be used as a promising strategy to modulate certain physicochemical characteristics of WBR products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Saha MR, Dey P, Sarkar I, De Sarker D, Haldar B, Chaudhuri TK, Sen A. Acacia nilotica leaf improves insulin resistance and hyperglycemia associated acute hepatic injury and nephrotoxicity by improving systemic antioxidant status in diabetic mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 210:275-286. [PMID: 28859934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile is used as a traditional anti-diabetic remedy in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Egypt, Nigeria and is mentioned in Ayurveda as well. AIM The objective of the study was to evaluate the ethnomedicinal claim of A. nilotica leaf (ANL) extract for its efficiency in ameliorating diabetic complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS ANL was orally administrated (50 and 200mg/kg) to alloxanized mice (blood glucose > 200mg/dL) for 20d. Parameters of glucose metabolism, hepatotoxicity, hyperlipidemia and nephrotoxicity were measured with emphasis on elevated oxidative stress. ANL was chemically characterized using GC-MS. Further, docking studies were employed to predict molecular interactions. RESULTS ANL lowered (65%, P< 0.001) systemic glucose load in diabetic mice, which was otherwise 398% higher than control. ANL lowered (35%) insulin resistance, without any significant effect on insulin sensitivity (P> 0.05). Anti-hyperglycemic properties of ANL was further supported by lowering of HbA1c (34%; P< 0.001) and improved glucose utilization (OGTT). Overall diabetic complications were mitigated as reflected by lowered hepatic (ALT, AST) and renal (creatinine, BUN) injury markers and normalization of dyslipidemia. Elevated systemic oxidative stress was lowered by increased catalase and peroxidase activities in liver, kidney and skeletal muscle, resulting in 32% decrease of serum MDA levels. Apart from high phenolic and flavonoid content, tocopherol, catechol and β-sitosterol, identified in ANL, demonstrated substantial binding affinity with Nrf2 protein (5FNQ) reflecting possible crosstalk with intracellular antioxidant defense pathways. CONCLUSION The present study revealed the potentials of A. nilotica to alleviate diabetes-related systemic complications by limiting oxidative stress which justified the ethnopharmacological antidiabetic claim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Ranjan Saha
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India.
| | - Priyankar Dey
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India; Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Indrani Sarkar
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India.
| | - Dilip De Sarker
- Department of Botany, Raiganj University, Raiganj 733134, West Bengal, India.
| | - Biswajit Haldar
- Department of Pathology, North Bengal Medical College, Sushrutnagar, Siliguri 734012, West Bengal, India.
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India.
| | - Arnab Sen
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India.
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De Santiago E, Domínguez-Fernández M, Cid C, De Peña MP. Impact of cooking process on nutritional composition and antioxidants of cactus cladodes (Opuntia ficus-indica). Food Chem 2018; 240:1055-62. [PMID: 28946223 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The impact of cooking methods (boiling, microwaving, griddling and frying in olive and soybean oils) on nutritional composition (protein, minerals, fat, carbohydrates, fibre, fatty acid profile and energy), antioxidant capacity and (poly)phenolic compounds of cactus cladodes (Opuntia ficus-indica) was evaluated. Culinary processes, except boiling, increased soluble and insoluble fibre up to 5.0g/100g becoming a good fibre source. Cactus cladodes fried in olive oil showed a healthier fatty acid profile and lower ω-6/ω-3 ratio than in soybean oil. Flavonoids accounted for 80% of total (poly)phenolic compounds, being isorhamnetin the most abundant. Heat treatment, particularly griddling and microwaving, increased every flavonoid and phenolic acid up to 3.2-fold higher than in raw samples, and consequently their antioxidant capacity. Even boiling induced losses in total (poly)phenols and antioxidant capacity by leaching into water, the main compounds were maintained. Principal Component Analysis distributed heat treated cactus cladodes according to their distinctive polyphenols and antioxidant capacity.
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14
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Ghareghani M, Zibara K, Azari H, Hejr H, Sadri F, Jannesar R, Ghalamfarsa G, Delaviz H, Nouri E, Ghanbari A. Safflower Seed Oil, Containing Oleic Acid and Palmitic Acid, Enhances the Stemness of Cultured Embryonic Neural Stem Cells through Notch1 and Induces Neuronal Differentiation. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:446. [PMID: 28824367 PMCID: PMC5540893 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic neural stem cells (eNSCs) could differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. This study was aimed to determine the effect of safflower seed oil, which contains linoleic acid (LA), oleic acid (OA), and palmitic acid (PA), on cultured eNSC proliferation and differentiation, in comparison to linoleic acid alone. Results showed that safflower seed oil, but not LA, increased significantly the viability and proliferation of eNSCs. Moreover, treatment of NSCs by safflower seed oil, but not LA, resulted in a significant increase in mRNA levels of notch1, hes1, and Ki-67, and protein levels of notch intracellular domain (NICD), in comparison to controls, indicating an enhancement of stemness. Finally, safflower seed oil, but not LA, caused an increase in the number of oligodendrocytes (MBP+), astrocytes (GFAP+) and neurons (β-III tubulin+) of which only the increase in β-III tubulin positive cells was statistically significant. In summary, OA and PA, present in safflower seed oil may prove beneficial for the enhancement of eNSCs and their neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghareghani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical SciencesYasuj, Iran
| | - Kazem Zibara
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, DSST, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese UniversityBeirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Azari
- Neural Stem Cell and Regenerative Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Shiraz School of Medicine & Shiraz Stem Cell Institute, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesShiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Hejr
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical SciencesYasuj, Iran
| | - Farzad Sadri
- Department of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU)Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Jannesar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical SciencesYasuj, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical SciencesYasuj, Iran
| | - Hamdallah Delaviz
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical SciencesYasuj, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Nouri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical SciencesYasuj, Iran
| | - Amir Ghanbari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical SciencesYasuj, Iran
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15
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Boniface PK, Baptista Ferreira S, Roland Kaiser C. Current state of knowledge on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the genus Hymenaea. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 206:193-223. [PMID: 28536059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plants of the genus Hymenaea (Fabaceae) are used in South American and Asian traditional medicines to treat a multitude of disorders, like cough, diarrhea, dysentery, intestinal colic, pulmonary weakness, asthma, anemia, sore throat, and for the treatment of kidney problems, viral related disorders, chronic cystitis, bronchitis, and bladder infections. Some Hymenaea species are also used as vermifuge, and for the treatment of arthritis, and inflammation conditions. This review deals with updated information on the traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of ethnomedicinally important Hymenaea species in order to provide an input for the future research prospects. METHODS Literature available in various recognized databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Scopus, Springer, Wiley, ACS, Scielo and Web of Science, as well as from theses, dissertations, books, reports, and other relevant websites (www.theplantlist.org), are surveyed, analysed, and included in this review. Herein, the literature related to chemical constituents and pharmacological activities were searched in November 2016. RESULTS The literature provided information on ethnopharmacological uses of the South American and African species of the genus Hymenaea (e.g., H. courbaril, H. stigonocarpa, H. onblogifolia, H. martiana, H. parvifolia (South America) and H. verrucosa (African species)) for the treatment of multi-factorial diseases. From these plant species, more than 130 compounds, including fatty acids, flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids, phthalides, phenolic acids, procyanidins and coumarins were identified. Experimental evidences confirmed that the Hymenaea spp. could be used in treating inflammatory disorders, asthma, diarrhea, and some microbial infections. However, reports on the toxicity of Hymenaea species remain scarce. CONCLUSION Plants of this genus have offered bioactive samples, both from crude extracts and pure compounds, thus substantiating their effectiveness in traditional medicine. However, intensive investigations of all the species of Hymenaea spp. relating to phytochemical and pharmacological properties, especially their mechanism of action, safety and efficacy could be the future introspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pone Kamdem Boniface
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) 21949-900, Brazil.
| | - Sabrina Baptista Ferreira
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) 21949-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roland Kaiser
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) 21949-900, Brazil
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16
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Raczyk M, Kmiecik D, Schieberle P, Przybylski R, Jeleń H, Rudzińska M. Model studies on the formation of volatile compounds generated by a thermal treatment of steryl esters with different fatty acid moieties. Food Res Int 2017; 97:87-94. [PMID: 28578069 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of plant sterols is reported to have a beneficial effects on human health, i.e. phytosterols are known for their cholesterol-lowering properties. Whereas, they are prone to oxidation and currently there is ongoing worldwide research aimed at the biological effect of phytosterol oxides. In this study volatile compounds formed during thermal degradation of stigmasteryl esters were identified. The research was conducted using standards of stigmasterol, fatty acids and stigmasteryl esters as well as fat enriched with stigmasteryl esters which were thermally treated at 60°C and 180°C for 12h. Volatile compounds were characterised by SPME-GC-MS. Among the volatiles formed during heating of stigmasteryl esters aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and hydrocarbons were found. The mechanism of the formation of volatile compounds from sterol esters was related to oxidation of steryl and fatty acid moieties. In particular, 2-methyl-3-pentanone and 5-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hepten-2-one were identified as unique degradation products formed from degradation of the steryl moiety specifically, and a mechanism of their formation was suggested. Both volatiles could be a good indicator of thermo-oxidative degradation of functional food products enriched in phytosterols and their esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Raczyk
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dominik Kmiecik
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Poznań, Poland
| | - Peter Schieberle
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Lebensmittelchemie, Freising, Germany
| | - Roman Przybylski
- University of Lethbridge, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Henryk Jeleń
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rudzińska
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Poznań, Poland.
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17
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Ghate VM, Lewis SA, Prabhu P, Dubey A, Patel N. Nanostructured lipid carriers for the topical delivery of tretinoin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 108:253-261. [PMID: 27519827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cosmetic skin care products currently in the market demonstrate an increasing trend toward antiaging products. Selection of the right formulation approach is the key to successful consumer acceptance. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for dermal application can render added benefits to the formulation. Tretinoin a derivative of vitamin A, is a retinoid with anti-aging and anti-acne potential. The present study was aimed at formulating NLCs of tretinoin for reducing the skin irritation potential, increasing the drug loading capacity and prolonging the duration of action. The NLCs were optimized using the response surface methodology based on the particle size. Preliminary study, suggested the use of stearic acid, oleic acid, Tween 80 and Span 60 as solid lipid, liquid lipid and surfactants respectively formed a stable dispersion. NLCs of tretinoin were prepared by hot melt microemulsion and hot melt probe sonication methods. The properties of the optimized NLCs such as morphology, size, Zeta potential, stability and in vitro drug release were investigated. Tretinoin loaded NLCs in carbopol gel showed a sustained release pattern with isopropyl alcohol as the receptor fluid compared to the marketed gel using Franz diffusion cells. Eight prepared gel formulations tested were found to follow the Higuchi model of drug release. Stability studies indicated that the formulations stored at refrigeration and room temperature showed no noticeable differences in the drug content and release profiles in vitro, after a period of 4 weeks. In vivo skin irritation test on male Wister rats indicated no irritation or erythema after application of the NLCs loaded gel repeated for a period of 7 days compared to the application of marketed tretinoin gel which showed irritation and slight erythema within 3 days. The results showed that the irritation potential of tretinoin was reduced, the drug loading was increased and the drug release was prolonged by the incorporation into the NLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek M Ghate
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Shaila A Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabhakara Prabhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shree Devi College of Pharmacy, Kenjar, Mangalore 570142, Karnataka, India
| | - Akhilesh Dubey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shree Devi College of Pharmacy, Kenjar, Mangalore 570142, Karnataka, India
| | - Nilkumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shree Devi College of Pharmacy, Kenjar, Mangalore 570142, Karnataka, India
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18
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de Oliveira FFB, de Araújo JCB, Pereira AF, Brito GAC, Gondim DV, Ribeiro RDA, de Menezes IRA, Vale ML. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Caryocar coriaceum Wittm fruit pulp fixed ethyl acetate extract on zymosan-induced arthritis in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 174:452-463. [PMID: 26341615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ethyl acetate extract from the fruit pulp of Caryocar coriaceum Wittm (Caryocaraceae), popularly known as pequi, has wide applications in popular medicine. Preclinical tests have demonstrated the therapeutic properties of the oil. We investigated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Pequi C. coriaceum Wittm ethyl acetate extract (PCCO) on zymosan-induced arthritis in rat knee joint. The animals were pretreated with PCCO for 7 consecutive days or with a single dose. Paw elevation time (PET), leukocyte infiltration, myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) and cytokine levels were assessed 4h after zymosan injection. Synovial tissue was harvested for immunohistochemical analysis, edema and vascular permeability. We observed a significant decrease in PET with PCCO pretreatment. PCCO showed a significant reduction of leukocyte migration and a decrease in MPO. Decreases were observed in cytokine release in the synovial fluid and TNF-α and cyclooxygenase-1 immunostaining in synovial tissue. Edema was inhibited by treatment with all doses of PCCO. The data suggest that PCCO exerts antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects on arthritis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fábio Bezerra de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Câncer, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Joana Cláudia Bezerra de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Câncer, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Anamaria Falcão Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Câncer, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Gerly Anne Castro Brito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Câncer, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Morfofuncionais, Departamento de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Delane Viana Gondim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Morfofuncionais, Departamento de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo de Albuquerque Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Câncer, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioprospecção Molecular, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Química Molecular, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lima Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Câncer, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Morfofuncionais, Departamento de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Dichlberger A, Schlager S, Kovanen PT, Schneider WJ. Lipid droplets in activated mast cells - a significant source of triglyceride-derived arachidonic acid for eicosanoid production. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 785:59-69. [PMID: 26164793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are potent effectors of immune reactions and key players in various inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. The cellular defense response of mast cells represents a unique and powerful system, where external signals can trigger cell activation resulting in a stimulus-specific and highly coordinated release of a plethora of bioactive mediators. The arsenal of mediators encompasses preformed molecules stored in cytoplasmic secretory granules, as well as newly synthesized proteinaceous and lipid mediators. The release of mediators occurs in strict chronological order and requires proper coordination between the endomembrane system and various enzymatic machineries. For the generation of lipid mediators, cytoplasmic lipid droplets have been shown to function as a major intracellular pool of arachidonic acid, the precursor for eicosanoid biosynthesis. Recent studies have revealed that not only phospholipids in mast cell membranes, but also triglycerides in mast cell lipid droplets are a substrate source for eicosanoid formation. The present review summarizes current knowledge about mast cell lipid droplet biology, and discusses expansions and challenges of traditional mechanistic models for eicosanoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dichlberger
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefanie Schlager
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang J Schneider
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Medical University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. Bohrgasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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20
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Xiong Y, Wu X, Rao L. Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (Sanyeqing) root tuber extracts induces apoptosis in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 165:46-53. [PMID: 25701754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (Sanyeqing) is traditionally used as a folk medicine for the treatment of cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible mechanisms by which petroleum ether fraction (PEF) of Sanyeqing has anti-tumor activity on HeLa cells. METHODS The chemical components of PEF were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The cytotoxicity of PEF on HeLa cells was measured by MTT assay. Apoptosis was evaluated by phosphatidylserine translocation, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) changes and the activation of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9. The levels in T-SOD, CAT, GSH-PX and MDA were measured. RESULTS PEF of Sanyeqing inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis of HeLa cells in dose- and time-dependent manner. PEF triggered intrinsic apoptotic pathway indicated by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. In addition, PEF activated extrinsic apoptotic pathway indicated by the activation of caspase-8. Furthermore, PEF decreased T-SOD, CAT, GSH-PX activities and increased MDA level. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of fatty acids and phytosterol in PEF. CONCLUSIONS PEF of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et. Gilg (Sanyeqing) exhibits cytotoxic effects, triggers both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, and augments oxidative stress in cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. Sanyeqing has strong potential to be developed as an agent for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiong
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 411107, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Xuewen Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Liqun Rao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 411107, China.
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21
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Sánchez-Machado DI, López-Cervantes J, Núñez-Gastélum JA, Servín de la Mora-López G, López-Hernández J, Paseiro-Losada P. Effect of the refining process on Moringa oleifera seed oil quality. Food Chem 2015; 187:53-7. [PMID: 25976997 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of the oil extracted from the seeds of Moringa oleifera during its refining process. Refining is accomplished in three stages: neutralization, degumming, and bleaching. Four samples were analyzed, corresponding to each step of the processed and crude oil. Increases in the density, viscosity, saponification value and oxidation of the oil were detected during the refining, while the peroxide value and carotenoid content diminished. Moreover, the refractive index and iodine content were stable throughout the refining. Nine fatty acids were detected in all four samples, and there were no significant differences in their composition. Oleic acid was found in the largest amount, followed by palmitic acid and behenic acid. The crude, neutralized, and degummed oils showed high primary oxidation stability, while the bleached oil had a low incidence of secondary oxidation.
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Dey P, Saha MR, Chowdhuri SR, Sen A, Sarkar MP, Haldar B, Chaudhuri TK. Assessment of anti-diabetic activity of an ethnopharmacological plant Nerium oleander through alloxan induced diabetes in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 161:128-137. [PMID: 25498854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nerium oleander L. (syn. Nerium indicum Mill. and Nerium odorum Aiton.) is used for its anti-diabetic properties in Pakistan, Algeria, Morocco and is also recognized in Ayurveda. The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-diabetic capacity of a standardized hydromethanolic extract of Nerium oleander in alloxan induced diabetes in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nerium oleander leaf extract (NOLE) was orally administered at 50 and 200mg/kg body weight (BW) dose to alloxanized mice (blood glucose >200mg/dl). After 20 consecutive days of treatment, various diabetic parameters were studied and compared with untreated mice. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was employed to reveal the phytochemical composition of the plant extract. RESULTS NOLE demonstrated antihyperglycaemic activity by reducing 73.79% blood glucose level after 20 days of treatment. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) revealed increase in glucose tolerance as evident by 65.72% decrease in blood glucose in 3h post treatment. Percentage decrease in different liver marker enzymes were significant along with decrease in triglyceride and cholesterol levels, displaying potent antihyperlipidemic activity. Peroxidase and catalase activity in liver, kidney and skeletal muscle were significantly restored besides marked reduction in lipid peroxidation and normalization of hepatic glycogen level in the NOLE treated alloxanized mice. Different bioactive phytocompounds with potent anti-diabetic activity were identified by GC-MS and HPLC analysis. CONCLUSION The present investigation revealed that Nerium oleander possess potent anti-diabetic activity as claimed in different ethnopharmacological practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri-734013, West Bengal, India.
| | - Manas Ranjan Saha
- Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri-734013, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sumedha Roy Chowdhuri
- Chemical Signal and Lipidomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India.
| | - Arnab Sen
- Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri-734013, West Bengal, India.
| | - Mousumi Poddar Sarkar
- Chemical Signal and Lipidomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India.
| | - Biswajit Haldar
- Department of Pathology, North Bengal Medical College, West Bengal, India.
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri-734013, West Bengal, India.
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Chen C, Hu H, Qiao M, Zhao X, Wang Y, Chen K, Guo X, Chen D. Tumor-targeting and pH-sensitive lipoprotein-mimic nanocarrier for targeted intracellular delivery of paclitaxel. Int J Pharm 2015; 480:116-27. [PMID: 25615984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we constructed a tumor-targeting and pH-sensitive lipoprotein-mimic nanocarrier containing paclitaxel (FA-BSA-LC/DOPE-PTX), by adding 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) and oleic acid as pH-sensitive components into the formulation of lipid core and then coating with folic acid modified bovine serum albumin (FA-BSA) for tumor targeting activity. In vitro drug release study demonstrated that paclitaxel (PTX) was released from FA-BSA-LC/DOPE in a pH-dependent manner. The vitro cytotoxicity assays showed that all the blank nanocarriers were nontoxic. However, MTT assay showed that FA-BSA-LC/DOPE-PTX was highly cytotoxic. Cellular uptake experiments analyzed with flow cytometry and laser scan confocal microscope (LSCM) revealed that FA-BSA-LC/DOPE was taken up in great amount via folate receptor-mediated endocytosis and pH-sensitive release of drug to cytoplasm. Furthermore, the study of intracellular drug release behavior demonstrated that the FA-BSA-LC/DOPE escaped from lysosomes and released drug into cytoplasm. The in vivo targeting activity showed that the nanocarrier selectively targeted tumor and had long residence time for BSA layer increased the stability in blood. Moreover, FA-BSA-LC/DOPE-PTX produced very marked anti-tumor activity in tumor-bearing mice in vivo. Therefore, FA-BSA-LC/DOPE as biocompatible, tumor-targeting and pH-sensitive lipoprotein-mimic nanocarrier is a promising system for effective intracellular delivery of PTX to tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghui Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingxi Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yinjie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Pharmacy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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24
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Li SS, Yuan RY, Chen LG, Wang LS, Hao XH, Wang LJ, Zheng XC, Du H. Systematic qualitative and quantitative assessment of fatty acids in the seeds of 60 tree peony (Paeonia section Moutan DC.) cultivars by GC-MS. Food Chem 2015; 173:133-40. [PMID: 25466004 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Seeds from Paeonia ostii and Paeoniarockii have been recently identified as novel resources of α-linolenic acid (ALA) in China. To assess whether tree peony cultivars can be used as oil resource, fatty acids (FAs) in 60 cultivars were monitored and evaluated in this study. The results indicated that the composition and content of FAs varied dramatically among different cultivars, in which ALA, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid were the dominant. The 60 cultivars were classified into six clusters by hierarchical cluster analysis, and they were quite distinct from each other. Finally, six cultivars with high yield and high quality were screened out, comprising of 'Liuliguanzhu', 'Hongguanyupei', 'LSS-2', 'LSS-1', 'Jingshenhuanfa' and 'LSS-11'. These cultivars were appropriately applied in practical oil production. Overall, tree peony oil with abundant unsaturated fatty acids especially ALA was proved to be a top-grade source for edible oil and nutritional supplements.
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Jeong M, Cho J, Shin JI, Jeon YJ, Kim JH, Lee SJ, Kim ES, Lee K. Hempseed oil induces reactive oxygen species- and C/EBP homologous protein-mediated apoptosis in MH7A human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synovial cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 154:745-752. [PMID: 24814038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The medicinal efficacy of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.), which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, in atopic dermatitis, inflammation, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been suggested for centuries. Hempseed has been used as a treatment for these diseases in Korean and Chinese folk medicine. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of hempseed oil (HO) on MH7A human RA fibroblast-like synovial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS MH7A cells were used to study the anti-rheumatoid effects of hempseed (Cannabis sativa L., cv. Cheungsam/Cannabaceae) oil by investigating cell viability, apoptosis, lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. RESULTS HO treatment reduced the survival rate of MH7A cells and promoted apoptotic cell death in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Both lipid accumulation and the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased in HO-treated MH7A cells. Co-treatment with the antioxidant Tiron effectively abrogated the cytotoxic effects of HO; the ROS level was reduced, cell viability was recovered, and apoptotic cell death was significantly diminished. Moreover, HO-treated cells exhibited increased expression of the major ER stress markers, glucose-regulated protein 78 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). The siRNA-mediated knockdown of CHOP prevented HO-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that HO treatment induced lipid accumulation, ROS production, CHOP expression, and apoptosis in MH7A cells, and that CHOP functions as an anti-rheumatoid factor downstream of HO in MH7A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mini Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewook Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Joon Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Joon Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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