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Gardner JMF, Mansour NR, Bell AS, Helmby H, Bickle Q. The discovery of a novel series of compounds with single-dose efficacy against juvenile and adult Schistosoma species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009490. [PMID: 34280206 PMCID: PMC8321398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment and control of schistosomiasis depends on a single drug, praziquantel, but this is not ideal for several reasons including lack of potency against the juvenile stage of the parasite, dose size, and risk of resistance. We have optimised the properties of a series of compounds we discovered through high throughput screening and have designed candidates for clinical development. The best compounds demonstrate clearance of both juvenile and adult S. mansoni worms in a mouse model of infection from a single oral dose of < 10 mg/kg. Several compounds in the series are predicted to treat schistosomiasis in humans across a range of species with a single oral dose of less than 5 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuha R. Mansour
- Department for Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Helena Helmby
- Department for Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin Bickle
- Department for Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Chen S, Suzuki BM, Dohrmann J, Singh R, Arkin MR, Caffrey CR. A multi-dimensional, time-lapse, high content screening platform applied to schistosomiasis drug discovery. Commun Biol 2020; 3:747. [PMID: 33349640 PMCID: PMC7752906 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of the world's population is at risk of schistosomiasis, a disease of poverty caused by the Schistosoma parasite. To facilitate drug discovery for this complex flatworm, we developed an automated high-content screen to quantify the multidimensional responses of Schistosoma mansoni post-infective larvae (somules) to chemical insult. We describe an integrated platform to process worms at scale, collect time-lapsed, bright-field images, segment highly variable and touching worms, and then store, visualize, and query dynamic phenotypes. To demonstrate the methodology, we treated somules with seven drugs that generated diverse responses and evaluated 45 static and kinetic response descriptors relative to concentration and time. For compound screening, we used the Mahalanobis distance to compare multidimensional phenotypic effects induced by 1323 approved drugs. Overall, we characterize both known anti-schistosomals and identify new bioactives. Apart from facilitating drug discovery, the multidimensional quantification provided by this platform will allow mapping of chemistry to phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Brian M Suzuki
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jakob Dohrmann
- Department of Computer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
| | - Rahul Singh
- Department of Computer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA.
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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3
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da Silva VBR, Boucherle B, El-Methni J, Hoffmann B, da Silva AL, Fortune A, de Lima MDCA, Thomas A. Could we expect new praziquantel derivatives? A meta pharmacometrics/pharmacoinformatics analysis of all antischistosomal praziquantel derivatives found in the literature. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2019; 30:383-401. [PMID: 31144535 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2019.1607898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is the first line drug for the treatment of human Schistosoma spp. worm infections. However, it suffers from low activity towards immature stages of the worm, and its prolonged use induces resistance/tolerance. During the last 40 years, 263 PZQ analogues have been synthesized and tested against Schistosoma spp. worms, but less than 10% of them showed significant activity. Here, we propose a rationalization of the chemical space of the PZQ derivatives by a ligand-based approach. First, we constructed an in-house database with all PZQ derivatives available in the literature. This analysis shows a high heterogeneity in the data. Fortunately, all studies include PZQ as a reference, permitting the classification of compounds into three classes according to their activities. Models involving ligand-based pharmacophore and logistic regression were performed. Five physicochemical parameters were identified as the best to explain the biological activity. In the end, we proposed new PZQ derivatives with modifications at positions 1 and 7, we analysed them with our models, and we observed that they can be more active than the previously synthesized derivatives. The main goal of this work was to conduct the most valuable meta-pharmacometrics/pharmacoinformatics analysis with all Praziquantel medicinal chemistry data available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Ribeiro da Silva
- a CNRS, DPM , Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France
- b Departamento de Antibióticos (DANTI) , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Recife , Brazil
| | - B Boucherle
- a CNRS, DPM , Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France
| | - J El-Methni
- c MAP5, UMR CNRS , Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - B Hoffmann
- d UMR CNRS 7590, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, IRD UMR 206, IUC, IMPMC , Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris , Paris , France
| | - A L da Silva
- e Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Univasf, Campus Paulo Afonso , Paulo Afonso , Brazil
| | - A Fortune
- a CNRS, DPM , Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France
| | - M do Carmo Alves de Lima
- b Departamento de Antibióticos (DANTI) , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Recife , Brazil
| | - A Thomas
- a CNRS, DPM , Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France
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4
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Yang Y, Ren-Jie H, Bai-Nian F. [Development of a novel method for UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis of anti-schistosomiasis heterocyclic compounds]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2018; 30:317-321. [PMID: 30019561 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2018137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) method for the determination of an oxadiazole-2-oxide heterocyclic compound F-2015-14. METHODS Mouse plasma and liver homogenate specimens were extracted with ethyl acetate and chromatographed on a Waters CORTECS column (C18, 1.6 μm, 2.1 mm × 150 mm) by using a mobile phase of 10% acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid with by a volume fractionation by gradient elution. Then, UPLC-QTOF-MS was performed to determine F-2015-14 in mouse plasma and liver homogenate specimens. RESULTS The linearity of F-2015-14 in plasma ranged from 12.5 to 250 mg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.990 and a detection limit of 8.8 mg/mL. F-2015-14 in liver homogenates ranged from 12.5 to 250 mg/mL. The linearity was good with a correlation coefficient of 0.992 and a limit of detection of 5.6 mg/mL. If the concentration of plasma and liver homogenate specimens was 12.5 mg/mL, the accuracy and the matrix effect were 80% to 120%, and the inter-day and intra-day precision was within 20%. If the concentrations of plasma and liver homogenate specimens were 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL, the accuracy and the matrix effect were 85% to 115%, and the inter-day and intra-day precision was within 15%. CONCLUSIONS The UPLC-QTOF-MS established in this study has a high sensitivity and good reproducibility for the determination of F-2015-14, which provides bases for the development of novel anti-schistosomiasis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Hui Ren-Jie
- Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Feng Bai-Nian
- Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
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Kang N, Shen W, Gao H, Feng Y, Zhu W, Yang S, Liu Y, Xu Q, Yu D. Antischistosomal Properties of Hederacolchiside A1 Isolated from Pulsatilla chinensis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061431. [PMID: 29899232 PMCID: PMC6099544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Schistosomiasis is a major neglected disease for which the current control strategy involves mass treatment with praziquantel, the only available drug. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new antischistosomal compounds. Methods: The antischistosomal activity of hederacolchiside A1 (HSA) were determined by total or female worm burden reductions in mice harboring Schistosoma japonicum or S. mansoni. Pathology parameters were detected on HSA against 1-day-old S. japonicum-harboring mice. Moreover, we confirmed the antischistosomal effect of HSA on newly transformed schistosomula (NTS) of S. japonicum in vitro. Results: HSA, a natural product isolated from Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel, was initially corroborated to possess promising antischistosomal properties. We demonstrated that HSA had high activity against S. japonicum and S. mansoni less in 11 days old parasites harbored in mice. The antischistosomal effect was even more than the currently used drugs, praziquantel, and artesunate. Furthermore, HSA could ameliorate the pathology parameters in mice harboring 1-day-old juvenile S. japonicum. We also confirmed that HSA-mediated antischistosomal activity is partly due to the morphological changes in the tegument system when NTS are exposed to HSA. Conclusions: HSA may have great potential to be an antischistosomal agent for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixin Kang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Wenhua Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Hongwei Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530001, China.
| | - Yulin Feng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Weifeng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Shilin Yang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Yanli Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Qiongming Xu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75105, Sweden.
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Lima TC, Lucarini R, Luz PP, de Faria EH, Marçal L, Magalhães LG, Badoco FR, Esperandim VR, Molina EF, Laurentz RS, Lima RG, Cunha WR, Bastos JK, Silva MLA. In vitro schistosomicidal activity of the lignan (-)-6,6'-dinitrohinokinin (DNHK) loaded into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles against Schistosoma mansoni. Pharm Biol 2017; 55:2270-2276. [PMID: 29172838 PMCID: PMC6130564 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1405996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT (-)-6,6'-Dinitrohinokinin (DNHK) display remarkable antiparasitic activity and was, therefore, incorporated into a nanoparticle formulation. OBJECTIVE Incorporation of DNHK in poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles aiming to improve its biological activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Synthesis, characterization and incorporation of DNHK into glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation method. The nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission electron microscopic scanning mansoni (FESEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). For the in vitro test with Schistosoma mansoni, the DNHK-loaded PLGA was diluted into the medium, and added at concentrations 10-200 µM to the culture medium containing one adult worm pair. The parasites were kept for 120 h and monitored every 24 h to evaluate their general condition, including: pairing, alterations in motor activity and mortality. RESULTS The loaded PLGA nanoparticles gave an encapsulation efficiency of 42.2% and showed spherical characteristics in monodisperse polymeric matrix. The adult worm pairs were separated after 120 h of incubation for concentrations higher than 50 µM of DNHK-loaded PLGA. The groups incubated with 150 and 200 µM of DNHK-loaded PLGA for 24 and 120 h killed 100% of adult worms, afforded LC50 values of 137.0 ± 2.12 µM and 79.01 ± 1.90 µM, respectively, which was similar to the effect displayed by 10 µM of praziquantel. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The incorporation of DNHK-loaded showed schistosomicidal activity and allowed its sustained release. The loaded PLGA system can be administered intravenously, as well as it may be internalized by endocytosis by the target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís C. Lima
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Lucarini
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Priscilla P. Luz
- Departamento de Química–CCE, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Emerson H. de Faria
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Liziane Marçal
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Lizandra G. Magalhães
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R. Badoco
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Viviane R. Esperandim
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F. Molina
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Rosangela S. Laurentz
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, Brazil
| | - Regiane G. Lima
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, Brazil
| | - Wilson R. Cunha
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | - Jairo K. Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcio L. Andrade Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia Aplicada, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, Brazil
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Kang NX, Zhu YJ, Zhao JP, Zhu WF, Liu YL, Xu QM, Zhuge HX, Khan IA, Yang SL. Antischistosomal activity of hederacochiside C against Schistosoma japonicum harbored in experimentally infected animals. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2017; 19:402-415. [PMID: 27454107 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2016.1208181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate whether hederacochiside C (HSC) possesses antischistosomal effects and anti-inflammatory response activities in Schistosoma japonicum-infected mice. Different concentrations of HSC were administrated to the mice infected by schistosomula or adult worm by intravenous injection twice a day for five consecutive days. The total worm burden, female worm burden, and the egg burden in liver of mice treated with 400 mg/kg HSC were fewer than those in non-treated ones. Murine immune responses following HSC treatment were investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Our results indicated that 200 mg/kg HSC could reduce the expression of IgG, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17 in comparison to infected group, exhibiting best immunomodulatory effects. In addition, scanning electron microscopical examination revealed that male worms treated with HSC lost their normal surface architecture since its surface showed extensive swelling, erosion, and peeling in tegumental regions. Remarkable amelioration was noticed in histopathological investigations, and 200 mg/kg HSC treatment could reduce the size of granulomatous inflammatory infiltrations in the liver which was reflected in nearly normalization of liver architecture. These results suggested that HSC had potential antischistosomal activity and provided a basis for subsequent experimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Xin Kang
- a School of Biology & Basic Medical Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
- e College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yuan-Jian Zhu
- a School of Biology & Basic Medical Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhao
- b National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , Oxford 38677 , USA
- c Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , Oxford 38677 , USA
| | - Wei-Feng Zhu
- d College of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang 330006 , China
| | - Yan-Li Liu
- e College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Qiong-Ming Xu
- e College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Hong-Xiang Zhuge
- a School of Biology & Basic Medical Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- b National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , Oxford 38677 , USA
- c Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , Oxford 38677 , USA
- e College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Shi-Lin Yang
- d College of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang 330006 , China
- e College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
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Alvarenga TA, de Oliveira PF, de Souza JM, Tavares DC, Andrade E Silva ML, Cunha WR, Groppo M, Januário AH, Magalhães LG, Pauletti PM. Schistosomicidal Activity of Alkyl-phenols from the Cashew Anacardium occidentale against Schistosoma mansoni Adult Worms. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:8821-8827. [PMID: 27934289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided study of the ethanol extract from the cashew Anacardium occidentale furnished cardol triene (1), cardol diene (2), anacardic acid triene (3), cardol monoene (4), anacardic acid diene (5), 2-methylcardol triene (6), and 2-methylcardol diene (7). 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments and HRMS analysis confirmed the structures of compounds 1-7. Compounds 2 and 7 were active against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms in vitro, with LC50 values of 32.2 and 14.5 μM and selectivity indices of 6.1 and 21.2, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy of the tegument of male worms in the presence of compound 7 at 25 μM after 24 h of incubation showed severe damage as well as peeling and reduction in the number of spine tubercles. Transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed swollen mitochondrial membrane, vacuoles, and altered tegument in worms incubated with compound 2 (25 μM after 24 h). Worms incubated with compound 7 (25 μM after 24 h) had lysed interstitial tissue, degenerated mitochondria, and drastically altered tegument. Together, the results indicated that compound 7 presents promising in vitro schistosomicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavane A Alvarenga
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Pollyanna F de Oliveira
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Julia M de Souza
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Denise C Tavares
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Márcio L Andrade E Silva
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Wilson R Cunha
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Milton Groppo
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Ana H Januário
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Lizandra G Magalhães
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M Pauletti
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
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Neves BJ, Dantas RF, Senger MR, Melo-Filho CC, Valente WCG, de Almeida ACM, Rezende-Neto JM, Lima EFC, Paveley R, Furnham N, Muratov E, Kamentsky L, Carpenter AE, Braga RC, Silva-Junior FP, Andrade CH. Discovery of New Anti-Schistosomal Hits by Integration of QSAR-Based Virtual Screening and High Content Screening. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7075-88. [PMID: 27396732 PMCID: PMC5844225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a debilitating neglected tropical disease, caused by flatworms of Schistosoma genus. The treatment relies on a single drug, praziquantel (PZQ), making the discovery of new compounds extremely urgent. In this work, we integrated QSAR-based virtual screening (VS) of Schistosoma mansoni thioredoxin glutathione reductase (SmTGR) inhibitors and high content screening (HCS) aiming to discover new antischistosomal agents. Initially, binary QSAR models for inhibition of SmTGR were developed and validated using the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidance. Using these models, we prioritized 29 compounds for further testing in two HCS platforms based on image analysis of assay plates. Among them, 2-[2-(3-methyl-4-nitro-5-isoxazolyl)vinyl]pyridine and 2-(benzylsulfonyl)-1,3-benzothiazole, two compounds representing new chemical scaffolds have activity against schistosomula and adult worms at low micromolar concentrations and therefore represent promising antischistosomal hits for further hit-to-lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno J. Neves
- LabMol—Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240, Qd.87, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia 74605-510, Brazil
| | - Rafael F. Dantas
- LaBECFar—Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mario R. Senger
- LaBECFar—Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cleber C. Melo-Filho
- LabMol—Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240, Qd.87, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia 74605-510, Brazil
| | - Walter C. G. Valente
- LaBECFar—Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana C. M. de Almeida
- LaBECFar—Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João M. Rezende-Neto
- LaBECFar—Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elid F. C. Lima
- LaBECFar—Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ross Paveley
- Department of Infection and Immunity, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Furnham
- Department of Infection and Immunity, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Muratov
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill North Carolina 27955-7568, United States
| | - Lee Kamentsky
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Anne E. Carpenter
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Rodolpho C. Braga
- LabMol—Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240, Qd.87, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia 74605-510, Brazil
| | - Floriano P. Silva-Junior
- LaBECFar—Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- LabMol—Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240, Qd.87, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia 74605-510, Brazil
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10
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Long T, Neitz RJ, Beasley R, Kalyanaraman C, Suzuki BM, Jacobson MP, Dissous C, McKerrow JH, Drewry DH, Zuercher WJ, Singh R, Caffrey CR. Structure-Bioactivity Relationship for Benzimidazole Thiophene Inhibitors of Polo-Like Kinase 1 (PLK1), a Potential Drug Target in Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004356. [PMID: 26751972 PMCID: PMC4709140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosoma flatworm parasites cause schistosomiasis, a chronic and debilitating disease of poverty in developing countries. Praziquantel is employed for treatment and disease control. However, its efficacy spectrum is incomplete (less active or inactive against immature stages of the parasite) and there is a concern of drug resistance. Thus, there is a need to identify new drugs and drug targets. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show that RNA interference (RNAi) of the Schistosoma mansoni ortholog of human polo-like kinase (huPLK)1 elicits a deleterious phenotypic alteration in post-infective larvae (schistosomula or somules). Phenotypic screening and analysis of schistosomula and adult S. mansoni with small molecule inhibitors of huPLK1 identified a number of potent anti-schistosomals. Among these was a GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) benzimidazole thiophene inhibitor that has completed Phase I clinical trials for treatment of solid tumor malignancies. We then obtained GSKs Published Kinase Inhibitor Sets (PKIS) 1 and 2, and phenotypically screened an expanded series of 38 benzimidazole thiophene PLK1 inhibitors. Computational analysis of controls and PLK1 inhibitor-treated populations of somules demonstrated a distinctive phenotype distribution. Using principal component analysis (PCA), the phenotypes exhibited by these populations were mapped, visualized and analyzed through projection to a low-dimensional space. The phenotype distribution was found to have a distinct shape and topology, which could be elicited using cluster analysis. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) was identified for the benzimidazole thiophenes that held for both somules and adult parasites. The most potent inhibitors produced marked phenotypic alterations at 1-2 μM within 1 h. Among these were compounds previously characterized as potent inhibitors of huPLK1 in cell assays. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The reverse genetic and chemical SAR data support a continued investigation of SmPLK1 as a possible drug target and/or the prosecution of the benzimidazole thiophene chemotype as a source of novel anti-schistosomals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thavy Long
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - R. Jeffrey Neitz
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Beasley
- Department of Computer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Chakrapani Kalyanaraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Suzuki
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Colette Dissous
- Center of Infection and Immunity of Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Inserm U1019, CNRS-UMR 8204, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David H. Drewry
- Department of Chemical Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William J. Zuercher
- Department of Chemical Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rahul Singh
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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11
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de Melo NI, Mantovani ALL, de Oliveira PF, Groppo M, Filho AADS, Rodrigues V, Cunha WR, Tavares DC, Magalhães LG, Crottii AEM. Antischistosomal and Cytotoxic Effects of the Essential Oil of Tetradenia riparia (Lamiaceae). Nat Prod Commun 2015; 10:1627-1630. [PMID: 26594774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on the antischistosomal and cytotoxic effects of the essential oil obtained from Tetradenia riparia leaves (TR-EO). At concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL, TR-EO killed all the worms after 120 and 24 h of incubation, respectively. At a concentration equal to or higher than 50 µg/mL, this oil also separated the coupled pairs and decreased the adult worm motor activity after incubation periods higher than 72 h. In addition, at 120 h of incubation, TR-EO slightly decreased the number of eggs produced by Schistosoma mansoni adult worms and significantly reduced the percentage of developed eggs, in a dose-dependent manner. XTT-colorimetric assays showed that the tested TR-EO concentrations were not considerably cytotoxic to V79 cells (IC50 = 253.5 µg/mL). The effects of TR-EO on egg development were noteworthy; therefore, this essential oil deserves further investigation to identify the chemical constituents that elicit activity against S. mansoni.
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12
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Castro AP, de Mattos ACA, Pereira NA, Anchieta NF, Silva MS, Dias DF, Silva CA, Barros GV, Souza RLM, Dos Santos MH, Marques MJ. Potent Schistosomicidal Constituents from Garcinia brasiliensis. Planta Med 2015; 81:733-741. [PMID: 25905590 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1545927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Praziquantel is the drug of choice for the treatment of schistosomiasis. However, several strains of Schistosoma mansoni are resistant to praziquantel, making it necessary to discover new drugs that might be used for its treatment. With this in mind, the properties of a schistosomicidal ethanolic extract of Garcinia brasiliensis Mart. epicarp, the fractions obtained by partitioning this extract, including the hexane fractions, ethyl acetate fraction, and the aqueous fraction, and the isolated compounds 7-epiclusianone, a major component from these fractions, and fukugetin were tested in vitro on adult worms of S. mansoni. Mortality, damage to membranes, and excretory system activity were observed at 100.0, 50.0, 75.0, and 14.0 µg/mL for the ethanolic extract of G. brasiliensis Mart. epicarp, its hexane fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction, and 7-epiclusianone, respectively. For 7-epiclusianone, these data were confirmed by fluorescent probe Hoechst 33 258 and resorufin. Additionally, the biocidal effect of 7-epiclusianone was even higher than the hexane fractions. Moreover, an inhibitory effect of 7-epiclusianone on the egg laying of female adult S. mansoni worms was observed in cercariae and schistossomula. Thus, 7-epiclusianone is a promising schistosomicidal compound; however, more studies are needed to elucidate its mechanism of toxicity and to evaluate the in vivo activity of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Pereira Castro
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Neusa Araújo Pereira
- Laboratory of Schistosomiasis, Institute René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Naira Ferreira Anchieta
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus Siqueira Silva
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danielle Ferreira Dias
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Claudinei Alves Silva
- Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Giulliano Vilela Barros
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel Lopes Martins Souza
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos José Marques
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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13
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Duarte MH, Barigye SJ, da Mota EG, Freitas MP. Computational modelling of the antischistosomal activity for neolignan derivatives based on the MIA-SAR approach. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2015; 26:205-216. [PMID: 25774798 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2015.1018942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical models for exploring the antischistosomal activity of a dataset of 18 synthetic neolignans are built using the multivariate image analysis applied to structure-activity relationships (MIA-SAR) approach. The obtained models were validated using the accuracy (Acc) in leave-one-out cross-validation, external validation and Y-randomization procedures, yielding correct classification superior to 80%, 70% and 60%, respectively. Additionally, a comparison was made of the models obtained from binary (black and white) and coloured images; the colours (pixel values) were selected to correspond to chemical properties. It was observed that the models obtained from coloured images with pixel values corresponding to electronegativity (known as the aug-MIA-SAR(colour) approach) generally yielded superior statistical parameters compared with those obtained from binary images (MIA-SAR) and randomly coloured images (atoms are coloured according to their type) with atomic sizes corresponding to Van der Waals radius (aug-MIA-SAR), respectively. Mechanistic interpretation of the influence of different substituents on the antischistosomal activity revealed that methoxy substituents in the R1 (or R2) and R5 positions of the neolignan scaffold are indispensable for the antischistosomal activity. The obtained results provide knowledge of the possible structural modifications to yield novel neolignan compounds with antischistosomal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Duarte
- a Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Lavras , Lavras , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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14
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Abstract
Astragalus englerianus is a close relative of the traditional Chinese medicine plant Radix Astragali (Huang-qi) and is mainly distributed in Yunnan. It has been traditionally used as a substitute of "Huang-qi" for reducing fatigue and enhancing immunity by local folks. A phytochemical study of the methanol extract of the roots led to the isolation of three new flavonoids including one aurone (1) and two chalcones (2 and 3), as well as two known flavonoids (4 and 5). Their structures were elucidated based on the analyses of extensive spectroscopic data and comparison of their physicochemical properties. This is the first report on the occurrence of β-hydroxydihydrochalcone, 2',5'-dioxygenchalcones, and 2',5'-dioxygenaurone in the genus Astragalus. All the isolated compounds were tested in vitro for their schistosomicidal and antioxidant activities. Compounds 2 and 4 showed schistosomicidal activities with worm mortality rates of 100 % within 12 h in a drug-containing (0.70 and 0.77 mM, respectively) RPMI 1640 medium. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited antioxidant activities in 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl free radical scavenging assays, with IC50 values of 35.9 ± 1.1 and 12.2 ± 1.1 µM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jiang Xiao
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, P. R. China
| | - Lin Qiu
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Dong
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, P. R. China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, P. R. China
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15
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Xiao CJ, Zhang Y, Qiu L, Xu W, Zhao MZ, Dong X, Jiang B. A new schistosomicidal and antioxidative phenylpropanoid from Astragalus englerianus. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2014; 17:772-777. [PMID: 25391647 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.977787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new phenylpropanoid, (E)-2,3,4-trimethoxy-5-(1-propenyl)phenol (1), along with five known aromatic compounds (2-6), was isolated from the methanol extract of roots of Astragalus englerianus. Their structures were elucidated based on the analyses of extensive spectroscopic data and comparison of their physicochemical properties. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated schistosomicidal activities, and all the isolated compounds were tested for their antioxidant activities in vitro. Compound 1 showed significant schistosomicidal activity with worm mortality rates of 66.7% and 83.3% within 12 and 24 h in a drug-containing (1.16 mM) RPMI 1640 medium, respectively. Also, compound 1 exhibited excellent antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl free radical-scavenging capability) with an IC50 value of 81.3 ± 1.3 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jiang Xiao
- a College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Dali University , Dali 671000 , China
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16
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Pereira AC, Esperandim VR, Ferreira da Silva D, Magalhães LG, Lima TC, Nanayakkara DNP, Cunha WR, Bastos JK, Andrade e Silva ML. Furofuran lignans display schistosomicidal and trypanocidal activities. Phytochemistry 2014; 107:119-125. [PMID: 25200100 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases continue to be a major worldwide health problem, and there is an urgent need for development of therapeutic drugs. This paper describes synthesis of dehydrodiferulic acid dilactone 1 and dehydrodisinapic acid dilactone 2 furofuran lignans by oxidative coupling of ferulic and sinapic acids, respectively. Their schistosomicidal, trypanocidal, and leishmanicidal activities were evaluated in vitro against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms, trypomastigote and amastigotes forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, and promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Compound 1 did not display significant schistosomicidal activity, but it presented potent trypanocidal activity, since it induced death of trypomastigotes and amastigotes with IC50/24h of 9.3μM and 7.3μM, respectively. Compound 2 had slight trypanocidal and schistosomicidal activities. None of the compounds were active against L. amazonensis. These results demonstrated that furofuran lignans are potentially useful for anti-parasitic drugs development and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Pereira
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 2001, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane Rodrigues Esperandim
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 2001, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Lizandra Guidi Magalhães
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 2001, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Coelho Lima
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 2001, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Dhammika N P Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | | | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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17
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Shinde S, Mol M, Singh S. Regulatory networks, genes and glycerophospholipid biosynthesis pathway in schistosomiasis: a systems biology view for pharmacological intervention. Gene 2014; 550:214-22. [PMID: 25149020 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding network topology through embracing the global dynamical regulation of genes in an active state space rather than traditional one-gene-one trait approach facilitates the rational drug development process. Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease, has glycerophospholipids as abundant molecules present on its surface. Lack of effective clinical solutions to treat pathogens encourages us to carry out systems-level studies that could contribute to the development of an effective therapy. Development of a strategy for identifying drug targets by combined genome-scale metabolic network and essentiality analyses through in silico approaches provides tantalizing opportunity to investigate the role of protein/substrate metabolism. A genome-scale metabolic network model reconstruction represents choline-phosphate cytidyltransferase as the rate limiting enzyme and regulates the rate of phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis. The uptake of choline was regulated by choline concentration, promoting the regulation of phosphocholine synthesis. In Schistosoma, the change in developmental stage could result from the availability of choline, hampering its developmental cycle. There are no structural reports for this protein. In order to inhibit the activity of choline-phosphate cytidyltransferase (CCT), it was modeled by homology modeling using 1COZ as the template from Bacillus subtilis. The transition-state stabilization and catalytic residues were mapped as 'HXGH' and 'RTEGISTT' motif. CCT catalyzes the formation of CDP-choline from phosphocholine in which nucleotidyltransferase adds CTP to phosphocholine. The presence of phosphocholine permits the parasite to survive in an immunologically hostile environment. This feature endeavors development of an inhibitor specific for cytidyltransferase in Schistosoma. Flavonolignans were used to inhibit this activity in which hydnowightin showed the highest affinity as compared to miltefosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Shinde
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - Milsee Mol
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India
| | - Shailza Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, Pune 411007, India.
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18
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Al-Sayed E, Hamid HA, Abu El Einin HM. Molluscicidal and antischistosomal activities of methanol extracts and isolated compounds from Eucalyptus globulus and Melaleuca styphelioides. Pharm Biol 2014; 52:698-705. [PMID: 24824322 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.865240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that results in severe organ damage. Snail control is the best measure to control schistosomiasis. Plant-derived molluscicides have gained increasing attention for the control of schistosomiasis because they have low toxicity towards non-target organisms. Tannins are particularly suitable for snail control because they are less toxic than saponins to non-target organisms. OBJECTIVE To identify the most toxic components of two plants belonging to the family Myrtaceae, namely Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Melaleuca styphelioides Sm against the different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni and its snail host. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 80% MeOH leaf extracts of the tested plants and their isolated compounds were screened for their molluscicidal activity (expressed as LC50 and LC90 after 24 h exposure) against the snail Biomphalaria alexandrina. The anti-schistosomal activity of the tested samples was determined at 20 ppm (after 1 or 2 h exposure) against the different developmental stages of S. mansoni, including the miracidia, cercariae and worms. Biochemical parameters were measured to determine the toxicity mechanisms of the treated snails. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on NMR, UV and HRESI-MS/MS data. RESULTS Potent molluscicidal activity was observed for the ellagitannin dimer eucalbanin B (12), with an LC50 value of 55 ppm. Treatment of the snails with the LC25 of eucalbanin B (30.8 ppm) resulted in a significant decrease in the protein level by 22.7% and 25.8% in the snail tissues and hemolymph, respectively. The decreased protein content was attributed to destruction of the snail tissue and impairment in protein synthesis under stress conditions of intoxication with eucalbanin B. Alterations in the activities of the transaminases and phosphatases in the treated snails indicated destruction and intoxication of the snail tissues. A significant increase in the levels of the transaminases alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (57.8%) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (113.2%) in the snail hemolymph and a significant decrease in their tissue levels to 7.4 and 48.6%, respectively, were attributed to their release from the damaged tissue into the hemolymph. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was significantly increased by 38.5 and 181.4% in the hemolymph and tissues, respectively. Acid phosphatase (ACP) was also significantly increased by 48.4 and 21.2% in the hemolymph and tissues, respectively. The 80% MeOH extract of E. globulus together with mallophenol B (3), 2,2,8-trimethyl-6-formyl-chrom-3-ene-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (5) and benzyl alcohol 7-O-(3',4',6'-tri-O-galloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (10) exhibited miracidicidal activity with almost 100% toxicity at 20 ppm for the three compounds and 80% toxicity for the extract. Moreover, E. globulus extract showed cercaricidal and schistosomicidal activity with 100 and 40% mortality, respectively. CONCLUSION E. globulus is a potential source for biocidal compounds against S. mansoni and its snail host. This is the first study to test the biocidal activity of the isolated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Al-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University , Cairo , Egypt and
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19
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Silva MPN, Oliveira GLS, de Carvalho RBF, de Sousa DP, Freitas RM, Pinto PLS, de Moraes J. Antischistosomal activity of the terpene nerolidol. Molecules 2014; 19:3793-803. [PMID: 24662089 PMCID: PMC6271124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19033793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Since the treatment of this disease currently relies on a single drug, praziquantel, new and safe schistosomicidal agents are urgently required. Nerolidol, a sesquiterpene present in the essential oils of several plants, is found in many foods and was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In this study we analysed the in vitro antiparasitic effect of nerolidol on Schistosoma mansoni adult worms. Nerolidol at concentrations of 31.2 and 62.5 μM reduced the worm motor activity and caused the death of all male and female schistosomes, respectively. In addition, confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed morphological alterations on the tegument of worms such as disintegration, sloughing and erosion of the surface, and a correlation between viability and tegumental damage was observed. In conclusion, nerolidol may be a promising lead compound for the development of antischistosomal natural agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos P N Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências de Guarulhos (FACIG/UNIESP), Av. Guarulhos, 1844, Guarulhos, SP 07025-000, Brazil.
| | - George L S Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI 64049-550, Brazil.
| | - Rusbene B F de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI 64049-550, Brazil.
| | - Damião P de Sousa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil.
| | - Rivelilson M Freitas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI 64049-550, Brazil.
| | - Pedro L S Pinto
- Enteroparasitas, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP 01246-902, Brazil.
| | - Josué de Moraes
- Faculdade de Ciências de Guarulhos (FACIG/UNIESP), Av. Guarulhos, 1844, Guarulhos, SP 07025-000, Brazil.
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Jiang Z, Chen Y, Yao F, Chen W, Zhong S, Zheng F, Shi G. Antioxidant, antibacterial and antischistosomal activities of extracts from Grateloupia livida (Harv). Yamada. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80413. [PMID: 24312216 PMCID: PMC3843663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designated to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial and antischistosomal activities of Grateloupia livida (GL) extracts in vitro. A GL Ethanol extract (EE) was separated into petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA), n-butyl alcohol (BuOH) and aqueous (AQ) fractions to fractionate the polar and non-polar compounds in the EE. Extracts antioxidant activities were evaluated in vitro by DPPH radical-scavenging, deoxyribose radical scavenging, and β-carotene bleaching assays, all using butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as the reference antioxidant compound. The most effective antioxidant properties were observed in the PE fraction in all three assays. Antimicrobial testing showed that the PE fraction exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, with the PE fraction also exhibiting strong activity against the human pathogenic trematode S. japonicum adult worm. In order to investigate the relationships between bioactivity and chemical composition, the chemical composition of the PE fraction was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 25 components were identified in the PE fraction, most of which have known antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. However, none of the compounds have reported activity against Schistosoma, suggesting that the schistosomicidal activity of the PE fraction may be related to minor constituents present in the extract, or governed by more intricate synergistic or additive relationships. Finally, fractions with the greatest biological activity displayed neither cellular cytotoxicity, at concentrations up to 100 ug/ml, or acute oral toxicity in mice, at doses up to 2000 mg/kg. Based on antioxidant, antimicrobial, antischistosomal activities, and low toxicity, the PE fraction possesses properties useful for food preservation and overall improvement of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yicun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Fen Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Weizhou Chen
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Shuping Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fuchun Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ganggang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Patra M, Ingram K, Pierroz V, Ferrari S, Spingler B, Gasser RB, Keiser J, Gasser G. [(η6-Praziquantel)Cr(CO)3] Derivatives with Remarkable In Vitro Anti-schistosomal Activity. Chemistry 2013; 19:2232-5. [PMID: 23296750 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malay Patra
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Ramalhete C, Magalhães LG, Rodrigues V, Mulhovo S, Da Silva Filho AA, Ferreira MJU. In vitro schistosomicidal activity of balsaminol F and karavilagenin C. Planta Med 2012; 78:1912-7. [PMID: 23096257 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1327832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Five cucurbitane-type triterpenes (1-5), previously isolated from the African medicinal plant Momordica balsamina, along with five ester derivatives (6-10) of karavilagenin C (2), were evaluated for their potential schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms. The natural compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of M. balsamina. In a preliminary study, a significant schistosomicidal activity was observed for both the crude methanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction. The compounds responsible for the activity were found to be balsaminol F (1) and karavilagenin C (2) with LC50 values of 14.7 ± 1.5 and 28.9 ± 1.8 µM, respectively, after 24 h of incubation (positive control praziquantel, LC₅₀ = 1.2 ± 0.1 µM). Both compounds (1, 2), at 10-50 µM, induced significant reductions in the motor activity of the worms and significantly decreased the egg production. Furthermore, they were able (at 10-100 µM) to separate the adult worm pairs into male and female after 24 h. Compounds 3-5, bearing a sugar moiety as a substituent, and the acylated derivatives of karavilagenin C (6-10) were inactive, suggesting that the presence of free hydroxyl groups in the tetracyclic skeleton might be important for the activity. A correlation between activity and the molecular volume/weight of compounds was also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Ramalhete
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences-iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Lanfranchi DA, Cesar-Rodo E, Bertrand B, Huang HH, Day L, Johann L, Elhabiri M, Becker K, Williams DL, Davioud-Charvet E. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,4-naphthoquinones and quinoline-5,8-diones as antimalarial and schistosomicidal agents. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6375-87. [PMID: 22777178 PMCID: PMC3423093 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25812a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Improving the solubility of polysubstituted 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives was achieved by introducing nitrogen in two different positions of the naphthoquinone core, at C-5 and at C-8 of menadione through a two-step, straightforward synthesis based on the regioselective hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. The antimalarial and the antischistosomal activities of these polysubstituted aza-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives were evaluated and led to the selection of distinct compounds for antimalarial versus antischistosomal action. The Ag(II)-assisted oxidative radical decarboxylation of the phenyl acetic acids using AgNO(3) and ammonium peroxodisulfate was modified to generate the 3-picolinyl-menadione with improved pharmacokinetic parameters, high antimalarial effects and capacity to inhibit the formation of β-hematin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Antoine Lanfranchi
- European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM) University of Strasbourg, UMR CNRS 7509, 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France. Fax: +33 (0)3 68 85 27 42; Tel: +33 3 68 85 26 20
| | - Elena Cesar-Rodo
- European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM) University of Strasbourg, UMR CNRS 7509, 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France. Fax: +33 (0)3 68 85 27 42; Tel: +33 3 68 85 26 20
| | - Benoît Bertrand
- European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM) University of Strasbourg, UMR CNRS 7509, 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France. Fax: +33 (0)3 68 85 27 42; Tel: +33 3 68 85 26 20
| | - Hsin-Hung Huang
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Latasha Day
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Laure Johann
- European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM) University of Strasbourg, UMR CNRS 7509, 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France. Fax: +33 (0)3 68 85 27 42; Tel: +33 3 68 85 26 20
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM) University of Strasbourg, UMR CNRS 7509, 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France. Fax: +33 (0)3 68 85 27 42; Tel: +33 3 68 85 26 20
| | - Katja Becker
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Nutritional Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM) University of Strasbourg, UMR CNRS 7509, 25 Rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France. Fax: +33 (0)3 68 85 27 42; Tel: +33 3 68 85 26 20
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24
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Caixeta SC, Magalhães LG, de Melo NI, Wakabayashi KAL, Aguiar GDP, Aguiar DDP, Mantovani ALL, Alves JM, Oliveira PF, Tavares DC, Groppo M, Rodrigues V, Cunha WR, Veneziani RCS, da Silva Filho AA, Crotti AEM. Chemical composition and in vitro schistosomicidal activity of the essential oil of Plectranthus neochilus grown in Southeast Brazil. Chem Biodivers 2012; 8:2149-57. [PMID: 22083928 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition and the in vitro schistosomicidal effects of the essential oil of Plectranthus neochilus (PN-EO) grown in Southeast Brazil was studied. β-Caryophyllene (1; 28.23%), α-thujene (2; 12.22%), α-pinene (3; 12.63%), β-pinene (4; 6.19%), germacrene D (5; 5.36%), and caryophyllene oxide (6; 5.37%) were the major essential oil constituents. This chemical composition differed from that previously reported for specimens harvested in Africa. Concerning the in vitro schistosomicidal activity against adult Schistosoma mansoni worms, PN-EO was considered to be active, but less effective than the positive control praziquantel (PZQ) in terms of separation of coupled pairs, mortality, decrease in the motor activity, and tegumental alterations. However, PN-EO caused an interesting dose-dependent reduction in the number and the percentage of developed S. mansoni eggs. These results suggest that PN-EO might be very promising for the development of new schistosomicidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya C Caixeta
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
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25
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Melek FR, Tadros MM, Yousif F, Selim MA, Hassan MH. Screening of marine extracts for schistosomicidal activity in vitro. Isolation of the triterpene glycosides echinosides A and B with potential activity from the Sea Cucumbers Actinopyga echinites and Holothuria polii. Pharm Biol 2012; 50:490-496. [PMID: 22136393 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.615842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug available for the treatment of schistosomiasis. The reported reduced cure rates, the failure of treatment after PZQ administration in patients and the existence of resistant parasite strains, reinforce the need to rapidly discover new effective molecules against Schistosoma parasite. OBJECTIVE To screen the methanol extracts of 79 marine organisms for their schistosomicidal activities against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms in vitro and perform bio-assay directed chromatography for the most active extracts to isolate the active compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Screening of the marine organisms and bio-assay directed chromatography of the most active extracts together with identification of the active isolates using 1D and 2D NMR analysis, were investigated. RESULTS RESULTS indicated that the isolates echinosides A and B from the sea cucumbers Actinopyga echinites Jaeger and Holothuria polii Delle Chiaie (Holothuriidae) were highly active. Their LC(50) values were equal to 0.19 μg/ml and 0.27 μg/ml, respectively. Detailed (1)HNMR data for echinosides A and B are reported here for the first time. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the isolated echinosides possess potential in vitro schistosomicidal activity against S. mansoni adult worms. Therefore, echinosides are promising as lead compounds for the development of new schistosomicidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouk R Melek
- Natural Compounds Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
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Sadhu PS, Kumar SN, Chandrasekharam M, Pica-Mattoccia L, Cioli D, Rao VJ. Synthesis of new praziquantel analogues: potential candidates for the treatment of schistosomiasis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:1103-6. [PMID: 22217873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of antischistosomal drug praziquantel and analogues was achieved and the synthetic route designed was to afford structurally diverse analogues for better structure-activity relationship understanding. Total of nineteen PZQ analogues with structural variations at amide, piperazine and aromatic moieties have been synthesized and fully characterized. Among all the new analogues tested for antischistosomal activity, one dimethoxy tetrahydroisoquinoline analogue and two tetrahydro-β-carboline analogues exhibited moderate activity against adult Schistosoma mansoni. Tetrahydro-β-carboline analogues showed moderate activity whereas the presence of p-trifluoromethylbenzoyl and p-toluenesulphonyl moieties resulted in complete suppression of antischistosomal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Sarathi Sadhu
- Organic Chemistry Division II, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500607, India
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27
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Pereira AC, Magalhães LG, Gonçalves UO, Luz PP, Moraes ACG, Rodrigues V, da Matta Guedes PM, da Silva Filho AA, Cunha WR, Bastos JK, Nanayakkara NPD, e Silva MLA. Schistosomicidal and trypanocidal structure-activity relationships for (±)-licarin A and its (-)- and (+)-enantiomers. Phytochemistry 2011; 72:1424-1430. [PMID: 21570099 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
(±)-Licarin A (1) was obtained by oxidative coupling, and its enantiomers, (-)-licarin A (2) and (+)-licarin A (3), were resolved by chiral HPLC. Schistosomicidal and trypanocidal activities of these compounds were evaluated in vitro against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms and trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. The racemic mixture (1) displayed significant schistosomicidal activity with an LC₅₀ value of 53.57 μM and moderate trypanocidal activity with an IC₅₀ value of 127.17 μM. On the other hand, the (-)-enantiomer (2), displaying a LC₅₀ value of 91.71 μM, was more active against S. mansoni than the (+)-enantiomer (3), which did not show activity. For the trypanocidal assay, enantiomer 2 showed more significant activity (IC₅₀ of 23.46 μM) than enantiomer 3, which showed an IC₅₀ value of 87.73 μM. Therefore, these results suggest that (±)-licarin A (1) and (-)-licarin A (2) are promising compounds that could be used for the development of schistosomicidal and trypanocidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Pereira
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais, Núcleo de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira 2001, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
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Botros SS, William S, Beadle JR, Valiaeva N, Hostetler KY. Antischistosomal activity of hexadecyloxypropyl cyclic 9-(S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine and other alkoxyalkyl esters of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates assessed by schistosome worm killing in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:5284-7. [PMID: 19704122 PMCID: PMC2786359 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00840-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
9-(S)-[3-Hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine [(S)-HPMPA] has been reported to have antischistosomal activity. Ether lipid esters of (S)-HPMPA and cidofovir (CDV) have greatly increased activities in antiviral assays and in lethal animal models of poxvirus diseases. To see if ether lipid esters of CDV and (S)-HPMPA enhance antischistosomal activity, we tested their alkoxyalkyl esters using Schistosoma mansoni worm killing in vitro. Hexadecyloxypropyl (HDP)-cyclic-(S)-HPMPA and HDP-cyclic-CDV exhibited significant in vitro antischistosomal activities and may offer promise alone or in combination with praziquantel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa S. Botros
- Departments of Pharmacology, Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Warrak el-Hadar, Imbaba, P.O. Box 30, Giza 12411, Egypt, San Diego Veterans Medical Research Foundation and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Samia William
- Departments of Pharmacology, Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Warrak el-Hadar, Imbaba, P.O. Box 30, Giza 12411, Egypt, San Diego Veterans Medical Research Foundation and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - James R. Beadle
- Departments of Pharmacology, Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Warrak el-Hadar, Imbaba, P.O. Box 30, Giza 12411, Egypt, San Diego Veterans Medical Research Foundation and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nadejda Valiaeva
- Departments of Pharmacology, Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Warrak el-Hadar, Imbaba, P.O. Box 30, Giza 12411, Egypt, San Diego Veterans Medical Research Foundation and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Karl Y. Hostetler
- Departments of Pharmacology, Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Warrak el-Hadar, Imbaba, P.O. Box 30, Giza 12411, Egypt, San Diego Veterans Medical Research Foundation and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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Meyer T, Sekljic H, Fuchs S, Bothe H, Schollmeyer D, Miculka C. Taste, a new incentive to switch to (R)-praziquantel in schistosomiasis treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e357. [PMID: 19159015 PMCID: PMC2614124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug compound of choice in the control and treatment of schistosomiasis. PZQ is administered as a racemate, i. e. 1ratio1 mixture of enantiomers. The schistosomicidal activity arises from one PZQ-enantiomer, whereas the other enantiomer does not contribute to the activity. The WHO's Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) has assigned the low-cost preparation of pure schistosomicidal (-)-PZQ a key priority for future R&D on PZQ, but so far this transition has not happened. PZQ has two major administration drawbacks, the first being the high dose needed, and its well documented bitter and disgusting taste. Attempts of taste-masking by low-cost means have not been successful. We hypothesized that the non-schistosomicidal component in PZQ would be the main contributor to the unpleasant taste of the drug. If the hypothesis was confirmed, the two major administration drawbacks of PZQ, the high dose needed and its bitter taste, could be addressed in one go by removing the component contributing to the bitter taste. METHODS AND FINDINGS PZQ was separated into its schistosomicidal and the non-schistosomicidal component, the absolute stereochemical configuration of (-)-PZQ was determined to be (R)-PZQ by X-ray crystallography, and the extent of bitterness was determined for regular racemic PZQ and the schistosomicidal component in a taste study in humans. FINDING The schistosomicidal component alone is significantly less bitter than regular, racemic PZQ. CONCLUSION Our hypothesis is confirmed. We propose to use only the pure schistosomicidal component of PZQ, offering the advantage of halving the dose and expectedly improving the compliance due to the removal of the bitter taste. Therefore, (R)-PZQ should be specifically suitable for the treatment of school-age children against schistosomiasis. With this finding, we would like to offer an additional incentive to the TDR's recommendation to switch to the pure schistosomicidal (R)-PZQ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Heiko Bothe
- Intervet Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Germany
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Keiser J, Chollet J, Xiao SH, Mei JY, Jiao PY, Utzinger J, Tanner M. Mefloquine--an aminoalcohol with promising antischistosomal properties in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e350. [PMID: 19125172 PMCID: PMC2600813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment and control of schistosomiasis, an often neglected tropical disease that exacerbates poverty, depends on a single drug, praziquantel. The large-scale use of praziquantel might select for drug-resistant parasites, hence there is a need to develop new antischistosomal compounds. Here, we report that the antimalarial drug mefloquine possesses promising antischistosomal properties in mice. Methodology/Principal Findings A single dose of mefloquine (200 or 400 mg/kg) administered orally to mice infected with adult Schistosoma mansoni or adult S. japonicum resulted in high or complete total and female worm burden reductions (72.3%–100%). Importantly, high worm burden reductions were also observed for young developing stages of S. mansoni and S. japonicum harbored in the mouse. Both mefloquine erythro-enantiomers resulted in high and comparable total and female worm burden reductions when given to mice with either a sub-patent or patent S. mansoni infection. Conclusions/Significance Our findings hold promise for the development of a novel antischistosomal drug based on an aminoalcohol functionality. Further in vitro and in vivo studies have been launched to elucidate the possible mechanism of action and to study the effect of mefloquine on S. haematobium and other trematodes. It will be interesting to investigate whether mefloquine, which is widely and effectively used for the treatment of malaria, has an impact on schistosomiasis in areas where both malaria and schistosomiasis co-exist. Schistosomiasis is a chronic and debilitating disease that occurs in tropical and subtropical areas. The disease is caused by an infection with a parasitic worm and affects over 200 million people. The treatment and control of schistosomiasis relies on a single drug, praziquantel. This drug is increasingly used, and hence there is mounting concern about the development of resistance to praziquantel. Here we report that mefloquine, a marketed drug for prophylaxis and treatment of malaria, shows promising antischistosomal properties in laboratory studies with mice. When mefloquine was orally administered at a single dose of 200 or 400 mg/kg to mice infected with young or adult stages of the parasitic worm Schistosoma mansoni or S. japonicum, we found very high worm burden reductions. We also found high worm burden reductions when mefloquine enantiomers were given to mice infected with adult S. mansoni. Further studies are needed because our results might be of public health relevance. Indeed, mefloquine is widely used for prophylaxis and treatment of malaria, often in areas where both malaria and schistosomiasis co-exist. In such areas, it might be possible that the use of mefloquine against malaria reduces the burden of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (JK); (MT)
| | - Jacques Chollet
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shu-Hua Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Yan Mei
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ying Jiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (JK); (MT)
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Xiao SH, Keiser J, Chollet J, Utzinger J, Dong Y, Endriss Y, Vennerstrom JL, Tanner M. In vitro and in vivo activities of synthetic trioxolanes against major human schistosome species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1440-5. [PMID: 17283188 PMCID: PMC1855448 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01537-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that remains of considerable public health significance in tropical and subtropical environments. Since the mainstay of schistosomiasis control is chemotherapy with a single drug, praziquantel, drug resistance is a concern. Here, we present new data on the antischistosomal properties of representative synthetic 1,2,4-trioxolanes (OZs). Exposure of adult Schistosoma mansoni for 24 h to a medium containing 20 mug/ml OZ209 reduced worm motor activity, induced tegumental alterations, and killed worms within 72 h. While exposure of S. mansoni to OZ78 had no apparent effect, addition of hemin reduced worm motor activity and caused tegumental damage. Administration of single 200-mg/kg of body weight oral doses of OZ78, OZ209, and OZ288 to mice harboring a juvenile S. mansoni infection resulted in worm burden reductions of 82.0 to 95.4%. In the adult infection model in mice, single 400-mg/kg doses of these compounds resulted in a maximum total worm burden reduction of 52.2%. High worm burden reductions (71.7 to 86.5%) were observed after administration of single 200-mg/kg doses of OZ78 and OZ288 to hamsters infected with either juvenile or adult S. mansoni. A single 200-mg/kg dose of OZ78 to hamsters infected with adult Schistosoma japonicum resulted in total and female worm burden reductions of 94.2 to 100%. Our results, along with the low toxicity, metabolic stability, and good pharmacokinetic properties of the OZs, indicate the potential for the development of novel broad-spectrum antischistosomal OZ drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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de Araújo SC, de Mattos ACA, Teixeira HF, Coelho PMZ, Nelson DL, de Oliveira MC. Improvement of in vitro efficacy of a novel schistosomicidal drug by incorporation into nanoemulsions. Int J Pharm 2007; 337:307-15. [PMID: 17292573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2006] [Revised: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article included the development and evaluation of the capacity of nanoemulsions to improve the activity of the novel schistosomicidal drug-2-(butylamino)-1-phenyl-1-ethanethiosulfuric acid (BphEA). BphEA is a compound with a poor solubility in water, which makes its application as a drug difficult. Nanoemulsion formulations presenting anionic (NANOSTOA, NANOST and NANOLP) and cationic (NANOSTE) interfacial charges were prepared to encapsulate BphEA. These formulations were characterized by the encapsulation rate, diameter, and zeta potential. NANOSTOA, NANOST, and NANOLP presented an entrapment efficiency and zeta potential of 18.7+/-1.8% and -33.6+/-1.2 mV; 20.5+/-3.0% and -31.5+/-5.7 mV; as well as 33.8+/-7.2% and -62.6+/-1.3 mV, respectively. NANOSTE presented an entrapment efficiency of 51.8+/-5.0% and a zeta potential of 25.7+/-3.9 mV. The mean droplet size (between 200 and 252 nm) and polydispersity index (between 0.158 and 0.294) were similar for all formulations. The stability study showed no alteration in these formulations' zeta potential and size. The in vitro schistosomicidal activity of BphEA was higher with the use of NANOSTE than with free BphEA. In addition, release studies revealed a good stability of NANOSTE containing BphEA in a biological medium. These results indicate that cationic nanoemulsions can represent an interesting delivery system for the pharmaceutical formulation of BphEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sávia Caldeira de Araújo
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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El-Sayed MM, Abdel-Hameed ES, El-Nahas HA, El-Wakil EA. Isolation and identification of some steroidal glycosides of Furcraea selloa. Pharmazie 2006; 61:478-82. [PMID: 16724551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The antischistosomal impact of different extracts of the leaves of Furcraea selloa C. Koch (Family Agavaceae) were screened against adult Schistosoma mansoni worms in vitro using well established culture media. The methanol extract of the plant showed the highest activity as S. mansoni worms recorded 100% mortality at 50 microg/ml after 24 h (EC50 = 29.78 and 29.41 microg/ml for female and male worm respectively). Owing to the high potency of the crude butanolic extract (100% mortality at 20 microg/ ml; EC50 = 10.42 and 8.94 microg/ml for female and male worm respectively) obtained from the methanolic extract, it was submitted to chromatographic separation and isolation using silica gel and Sephadex columns as well as preparative thin layer chromatography. Three steroidal glycosides (saponins) (I-III) were isolated and their structures were elucidated using some spectroscopic and chemical methods. The structure of the three compounds was formulated as 6-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside chlorogenin (I), 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside crestagenin (II) and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-beta-D-xylopyranoside gloriogenin (III). Only compound III at 5 micro/ml led to 100% mortality of the S. mansoni (EC50 = 2.25 and 1.91 microg/ml for female and male worm respectively) whereas compounds I and II did not show any activity up to 50 microg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M El-Sayed
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Warrak El-Hadar, Giza, Egypt.
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El-Ansary A, Al-Daihan S. Stage-specifically expressed schistosome proteins as potential chemotherapeutic targets. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11:RA94-103. [PMID: 15735581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Digenetic trematodes have evolved behavioral adaptations to their complex life cycles. They have their own strategies to find hosts, locate sites of infection within final and intermediate hosts, escape immune responses, etc. Many of these strategies are highly complex, but they are sometimes quite subtle. While the mechanisms or processes involved in a few parasites are understood, most are not. Schistosoma mansoni parasites inhabit three distinct environments: water, intermediate molluscan hosts, and a definitive vertebrate host. Although targeted chemotherapy and other public health measures are employed to control schistosomiasis and its spread, there is a need for the development of vaccine and new anti-schistosome drugs. Determining how schistosomes interact with different environments may be one mechanism by which suitable vaccine or chemotherapeutic drugs could be developed. Genes expressed in a stage-specific manner may help us to understand the molecular events controlling the complex life cycle of schistosomes. Various proteins are expressed during the life cycle of schistosomes which are essential for its miracidial infection of molluscan hosts, cercarial penetration of vertebrate skin, evasion of the immune responses of both hosts, and other biological activities needed by schistosomes to complete their complex life cycle. Identifying these stage-specific proteins may uncover hidden aspects of parasite biology and provide useful leads for the development of novel intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf El-Ansary
- Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract
Praziquantel is the drug of choice for the treatment of all forms of schistosomiasis. This review summarizes the main features of the drug, with special attention being given to those aspects that may be of interest to the practicing physician. After a brief mention of the history, the chemistry, the major available brands and their costs, doses and administration schedules are reviewed. Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions are analyzed and the low toxicity and mild side effects are stressed. A major weakness of praziquantel is its relative inefficacy against recent infections, a factor that may occasionally result in low cure rates in hyperendemic areas. Recent findings of schistosome isolates with a decreased sensitivity to praziquantel are discussed in the broader context of a possible emergence of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Cioli
- Institute of Cell Biology, C.N.R., 32 Via Ramarini, 00016 Monterotondo (RM), Italy.
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Wu WM, Chen YL, Zhai Z, Xiao SH, Wu YL. Study on the mechanism of action of artemether against schistosomes: the identification of cysteine adducts of both carbon-centred free radicals derived from artemether. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1645-7. [PMID: 12729632 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the antimalarial and anti-schistosome drug artemether (1) and catalytic amount of ferrous ion in the presence of excess cysteine gave two adducts of cysteine and previous postulated primary and secondary carbon-centred free radicals besides their other rearrangement products. This piece of further evidence for the presence of carbon-centred radicals, especially the secondary carbon-centred free radical for the first time by the isolation of its coupling adduct, will be help to understand the mechanism of action of artemether and other qinghaosu derivatives against parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of liposomes to improve the efficacy of tartar emetic (TA) against established Schistosoma mansoni infection. TA was used as a schistosomicidal drug model and both conventional liposomes (CL) and long-circulating pegylated liposomes (LCL) were evaluated. In the first experiment, TA, either free or encapsulated within CL or LCL, was given intraperitoneally (i.p.) as a single dose of 11 mg Sb/kg to mice experimentally infected with S. mansoni. Only the group treated with LCL showed a significant (55%) reduction in the worm burden, compared to the control groups (untreated or treated with empty LCL). In the second experiment, the efficacy of TA-containing LCL was evaluated at a higher dose (27 mg Sb/kg) by both subcutaneous (s.c.) and i.p. routes. Reduction levels of 67 and 82% were achieved by s.c. and i.p. routes, respectively. Strikingly, all mice survived to this high dose of antimony. This is in contrast with free TA that was lethal in 100% of mice at the same dose. The present work demonstrates that LCL reduce the acute toxicity of TA and effectively deliver this drug to S. mansoni during the late stages of parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L de Melo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Jiwajinda S, Santisopasri V, Murakami A, Sugiyama H, Gasquet M, Riad E, Balansard G, Ohigashi H. In vitro anti-tumor promoting and anti-parasitic activities of the quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia, a medicinal plant in Southeast Asia. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 82:55-58. [PMID: 12169407 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Some quassinoids (1-6) isolated previously as plant growth inhibitors from the leaves of Eurycoma longifolia Jack. (Simaroubaceae) were subjected to in vitro tests on anti-tumor promoting, antischistosomal and plasmodicidal activities. The most active compound for inhibition of tumor promoter-induced Epstein-Barr virus activation (anti-tumor promotion) was 14,15beta-dihydroxyklaineanone (5, IC(50) = 5 microM). Longilactone (1) gave significant antischistosomal effect at a concentration of 200 microg/ml. 11-Dehydroklaineanone (3) and 15beta-O-acetyl-14-hydroxyklaineanone (6) showed potent plasmodicidal activity (IC(50) = 2 microg/ml). Thus it was suggested that E. longifolia possesses high medicinal values due to the occurrence of a variety of quassinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suratwadee Jiwajinda
- Central Laboratory and Greenhouse Complex, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
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Sabino JR, da Silva CHTP, Yonashiro M. 6-Aminopyridine-3-thiol. Acta Crystallogr C 2002; 58:o78-9. [PMID: 11828114 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270101020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2001] [Accepted: 11/28/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The title compound, C(5)H(6)N(2)S, is a simple but novel pyridinethiol of pharmacological interest. The molecule is planar. The crystal packing is dominated by hydrophobic contacts and a pair of hydrogen-bond interactions between the amino group of one pyridine molecule and the ring N atom of a neighbouring base, stabilizing the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Sabino
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Sancarlense 400, Caixa Postal 369, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the solubility and thermodynamic properties of the optical isomers of the anti-schistosomal drug, praziquantel (PZQ) and to compare these properties to those of the racemic product used in commercial preparations (Biltricide, generic drugs). The crystalline enantiomers of PZQ exhibited different thermal properties than the racemic drug. The melting points and the enthalpies of fusion obtained from the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scans were nearly identical between the isomers and were substantially lower than those of racemic PZQ [(+/-)-PZQ]. The DSC results indicate that (+/-)-PZQ is a racemic compound and not a racemic mixture. This was confirmed by powder x-ray diffraction analysis and the IR spectra. The 30 degrees decrease in the melting point was reflected in increased solubility of the enantiomers, which amounted to twice that of the racemic PZQ. The behavior of the isomers in the presence of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) was studied in water at 37 degrees C. The solubility data (phase solubility diagrams) were linear for up to the highest concentration of added beta-CD investigated. The apparent stability constants determined from the phase solubility diagrams showed that both the (+) and (-) enantiomers as well as (+/-)-PZQ exhibited moderate affinity to form a 1:1 complex in solution with beta-CD. The findings of this study may be of importance when efforts are considered to improve pharmaceutical formulation of this anti-schistosomal drug.
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Abstract
The dissolution behavior of poorly water-soluble anti-schistosomal drug, praziquantel (PZQ) from coprecipitates (dispersions) and physical mixtures of the drug with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was characterized. The dissolution data obtained for different PZQ-PVP systems covering a range of drug loading from 10% to 100% w/w of PZQ in 10% increments were used in order to compare the release kinetics between the mixtures and the coprecipitates. The parameters estimated from release models showed that the coprecipitates exhibited an increase in the release rate in relation to intact PZQ but to a lesser extent than the equivalent physical mixtures. Furthermore, they exhibited different release behavior than the physical mixtures. According to solubility studies of PZQ in the presence of PVP the formation of a PZQ-PVP complex can be assumed. This hypothesis led to consistent interpretations of the dissolution profiles. In the coprecipitates the presence of PVP led to near zero-order release. The release kinetics were interpreted in terms of critical percolation thresholds according to the percolation theory.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the dissolution behavior of a poorly water-soluble antischistosomal agent, praziquantel (PZQ), from PZQ-beta-cyclodextrin systems containing 20-100% w/w of drug. Dissolution parameters obtained from the release data of simple physical mixtures and inclusion compounds prepared by the solvent method were employed to characterize the effect of drug loading on the release kinetics of PZQ. All the systems investigated showed improved dissolution in comparison with the free drug due to the ability to form a complex in solution. The systems prepared by the solvent method showed different characteristics and mechanism of dissolution than the physical mixtures: At low beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) weight fractions (high drug loading) their dissolution profiles were higher than those of the physical mixtures. At high polymer weight fractions (low drug loading and equimolar ratio) the physical mixtures exhibited a 7-fold higher dissolution rate than the pure drug. The inclusion systems, on the other hand, showed an improvement in the dissolution rate, but to a lesser degree than the physical mixtures. The observed changes in the mechanism of release kinetics of the different PZQ-beta-CD systems were interpreted using the principles of percolation theory and the results of thermal analysis of the physical mixtures and the inclusion compounds.
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McTigue MA, Williams DR, Tainer JA. Crystal structures of a schistosomal drug and vaccine target: glutathione S-transferase from Schistosoma japonica and its complex with the leading antischistosomal drug praziquantel. J Mol Biol 1995; 246:21-7. [PMID: 7853399 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1994.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GST), an essential detoxification enzyme in parasitic helminths, is a major vaccine target and an attractive drug target against schistosomiasis and other helminthic diseases. Crystal structures of the 26 kDa GST from the helminth Schistosoma japonica (SjGST) have been determined for the unligated enzyme (resolution = 2.4 A, R-factor = 19.7%) and for the enzyme bound to the leading antischistosomal drug praziquantel (resolution = 2.6 A, R-factor = 21.2%). The protein, recombinantly expressed using the Pharamacia PGEX-3X vector for production of GST fusion proteins, contains all 218 residues of SjGST and an additional 13 residues at the C terminus. The structure of unligated SjGST shows that the glutathione binding site pre-exists unchanged in the ligand-free enzyme and is conserved between parasitic and the mammalian class mu enzymes. At therapeutic concentrations the leading antischistosomal drug praziquantel (PZQ) binds one drug per enzyme homodimer in the dimer interface groove adjoining the two catalytic sites. This establishes a protein target for PZQ, identifies the GST non-substrate ligand transport site, and implicates PZQ in steric inhibition of SjGST catalytic and transport for large ligands. Thus, increased expression or mutagenesis of SjGST by the parasite may confer resistance to PZQ. Differences in the xenobiotic binding region between parasitic and mammalian GSTs reveal a distinct substrate repertoire for SjGST and, together with the newly identified PZQ binding site, provide the basis for design of novel antischistosomal drugs. Due to the widespread use expression systems based on SjGST fusions, the atomic structure of SjGST should also provide an important tool for phasing fusion protein structures by molecular replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McTigue
- Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Biology-MB4, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Abstract
The schistosomicidal activity of a new series of alkylaminooctanethiosulfuric acids was studied in white Swiss mice infected with the L.E. strain of Schistosoma mansoni (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil). In a preliminary screening of six compounds, two derivatives - 2-[(1-methylpropyl)amino]-1-octanethiosulfuric acid and 2-[(1-methylethyl)-amino]-1-octanethiosulfuric acid - given orally in doses of 300 mg/kg/day for five consecutive days, caused interruption of the oviposition and the hepatic shift of more than 90% of the worms. Both compounds caused a significant reduction in worm burden and, interestingly, the female schistosomes were more susceptible. With the therapeutic schedule of two doses of 800 mg/kg over a 20 day interval, the death of almost all the females and about 50% of the males was observed. Female worms recovered from treated mice showed scattered vitteline glands. Results of in vitro experiments against different developmental stages of the parasite revealed the induction of paralysis and damage to the tegument membrane. The drugs presented no toxic effects on the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Penido
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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Ring CS, Sun E, McKerrow JH, Lee GK, Rosenthal PJ, Kuntz ID, Cohen FE. Structure-based inhibitor design by using protein models for the development of antiparasitic agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:3583-7. [PMID: 8475107 PMCID: PMC46345 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.8.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of an experimentally determined structure of a target protein frequently limits the application of structure-based drug design methods. In an effort to overcome this limitation, we have investigated the use of computer model-built structures for the identification of previously unknown inhibitors of enzymes from two major protease families, serine and cysteine proteases. We have successfully used our model-built structures to identify computationally and to confirm experimentally the activity of nonpeptidic inhibitors directed against important enzymes in the schistosome [2-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-1-naphthoic acid, Ki = 3 microM] and malaria (oxalic bis[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylmethylene)hydrazide], IC50 = 6 microM) parasite life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ring
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0446
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