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Conan A, Cook EAJ, Hötzel MJ, Martínez-López B. Editorial: Health and production issues in smallholder pig farming. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1320982. [PMID: 38192723 PMCID: PMC10773858 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1320982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Conan
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Elizabeth A. J. Cook
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maria José Hötzel
- Laboratório de Etologia Aplicada e Bem-Estar Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modelling and Surveillance (CADMS), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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2
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Juvančič L, Berne S, Oven P, Osojnik Črnivec IG. Strategic concept paper for Bioeconomy in Slovenia: from a patchwork of good practices to an integrated, sustainable and robust bioeconomy system. Open Res Eur 2023; 3:167. [PMID: 37997593 PMCID: PMC10665601 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.16181.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
While Slovenia has significant bioeconomy potential, it remains underutilized, facing challenges in primary bioeconomy sectors, their integration along value chains, uptake of industrial innovation, and institutional coordination. This paper aims to support the unlocking of Slovenia's bioeconomy potential, and foster sustainable and integrated development of its value chains. It provides the evidence base of the composition, volumes and current utilization of the available biomass streams from agriculture, forestry and aquatic systems. It discusses the potential uses of these resources and highlights the need for improved logistics and scalability. Additionally, the structure and performance of bioeconomy-related industries in Slovenia are examined, emphasizing the importance of firm consolidation and integration for successful bioeconomy development. It emphasizes the importance of sector-specific transformation pathways, from primary production to expanding hybrid sectors. The exchange between policymakers and stakeholders is encouraged to recognize synergies, accelerate cooperation, and improve economic performance while closing material and energy loops. The document also reviews the supporting environment for bioeconomy development and proposes steps for improved coordination and strategic planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Juvančič
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Berne
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Primož Oven
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
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Rotter A, Giannakourou A, Argente García JE, Quero GM, Auregan C, Triantaphyllidis G, Venetsanopoulou A, De Carolis R, Efstratiou C, Aboal M, Abad MÁE, Grigalionyte-Bembič E, Kotzamanis Y, Kovač M, Ljubić Čmelar M, Luna GM, Aguilera C, Acién Fernández FG, Gómez Pinchetti JL, Manzo S, Milašinčić I, Nadarmija A, Parrella L, Pinat M, Roussos E, Ruel C, Salvatori E, Sánchez Vázquez FJ, Semitiel García M, Skarmeta Gómez AF, Ulčar J, Chiavetta C. Identification of Marine Biotechnology Value Chains with High Potential in the Northern Mediterranean Region. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:416. [PMID: 37504947 PMCID: PMC10381324 DOI: 10.3390/md21070416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine (blue) biotechnology is an emerging field enabling the valorization of new products and processes with massive potential for innovation and economic growth. In the Mediterranean region, this innovation potential is not exploited as well as in other European regions due to a lack of a clear identification of the different value chains and the high fragmentation of business innovation initiatives. As a result, several opportunities to create an innovative society are being missed. To address this problem, eight Northern Mediterranean countries (Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain) established five national blue biotechnology hubs to identify and address the bottlenecks that prevent the development of marine biotechnology in the region. Following a three-step approach (1. Analysis: setting the scene; 2. Transfer: identification of promising value chains; 3. Capitalization: community creation), we identified the three value chains that are most promising for the Northern Mediterranean region: algae production for added-value compounds, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) and valorization aquaculture/fisheries/processing by-products, unavoidable/unwanted catches and discards. The potential for the development and the technical and non-technical skills that are necessary to advance in this exciting field were identified through several stakeholder events which provided valuable insight and feedback that should be addressed for marine biotechnology in the Northern Mediterranean region to reach its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rotter
- Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Antonia Giannakourou
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athens-Sounio Avenue, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Jesús E Argente García
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Murcia, Avda. Teniente Flomesta, 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - Grazia Marina Quero
- CNR IRBIM, National Research Council-Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125 Ancona, Italy
| | - Charlène Auregan
- Pôle Mer Méditerranée, Toulon Var Technologies, 93 Forum de la Méditerranée, 83190 Ollioules, France
| | - George Triantaphyllidis
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition and Omics Technologies, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Iera Odos 86, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Amalia Venetsanopoulou
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athens-Sounio Avenue, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Roberta De Carolis
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Via Anguillarese, 301, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Chrysa Efstratiou
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athens-Sounio Avenue, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Marina Aboal
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Avda. Teniente Flomesta, 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban Abad
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Avda. Teniente Flomesta, 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Yannis Kotzamanis
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition and Omics Technologies, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Iera Odos 86, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Mate Kovač
- Croatian Agency for SMEs, Innovations and Investments-HAMAG-BICRO, Ksaver 208, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Ljubić Čmelar
- Croatian Agency for SMEs, Innovations and Investments-HAMAG-BICRO, Ksaver 208, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gian Marco Luna
- CNR IRBIM, National Research Council-Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125 Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristóbal Aguilera
- Institute of Agri Food Research and Technology, Crta. Poble Nou 5.5 km, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain
| | | | - Juan Luis Gómez Pinchetti
- Spanish Bank of Algae, Institute of Oceanography and Global Change, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Muelle de Taliarte, 35214 Telde, Spain
| | - Sonia Manzo
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Via Anguillarese, 301, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Iva Milašinčić
- Croatian Agency for SMEs, Innovations and Investments-HAMAG-BICRO, Ksaver 208, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antun Nadarmija
- Croatian Agency for SMEs, Innovations and Investments-HAMAG-BICRO, Ksaver 208, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luisa Parrella
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Via Anguillarese, 301, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Pinat
- CNR IRBIM, National Research Council-Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125 Ancona, Italy
| | - Efstratios Roussos
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition and Omics Technologies, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Iera Odos 86, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Colin Ruel
- Pôle Mer Méditerranée, Toulon Var Technologies, 93 Forum de la Méditerranée, 83190 Ollioules, France
| | - Elisabetta Salvatori
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Via Anguillarese, 301, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Avda. Teniente Flomesta, 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Semitiel García
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Murcia, Avda. Teniente Flomesta, 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio F Skarmeta Gómez
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Murcia, Avda. Teniente Flomesta, 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jan Ulčar
- Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Cristian Chiavetta
- Department for Sustainability, ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Via Anguillarese, 301, 00196 Rome, Italy
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Cheung JTL, Lau EHY, Jin Z, Zhu H, Guan Y, Peiris M. Influenza A virus transmission in swine farms and during transport in the swine supply chain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3101-e3110. [PMID: 35881331 PMCID: PMC9529857 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The last influenza pandemic in 2009 emerged from swine and surveillance of swine influenza is important for pandemic preparedness. Movement of swine during husbandry, trade or marketing for slaughter provide opportunities for transfer and genetic reassortment of swine influenza viruses. Over 90% of the swine slaughtered at the central swine abattoir in Hong Kong are imported from farms located in multiple provinces in mainland China. There is opportunity for virus cross-infection during this transport and slaughter process. Of the 26,980 swabs collected in the slaughterhouse in Hong Kong from 5 January 2012 to 15 December 2016, we analysed sequence data on influenza A (H3N2) virus isolates (n = 174) in conjunction with date of sampling and originating farm. Molecular epidemiology provided evidence of virus cross-infection between swine originating from different farms during transport. The findings are also suggestive of a virus lineage persisting in a swine farm for over 2 years, although the lack of information on management practices at farm-level means that alternative explanations cannot be excluded. We used virus serology and isolation data from 4226 pairs of linked serum and swabs collected from the same pig at slaughter from swine originating from Guangdong Province to compare the force of infection (FOI) during transport and within farms. The mean weekly FOI during transport was λt = 0.0286 (95% CI = 0.0211-0.0391) while the weekly FOI in farms was λf = 0.0089 (95% CI = 0.0084-0.0095), assuming a possible exposure duration in farm of 28 weeks, suggesting increased FOI during the transport process. Pigs sourced from farms with high seroprevalence were found to be a significant risk factor (adjusted OR = 2.24, p value = .015) for infection of imported pigs during transport by multivariable logistic regression analysis, whereas pigs with HAI titre of ≥1:40 were associated with a substantial reduction in infection risk by 67% (p value = 0.012). Transport may increase virus cross-infection rates and provide opportunities for virus reassortment potentially increasing zoonotic risk to those involved in the transportation and slaughtering processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric HY Lau
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Ziying Jin
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Yi Guan
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases/Joint Laboratory for International Collaboration in Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Shantou University, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
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5
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Claudio Ferrari, Luca Persico, Alessio Tei. Covid-19 and seaborne trade: The Italian perspective. Research in Transportation Economics 2022; 93. [ DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2021.101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 pandemic impacted on all major trade flows, shuffling global value chains and pushing major industries to re-think their procurement strategies. While long term impacts are still subject to speculation, the immediate response of local industries need to be evaluated in order to target relevant policy interventions and to understand which economic players have been hit the most. Current paper tries to fill such gap, using the Italian Custom Agency database for verifying which trade sectors and ports suffered the most from the Covid-19 first wave. In order to achieve the research goal, all containerized import and export flows have been collected for the period 2012–2020, comparing historical patterns with the one observed in the first semester 2020. Results aim at contributing to the current understanding of the crisis’ impact and they will be used for driving future recovery plans.
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6
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Egger PH, Zhu J. How COVID-19 travels in- and outside of value chains and then affects the stock market: Evidence from China. World Econ 2022; 45:523-538. [PMID: 34226791 PMCID: PMC8242808 DOI: 10.1111/twec.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The organisation of value chains within and between firms and even countries is an important reason for domestic as well as international travel. Hence, value chains create interdependencies which have to do with economic but also personal interactions between firms and places. The latter means value chains are a springboard for shocks-positive or negative-to travel and other related outcomes. This paper sheds light on how input-output relations in China as one human-interaction-intensive activity can help explain spreading patterns of COVID-19 in the first few months of 2020 in China. We document that COVID-19 at that time spread more intensively where input-output relations were stronger between cities in China, and this contributed to inducing direct and mediated, indirect effects on the stock market.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiaqing Zhu
- Guangdong University of Foreign StudiesSouthern China Institute of Fortune Management Research, and Institute of Financial Openness and Asset ManagementGuangzhouChina
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7
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Zhang R, Zhang M, Yan Y, Chen Y, Jiang L, Wei X, Zhang X, Li H, Li M. Promoting the Development of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge Industry in Guyang County (China) Based on MaxEnt and Remote Sensing. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:908114. [PMID: 35873964 PMCID: PMC9301113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.908114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To provide high-quality Astragalus mongholicus Bunge to domestic and foreign markets and maintain sustainable development of the A. mongholicus industry, Firstly, we evaluated the impact of environmental factors and planting areas on the A. mongholicus industry. The maximum entropy method (MaxEnt) was utilized to simulate the suitability distribution of A. mongholicus and establish the relationship between the active component contents of A. mongholicus and ecological factors through linear regression analysis. The random forest algorithm was subsequently used to perform feature selection and classification extraction on Sentinel-2 imagery covering the study area. Furthermore, the planting, processing, and sales of A. mongholicus in Guyang County were investigated, and the roles of stakeholders in the value chains were analyzed. The results demonstrated that precipitation of the warmest quarter, minimum temperature of the coldest month, standard deviation of seasonal temperature changes, range of mean annual temperature, and mean diurnal range [mean of monthly (max temp - min temp)] were the five environmental variables that contributed the most to the growth of A. mongholicus. The most influential factor on the distribution of high-quality A. mongholicus was the mean temperature of the coldest quarter. The classification results of image features showed that the planting areas of A. mongholicus was consistent with the suitable planting areas predicted by MaxEnt, which can provide data support to the relevant departments for the macro development of the A. mongholicus industry. In the production of A. mongholicus, 10 value chains were constructed, and the study demonstrated that the behavior of stakeholders, target markets, and the selected planting area had a significant impact on the quality of A. mongholicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
| | | | - Yumei Yan
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou, China
| | - Xinxin Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Huanting Li
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- *Correspondence: Huanting Li,
| | - Minhui Li
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Minhui Li,
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Garcia-Dorado SC, Queenan K, Shankar B, Häsler B, Mabhaudhi T, Cooper G, Slotow R. Using Qualitative System Dynamics Analysis to Promote Inclusive Livestock Value Chains: A Case Study of the South African Broiler Value Chain. Front Sustain Food Syst 2021; 5:670756. [PMID: 37693775 PMCID: PMC7615058 DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.670756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock value chains globally are increasingly dualistic, with integrated market-leaders co-existing with comparatively disadvantaged small producers who, nevertheless, support rural livelihoods and food access, and can also contribute to more resilient supply chains. The South African broiler value chain provides a highly illustrative case study. The purpose of this study is to identify potential leverage points for policy intervention to support small and emerging producers in the South African broiler value chain, and to discuss the strengths and limitations of system dynamics approaches to promote inclusive food value chains. This study develops a causal loop diagram (CLD) based on semi-structured stakeholder interviews and policy documents. The main challenges, key variables and causal relationships between them are systematically identified. Variables are coded, generalised and graphically represented, and entry points for intervention and their links to existing policies are mapped. The challenges faced by smallholders in the context of our study can be characterised, using a CLD, as a set of interlinked and reinforcing dynamics which perpetuate existing disadvantages and reinforce duality in the value chain. Key policy entry points have been identified that could be targeted by a coordinated policy package, including: Direct support for infrastructure investment and input access through grants, subsidies or other policies; credit and liquidity provision for day-to-day expenses; creation of aggregation mechanisms for both inputs and outputs; regulations or initiatives that directly target the relationship of farmers with the commercial segment to improve access to day-old-chicks and, finally, training in business and technical skills. Although most of these interventions have been addressed at some point, implementation has been fragmented, failing to fully consider their complementary nature, thus undermining effectiveness. Existing approaches to consensus building and stakeholder participation in system dynamics research can present challenges when it comes to engaging with complex policy processes and issues of conflict of interest that are relevant in the context of smallholder promotion and equitable food systems, but there are promising avenues for addressing. Despite some methodological challenges, we find that there is considerable scope for system dynamics approaches to inform policy for smallholder promotion, even in contexts characterised by complex policy processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Cuevas Garcia-Dorado
- SOAS University of London, London, United Kingdom
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Queenan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC) University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavani Shankar
- SOAS University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Geography, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC) University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Rob Slotow
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Aslam HB, Alarcon P, Yaqub T, Iqbal M, Häsler B. A Value Chain Approach to Characterize the Chicken Sub-sector in Pakistan. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:361. [PMID: 32714948 PMCID: PMC7351015 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chicken industry of Pakistan is a major livestock sub-sector, playing a pivotal role in economic growth and rural development. This study aimed to characterize and map the structure of broiler and layer production systems, associated value chains, and chicken disease management in Pakistan. Qualitative data were collected in 23 key informant interviews and one focus group discussion on the types of production systems, inputs, outputs, value addition, market dynamics, and disease management. Quantitative data on proportions of commodity flows were also obtained. Value chain maps were generated to illustrate stakeholder groups and their linkages, as well as flows of birds and products. Thematic analysis was conducted to explain the functionality of the processes, governance, and disease management. Major chicken production systems were: (1) Environmentally controlled production (97-98%) and (2) Open-sided house production (2-3%). Broiler management systems were classified as (I) Independent broiler production; (II) Partially integrated broiler production; and (III) Fully integrated broiler production, accounting for 65-75, 15-20, and 10-15% of commercial broiler meat supply, respectively. The management systems for layers were classified as (I) Partially integrated layer production and (II) Independent layer production, accounting for 10 and 80-85% in the egg production, respectively. The share of backyard birds for meat and eggs was 10-15%. Independent, and integrated systems for chicken production could be categorized in terms of value chain management, dominance of actors, type of finished product and target customers involved. Integrated systems predominantly targeted high-income customers and used formal infrastructure. Numerous informal chains were identified in independent and some partially integrated systems, with middlemen playing a key role in the distribution of finished birds and eggs. Structural deficiencies in terms of poor farm management, lack of regulations for ensuring good farming practices and price fixing of products were key themes identified. Both private and public stakeholders were found to have essential roles in passive disease surveillance, strategy development and provision of health consultancies. This study provides a foundation for policy-makers and stakeholders to investigate disease transmission, its impact and control and the structural deficiencies identified could inform interventions to improve performance of the poultry sector in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassaan Bin Aslam
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
- Avian Influenza Virus Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Pablo Alarcon
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
| | - Tahir Yaqub
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Influenza Virus Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
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10
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Prinsen G, Benschop J, Cleaveland S, Crump JA, French NP, Hrynick TA, Mariki B, Mmbaga BT, Sharp JP, Swai ES, Thomas KM, Zadoks RN, Waldman L. Meat Safety in Tanzania's Value Chain: Experiences, Explanations and Expectations in Butcheries and Eateries. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E2833. [PMID: 32326067 PMCID: PMC7216110 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Urbanisation is associated with changes in consumption patterns and food production processes. These patterns and processes can increase or decrease the risks of outbreaks of foodborne diseases and are generally accompanied by changes in food safety policies and regulations about food handling. This affects consumers, as well as people economically engaged in the food value chain. This study looks at Tanzania's red meat value chain-which in its totality involves about one third of the population-and focuses on the knowledge, attitudes and reported practices of operators of butcheries and eateries with regards to meat safety in an urban and in a rural environment. We interviewed 64 operators about their experiences with foodborne diseases and their explanations and expectations around meat safety, with a particular emphasis on how they understood their own actions regarding food safety risks vis-à-vis regulations. We found operators of eateries emphasising their own agency in keeping meat safe, whereas operators of butcheries-whose products are more closely inspected-relied more on official inspections. Looking towards meat safety in the future, interviewees in rural areas were, relative to their urban counterparts, more optimistic, which we attribute to rural operators' shorter and relatively unmediated value chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Prinsen
- School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey University, Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jackie Benschop
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.B.); (N.P.F.)
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (S.C.); (R.N.Z.)
| | - John A. Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (J.A.C.); (K.M.T.)
| | - Nigel P. French
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.B.); (N.P.F.)
| | - Tabitha A. Hrynick
- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Library Road, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK; (T.A.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Boniface Mariki
- Tanzania Chamber of Commerce Kilimanjaro, Old Moshi Road, Moshi 9713, Tanzania;
| | | | - Joanne P. Sharp
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AL, UK;
| | - Emmanuel S. Swai
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, PO Box 2870, Tanzania;
| | - Kate M. Thomas
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (J.A.C.); (K.M.T.)
| | - Ruth N. Zadoks
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (S.C.); (R.N.Z.)
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, JL Shute Building, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Linda Waldman
- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Library Road, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK; (T.A.H.); (L.W.)
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11
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Aslam HB, Alarcon P, Yaqub T, Iqbal M, Häsler B. A Value Chain Approach to Characterize the Chicken Sub-sector in Pakistan. Front Vet Sci 2020. [PMID: 32714948 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.0036110.3389/fvets.2020.00361.s00110.3389/fvets.2020.00361.s002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The chicken industry of Pakistan is a major livestock sub-sector, playing a pivotal role in economic growth and rural development. This study aimed to characterize and map the structure of broiler and layer production systems, associated value chains, and chicken disease management in Pakistan. Qualitative data were collected in 23 key informant interviews and one focus group discussion on the types of production systems, inputs, outputs, value addition, market dynamics, and disease management. Quantitative data on proportions of commodity flows were also obtained. Value chain maps were generated to illustrate stakeholder groups and their linkages, as well as flows of birds and products. Thematic analysis was conducted to explain the functionality of the processes, governance, and disease management. Major chicken production systems were: (1) Environmentally controlled production (97-98%) and (2) Open-sided house production (2-3%). Broiler management systems were classified as (I) Independent broiler production; (II) Partially integrated broiler production; and (III) Fully integrated broiler production, accounting for 65-75, 15-20, and 10-15% of commercial broiler meat supply, respectively. The management systems for layers were classified as (I) Partially integrated layer production and (II) Independent layer production, accounting for 10 and 80-85% in the egg production, respectively. The share of backyard birds for meat and eggs was 10-15%. Independent, and integrated systems for chicken production could be categorized in terms of value chain management, dominance of actors, type of finished product and target customers involved. Integrated systems predominantly targeted high-income customers and used formal infrastructure. Numerous informal chains were identified in independent and some partially integrated systems, with middlemen playing a key role in the distribution of finished birds and eggs. Structural deficiencies in terms of poor farm management, lack of regulations for ensuring good farming practices and price fixing of products were key themes identified. Both private and public stakeholders were found to have essential roles in passive disease surveillance, strategy development and provision of health consultancies. This study provides a foundation for policy-makers and stakeholders to investigate disease transmission, its impact and control and the structural deficiencies identified could inform interventions to improve performance of the poultry sector in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassaan Bin Aslam
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
- Avian Influenza Virus Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Pablo Alarcon
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
| | - Tahir Yaqub
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Influenza Virus Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
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12
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Heinrich M, Scotti F, Booker A, Fitzgerald M, Kum KY, Löbel K. Unblocking High-Value Botanical Value Chains: Is There a Role for Blockchain Systems? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:396. [PMID: 31068810 PMCID: PMC6491748 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Blockchain systems are a fast emerging and a currently widely discussed novel strategy for a decentralized cryptographically enhanced digital ledger recording transactions among stakeholders. This perspective paper looks at its potential uses in the context of high value and mostly low volume botanical material traded globally and used as medicines, health foods, in cosmetics and other applications. We offer a perspective on key areas in the supply of such products globally and how blockchain systems may help in sustainable sourcing, quality assurance, and in tackling supply problems in cases of complex multiherbal preparations. Both open and closed blockchain systems are feasible, and it seems likely that, at least in the initial development, closed ones are the main ones to be utilized. While blockchain’s potential is not yet clear, the examples presented here highlight the opportunities of this new technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heinrich
- Research Group Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Scotti
- Research Group Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Booker
- Research Group Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom.,School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Fitzgerald
- School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ka Yui Kum
- Research Group Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Löbel
- Research Group Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Scotti F, Löbel K, Booker A, Heinrich M. St. John's Wort ( Hypericum perforatum) Products - How Variable Is the Primary Material? Front Plant Sci 2019; 9:1973. [PMID: 30740121 PMCID: PMC6357942 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Saint John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L., HP) is commonly registered in Europe under the THR scheme (Traditional Herbal Registration) or licensed as a medicine. Nonetheless unregulated medical products and food supplements are accessible through the internet which are often of poor quality. The species' natural distribution stretches through large regions of Europe to China and four subspecies have been distinguished. When compared to the European Pharmacopoeia reference, the presence of additional compounds was linked to so-called Chinese HP. Aim: In order to obtain an integrated picture of the entire chemoprofile, the chemical composition of HP materia prima was studied using a combination of techniques well-established in the relevant industries. The impact of phytogeographic factors on the materia prima can shed light on whether the variability of the final products is strongly influenced by these factors of whether they relate to poor processing, adulteration, or other factors linked to the processing of the material. Methods: Eighty-six Hypericum samples (77 H. perforatum) were collected from 14 countries. Most were authenticated and harvested in the wild; others came as roughly ground material from commercial cultivations, markets and pharmacies. The samples were analyzed using HPTLC and 1H-NMR-based principal component analysis (PCA). Results and Discussion: Limited chemical variability was found. Nonetheless, the typical fingerprint of Chinese HP was observed in each specimen from China. Additional compounds were also detected in some samples collected in Spain. Rutin is not necessarily present in the crude material. The variability previously found in the marketed products can be ascribed only partially to the geographical origin of harvested material, but mainly to the plant part harvested, closely related to harvesting techniques, processing and probably time of harvest. Conclusion: HP can be sourced in a consistent composition (and thus quality) from different geographical sources. However, chemical variability needs to be accounted for when evaluating what is considered authentic good material. Therefore, the processing and good practice are all stages of primary importance, calling for a better (self-)regulation and quality assurance along the value chain of an herbal medical product or botanical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scotti
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Group, Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Löbel
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Group, Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Booker
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Group, Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Herbal and East Asian Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Group, Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Kennedy E, Kershaw M, Coates J. Food Systems: Pathways for Improved Diets and Nutrition. Curr Dev Nutr 2018; 2:nzy027. [PMID: 30191199 PMCID: PMC6121127 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The United Nations has declared 2016-2025 as the Decade of Action on Nutrition. The emphasis of this decade is on alleviating malnutrition in all its forms. Food systems are 1 of 6 priorities for achieving this goal. This brief uses a food-systems approach to analyze the effects of agriculture production, commercialization, and sex on diet quality and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Kennedy
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Meghan Kershaw
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer Coates
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
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15
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Stepman F. Scaling-Up the Impact of Aflatoxin Research in Africa. The Role of Social Sciences. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E136. [PMID: 29570687 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
At the interface between agriculture and nutrition, the aflatoxin contamination of food and feed touches on agriculture, health, and trade. For more than three decades now, the problem of aflatoxin has been researched in Africa. The interest of development cooperation for aflatoxin and the support to aflatoxin mitigation projects has its ups and downs. The academic world and the development world still seem to operate in different spheres and a collaboration is still challenging due to the complexity of the contamination sources at pre-harvest and post-harvest levels. There is a growing call by research funders and development actors for the impact of solutions at a scale. The solutions to mitigate aflatoxin contamination require new ways of working together. A more prominent role is to be played by social scientists. The role of social scientists in scaling-up the impact of aflatoxin research in Africa and the proposed mitigation solutions is to ensure that awareness, advantage, affordability, and access are systematically assessed. Aflatoxin-reduced staple foods and feed would be an agricultural result with a considerable health and food safety impact.
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16
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Buttigieg SC, Schuetz M, Bezzina F. Value Chains of Public and Private Health-care Services in a Small EU Island State: A SWOT Analysis. Front Public Health 2016; 4:201. [PMID: 27683658 PMCID: PMC5021691 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The global financial and macroeconomic crisis of 2008/2009 and the ensuing recessions obliged policy makers to maximize use of resources and cut down on waste. Specifically, in health care, governments started to explore ways of establishing collaborations between the public and private health-care sectors. This is essential so as to ensure the best use of available resources, while securing quality of delivery of care as well as health systems sustainability and resilience. This qualitative study explores complementary and mutual attributes in the value creation process to patients by the public and private health-care systems in Malta, a small European Union island state. A workshop was conducted with 28 professionals from both sectors to generate two separate value chains, and this was followed by an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). The latter revealed several strengths and opportunities, which can better equip health-policy makers in the quest to maximize provision of health-care services. Moreover, the analysis also highlighted areas of weaknesses in both sectors as well as current threats of the external environment that, unless addressed, may threaten the state’s health-care system sustainability and resilience to macroeconomic shocks. The study goes on to provide feasible recommendations aimed at maximizing provision of health-care services in Malta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Buttigieg
- Department of Health Services Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Aston Business School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK; School of Social Policy, College of Social Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marcus Schuetz
- Department of Management, Faculty of Economics, Management & Accountancy, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Faculty of Business and Economics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Frank Bezzina
- Department of Management, Faculty of Economics, Management & Accountancy, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; Department of Organization and Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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17
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Lewandowski I, Clifton-Brown J, Trindade LM, van der Linden GC, Schwarz KU, Müller-Sämann K, Anisimov A, Chen CL, Dolstra O, Donnison IS, Farrar K, Fonteyne S, Harding G, Hastings A, Huxley LM, Iqbal Y, Khokhlov N, Kiesel A, Lootens P, Meyer H, Mos M, Muylle H, Nunn C, Özgüven M, Roldán-Ruiz I, Schüle H, Tarakanov I, van der Weijde T, Wagner M, Xi Q, Kalinina O. Progress on Optimizing Miscanthus Biomass Production for the European Bioeconomy: Results of the EU FP7 Project OPTIMISC. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1620. [PMID: 27917177 PMCID: PMC5114296 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the complete findings of the EU-funded research project OPTIMISC, which investigated methods to optimize the production and use of miscanthus biomass. Miscanthus bioenergy and bioproduct chains were investigated by trialing 15 diverse germplasm types in a range of climatic and soil environments across central Europe, Ukraine, Russia, and China. The abiotic stress tolerances of a wider panel of 100 germplasm types to drought, salinity, and low temperatures were measured in the laboratory and a field trial in Belgium. A small selection of germplasm types was evaluated for performance in grasslands on marginal sites in Germany and the UK. The growth traits underlying biomass yield and quality were measured to improve regional estimates of feedstock availability. Several potential high-value bioproducts were identified. The combined results provide recommendations to policymakers, growers and industry. The major technical advances in miscanthus production achieved by OPTIMISC include: (1) demonstration that novel hybrids can out-yield the standard commercially grown genotype Miscanthus x giganteus; (2) characterization of the interactions of physiological growth responses with environmental variation within and between sites; (3) quantification of biomass-quality-relevant traits; (4) abiotic stress tolerances of miscanthus genotypes; (5) selections suitable for production on marginal land; (6) field establishment methods for seeds using plugs; (7) evaluation of harvesting methods; and (8) quantification of energy used in densification (pellet) technologies with a range of hybrids with differences in stem wall properties. End-user needs were addressed by demonstrating the potential of optimizing miscanthus biomass composition for the production of ethanol and biogas as well as for combustion. The costs and life-cycle assessment of seven miscanthus-based value chains, including small- and large-scale heat and power, ethanol, biogas, and insulation material production, revealed GHG-emission- and fossil-energy-saving potentials of up to 30.6 t CO2eq C ha-1y-1 and 429 GJ ha-1y-1, respectively. Transport distance was identified as an important cost factor. Negative carbon mitigation costs of -78€ t-1 CO2eq C were recorded for local biomass use. The OPTIMISC results demonstrate the potential of miscanthus as a crop for marginal sites and provide information and technologies for the commercial implementation of miscanthus-based value chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lewandowski
- Department of Biobased Products and Energy Crops, Institute of Crop Science, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - John Clifton-Brown
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Luisa M. Trindade
- Department of Plant Breeding, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Karl Müller-Sämann
- ANNA - The Agency for Sustainable Management of Agricultural LandscapeFreiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Anisimov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University–Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural AcademyMoscow, Russia
| | - C.-L. Chen
- Department of Plant Breeding, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Oene Dolstra
- Department of Plant Breeding, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Iain S. Donnison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Kerrie Farrar
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Simon Fonteyne
- Plant Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchMelle, Belgium
| | | | - Astley Hastings
- The Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of AberdeenAberdeen, UK
| | - Laurie M. Huxley
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Yasir Iqbal
- Department of Biobased Products and Energy Crops, Institute of Crop Science, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Nikolay Khokhlov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University–Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural AcademyMoscow, Russia
| | - Andreas Kiesel
- Department of Biobased Products and Energy Crops, Institute of Crop Science, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Lootens
- Plant Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchMelle, Belgium
| | | | | | - Hilde Muylle
- Plant Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchMelle, Belgium
| | - Chris Nunn
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Mensure Özgüven
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Konya Food and Agriculture UniversityKonya, Turkey
| | - Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
- Plant Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchMelle, Belgium
| | | | - Ivan Tarakanov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University–Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural AcademyMoscow, Russia
| | - Tim van der Weijde
- Department of Plant Breeding, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Moritz Wagner
- Department of Biobased Products and Energy Crops, Institute of Crop Science, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Qingguo Xi
- Dongying Agricultural InstituteDongying, China
| | - Olena Kalinina
- Department of Biobased Products and Energy Crops, Institute of Crop Science, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
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18
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Abstract
There is a rapid transformation afoot in the rice value chain in Asia. The upstream is changing quickly-farmers are undertaking capital-led intensification and participating in burgeoning markets for land rental, fertilizer and pesticides, irrigation water, and seed, and shifting from subsistence to small commercialized farms; in some areas landholdings are concentrating. Midstream, in wholesale and milling, there is a quiet revolution underway, with thousands of entrepreneurs investing in equipment, increasing scale, diversifying into higher quality, and the segments are undergoing consolidation and vertical coordination and integration. Mills, especially in China, are packaging and branding, and building agent networks in wholesale markets, and large mills are building direct relationships with supermarkets. The downstream retail segment is undergoing a "supermarket revolution," again with the lead in change in China. In most cases the government is not playing a direct role in the market, but enabling this transformation through infrastructural investment. The transformation appears to be improving food security for cities by reducing margins, offering lower consumer rice prices, and increasing quality and diversity of rice. This paper discusses findings derived from unique stacked surveys of all value chain segments in seven zones, more and less developed, around Bangladesh, China, India, and Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reardon
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.,Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC
| | - Kevin Z Chen
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Bart Minten
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - The Anh Dao
- Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Science, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jianying Wang
- Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Thomson GR, Penrith ML, Atkinson MW, Thalwitzer S, Mancuso A, Atkinson SJ, Osofsky SA. International trade standards for commodities and products derived from animals: the need for a system that integrates food safety and animal disease risk management. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 60:507-15. [PMID: 24148092 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A case is made for greater emphasis to be placed on value chain management as an alternative to geographically based disease risk mitigation for trade in commodities and products derived from animals. The geographic approach is dependent upon achievement of freedom in countries or zones from infectious agents that cause so-called transboundary animal diseases, while value chain-based risk management depends upon mitigation of animal disease hazards potentially associated with specific commodities or products irrespective of the locality of production. This commodity-specific approach is founded on the same principles upon which international food safety standards are based, viz. hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP). Broader acceptance of a value chain approach enables animal disease risk management to be combined with food safety management by the integration of commodity-based trade and HACCP methodologies and thereby facilitates 'farm to fork' quality assurance. The latter is increasingly recognized as indispensable to food safety assurance and is therefore a pre-condition to safe trade. The biological principles upon which HACCP and commodity-based trade are based are essentially identical, potentially simplifying sanitary control in contrast to current separate international sanitary standards for food safety and animal disease risks that are difficult to reconcile. A value chain approach would not only enable more effective integration of food safety and animal disease risk management of foodstuffs derived from animals but would also ameliorate adverse environmental and associated socio-economic consequences of current sanitary standards based on the geographic distribution of animal infections. This is especially the case where vast veterinary cordon fencing systems are relied upon to separate livestock and wildlife as is the case in much of southern Africa. A value chain approach would thus be particularly beneficial to under-developed regions of the world such as southern Africa specifically and sub-Saharan Africa more generally where it would reduce incompatibility between attempts to expand and commercialize livestock production and the need to conserve the subcontinent's unparalleled wildlife and wilderness resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Thomson
- TAD Scientific CC, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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20
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Goeldner Byrne K, March J, McGuire S, Meissner L, Sperling L. The role of evidence in humanitarian assessment: the Seed System Security Assessment and the Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis. Disasters 2013; 37 Suppl 1:S83-S104. [PMID: 23905769 DOI: 10.1111/disa.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews advances in the development and use of two evidence-based assessment toolkits: the Seed System Security Assessment (SSSA) and the Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis (EMMA). Both were created in the past five years and have been employed in a range of acute and chronic stress contexts across Africa, Asia, and parts of the Americas, in periods of civil strife, displacement, and drought, as well as following earthquakes, flooding, and political instability. The aims of this paper are threefold: to review advances with regard to each tool; to compare how each toolkit gathers and uses evidence, while considering possibilities for greater complementarity; and to reflect on the nature of 'evidence' used to guide humanitarian response in sudden-onset and chronic crisis situations. A comparison highlights the importance of triangulation and informed analysis for drawing conclusions from imperfect evidence, understanding the limitations of each assessment methodology, and confronting tacit assumptions.
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