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Wang YJ, Li LQ, Shen SS, Liu Y, Ning JM, Zhang ZZ. Rapid detection of quality index of postharvest fresh tea leaves using hyperspectral imaging. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:3803-3811. [PMID: 32201954 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of fresh tea leaves after harvest determines, to some extent, the quality and price of commercial tea. A fast and accurate method to evaluate the quality of fresh tea leaves is required. RESULTS In this study, the potential of hyperspectral imaging in the range of 328-1115 nm for the rapid prediction of moisture, total nitrogen, crude fiber contents, and quality index value was investigated. Ninety samples of eight tea-leaf varieties and two picking standards were tested. Quantitative partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were established using a full spectrum, whereas multiple linear regression (MLR) models were developed using characteristic wavelengths selected by a successive projections algorithm (SPA) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling. The results showed that the optimal SPA-MLR models for moisture, total nitrogen, crude fiber contents, and quality index value yielded optimal performance with coefficients of determination for prediction (R2 p) of 0.9357, 0.8543, 0.8188, 0.9168; root mean square error of 0.3437, 0.1097, 0.3795, 1.0358; and residual prediction deviation of 4.00, 2.56, 2.31, and 3.51, respectively. CONCLUSION The results suggested that the hyperspectral imaging technique coupled with chemometrics was a promising tool for the rapid and nondestructive measurement of tea-leaf quality, and had the potential to develop multispectral imaging systems for future online detection of tea-leaf quality. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lu-Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shan-Shan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing-Ming Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng-Zhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Bilge G, Özdemir KS. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for determination of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in different tea types. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:3741-3747. [PMID: 32270493 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to monitor the antioxidant activity (AA) and total phenolic content (TPC) variations of different kinds of teas depending on the infusion temperature and time by using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) combined chemometrics as a rapid method. In this study, black tea, oolong tea, green tea, and green tea powder (matcha) samples were brewed at 80 °C and 96 °C for 2.5 to 30 min. Synchronous fluorescence spectra were recorded at different wavelength interval (Δλ) values for optimal models. AA and TPC of tea samples were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and Folin-Ciocalteu methods as reference methods, respectively. Partial least square (PLS) method was used for correlation between reference methods and SFS method. RESULTS Results showed that SFS combined with chemometrics could be an alternative rapid way to monitor TPC and AA of teas with 0.932 and 0.918 of validation R2 values in fermented teas (black tea-oolong) while with 0.961 and 0.860 of validation R2 values in non-fermented teas (green tea and green tea powder), respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values were ≤ 6.61 μg mL-1 and ≤ 17.42, respectively. CONCLUSION Based on the lowest R2 value (0.860) on TPC analysis, the proposed method is more appropriate for AA analysis of green tea and green tea powder. Furthermore, infusion time was more effective for obtaining different amounts of TPC and AA in fermented tea types while only infusion temperature was effective on green tea and green tea powder samples. Therefore, obtained calibration-validation models gave better results for fermented tea types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Bilge
- Department of Food Engineering, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Meram/Konya, Turkey
| | - Kübra S Özdemir
- Department of Food Engineering, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Meram/Konya, Turkey
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Zhang J, Yang R, Li YC, Wen X, Peng Y, Ni X. Use of mineral multi-elemental analysis to authenticate geographical origin of different cultivars of tea in Guizhou, China. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:3046-3055. [PMID: 32065399 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The geographical origin of tea (Camellia sinensis) can be traced using mineral elements in its leaves as fingerprints. However, the role that could be played by soil mineral elements in the geographical authentication of tea leaves has been unclear. In this study, 22 mineral elements in 73 pairs of tea leaves and soils from three regions (Pu'an, Duyun, and Liping) in Guizhou, China, were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The mineral element concentrations were processed by multivariate statistical analysis, including one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and stepwise linear discriminant analysis (S-LDA). RESULTS Based on a one-way ANOVA, tea leaves and soils with different origins possessed unique mineral element fingerprints. Sixteen mineral element concentrations in tea leaves were significantly correlated with those in soils (P < 0.05). The geographical origins of tea leaves were effectively differentiated using the 16 correlated mineral elements combined with PCA. The S-LDA model offered a 100% differentiation rate, and six indicative elements (phosphorus, Sr, U, Pb, Cd, and Cr) were selected as important fingerprinting markers for the geographic traceability of tea leaves. The accurate discrimination rate of geographical origin was unaffected by the cultivars of tea in the S-LDA model. CONCLUSIONS Mineral elements in soils played an important role in the geographical authentication of tea leaves. Mineral elemental concentrations with significant correlations between tea leaves and soils could be robust, and could be used to trace the geographical origins of tea leaves. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ruidong Yang
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuncong C Li
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, USA
| | - Xuefeng Wen
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yishu Peng
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xinran Ni
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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4
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Yun L, Qing-Wei P, Jian-Cheng Y, Yan-Lin T. Identification of tea based on CARS-SWR variable optimization of visible/near-infrared spectrum. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:371-375. [PMID: 31577843 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of tea varieties is essential to obtain high-quality tea that can command a high price. To identify tea varieties quickly and non-destructively, and to fight against counterfeit and inferior products in the tea market, a new method of visible / near-infrared spectrum processing based on competitive adaptive reweighting algorithms-stepwise regression analysis (CARS-SWR) variable optimization is proposed in this paper. RESULTS The spectral data of five different tea varieties were obtained by visible / near-infrared spectrometry. The spectral data were preprocessed by the multivariate scattering correction (MSC) algorithm. First, 20 wavelength variables were selected by CARS, and then six optimal wavelength variables were selected using the SWR method, based on the CARS optimal variables. The generalized regression neural network (GRNN) classification model and probabilistic neural network (PNN) classification model were established, based on spectral information from the full wavelength, the CARS preferred wavelength variable, the SWR preferred wavelength variable, and the CARS-SWR preferred wavelength variable. CONCLUSION It was found that the CARS-SWR-PNN model had the best classification effect by comparing different modeling results. The classification accuracy of its training set and test set reached 100%. This shows that the CARS-SWR preferred variable method combined with the visible / near-infrared spectrum is feasible for the rapid and non-destructive identification of tea varieties. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yun
- College of Physics, Guizhou University Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Peng Qing-Wei
- College of Physics, Guizhou University Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Jian-Cheng
- College of Physics, Guizhou University Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Tang Yan-Lin
- College of Physics, Guizhou University Guiyang, Guiyang, China
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Fang S, Huang WJ, Wei Y, Tao M, Hu X, Li T, Kalkhajeh YK, Deng WW, Ning J. Geographical origin traceability of Keemun black tea based on its non-volatile composition combined with chemometrics. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:6937-6943. [PMID: 31414496 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-volatile compounds play a key role in the quality and price of Keemun black tea (KBT). The non-volatile compounds in KBT samples from different producing areas normally vary greatly. The development of rapid methods for tracing the geographical origin of KBT is useful. In this study, we develop models for the discrimination of KBT's geographical origin based on non-volatile compounds. RESULTS Seventy-two KBT samples were collected from five towns in Anhui province to determine 13 KBT compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Analysis of variance showed that the content of 13 compounds in KBT indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) among five towns. Three multivariate statistical models including principal component analysis (PCA), soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were built to discriminate origin. Principal component analysis effectively extracted three principal components, namely theaflavins, galloylated catechins, and simple catechins. The high sensitivity (64.5%-99.2%) was achieved of SIMCA model. To establish the discriminant functions, six variables (gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3,3'-di-gallate, and total theaflavins) were chosen from 13 variables, and LDA was applied. This gave a satisfactory overall correct classification rate (94.4%) and cross-validation rate (88.9%) for KBT samples. CONCLUSION The results showed that HPLC analysis together with chemometrics is a reliable approach for tracing KBT and guaranteeing its authenticity. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wen-Jing Huang
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Meng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tiehan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yusef K Kalkhajeh
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingming Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Zhao H, Yang Q. The suitability of rare earth elements for geographical traceability of tea leaves. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:6509-6514. [PMID: 31321773 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare earth elements (REEs) have been used for the identification of the geographical origins of an increasing number of foods. This study analyzed the effects of geographical origin, harvest season, variety, and their interactions on REEs in tea leaves to investigate whether REEs were suitable for geographical identification of tea leaves. Tea leaves of different varieties and the corresponding soils were collected in different seasons from different areas of China. The concentrations of 14 REEs in tea leaves and soils were determined, and then analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), multi-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and linear discriminant analysis. RESULTS All factors significantly affected the contents of REEs in tea leaves. The concentrations of REEs in tea leaves were related to those in provenance soils. However, the concentrations of most REEs in tea leaves were primarily affected by the harvest season. CONCLUSION Seasonal variations should be considered when REE fingerprinting is applied for the identification of tea for authentication purposes. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingli Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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7
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Xu S, Wang JJ, Wei Y, Deng WW, Wan X, Bao GH, Xie Z, Ling TJ, Ning J. Metabolomics Based on UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS and Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking Reveals Effects of Time Scale and Environment of Storage on the Metabolites and Taste Quality of Raw Pu-erh Tea. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:12084-12093. [PMID: 31560531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Raw Pu-erh tea (RPT) needs ageing before drinking. However, the influence from environment and time of storage on chemical profile and flavor of RPT is unclear. In this study, the RPTs stored in wet-hot or dry-cold environment for 1-9 years were assessed using metabolomics based on UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS and global natural product social (GNPS) feature-based molecular networking as well as electronic tongue measurement. The results exhibited that the chemical profiles of RPTs were similar at an early stage but started to differentiate from each other at the 5th and the 7th year in wet-hot and dry-cold environments. The discriminating features including N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-substituted flavan-3-ols (flavoalkaloids), unsaturated fatty acids, lysophosphatidylcholines, flavan-3-ols, amino acids, and flavonol-O-glycosides among the three chemical profiles were discovered and analyzed by means of multivariate statistics, GNPS multilibraries matching, and SIRIUS calculation. The metabolomic data were consistent with the results obtained through electronic tongue measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Guan-Hu Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Zhongwen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Tie-Jun Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Jingming Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
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Sun J, Chang M, Li H, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Chen Y, Yao Y, Pan A, Shi C, Wang C, Zhao J, Wan X. Endophytic Bacteria as Contributors to Theanine Production in Camellia sinensis. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:10685-10693. [PMID: 31479251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Theanine is the most abundant non-protein amino acid in Camellia sinensis, but it is not known how a tea plant accumulates such high levels of theanine. The endophyte isolated from in vitro grown plantlets of C. sinensis cultivars was identified as Luteibacter spp., showing strong biocatalytic activity for converting both glutamine and ethylamine to theanine. Theanine was secreted outside of the bacteria. The endophyte isolated from in vitro plantlets of Camellia oleifera cultivar was identified as Bacillus safensis and did not convert glutamine and ethylamine to theanine. Enzymatic assays in vitro indicated that γ-glutamyltranspeptidases rCsEGGTs from the endophyte Luteibacter strains converted glutamine and ethylamine to theanine at higher rates than rCsGGTs from C. sinensis. This is the first report on theanine biosynthesis by an endophyte from C. sinensis, which provides a new pathway to explore the mechanism of theanine biosynthesis in C. sinensis and the interactions between an endophyte and tea plants.
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Wang RJ, Gao XF, Yang J, Kong XR. Genome-Wide Association Study to Identify Favorable SNP Allelic Variations and Candidate Genes That Control the Timing of Spring Bud Flush of Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Using SLAF-seq. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:10380-10391. [PMID: 31464444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The timing of spring bud flush (TBF) is of economic importance for tea plant (Camellia sinensis) breeding. We employed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify favorable single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allelic variations as well as candidate genes that control TBF of C. sinensis using specific-locus-amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) in a diversity panel comprising 151 tea plant germplasm resources. GWAS analysis revealed 26 SNPs associated with TBF in three years, and we eventually identified a final significant SNP for TBF. To identify candidate genes possibly related to TBF, we screened seven candidate genes within 100 kb regions surrounding the trait-related SNP loci. Furthermore, the favorable allelic variation, the "TT" genotype in the SNP loci, was discovered, and a derived cleaved amplified polymorphism (dCAPS) marker was designed that cosegregated with TBF, which could be used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding in C. sinensis. The results obtained from this study can provide a theoretical and applied basis for the MAS of early breeding in tea plants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rang Jian Wang
- Institute of Tea , Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 1 Hutouyang Road, Shekou , Fu'an , Fujian 355015 , China
- Fujian Branch , National Center for Tea Improvement , 1 Hutouyang Road, Shekou , Fu'an , Fujian 355015 , China
| | - Xiang Feng Gao
- Institute of Tea , Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 1 Hutouyang Road, Shekou , Fu'an , Fujian 355015 , China
- Fujian Branch , National Center for Tea Improvement , 1 Hutouyang Road, Shekou , Fu'an , Fujian 355015 , China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute of Tea , Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 1 Hutouyang Road, Shekou , Fu'an , Fujian 355015 , China
- Fujian Branch , National Center for Tea Improvement , 1 Hutouyang Road, Shekou , Fu'an , Fujian 355015 , China
| | - Xiang Rui Kong
- Institute of Tea , Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 1 Hutouyang Road, Shekou , Fu'an , Fujian 355015 , China
- Fujian Branch , National Center for Tea Improvement , 1 Hutouyang Road, Shekou , Fu'an , Fujian 355015 , China
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10
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Zheng C, Ma JQ, Chen JD, Ma CL, Chen W, Yao MZ, Chen L. Gene Coexpression Networks Reveal Key Drivers of Flavonoid Variation in Eleven Tea Cultivars ( Camellia sinensis). J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:9967-9978. [PMID: 31403784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Following the recent completion of the draft genome sequence of the tea plant, high-throughput decoding of gene function, especially for those involved in complex secondary metabolic pathways, has become a major challenge. Here, we profiled the metabolome and transcriptome of 11 tea cultivars, and then illustrated a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA)-based system biological strategy to interpret metabolomic flux, predict gene functions, and mine key regulators involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. We constructed a multilayered regulatory network, which integrated the gene coexpression relationship with the microRNA target and promoter cis-regulatory element information. This allowed us to reveal new uncharacterized TFs (e.g., MADSs, WRKYs, and SBPs) and microRNAs (including 17 conserved and 15 novel microRNAs) that are potentially implicated in different steps of the catechin biosynthesis. Furthermore, we applied metabolic-signature-based association method to capture additional key regulators involved in catechin pathway. This provides important clues for the functional characterization of five SCPL1A acyltransferase family members, which might be implicated in the production balance of anthocyanins, galloylated catechins, and proanthocyanins. Application of an "omics"-based system biology strategy should facilitate germplasm utilization and provide valuable resources for tea quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Jian-Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Jie-Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008 , China
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Meng XH, Li N, Zhu HT, Wang D, Yang CR, Zhang YJ. Plant Resources, Chemical Constituents, and Bioactivities of Tea Plants from the Genus Camellia Section Thea. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:5318-5349. [PMID: 30449099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tea, as one of the most popular beverages with various bioactivities, is commonly produced from the fresh leaves of two widely cultivated tea plants, Camellia sinensis and C. sinensis var. assamica. Both plants belong to the genus Camellia section Thea, which was considered to have 12 species and 6 varieties according to Min's taxonomic system. Most species, except the cultivated species, are known as wild tea plants and have been exploited and utilized to produce tea by the local people of its growing areas. Thus far, six species and varieties have been phytochemically studied, leading to the identification of 398 compounds, including hydrolyzable tannins, flavan-3-ols, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and other phenolic and related compounds. Various beneficial health effects were reported for tea and its components, involving antioxidant, antitumor, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, etc. In this review, the geographical distribution of tea plants and the chemical constituents (1-398) reported from the genus Camellia section Thea and some tea products (green, black, oolong, and pu-erh tea) that have ever been studied between 1970 and 2018 have been summarized, taking species as the main hint, and the main biological activities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hua Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Tao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chong-Ren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
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Wang Y, Kan Z, Wang D, Zhang L, Wan X, McGinley JN, Thompson HJ. Differences in Chemical Composition among Commercially Important Cultivars of Genus Camellia. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:5457-5464. [PMID: 30577696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaves from plants of the genus Camellia are used to make beverages and food products; however, there is limited data that compares the chemical composition of the unprocessed leaves of cultivars traditionally used to make these products. Plucked, fresh leaves from 14 commercially important cultivars were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. On the basis of assessment of 61 compounds that are known to be affected by postharvest tea processing methods, significant variation among unprocessed cultivar leaves was observed for compounds in five chemical classes: amino acids, catechins, flavonoids and flavone glycosides, phenolic acids, and alkaloids. These chemical differences were of sufficient magnitude to render two distinct chemically defined clusters of Camellia cultivars that did not reflect the traditional grouping of these cultivars based by species variant, tea type, or production region. Advanced statistical techniques identified candidate biomarkers for each chemical class to guide the development of comprehensive targeted analyses for constituents of biosynthetic pathways in which marked expression plasticity was observed. Targeted analyses of this type have the potential to identify Camellia species/cultivars that will facilitate the formulation of new beverages and designer foods with improved organoleptic characteristic and enhanced prebiotic or nutraceutical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , People's Republic of China
| | - John N McGinley
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Henry J Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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Wang P, Ma G, Zhang L, Li Y, Fu Z, Kan X, Han Y, Wang H, Jiang X, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. A Sucrose-Induced MYB (SIMYB) Transcription Factor Promoting Proanthocyanidin Accumulation in the Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis). J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:1418-1428. [PMID: 30688075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs, also called condensed tannins), are an important class of secondary metabolites and exist widely in plants. Tea ( Camellia sinensis) is rich in PAs and their precursors, (-)-epicatechin (EC) and (+)-catechin (C). The biosynthesis of PAs is constantly regulated by many different MBW complexes, consisting of MYB transcription factors (TFs), basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) TFs, and WD-repeat (WDR) proteins. These regulatory factors can be environmentally affected, such as by biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we revalidated the effect of sucrose treatment on tea branches, and a sucrose-induced MYB (SIMYB) TF was screened and studied. Phylogenetic analysis indicted that this SIMYB TF belonged to MYB subgroup 5, named CsMYB5b. Heterologous expression of CsMYB5b in tobacco strongly induced PA accumulation, through up-regulating the key target genes LAR or ANRs. In addition, CsMYB5b restored PA production in the seed coat of A. thaliana tt2 mutant and rescued its phenotype. Yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated CsMYB5b can interact directly with CsTT8 (an AtTT8 ortholog) and CsWD40 protein. Linking to the expression profiling of CsMYB5b and the PA accumulation pattern in tea plants suggest that the CsMYB5b acts as an important switch for the synthesis of monomeric catechins and PAs. Therefore, these data provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms controlling the biosynthesis of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- College of Horticulture , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109 , China
| | - Guoliang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Lingjie Zhang
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Zhouping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Xinyi Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Yahui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- College of Horticulture , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109 , China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
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Abstract
Hongyacha (HYC) is a type of new wild tea plant discovered in Fujian Province, China. This tea is helpful to the healing or prevention of disease in its original growing area. However, research on this tea is limited. Our results showed that HYC displayed obvious differences in its morphological characteristics compared with Cocoa tea ( Camellia ptilophylla Chang), a famous caffeine-free tea plant in China. Theobromine and trans-catechins, but not caffeine and cis-catechins, were the dominant purine alkaloids and catechins detected in HYC. HYC might contain abundant gallocatechin-(4 → 8)-gallocatechin gallate, 1,3,4,6-tetra- O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranose, and (-)-gallocatechin-3,5-di- O-gallate, which were not detected in regular tea. We also found that the TCS1 of HYC was distinct, and the responding recombinant protein exhibited only theobromine synthase activity. The obtained results showed that HYC is a new kind of caffeine-free tea plant and may be used for scientific protection and efficient utilization in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Qiang Jin
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310008 , China
| | - Yun-Feng Chai
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310008 , China
| | - Yu-Fei Liu
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310008 , China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310008 , China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310008 , China
| | - Liang Chen
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310008 , China
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15
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Li CF, Ma JQ, Huang DJ, Ma CL, Jin JQ, Yao MZ, Chen L. Comprehensive Dissection of Metabolic Changes in Albino and Green Tea Cultivars. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:2040-2048. [PMID: 29397711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Albino tea cultivars are special mutants of tea plants with white or yellow leaf color. In this study, three albino tea cultivars, including 'Anji Baicha', 'Huangjinya', and 'Baijiguan', and two green tea cultivars, 'Longjing 43' and 'Fuding Dabaicha', were applied to metabolite profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Multivariate analyses revealed significantly different metabolite phenotypes in leaves among albino cultivars and green cultivars. The differential metabolite-related pathways included galactose metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis. For the young leaves of albino cultivars, the sugar (sorbitol and erythrose) and amino acid (mainly proline, isoleucine, ornithine, aspartic acid, threonine, and valine) concentrations increased, whereas gallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate concentrations decreased. These results reveal the divergence in metabolic profiling between tea plant cultivars with different leaf colors. With the development of leaves, the concentrations of flavonoids increased largely in the older leaves of albino cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, People's Republic of China
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University , Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Qiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, People's Republic of China
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16
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Li P, Dai W, Lu M, Xie D, Tan J, Yang C, Zhu Y, Lv H, Peng Q, Zhang Y, Guo L, Ni D, Lin Z. Metabolomic analysis reveals the composition differences in 13 Chinese tea cultivars of different manufacturing suitabilities. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:1153-1161. [PMID: 28734044 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green tea and black tea are manufactured using appropriate tea cultivars in China. However, the metabolite differences relating to the manufacturing suitability of tea cultivars are unclear. In the present study, we performed a non-targeted metabolomic analysis on 13 Chinese tea cultivars using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry to investigate comprehensively the metabolite differences between cultivars suitable for manufacturing green tea (GT cultivars) and cultivars suitable for manufacturing both green tea and black tea (G&BT cultivars). RESULTS Multivariate statistical analysis and cluster analysis divided the 13 cultivars into two groups, namely GT cultivars and G&BT cultivars, which correlated with their manufacturing suitability. The GT cultivars contained higher levels of flavonoid glycosides, whereas the G&BT cultivars contained higher levels of catechins, dimeric catechins, phenolic acids and alkaloids. CONCLUSION Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that the flavonoid pathway inclined toward the synthesis of flavonoid glycosides in GT cultivars, whereas it inclined toward the synthesis of catechins and phenolic acids in G&BT cultivars. The results of the present study will be helpful for discriminating the manufacturing suitability of tea cultivars and investigating their breeding. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Lu
- Agilent Technologies (China) Limited, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongchao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haipeng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qunhua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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17
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Wambulwa MC, Meegahakumbura MK, Kamunya S, Muchugi A, Möller M, Liu J, Xu JC, Li DZ, Gao LM. Multiple origins and a narrow genepool characterise the African tea germplasm: concordant patterns revealed by nuclear and plastid DNA markers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4053. [PMID: 28642589 PMCID: PMC5481375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the highly economic value of tea in Africa, its genetic and geographic origins remain largely unexplored. Here we address this by collecting 439 samples across 11 countries in Africa and Asia to investigate the origin and genepool composition of African tea based on 23 nuclear microsatellites loci (nSSRs) and three cpDNA intergenic spacer regions. Our results indicated that the African tea represents a potpourri originating from multiple introductions over time. The nSSR analysis revealed that the majority (79%) of tea accessions collected in Africa belong to Indian Assam tea which have likely originated from India and/or Sri Lanka. The patterns of nSSR variation also showed that Chinese Assam tea is genetically distinct from Indian Assam tea, and has rarely been used in African tea breeding efforts since only 4% of the African tea accessions possessed this genotype. We found a total of 22 cpDNA haplotypes, which grouped into three main geographic clades that were concordant with the distribution of microsatellite genotypes. Several private cpDNA haplotypes were identified in Chinese Assam tea in Southern Yunnan province of China. Therefore Chinese Assam tea will be important for the enrichment of African tea gene pools. Our results is a useful guide in future tea breeding programmes in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Cheloti Wambulwa
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Genetic Resources Unit, World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, P. O. Box, 30677, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Muditha Kasun Meegahakumbura
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Genetic and Plant Breeding Division, Coconut Research Institute, Bandirippuwa Estate, 61150, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka
| | - Samson Kamunya
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Tea Research Institute (KALRO-TRI), Kericho, Kenya
| | - Alice Muchugi
- Genetic Resources Unit, World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, P. O. Box, 30677, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michael Möller
- Department of Science, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Jian-Chu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia Office, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
| | - Lian-Ming Gao
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
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Meegahakumbura MK, Wambulwa MC, Thapa KK, Li MM, Möller M, Xu JC, Yang JB, Liu BY, Ranjitkar S, Liu J, Li DZ, Gao LM. Indications for Three Independent Domestication Events for the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) and New Insights into the Origin of Tea Germplasm in China and India Revealed by Nuclear Microsatellites. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155369. [PMID: 27218820 PMCID: PMC4878758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tea is the world’s most popular non-alcoholic beverage. China and India are known to be the largest tea producing countries and recognized as the centers for the domestication of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). However, molecular studies on the origin, domestication and relationships of the main teas, China type, Assam type and Cambod type are lacking. Methodology/Principal Findings Twenty-three nuclear microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity, relatedness, and domestication history of cultivated tea in both China and India. Based on a total of 392 samples, high levels of genetic diversity were observed for all tea types in both countries. The cultivars clustered into three distinct genetic groups (i.e. China tea, Chinese Assam tea and Indian Assam tea) based on STRUCTURE, PCoA and UPGMA analyses with significant pairwise genetic differentiation, corresponding well with their geographical distribution. A high proportion (30%) of the studied tea samples were shown to possess genetic admixtures of different tea types suggesting a hybrid origin for these samples, including the Cambod type. Conclusions We demonstrate that Chinese Assam tea is a distinct genetic lineage from Indian Assam tea, and that China tea sampled from India was likely introduced from China directly. Our results further indicate that China type tea, Chinese Assam type tea and Indian Assam type tea are likely the result of three independent domestication events from three separate regions across China and India. Our findings have important implications for the conservation of genetic stocks, as well as future breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Meegahakumbura
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 10049, China
- Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka
| | - M. C. Wambulwa
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 10049, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - K. K. Thapa
- Department of Botany, Dinhata College, Dinhata– 736135, West Bengal, India
| | - M. M. Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 10049, China
| | - M. Möller
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - J. C. Xu
- Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies and World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia Regional Office, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
| | - J. B. Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
| | - B. Y. Liu
- Tea Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai 666201, China
| | - S. Ranjitkar
- Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies and World Agroforestry Centre East and Central Asia Regional Office, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
| | - J. Liu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
| | - D. Z. Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 10049, China
- * E-mail: (LMG); (DZL)
| | - L. M. Gao
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
- * E-mail: (LMG); (DZL)
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19
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Zhang CC, Wang LY, Wei K, Wu LY, Li HL, Zhang F, Cheng H, Ni DJ. Transcriptome analysis reveals self-incompatibility in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) might be under gametophytic control. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:359. [PMID: 27183979 PMCID: PMC4869358 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-incompatibility (SI) is under genetic control and prevents inbreeding depression in angiosperms. SI mechanisms are quite complicated and still poorly understood in many plants. Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) belonging to the family of Theaceae, exhibits high levels of SI and high heterozygosity. Uncovering the molecular basis of SI of the tea plant may enhance breeding and simplify genomics research for the whole family. RESULTS The growth of pollen tubes following selfing and crossing was observed using fluorescence microscopy. Self-pollen tubes grew slower than cross treatments from 24 h to 72 h after pollination. RNA-seq was employed to explore the molecular mechanisms of SI and to identify SI-related genes in C. sinensis. Self and cross-pollinated styles were collected at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after pollination. Six RNA-seq libraries (SP24, SP48, SP72, CP24 CP48 and CP72; SP = self-pollinated, CP = cross-pollinated) were constructed and separately sequenced. In total, 299.327 million raw reads were generated. Following assembly, 63,762 unigenes were identified, and 27,264 (42.76 %) unigenes were annotated in five public databases: NR, KOG, KEGG, Swiss-Port and GO. To identify SI-related genes, the fragments per kb per million mapped reads (FPKM) values of each unigene were evaluated. Comparisons of CP24 vs. SP24, CP48 vs. SP48 and CP72 vs. SP72 revealed differential expression of 3,182, 3,575 and 3,709 genes, respectively. Consequently, several ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, Ca(2+) signaling, apoptosis and defense-associated genes were obtained. The temporal expression pattern of genes following CP and SP was analyzed; 6 peroxidase, 1 polyphenol oxidase and 7 salicylic acid biosynthetic process-related genes were identified. The RNA-seq data were validated by qRT-PCR of 15 unigenes. Finally, a unigene (CL25983Contig1) with strong homology to the S-RNase was analyzed. It was mainly expressed in styles, with dramatically higher expression in self-pollinated versus cross-pollinated tissues at 24 h post-pollination. CONCLUSIONS The present study reports the transcriptome of styles after cross- and self-pollination in tea and offers novel insights into the molecular mechanism behind SI in C. sinensis. We believe that this RNA-seq dataset will be useful for improvement in C. sinensis as well as other plants in the Theaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China
| | - Li-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Li-Yun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Hai-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - De-Jiang Ni
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, China.
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Zakir M, Sultan KB, Khan H, Khan MA, Fazal H, Rauf A. Antimicrobial activity of different tea varieties available in Pakistan. Pak J Pharm Sci 2015; 28:2091-2094. [PMID: 26639502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this antimicrobial study, various extracts of Green and Black tea (Camellia sinensis) and Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citrates) were evaluated for antimicrobial activities against six bacterial strains including both human pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi) and plant pathogenic bacteria (Erwinia carotovora, Agro bacterium tumifaciens) and one fungal strain Candida albicans by disc diffusion susceptibility method. Of human pathogens, P. aeruginosa was most susceptible to all three different tea varieties; though rest of the strains also demonstrated prominent sensitivity. In comparison, black tea extracts were less activities than green tea and lemon grass. However, all the three tea varieties illustrated profound activity against plant pathogenic bacteria. Similarly, when extracts of tea were tested against C. albicans, green tea and lemon grass exhibited significant activity while black tea was mostly inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zakir
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Khush Bakht Sultan
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Murad Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Hina Fazal
- Medicinal Botanic Center, PCSIR Labs Complex Peshawar, Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, Pakistan
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Li SB, Li YF, Mao ZF, Hu HH, Ouyang SH, Wu YP, Tsoi B, Gong P, Kurihara H, He RR. Differing chemical compositions of three teas may explain their different effects on acute blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Sci Food Agric 2015; 95:1236-1242. [PMID: 25043720 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy tea consumption is suggested to be unsuitable for hypertensive people. However, the bioactive substances in different varieties of tea leaves are very different. This study compares the effects of three Chinese teas - C. sinensis, C. ptilophylla and C. assamica var. kucha - on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). RESULTS Intragastric administration of C. sinensis extract led to an acute increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate in SHRs. However, C. ptilophylla and C. assamica var. kucha exerted no obvious influences on SBP, DBP or heart rate. Similar to the extract of C. sinensis, intragastric administration of caffeine also led to an acute increase in BP and heart rate in SHRs. In contrast, theobromine and theacrine - purine alkaloids predominantly contained in C. ptilophylla and C. assamica var. kucha, respectively - had no pressor effects. The effect of caffeine on BP was related to the regulation of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in SHRs. CONCLUSION The different effects of C. sinensis, C. ptilophylla and C. assamica var. kucha on BP might be explained, at least partially, by the differences in the varieties and contents of purine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Bing Li
- Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Ma JQ, Yao MZ, Ma CL, Wang XC, Jin JQ, Wang XM, Chen L. Construction of a SSR-based genetic map and identification of QTLs for catechins content in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). PLoS One 2014; 9:e93131. [PMID: 24676054 PMCID: PMC3968092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Catechins are the most important bioactive compounds in tea, and have been demonstrated to possess a wide variety of pharmacological activities. To characterize quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for catechins content in the tender shoots of tea plant, we constructed a moderately saturated genetic map using 406 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, based on a pseudo-testcross population of 183 individuals derived from an intraspecific cross of two Camellia sinensis varieties with diverse catechins composition. The map consisted of fifteen linkage groups (LGs), corresponding to the haploid chromosome number of tea plant (2n = 2x = 30). The total map length was 1,143.5 cM, with an average locus spacing of 2.9 cM. A total of 25 QTLs associated with catechins content were identified over two measurement years. Of these, nine stable QTLs were validated across years, and clustered into four main chromosome regions on LG03, LG11, LG12 and LG15. The population variability explained by each QTL was predominantly at moderate-to-high levels and ranged from 2.4% to 71.0%, with an average of 17.7%. The total number of QTL for each trait varied from four to eight, while the total population variability explained by all QTLs for a trait ranged between 38.4% and 79.7%. This is the first report on the identification of QTL for catechins content in tea plant. The results of this study provide a foundation for further cloning and functional characterization of catechin QTLs for utilization in improvement of tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ji-Qiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xue-Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Lv S, Wu Y, Li C, Xu Y, Liu L, Meng Q. Comparative analysis of Pu-erh and Fuzhuan teas by fully automatic headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric methods. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:1810-1818. [PMID: 24512533 DOI: 10.1021/jf405237u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen Pu-erh teas and 13 Fuzhuan teas obtained from two different production areas in China were profiled using fully automatic headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with chemometric methods. A total of 93 aroma components were identified in 26 dark teas; among them, methoxyphenolic compounds (31.77%) were the most abundant components in Pu-erh teas, whereas ketone compounds were the most abundant components (25.42%) in Fuzhuan teas. Cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that these two types of dark teas could be clearly distinguished according to their chemical characteristics. This study suggested that the proposed strategy could provide a feasible and rapid technique to differentiate dark teas with similar morphological characteristics from different production areas by their volatile composition and relative content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Lv
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
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24
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Li JL, Tang JC, Zhao CY, Tang H, Li XD, Li HS. [Effects of different landscape patch structure on the diversity of arthropod community in tea plantations]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2013; 24:1305-1312. [PMID: 24015548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A field survey with random block design was conducted to study the effects of different landscape patch structure on the arthropod community in tea plantations. In the tea plantations with small woodland (QM) or Acacia confuse (XS) patches, predatory spider had the highest proportion, occupying 62.3% and 69.5% of the total arthropods, respectively, being significantly higher than that in the tea plantations close to paddy field (DT) or near a village (RJ). The tea plantations with QM had the highest diversity index and species richness of arthropod community, while the evenness index and dominance index were not significantly different from the other tea plantations. The tea plantations with QM and XS had much richer natural enemies, and the order of the diversity index, evenness index, and richness index of natural enemies in the tea plantations ranked as QM > XS > DT > RJ. It was suggested that landscape patch structure had great effect on the diversity of arthropod community in tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Long Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment of Tropics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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25
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Zhao L, Gao L, Wang H, Chen X, Wang Y, Yang H, Wei C, Wan X, Xia T. The R2R3-MYB, bHLH, WD40, and related transcription factors in flavonoid biosynthesis. Funct Integr Genomics 2013; 13:75-98. [PMID: 23184474 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-012-0301-304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
R2R3-MYB, bHLH, and WD40 proteins have been shown to control multiple enzymatic steps in the biosynthetic pathway responsible for the production of flavonoids, important secondary metabolites in Camellia sinensis. Few related transcription factor genes have been documented. The presence of R2R3-MYB, bHLH, and WD40 were statistically and bioinformatically analyzed on 127,094 C. sinensis transcriptome unigenes, resulting in identification of 73, 49, and 134 genes, respectively. C. sinensis phylogenetic trees were constructed for R2R3-MYB and bHLH proteins using previous Arabidopsis data and further divided into 27 subgroups (Sg) and 32 subfamilies. Motifs in some R2R3-MYB subgroups were redefined. Furthermore, Sg26 and Sg27 were expanded compared to Arabidopsis data, and bHLH proteins in C. sinensis were grouped into nine subfamilies. According to the functional annotation of Arabidopsis, flavonoid biosynthesis in C. sinensis was predicted to include R2R3-MYB genes in Sg4 (6), Sg5 (2), and Sg7 (1), as well as bHLH genes in subfamily 2 (2) and subfamily 24 (5). The wide evolutionary gap prevented phylogenetic analysis of WD40s; however, a single gene, CsWD40-1, was observed to share 80.4 % sequence homogeny with AtTTG1. Analysis of CsMYB4-1, CsMYB4-2, CsMYB4-3, CsMYB4-4, CsMYB5-1, and CsMYB5-2 revealed the interaction motif [DE]Lx2[RK]x3Lx6Lx3R, potentially contributing to the specificity of the bHLH partner in the stable MYB-bHLH complex. Full-length end-to-end polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative reverse transcriptase (qRT)-PCR were used to validate selected genes and generate relative expression ratio profiles in C. sinensis leaves by developmental stage and treatment conditions, including hormone and wound treatments. Potential target binding sites were predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture & Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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26
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Abstract
CBF (C-repeat-binding factor) transcription factor exists widely in all kinds of plants. It is an important regulative factor in the process of plant resistance adversity. In this paper, Camellia sinensis CBF1 gene sequence was analyzed by Codon W, CHIPS, and CUSP programs online, and then compared with C. sinensis genes, genomes in other species, and CBF genes from 39 plant species. It is important to identify the codon usage of CsCBF1 gene and select appropriate expression systems. The results showed that CsCBF1 gene and selected 70 C. sinensis genes had distinct usage differences. CsCBF1 gene was bias toward the synonymous codons with G and C at the third codon position, but 70 C. sinensis genes were bias toward the synonymous codons with A and T. The differences in codon usage frequency between CsCBF1 gene and dicotyledons such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tobacum were less than monocotyledons such as wheat (Triticum aestivum) and corn (Zea mays). Therefore, A. thaliana and N. tobacum expression systems may be more suitable for the expression of CsCBF1 gene. The analysis results of CBF genes from 40 plant species also showed that most of the CBF genes were bias toward the synonymous codons with G and C at the third codon position. The reason of this phenomenon is possible due to special functions of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Li Guo
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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27
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Hayashi N, Ujihara T, Tanaka E, Kishi Y, Ogawa H, Matsuo H. Annual variation of natural 15N abundance in tea leaves and its practicality as an organic tea indicator. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:10317-10321. [PMID: 21882848 DOI: 10.1021/jf202215z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To obtain basic knowledge about the relationship between the application of organic fertilizers and the δ15N values of leaves of organically grown tea plants, annual variations in the δ15N values of the tea leaves were investigated. Although variations did not immediately arise after the application of organic fertilizers, differences in the δ15N values between organic and conventional cultivations appeared basically after three years from the beginning of the organic cultivation except when an organic fertilizer with a low δ15N value was applied, and the variation depended on the δ15N values of the fertilizers. In addition, the effectiveness of the δ15N values as a practical indicator of organic teas was examined. The tea leaves collected from organic farms did not always have higher δ15N values than the commercially available nonorganic teas. This result demonstrates that it is not easy to discriminate organic teas from nonorganic teas simply by their δ15N values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hayashi
- National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2769 Kanaya, Shimada, Shizuoka 428-8501, Japan.
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Ujihara T, Taniguchi F, Tanaka JI, Hayashi N. Development of Expressed Sequence Tag (EST)-based Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) markers of tea plant and their application to cultivar identification. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:1557-1564. [PMID: 21319852 DOI: 10.1021/jf103311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To develop cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers for cultivar identification of the tea leaf, 5 primer pairs designed on the basis of genes that encode proteins related to nitrogen assimilation and 26 primer pairs based on expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences of the root of tea plant were screened. From combinations of primer pair and restriction enzyme that showed polymorphism among tea plants, 16 markers were selected and applied to DNA fingerprinting of Japanese tea cultivars. Sixty-three cultivars, except for a bud sport (Kiraka) and its original cultivar (Yabukita) and a pair that was the progeny of the same crossing parent (Harumoegi and Sakimidori), were distinguished from one another. By combining the 16 markers with previously developed CAPS markers and observing the physical appearance, 67 cultivars were distinguishable. The cultivars involve approximately 95% of total tea cultivating area in Japan; therefore, about 95% of tea leaves produced in Japan can be authenticated by labeling their cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Ujihara
- Kanaya Tea Research Station, National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2769 Kanaya, Shimada, Shizuoka 428-8501, Japan.
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29
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Shen CW, Ning ZX, Huang JA, Chen D, Li JX. [Genetic diversity of Camellia sinensis germplasm in Guangdong Province based on morphological parameters and SRAP markers]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2009; 20:1551-1558. [PMID: 19899450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
By the methods of phenotypic identification and SRAP makers amplification, the genetic diversity of twenty-five local tea cultivars in Guangdong Province and five contrastive cultivars from other regions was assessed and classified, and the phenotypic traits of the cultivars were clustered by Pearson correlation and Farthest neighbor methods. The coefficient of variation of the phenotypic traits was averagely 32.15%. Fine-hair had the highest coefficient of variation (42.41%), while the growth period of bud leaves had the smallest one (18.52%). Based on the cluster analysis of phenotypic traits, the test 30 tea cultivars could be clustered into 4 groups, 17 cultivars in the first group, 10 cultivars in the second group, 2 contrastive cultivars Yunnan-dayezhong and Lingyun-baimaocha in the third group, and 1 contrastive cultivar Hainan-dayezhong in the fourth group. After the amplification with 21 SRAP primers, a total of 127 fragments were detected, among which, 114 fragments were polymorphic, accounting for 88.67% of the total. The amplified fragments and polymorphic fragments per primer combination were averagely 6.05 and 5.43, respectively. At the genetic distance of 0.39 cm, the tea cultivars could be classified into three groups A, B and C, and 83.33% of the cultivars were belonged to group A. At the genetic distance of 0.31 cm, group A could be further classified into three sub-groups I , II and III, 13 cultivars in subgroup I, 2 cultivars in subgroup II, and 10 cultivars in subgroup III. It was not exactly the same between the clustering based on SRAP markers amplification and the performance of phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wen Shen
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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30
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Abstract
Forty two tea varieties were analyzed by using 16 SSR primer sets derived from tea ESTs in this study, and 13 of the primer sets produced clear bands and 10 of them showed polymorphism, accounting for 76.9%. The PIC (polymorphism information content) for each polymorphic primer set varied from 0.522 to 0.866, with a average about 0.73. Totally 84 Genotypes and 74 alleles were detected in all materials by 10 polymorphic markers, with the range from 4 to 12 and from 3 to 10 for each polymorphic primer set, respectively. The genetic distance among 42 tea varieties varied from 0.074 to 0.667, averagely 0.363, suggesting that the materials used in the experiment possess a broad genetic variation. Based on the similarity coefficient about 0.55, all the tea varieties tested could be classified into 3 groups and most of them were in first group. The results of this study proved that the EST-SSR marker is very effective in evaluation of tea germplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Qiang Jin
- Institute of Nuclear and Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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31
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Rao XQ, Ying YB, Huang HB, Shi Z, Zhou LQ. [Identification of tea from different regions using X-ray fluorescence]. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi 2009; 29:837-839. [PMID: 19455838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The existence of fake tea from non-origin seriously impacts on the credibility of the famous tea. A method was developed to identify tea from difference regions on the basis of the fact that the content of heavy metals in different origin tea is varied by using X-ray fluorescence technique and pattern recognition technique. Samples from different origins were grouped respectively, and their X-ray fluorescence spectra were acquired, and then the principal components of these spectral data were calculated, and the average of the principal components of each group was used as the center of each group. The Mahalanobis distance value between a sample and the center of a group were calculated, when the Mahalanobis distance value reached minimum, the sample was classed to current group, and in this way, a sample was identified. A Niton 792 portable X-ray spectrometer was used to class 120 tea samples from Anji, Jinhua, Hangzhou and Taizhou, in zhejiang province of China. It was found that the spectra between 3 and 13 KeV and the first 4 principal components give enough information for the identification of tea from different regions,and the rate of error was 4.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qin Rao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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Morita A, Yanagisawa O, Takatsu S, Maeda S, Hiradate S. Mechanism for the detoxification of aluminum in roots of tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze). Phytochemistry 2008; 69:147-53. [PMID: 17643454 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To determine the mechanism of aluminum (Al) detoxification in the roots of tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze), the amounts of Al and Al-chelating compounds (fluoride (F), organic acids and catechins) were measured and the chemical forms of Al in root cell extracts were identified by the application of 27Al-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Tea plants were cultivated in nutrient solutions containing 0, 4, 1.0 and 4.0 mM of Al at pH 4.2 for approximately 10 weeks. The levels of soluble Al, water-soluble oxalate and citrate, but not F, malate or catechins in young roots increased with an increase in the concentration of Al in the treatment solution. The 27Al NMR spectra of root tips and cell sap extracted from root tips that had been treated with Al were almost identical and had four signals, with two (11 and 16 ppm) apparently corresponding to the known chemical shifts of Al-oxalate complexes. In the spectra of cell sap, the resonances at 11 and 16 ppm increased with an increase in the Al contents. These results suggest that the levels of Al-oxalate complexes increased in response to an increase in the Al level, implying that oxalate is a key Al-chelating compound in the mechanism of Al detoxification in the tea root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Morita
- Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
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Thomas J, Raj Kumar R, Mandal AKA. Metabolite profiling and characterization of somaclonal variants in tea (Camellia spp.) for identifying productive and quality accession. Phytochemistry 2006; 67:1136-42. [PMID: 16714038 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A study has been undertaken to characterize 15 field grown somaclonal variants derived from cotyledonary tissues of UPASI-10 using morphological, physiological and biochemical characters. Although variants were derived from UPASI-10, a very few variants possessed unique "Chinery" characters while others exhibited "Assam" characters. However, no variant showed identical morphological characters aligning with the parent. Somaclonal variants showed distinct variation in terms of photosynthetic carbon assimilation, stomatal conductance and diffusion resistance. Proline accumulation and water use efficiency showed marginal variations among the variants. SE 8 and SE 10 recorded higher values of membrane stability index denoting their tolerant nature against stress. Class interval analysis based on physiological parameters grouped these plants into three clusters. Three variants grouped under good category representing higher values of productivity index followed by five variants under moderate category. Green leaf constituents and quality profile of made tea produced with crop shoots of variants exhibited wide variation. Center point radar graph analysis of quality constituents grouped these plants into three clusters. Variants SE 2 and SE 13 were segregated distinctly representing their black tea characters. When considering both the quality and productivity indices, SE 3 and SE 7 fall under moderate category and in future these two variants may be subjected to further quality tests for commercial exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibu Thomas
- Plant Physiology Division, UPASI Tea Research Foundation Tea Research Institute, Valparai 642 127, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Abstract
Variability in the organization of repeats of 5S rDNA is useful for phylogenetic studies in various crops. We found variable repeats of 5S rDNA gene in the genome of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) during Southern hybridization. Variability in the repeats of 5S rDNA with specific restriction endonuleases (Sau3AI, BamHI, and ApoI) was analyzed in 28 different tea clones representing 3 types of tea. Our results clearly show that the 5S rDNA gene in tea could be used as a molecular marker to distinguish C. sinensis Chinary tea from the other important types of tea, namely Assamica and Cambod. Upon analysis with restriction endonucleases, the 5S rDNA gene in the tea genome was found to be heavily methylated.Key words: Camellia sinensis, 5S rDNA, DNA methylation, restriction endonucleases, molecular marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharam Singh
- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
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35
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Li J, Jiang CJ, Wang ZX. [RAPD analysis on genetic diversity of the preconcentrated core germplasms of Camellia Sinensis in China]. Yi Chuan 2005; 27:765-71. [PMID: 16257906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of 69 tea cultivars of the preconcentrated core germplasms of Camellia Sinensis in China by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Among 50 arbitrary primers, 32 primers could generate enough amplified bands for all the strains in this study. Among a total of 348 bands observed, 328 (94.3%)bands were polymorphic in the 69 cultivars tested except additional 20 cultivars. Genetic distances between the cultivars varied from 0.223 to 0.723. The study indicated that the pre-concentrated core germplasms of Camellia Sinensis in China could well represent the whole collection in respect of genetic structure and genetic diversity and genetic distance. At the same time, it was the best option to establish core collection of Camellia Sinensis in China by combining morphological markers with DNA molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Biotechnology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Vyas D, Kumar S. Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) clone with lower period of winter dormancy exhibits lesser cellular damage in response to low temperature. Plant Physiol Biochem 2005; 43:383-8. [PMID: 15907690 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
There is no literature available on the response of tea plant to low temperature. We studied the effect of low temperature on two clones of tea with contrasting periods of winter dormancy, a phenomenon in which the growth of apical shoots of tea is diminished during winter months. Clone 'Teenali 17/154' (TNL) showed shorter periods of winter dormancy than clone 'Kangra Jat' (KNJ). Low temperature (5 degrees C) resulted in increase of metabolic superoxide (O2*-) content and cellular damage (as measured by tetrazolium chloride reduction test) in both the clones, however, the increase was lesser in the case of TNL compared to KNJ. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2) increased in both the clones in response to low temperature however, GR activity exhibited significant differences (P < 0.05) between the two clones. Low temperature caused increase in the intensity of various isozymes of SOD, APX and GR. A new isozyme of SOD (Cu/Zn type) was induced in both the clones at low temperature. Significantly higher GR activity in both the clones suggested a role of this enzyme in imparting better protection to tea at low temperature. Also, clonal variation for GR isozyme was observed between the clones. Based on these results it appears that TNL, a clone with relatively lesser period of winter dormancy experiences lesser oxidative stress in response to low temperature compared to KNJ, a clone with relatively higher period of winter dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Vyas
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, P.O. BOX: 6, Palampur- 176 061 (HP) INDIA.
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Saravanan M, Maria John KM, Raj Kumar R, Pius PK, Sasikumar R. Genetic diversity of UPASI tea clones (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) on the basis of total catechins and their fractions. Phytochemistry 2005; 66:561-5. [PMID: 15721948 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2004] [Revised: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tea leaf catechins and the ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated catechin fractions were analysed to identify the genetic diversity of 26 UPASI released tea clones. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on regression factor separated tea clones into five groups according to their jats (Jats are region based rays for e.g., Assam, China and Cambod origin) as well as their quality constituents (such as total polyphenols, total catechins, amino acids in the green leaves and liquor characteristics of black tea), particularly the catechins. Group 1 represented medium quality (quality of the final produce) clones, such as UPASI-10, UPASI-12 and UPASI-15 and drought tolerant clones like UPASI-1, UPASI-2, UPASI-9 and UPASI-10. Group 2 contained purely "China" cultivars while group 3 possessed high quality tea cultivars. "Assam" (group 5) teas had the lowest ratio of dihydroxylated to trihydroxylated catechin fractions (1:4) than the "Chinery" (group 2) teas (1:5). This biochemical differentiation indicated that there is a vast genetic diversity in UPASI released tea clones in terms of catechin fractions, even though the majority of them were selected from one tea estate located in the Nilgiris.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saravanan
- Plant Physiology Division, UPASI Tea Research Foundation, Tea Research Institute, Nirar Dam BPO, Valparai 642 127, TN, India
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Chen L, Zhou ZX. Variations of main quality components of tea genetic resources [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] preserved in the China National Germplasm Tea Repository. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2005; 60:31-5. [PMID: 15898357 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-005-2540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The variations of the main quality components of tea, tea polyphenols, catechins, amino acids, caffeine, and water extract of 596 accessions Chinese tea genetic resources, preserved in the China National Germplasm Tea Repository (CNGTR), were analyzed. Tea polyphenols content on a dry weight basis varied from 13.6 to 47.8%, averaging 28.4%. The tea polyphenols content increases gradually from northern and eastern provinces to southern provinces, the highest is in Yunnan tea resources. The content of catechins ranged from 81.9 g/kg to 262.7 g/kg, averaging 144.6 g/kg. The genetic resources from Hunan province had the highest catechins content, inconsistent with the tea polyphenols, which were highest in Yunnan tea resources. The amino acids content ranged from 1.1 to 6.5%, with an average of 3.3%. It was much lower in the southern provinces compared with northern and eastern provinces. The average caffeine content was 4.2%, varying from 1.2 to 5.9%. Yunnan province has plentiful high caffeine genetic resources, next is Fujian province. Caffeine content of Chinese and Japanese tea genetic resources were very similar. The average of water extract content was 44.7%, varying from 24.4 to 57.0%. The variation pattern was similar to that of tea polyphenols. Tea genetic resources of transnormal components are valuable and they could be used directly or indirectly for commercial functional components extract, breeding, and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Laboratory for Germplasm, Breeding and Molecular Biology, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, P R China.
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Le Gall G, Colquhoun IJ, Defernez M. Metabolite profiling using (1)H NMR spectroscopy for quality assessment of green tea, Camellia sinensis (L.). J Agric Food Chem 2004; 52:692-700. [PMID: 14969518 DOI: 10.1021/jf034828r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A set of 191 green teas from different countries was collected and analyzed by (1)H NMR. It was proposed to establish if the teas could be discriminated according to the country of origin or with respect to quality. Both principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were applied to the data. Some separation of Chinese and non-Chinese teas was observed. The present results did not allow allocation of samples to individual countries, but cluster analysis suggested that it might be possible with an augmented sample set. The PCA did show a separation between the Longjing type (highest quality Chinese tea) and most other Chinese teas and indicated some metabolites that could be responsible for the difference. Longjing teas showed higher levels of theanine, gallic acid, caffeine, epigallocatechin gallate, and epicatechin gallate and lower levels of epigallocatechin when compared with other teas. These compounds have been mentioned previously in connection with quality, but it was also shown that higher levels of theogallin (5-galloyl quinic acid), theobromine, 2-O-(beta-l-arabinopyranosyl)-myo-inositol and some minor sugar-containing compounds were found in Longjing teas while higher levels of fatty acids and sucrose were found in the other teas. These new markers could prove to be useful for the authentication of bulk tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénaëlle Le Gall
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
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