Structural investigation of interactions between halogenated flavonoids and the lipid membrane along with their role as cytotoxic agents

This study focuses on understanding the structural and molecular changes in lipid membranes under the influence of six halogenated flavonoid derivatives differing in the number and position of substitution of chlorine and bromine atoms (D1-D6). Utilizing various analytical techniques, including fluorometric methods, dynamic light scattering (DLS), attenuated Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR- FTIR), and FT-Raman spectroscopy, the research aims to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the interaction of flavonoids with cell membranes. Additionally, the study includes in silico analyses to explore the physicochemical properties of these compounds and their potential pharmaceutical applications, along with toxicity studies to assess their effects on cancer, normal, and red blood cells. Our study showed the ability of halogenated derivatives to interact mostly with the outer part of the membrane, especially in the lipid heads region however, some of them were able to penetrate deeper into the membrane and affect the fluidity of hydrocarbon chains. The potential to reduce cancer cell viability, the lack of toxicity towards erythrocytes, and the favourable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties suggest these halogenated flavonoids potential candidates for exploring their potential for medical use.

Estrogen receptors alpha and beta expression in different canine cancer types with an emphasis on hematopoietic malignancies

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are located in both healthy and neoplastic tissues. The type of estrogen receptor expressed varies depending on its location, tumor type, and species. Estrogen action is mediated by binding to ER and activating the transcriptional and signaling processes that result in the control of gene expression. There are two main types of estrogen receptors: ER alpha (ERα) and ER beta (ERβ). Both receptors are functionally different, they may act antagonistically and are distributed in different tissues but their structure is similar - as they are composed of 5 different domains: A/B, C, D, E, and F. The signaling pathway and hence regulation of the gene expression by ERs is a complex and multifactorial process that involves both genomic and nongenomic actions. In the human reproductive tract, both ERα and β are present, with predominant expression of ERβ, while there are no satisfactory data distinguishing the type of ERs expressed in the canine reproductive tract. In mammary gland neoplasia, a decreased or lacking ERα expression in humans is associated with a poorer prognosis. This is similar to dogs, where higher ERα expression intensity was noted in benign tumors than in carcinomas. In human hematopoietic malignancies, ERβ is a predominant receptor. Selective and non-selective ERβ agonists have an antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effect on human lymphoma cell lines and may be effective in the therapy of ERβ positive lymphomas and leukemias. In canine lymphoma tissues, none or only marginal expression of ERs was detected over the decades. Considering available data, we conducted preliminary studies proving that, in contrast to humans, the dominant ER expressed in canine hematopoietic tumors is ERα.

Yolkin, a Polypeptide Complex from Egg Yolk, Affects Cytokine Levels and Leukocyte Populations in Broiler Chicken Blood and Lymphoid Organs after In Ovo Administration

Yolkin is a polypeptide complex isolated from hen egg yolk that exhibits immunomodulating properties. The aim of the present study was to determine whether in-ovo-delivered yolkin affects leukocyte populations and cytokine levels in broiler chickens. The experiment was carried out on eggs from Ross 308 broiler breeder birds. Yolkin was administered in ovo on the 18th day of incubation, once, at the following three doses: 1, 10, or 100 µg/egg. The immunological parameters were assessed in 1-, 7-, 14-, 21-, 28-, 35-, and 42-day-old birds kept under farming conditions and routinely vaccinated. The leukocyte populations were determined in the thymus, spleen, and blood. The cytokine (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10) levels were determined in the plasma of the broiler chickens. Each experimental group included eight birds. The most pronounced effect of yolkin was an increase in the population of T cells, both CD4+ and CD8+, mainly in the blood. This effect on the lymphocyte subsets may be valuable regarding chicken immune responses, mainly against T-dependent antigens, during infection or after vaccination.

An initial characterisation of the Unfolded Protein Response pathway in haematopoietic canine cancer cell lines - a necessary step for the future development of new therapies in dogs with neoplasia

Introduction

New and more effective therapies for canine cancer patients are urgently required and this necessitates advanced experimental research. Dogs are good models for studies in comparative oncology; however, canine cancer cell biology research is currently limited by low availability of validated antibody reagents and techniques. This study characterises the expression of key components of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in a panel of haematopoietic canine cancer cell lines using commercially available antibodies, and validates the methods used to study this pathway.

Material and Methods

The CLBL-1 canine lymphoma cell line and the GL-1 canine leukaemia cell line sourced externally and two counterparts established in house (CNK-89 and CLB70) were used as models of different lymphoma and leukaemia canine cell lines for the study. The human U2OS cell line served as the control. Antibodies were selected for identifying UPR proteins according to known canine cell reactivity and canine-murine and canine-human homology. Endoplasmic reticulum stress was induced with thapsigargin and MG132 in the cell lines. Etoposide was used to induce DNA damage in the cells. The techniques used for this validation analysis were RNA sequencing to observe the expression of UPR components in canine cell lines, Western blot to observe changes of protein expression levels after inducing ER stress in the cells, and flow cytometry in order to study cell death.

Results

Substantial variations in both the basic expression and agonist-induced activation of the UPR pathway were observed in canine cancer cell lines, although the biological significance of these differences requires further investigation.

Conclusion

These findings will be a starting point for future studies on cancer biology in dogs. They will also contribute to developing novel anticancer therapies for canine patients and may provide new insights into human oncology.

New molecular targets in canine hemangiosarcoma-Comparative review and future of the precision medicine

Human angiosarcoma and canine hemangiosarcoma reveal similarities not only in their aggressive clinical behaviour, but especially in molecular landscape and genetic alterations involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis formation. Currently, no satisfying treatment that allows for achieving long overall survival or even prolonged time to progression does not exist. Due to the progress that has been made in targeted therapies and precision medicine the basis for a new treatment design is to uncover mutations and their functions as possible targets to provide tailored drugs for individual cases. Whole exome or genome sequencing studies and immunohistochemistry brought in the last few years important discoveries and identified the most common mutations with probably crucial role in this tumour development. Also, despite a lack of mutation in some of the culprit genes, the cancerogenesis cause may be buried in main cellular pathways connected with proteins encoded by those genes and involving, for example, pathological angiogenesis. The aim of this review is to highlight the most promising molecular targets for precision oncology treatment from the veterinary perspective aided by the principles of comparative science. Some of the drugs are only undergoing laboratory in vitro studies and others entered the clinic in the management of other cancer types in humans, but those used in dogs with promising responses have been mentioned as priorities.

Studying the DNA damage response pathway in hematopoietic canine cancer cell lines, a necessary step for finding targets to generate new therapies to treat cancer in dogs

Background

Dogs present a significant opportunity for studies in comparative oncology. However, the study of cancer biology phenomena in canine cells is currently limited by restricted availability of validated antibody reagents and techniques. Here, we provide an initial characterization of the expression and activity of key components of the DNA Damage Response (DDR) in a panel of hematopoietic canine cancer cell lines, with the use of commercially available antibody reagents.

Materials and methods

The techniques used for this validation analysis were western blot, qPCR, and DNA combing assay.

Results

Substantial variations in both the basal expression (ATR, Claspin, Chk1, and Rad51) and agonist-induced activation (p-Chk1) of DDR components were observed in canine cancer cell lines. The expression was stronger in the CLBL-1 (B-cell lymphoma) and CLB70 (B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia) cell lines than in the GL-1 (B-cell leukemia) cell line, but the biological significance of these differences requires further investigation. We also validated methodologies for quantifying DNA replication dynamics in hematopoietic canine cancer cell lines, and found that the GL-1 cell line presented a higher replication fork speed than the CLBL-1 cell line, but that both showed a tendency to replication fork asymmetry.

Conclusion

These findings will inform future studies on cancer biology, which will facilitate progress in developing novel anticancer therapies for canine patients. They can also provide new knowledge in human oncology.

The Effect of Xanthohumol Derivatives on Apoptosis Induction in Canine Lymphoma and Leukemia Cell Lines

Xanthohumol is a cancer chemopreventive agent that can interfere with the initiation, promotion, and progression phase of carcinogenesis via a variety of inhibitory mechanisms. Xanthohumol was reported as an effective agent against leukemia/lymphoma cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of xanthohumol and its natural and semisynthetic derivatives against various canine leukemia/lymphoma cell lines. Xanthohumol, three hops minor prenylflavonoids (xanthohumol C, xanthohumol D, α,β-dihydroxanthohumol) and four derivatives obtained by biotransformation (xanthohumol 4'-O-β-D-(4‴-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside) as well as by chemical modification (1″,2″-dihydroxanthohumol K, 2,3-dehydroisoxanthohumol, (Z)-6,4'-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-7-prenylaurone) were tested for their antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activities against the following canine leukemia/lymphoma cell lines: CLBL-1 (B-cell lymphoma), CLB70 (B-cell leukemia), and GL-1 (B-cell leukemia). The compounds were tested at a final concentration range of 0.1-30 µM for 48 h. All eight of the tested flavonoids exerted concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in the selected canine lymphoma/leukemia cell lines. Three compounds markedly decreased the viability of all cell lines with IC₅₀ in the range of 0.5 to 8 μM. Double-staining of the treated cells with AnnexinV and propidium iodide revealed that the dying cells were mostly in the late apoptosis stage. ROS production and changes in mitochondrial potential were detected. Western blot analysis showed a decreased expression of Bcl-2. Canine lymphoma and leukemia cell lines are sensitive to xanthohumol derivatives, and the compounds acted through an apoptotic cell-death mechanism. These compounds, either used alone or in combination with other therapies, may be useful for the treatment of canine leukemia/lymphoma.

Microbial Transformations of Halolactones and Evaluation of Their Antiproliferative Activity

The microbial transformations of lactones with a halogenoethylocyclohexane moiety were performed in a filamentous fungi culture. The selected, effective biocatalyst for this process was the Absidia glauca AM177 strain. The lactones were transformed into the hydroxy derivative, regardless of the type of halogen atom in the substrate structure. For all lactones, the antiproliferative activity was determined toward several cancer cell lines. The antiproliferative potential of halolactones was much broader than that observed for the hydroxyderivative. According to the presented results, the most potent was chlorolactone, which exhibited significant activity toward the T-cell lymphoma line (CL-1) cell line. The hydroxyderivative obtained through biotransformation was not previously described in the literature.

Are Intelligent People Better Liars? Relationships between Cognitive Abilities and Credible Lying

Lying is essential to social communication. Despite years of research, its detection still poses many challenges. This is partly because some individuals are perceived as truthful and reliable, even when lying. However, relatively little is known about these effective liars. In our study, we focused on the cognitive functioning of effective liars. We tested 400 participants who completed tasks measuring executive functions, verbal fluency, and fluid intelligence, and also made four statements (two true and two false, half of them written and half oral). The reliability of the statements was then assessed. Only fluid intelligence was found to be relevant for reliable lying. This relationship was only evident for oral statements, suggesting that the importance of intelligence is highlighted when statements are made spontaneously without prior preparation.

Truth or lie: Exploring the language of deception

Lying appears in everyday oral and written communication. As a consequence, detecting it on the basis of linguistic analysis is particularly important. Our study aimed to verify whether the differences between true and false statements in terms of complexity and sentiment that were reported in previous studies can be confirmed using tools dedicated to measuring those factors. Further, we investigated whether linguistic features that differentiate true and false utterances in English-namely utterance length, concreteness, and particular parts-of-speech-are also present in the Polish language. We analyzed nearly 1,500 true and false statements, half of which were transcripts while the other half were written statements. Our results show that false statements are less complex in terms of vocabulary, are more concise and concrete, and have more positive words and fewer negative words. We found no significant differences between spoken and written lies. Using this data, we built classifiers to automatically distinguish true from false utterances, achieving an accuracy of 60%. Our results provide a significant contribution to previous conclusions regarding linguistic deception indicators.

Biological functions of sialic acid as a component of bacterial endotoxin

Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) is an important Gram-negative bacteria antigen. LPS of some bacteria contains sialic acid (Neu5Ac) as a component of O-antigen (O-Ag), in this review we present an overview of bacteria in which the presence of Neu5Ac has been confirmed in their outer envelope and the possible ways that bacteria can acquire Neu5Ac. We explain the role of Neu5Ac in bacterial pathogenesis, and also involvement of Neu5Ac in bacterial evading the host innate immunity response and molecular mimicry phenomenon. We also highlight the role of sialic acid in the mechanism of bacterial resistance to action of serum complement. Despite a number of studies on involvement of Neu5Ac in bacterial pathogenesis many aspects of this phenomenon are still not understood.

Canine B Cell Lymphoma- and Leukemia-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Moderate Differentiation and Cytokine Production of T and B Cells In Vitro

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are formed in physiological and pathological conditions by almost all mammalian cells. They are known as submicron “molecules” that transport and horizontally transfer their cargo from maternal cells to donor cells. Moreover, cancer cells produce tumor-derived EVs (TEVs), which are present in blood of patients with solid tumors and those with hematological malignancies. Their role in evading immune system surveillance and induction of immunosuppression in hematological cancer is limited. According to the authors’ best knowledge, there is no information about the impact of TEVs from canine lymphoma (CLBL-1) and leukemia (CLB70) on lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In conclusion, we demonstrate in in vitro experiments that CLBL-1 EVs and CLB70 EVs are effectively taken up by T and B lymphocytes. TEVs decrease the percentage of B lymphocytes and increase that of T lymphocytes, and change T cells’ phenotype into the effector memory (EM) or terminally differentiated effector memory (TEMRA) subtype after in vitro co-culturing. Moreover, CLBL70 EVs have pro-tumorogenic properties by inhibiting the production of CD8+IL-17+ cells.

The cannabinoid receptors system in horses: Tissue distribution and cellular identification in skin

BACKGROUND

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CBR1) and type 2 (CBR2), cannabinoid-based ligands (endogenous chemically synthesized phytocannabinoids), and endogenous enzymes controlling their concentrations. Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) have been identified in invertebrates and in almost all vertebrate species in the central and peripheral nervous system as well as in immune cells, where they control neuroimmune homeostasis. In humans, rodents, dogs, and cats, CBRs expression has been confirmed in the skin, and their expression and tissue distribution become disordered in pathological conditions. Cannabinoid receptors may be a possible therapeutic target in skin diseases.

OBJECTIVES

To characterize the distribution and cellular expression of CBRs in the skin of horses under normal conditions.

ANIMALS

Fifteen healthy horses.

METHODS

Using full-thickness skin punch biopsy samples, skin-derived primary epidermal keratinocytes and dermal-derived cells, we performed analysis of Cnr1 and Cnr2 genes using real-time PCR and CBR1 and CBR2 protein expression by confocal microscopy and Western blotting.

RESULTS

Normal equine skin, including equine epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblast-like cells, all exhibited constant gene and protein expression of CBRs.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Our results represent a starting point for developing and translating new veterinary medicine-based pharmacotherapies using ECS as a possible target.

Regiospecific Hydrogenation of Bromochalcone by Unconventional Yeast Strains

This research aimed to select yeast strains capable of the biotransformation of selected 2′-hydroxybromochalcones. Small-scale biotransformations were carried out using four substrates obtained by chemical synthesis (2′-hydroxy-2″-bromochalcone, 2′-hydroxy-3″-bromochalcone, 2′-hydroxy-4″-bromochalcone and 2′-hydroxy-5′-bromochalcone) and eight strains of non-conventional yeasts. Screening allowed for the determination of the substrate specificity of selected microorganisms and the selection of biocatalysts that carried out the hydrogenation of tested compounds in the most effective way. It was found that the position of the bromine atom has a crucial influence on the degree of substrate conversion by the tested yeast strains. As a result of the biotransformation of the 2′-hydroxybromochalcones, the corresponding 2′-hydroxybromodihydrochalcones were obtained. The products obtained belong to the group of compounds with high potential as precursors of sweet substances.

Characteristics and Applications of Canine In Vitro Models of Bladder Cancer in Veterinary Medicine: An Up-to-Date Mini Review

Simple Summary

Bladder cancer (BC) in dogs is often lethal at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, there is a constant need for novel research on improvements of its characterization and treatment. Due to high cost and limited number of available dog patients, in vitro models of canine BC have been increasingly used for the last 25 years. In the present article, we present existing in vitro models of canine BC, including available simple (two-dimensional) and more complex (three-dimensional) models.

Abstract

Bladder cancer (BC) constitutes approximately 2% of all spontaneously occurring cancers in dogs. It is characterized by a devastating clinical course in most cases, which emphasizes a constant need for the development of novel methods of disease characterization and treatment. Over the past years, advances in cell engineering have resulted in the development of various canine in vitro models of BC, emerging as complements for in vivo research. In this article, we aimed to review the available data on existing in vitro models of canine BC, focusing primarily on their characteristics, applications in veterinary medicine, as well as advantages and disadvantages. The most commonly used in vitro models of canine BC comprise immortalized cell lines grown as adherent monolayers. They provide an unlimited supply of research material, however, they do not faithfully reflect the conditions prevailing in vivo, since the spatial cellular interactions are lost. The importance of the three-dimensional (3D) features of solid tumors in relation to carcinogenesis or drug response process has resulted in the development of the first canine 3D models of BC available for in vitro research. So far, results obtained with in vitro and in vivo research should be interpreted together. With the constantly growing complexity of in vitro models of BC cancer, animal-based research might be reduced in the future.

Left ventricular lobal longitudinal strain as a prognostic marker in low-risk patients undergoing TAVI

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV GLS) correlate with the risk of symptoms, irreversible myocardial damage and progressive myocardial fibrosis. LV GLS detects subtle changes in LV function that precede those of LVEF and is associated to outcomes after TAVI.

Purpose

Evaluation of the LV GLS as the prognostic parameter in patients low-, intermediate and high-risk patients undergoing TAVI and its potential relationship with frailty syndrom.

Methods

The study included 105 patients (mean age 82.36 ± 4.5) with severe AS treated with TAVI at the Department of Invasive Cardiology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior in Warsaw. Each patient had laboratory tests, ECG, echocardiography (LV GLS) and was assessed based on the STS scale and the Katz frailty scale. Follow-up observations were carried out at 1 month and 1 year.

Results

In the study population 46% were men, the mean age was 82.36 ± 4.5 years, the mean STS score was 7.03 ± 4.24. The mean pre-TAVI LVEF was 54.51 ± 6.44% (in 87 (82.8%) patients above 50%). The mean LV GLS before TAVI was -12.82 ± 1.94%. AVAI area was 0.38 ± 0.08 cm/m2, and the mean gradient through the stenotic aortic valve was 51.69 ± 10.66 mmHg.

LV GLS was significantly improved in patients after TAVI. LV GLS analysis showed change from -12.82% before TAVI, to -14.35% after 1-month follow-up and -14.47% at 1-year follow-up (p ≤ 0,05, p ≤ 0,05 respectively). LV GLS of -11% was a cut-off value determining the risk of death after 1 year post-TAVI (p < 0,001). The area under the curve was 0,87, which was a statistically significant result that can be used as a significant prognostic factor. In low-risk patients there was a significant improvement of LV GLS in 1-year follow-up, compared to patients with STS 4-8% (p ≤ 0.01) and in patients with STS> 8% (p ≤ 0, 05) (Tab. 1).

Logistic regression analysis showed that the change of LV GLS at 1 year significantly correlated with Katz frailty score at 1-month and 1-year follow-up ((p ≤ 0,01, p ≤ 0,01 respectively) (Tab. 2).

Conclusion

LV GLS of -11% was a cut-off value distinguishing patients with increased risk of death after TAVI. In low-risk patients the improvement in LV GLS indicates a favorable reverse myocardial remodeling after TAVI and better prognosis after TAVI, which was not observed in the intermediate- and high-risk patients. Abstract Figure.  Abstract Figure.

DNA Damage Response (DDR) proteins in canine cancer as potential research targets in comparative oncology

The DNA damage response (DDR) is a complex signal transduction network that is activated when endogenous or exogenous genotoxins damage or interfere with the replication of genomic DNA. Under such conditions, the DDR promotes DNA repair and ensures accurate replication and division of the genome. High levels of genomic instability are frequently observed in cancers and can stem from germline loss‐of‐function mutations in certain DDR genes, such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and p53, that form the basis of human cancer predisposition syndromes. In addition, mutation and/or aberrant expression of multiple DDR genes are frequently observed in sporadic human cancers. As a result, the DDR is considered to represent a viable target for cancer therapy in humans and a variety of strategies are under investigation. Cancer is also a significant cause of mortality in dogs, a species that offers certain advantages for experimental oncology. Domestic dogs present numerous inbred lines, many of which display predisposition to specific forms of cancer and the study of which may provide insight into the biological basis of this susceptibility. In addition, clinical trials are possible in dogs and may lead to therapeutic insights that could ultimately be extended to humans. Here we review what is known specifically about the DDR in dogs and discuss how this knowledge could be extended and exploited to advance experimental oncology in this species.

Benzyl Isothiocyanate, a Vegetable-Derived Compound, Induces Apoptosis via ROS Accumulation and DNA Damage in Canine Lymphoma and Leukemia Cells

Treatment of neoplastic diseases in companion animals is one of the most important problems of modern veterinary medicine. Given the growing interest in substances of natural origin as potential anti-cancer drugs, our goal was to examine the effectiveness of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a compound found in cruciferous vegetables, against canine lymphoma and leukemia. These are the one of the most common canine cancer types, and chemotherapy is the only treatment option. The study involved established cell lines originating from various hematopoietic malignancies: CLBL-1, GL-1, CLB70 and CNK-89, immortalized noncancerous cell lines: MDCK and NIH-3T3 and canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The cytotoxic activity of BITC, apoptosis induction, caspase activity and ROS generation were evaluated by flow cytometry. H2AX phosphorylation was assessed by western blot. The study showed that the compound was especially active against B lymphocyte-derived malignant cells. Their death resulted from caspase-dependent apoptosis. BITC induced ROS accumulation, and glutathione precursor N-acetyl-l-cysteine reversed the effect of the compound, thus proving the role of oxidative stress in BITC activity. In addition, exposure to the compound induced DNA damage in the tested cells. This is the first study that provides information on the activity of BITC in canine hematopoietic malignancies and suggests that the compound may be particularly useful in B-cell neoplasms treatment.

Methoxy-Substituted γ-Oxa-ε-Lactones Derived from Flavanones-Comparison of Their Anti-Tumor Activity In Vitro

Background: The study investigated four flavanone-derived γ-oxa-ε-lactones: a parent unsubstituted compound and its three derivatives with the methoxy group in positions 2′, 4′ and 8. Our objective was to find out if the introduction of the methoxy group into the aromatic ring affects in vitro anti-tumor potency of the investigated lactones. Methods: Cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects were assessed with cytometric tests with propidium iodide, annexin V, and Western blot techniques. We also investigated potential synergistic potency of the tested lactones and glucocorticoids in canine lymphoma/leukemia cell lines. Results: The tested flavanone-derived lactones showed anti-cancer activity in vitro. Depending on its location, the methoxy group either increased or decreased cytotoxicity of the derivatives as compared with the parent compound. The most potent lactone was the one with the methoxy group at position 4′ of the B ring (compound 3), and the weakest activity was observed when the group was located at C-8 in the A ring. A combination of the lactones with glucocorticoids confirmed their synergy in anti-tumor activity in vitro. Conclusions: Methoxy-substituted flavanone-derived lactones effectively kill canine lymphoma/leukemia cells in vitro and, thanks to their synergistic action with glucocorticoids, may potentially be applied in the treatment of hematopoietic cancers.

Katz frailty syndrom has no predictive value in low-risk patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Background

Aortic stenosis is a disease of the elderly people, with multiple comorbidities and often with the frailty syndrome. Therefore, we decided that frailty as a clinical factor requires precise characterization in low-, intermediate– and high-risk patients as it may be a valuable supplement to the risk stratification in TAVI.

Purpose

The aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the Katz frailty scale in patients undergoing TAVI in relation to the risk of mortality assessed with the STS scale.

Methods

The study included 105 patients (mean age 82.36±4.5) with severe AS treated with TAVI at the Department of Cardiology of our clinical hospital. Each patient had laboratory tests, ECG, echocardiography and was assessed based on the STS scale and the Katz frailty scale. Study population was divided into groups: I with moderate and severe Katz frailty syndrome (≤4 pts) and II with mild Katz frailty syndrome (≥5 pts). Follow-up observations were carried out at 1 month and 1 year.

Results

In the study population 46% were men, the mean age was 82.36±4.5 years, the mean STS score was 7.03±4.24%, and the Katz frailty syndrome with the degree of ≤4 pts was found in 44,8%. There was a statistically significant reduction in Katz frailty score at 1 month and 1 year (n=40, 40%; n=21, 26%; p≤0,05, p≤0,05 respectively) compared to before TAVI. The greatest improvement was observed in the intermediate- and high-risk patients in 1-year follow up (p≤0,05, p≤0,05 respectively) (Tab.1). There was no significant change (p>0.05) between 1-month and 1-year follow-up. 1-year all-causes mortality in patients with moderate and severe Katz frailty syndrome was 30% and with mild Katz frailty syndrome was 3% (p<0,001). 1-month all-causes mortality after TAVI in high-risk patients was a significantly dependent on Katz frailty score (p<0,05). And at the same time 1-year all-causes mortality after TAVI in high- and intermediate-risk patients was a significantly dependent on Katz frailty score (p<0,05). This relationship was not demonstrated in the low-risk patients. Analysis using Cox's proportional hazards model confirmed a significant prognostic value for the Katz frailty syndrome before TAVI (p≤0.05). Patients with moderate to severe frailty on the Katz score (values ≤4) had a 13,68 times higher risk of death per year compared to the group with Katz frailty syndrome ≥5. Multivariate regression indicated that Katz frailty score and STS score were prognostically significant factors of cardiovascular death in patients undergoing TAVI (p<0,01).

Conclusion

A significant correlation was demonstrated between survival and Katz frailty score. The Katz frailty score had a significant prognostic value, especially in intermediate- and high risk patients, but no in low-risk patients. Katz frailty score and STS risk score significantly correlated with the risk of death from cardiovascular causes in patients undergoing TAVI.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None. Figure 1Table 1

Zoonotic potential and prevalence of Salmonella serovars isolated from pets

Salmonellosis is a global health problem, affecting approximately 1.3 billion people annually. Most of these cases are related to food contamination. However, although the majority of Salmonella serovars are pathogenic to humans, animals can be asymptomatic carriers of these bacteria. Nowadays, a wide range of animals is present in human households as pets, including reptiles, amphibians, dogs, cats, ornamental birds, and rodents. Pets contaminate the environment of their owners by shedding the bacteria intermittently in their feaces. In consequence, theyare thought to cause salmonellosis through pet-to-human transmission. Each Salmonella serovar has a different zoonotic potential, which is strongly regulated by stress factors such as transportation, crowding, food deprivation, or temperature. In this review, we summarize the latest reports concerning Salmonella-prevalence and distribution in pets as well as the risk factors and means of prevention of human salmonellosis caused by contact with their pets. Our literature analysis (based on PubMed and Google Scholar databases) is limited to the distribution of Salmonella serovars found in commonly owned pet species. We collected the recent results of studies concerning testing for Salmonella spp. in biological samples, indicating their prevalence in pets, with regard to clinical cases of human salmonellosis.

A newly established canine NK-type cell line and its cytotoxic properties

We established a canine natural killer (NK)-type cell line called CNK-89 derived from a dog with NK cell neoplasia. Immunophenotyping analysis showed positive staining for CD5, CD8, CD45, CD56, CD79a and NKp46, while negative for CD3, CD4, CD14, CD20, CD21, CD34, Thy1, IgG, IgM and MHCII. Polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the presence of CD56, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46 and perforin, but the absence of CD16, Ly49 and granzyme B mRNA. Treating CNK-89 cells with IL-2 did not change the expression of activating receptors, TNFα and IFNγ secretion and cytotoxic activity, however, treatment with IL-12 alone or in combinations with IL-15, IL-18 and IL-21 caused an increase in granzyme B and CD16 mRNA, IFNγ secretion and cytotoxic properties of the CNK-89 cell line.

Antioxidant capacity as a novel biomarker of delirium after cardiac surgery

Introduction

Coronary-artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is known to improve cardiac function and decrease mortality, albeit, this method of treatment is associated with a high risk of postoperative delirium. The pathophysiology of delirium after cardiac surgery is largely unknown.

Objectives

To investigate whether oxidative stress reflected by decreased preoperative and postoperative plasma antioxidant capacity (AC) is independently associated with delirium after cardiac surgery. Furthermore, to assess whether the association between AC and the level of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) exists.

Methods

The patients were examined 1 day preoperatively with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and MMSE test to screen for depression, anxiety disorders, and for cognitive impairment, respectively. Blood samples for AC and sRAGE levels were collected both preopertively and postoperatively. The CAM ICU and MDAS were used within the first 5 days postoperatively to screen for a diagnosis of delirium.

Results

Postoperative delirium developed in 34% (61 of 177) of participants. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with low baseline AC are at significantly increased risk of developing delirium. Moreover, preoperative AC levels were inversly correlated with postoperative sRAGE concentrations (Spearman’s Rank Correlation -0.198; p<0.05). The most optimal cutoff values of the preoperative and postoperative AC that predict the development of delirium were 1.720 mM and 1.893 mM, respectively.

Conclusions

Decreased plasma AC levels are associated with delirium after cardiac surgery and inversly correlated with post-surgery sRAGE concentration. This may be an important pathophysiological consideration in the increased risk of postoperative delirium seen in cardiac surgery patients.

Raised preoperative monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 as the independent predictor of delirium after cardiac surgery. A prospective cohort study

Introduction

Delirium is a frequent and serious complication of cardiac surgery. However, the knowledge regarding pathogenesis of postoperative delirium is limited.

Objectives

To investigate whether increased levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and hyper-sensitive C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) are associated with postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery patients.

Methods

Patients were examined and screened for major depressive disorder (MDD) and cognitive impairment one day preoperatively, using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and The Mini-Mental State Examination Test. Blood samples were collected pre- and postoperatively for hsCRP and chemokine levels. Following surgical interventions, the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit and the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale with the cut-off score 10 were used to diagnose delirium.

Results

Postoperative delirium screening was found positive in 34% (61 of 177) of patients. Both, pre- and postoperative hsCRP, and preoperative MCP-1 levels were associated with postoperative delirium in univariate comparisons; p=0.001; p=0.0004; p < 0.001, respectively. However, according to a multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis only MCP-1 concentration raised before surgery was independently associated with postoperative delirium, and related to advancing age of participants (Spearman’s Rank Correlation 0.192; p=0.0103). According to ROC analysis, the most optimal cut-off for MCP-1 concentration in predicting the development of delirium was 371.81 ng/ml with sensitivity of 77.0% and specificity of 58.6%.

Conclusions

The present study suggests that raised preoperative MCP-1 concentration is independently associated with delirium after cardiac surgery. Preoperative monitoring of pro-inflammatory markers combined with regular surveillance may be helpful in the prediction and early detection of postoperative delirium in this patient group.

Ubiquitin-specific protease 7 as a potential therapeutic target in dogs with hematopoietic malignancies

Background

Ubiquitin‐specific protease 7 (USP7) belongs to the group of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which remove ubiquitin which controls various cellular processes such as chromosome segregation, DNA repair, gene expression, protein localization, kinase activity, protein degradation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. It is critical for several important functions in the cell, and therefore dysregulation of USP7 can contribute to tumorigenesis.

Objectives

Alterations in the USP7 protein have been identified in various malignancies of humans. Our aim was to examine whether USP7 could be a potential therapeutic target in hematopoietic cancers of dogs.

Methods

The expression level of USP7 in lymphocytes from healthy dogs and canine lymphoma cells was determined, and the effect of USP7 inhibition on the vital functions of canine cancer cells was examined.

Results

We showed that USP7 was overexpressed in lymphomas in dogs. The USP7 inhibitor P5091 has selective cytotoxic activity in canine lymphoma and leukemia cell lines. Our results indicate that inhibition of USP7 leads to a disruption of cell cycle progression, and triggers DNA damage and apoptosis. The observed proapoptotic effect of the USP7 inhibitor most likely is not dependent on the p53 pathway.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Our results suggest that USP7 could be explored as a potential therapeutic target in dogs with lymphoma. The effectiveness of USP7 inhibition in malignant cells is predicted to be independent of their p53 status.

Impact of Adjuvant Chemotherapy on Survival of Patients with Advanced Residual Disease at Radical Cystectomy following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by radical cystectomy (RC) with pelvic lymph-node dissection is the standard treatment for cT2-4a cN0 cM0 muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Despite the significant improvement of primary-tumor downstaging with NAC, up to 50% of patients are eventually found to have advanced residual disease (pT3-T4 and/or histopathologically confirmed nodal metastases (pN+)) at RC. Currently, there is no established standard of care in such cases. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess differences in survival rates between patients with pT3-T4 and/or pN+ MIBC who received NAC and surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy (AC), and patients without AC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic search was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement using the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. The last search was performed on 12 November 2020. The primary end point was overall survival (OS) and the secondary end point was disease-specific survival (DSS).

RESULTS

We identified 2124 articles, of which 6 were selected for qualitative and quantitative analyses. Of a total of 3096 participants in the included articles, 2355 (76.1%) were in the surveillance group and 741 (23.9%) received AC. The use of AC was associated with significantly better OS (hazard ratio (HR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75-0.94; p = 0.002) and DSS (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.32-0.99; p = 0.05). Contrary to the main analysis, in the subgroup analysis including only patients with pN+, AC was not significantly associated with better OS compared to the surveillance group (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.58-1.35; p = 0.58).

CONCLUSIONS

The administration of AC in patients with MIBC and pT3-T4 residual disease after NAC might have a positive impact on OS and DSS. However, this may not apply to N+ patients.

Severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms, level of experienced stress and coping strategies in mothers of children previously treated in the neonatal intensive care unit

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to develop a model of the relationship between the severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms, levels of experienced stress and coping strategies in mothers of children previously treated in neonatal intensive care units.

METHODS

Anonymous questionnaire survey covered 62 mothers of infants aged from three to 12 months who had previously been hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units. Respondents completed a questionnaire comprising standardized tools such as the Impact Event Scale - Revised (IES-R), COPE Inventory and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10).

RESULTS

The severity of PTSD symptoms is explained by the model comprising four variables: three stress coping strategies (focus on and venting of emotions, denial and mental disengagement) and perceived stress. The model explains nearly 40% of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Perceived stress partly affects PTSD through one stress coping strategy - denial, which also has the effect on post-traumatic stress symptoms severity regardless of perceived stress.

CONCLUSIONS

Focus on and venting of emotions, denial, mental disengagement, and the level of perceived stress are potentially modifiable factors that are strongly associated with PTSD. Planning, realization and assessment of interventions aimed at reduction of maladaptive coping strategies and perceived stress are recommended for mothers of infants requiring treatment in neonatal intensive care units. In order to minimize distress and improve coping with the treatment of the child, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of various methods of supporting parents.

Chalcone Methoxy Derivatives Exhibit Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Activity on Canine Lymphoma and Leukemia Cells

Chalcones are interesting candidates for anti-cancer drugs due to the ease of their synthesis and their extensive biological activity. The study presents antitumor activity of newly synthesized chalcone analogues with a methoxy group on a panel of canine lymphoma and leukemia cell lines. The antiproliferative effect of the 2'-hydroxychalcone and its methoxylated derivatives was evaluated in MTT assay after 48 h of treatment in different concentrations. The proapoptotic activity was studied by cytometric analysis of cells stained with Annexin V/FITC and propidium iodide and by measure caspases 3/7 and 8 activation. The DNA damage was evaluated by Western blot analysis of phosphorylated histone H2AX. The new compounds had selective antiproliferative activity against the studied cell lines, the most effective were the 2'-hydroxy-2″,5″-dimethoxychalcone and 2'-hydroxy-4',6'-dimethoxychalcone. 2'-Hydroxychalcone and the two most active derivatives induced apoptosis and caspases participation, but some percentage of necrotic cells was also observed. Comparing phosphatidylserine externalization after treatment with the different compounds it was noted that the addition of two methoxy groups increased the proapoptotic potential. The most active compounds triggered DNA damage even in the cell lines resistant to chalcone-induced apoptosis. The results confirmed that the analogues could have anticancer potential in the treatment of canine lymphoma or leukemia.

Cloacal Gram-Negative Microbiota in Free-Living Grass Snake Natrix natrix from Poland

Reptiles appear to be an important vector for Gram-negative pathogens, therefore, they are epidemiologically relevant. However, the composition of reptilian microbiota has been poorly recognized so far. The majority of studies concern exotic reptiles as asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella serovars. Studies of other intestinal bacteria of reptiles are rare. Only recently, the microbiota of free-living European reptiles have been investigated, however, on the basis of small samples, mainly in protected areas. Here, we aim to investigate cloacal Gram-negative microbiota of free-living Natrix natrix. Snakes (N = 45) used in the study were collected in Kraków (Poland) and its vicinity. Nineteen species of Gram-negative bacteria were isolated. The most common species were: Aeromonas hydrophila, Morganella morganii, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella spp. The bacteria prevalent in N. natrix cloacal swabs are likely to represent the natural intestinal Gram-negative microbiota of the examined snakes. Importantly, the identified bacteria are pathogenic to humans, which clearly highlights the epidemiological potential of free-living N. natrix. The risk of infection is high for immunocompromised humans, children (under 5 years old), elderly persons, and pregnant women. Our study provides the largest dataset on intestinal Gram-negative microbiota of wild snakes. The presence of multiple human pathogens determined by us calls for the necessity of further studies on reptile-transmitted bacteria in anthropogenic environments.

The Role of Bcl-xL Protein Research in Veterinary Oncology

Due to their significant impact on human and animal health, cancer diseases are an area of considerable concern for both human and veterinary medicine. Research on the cancer pathogenesis in companion animals, such as dogs, allows not only for improving canine cancer treatment, but also for translating the results into human oncology. Disruption of apoptosis in tumor-transformed cells is a well-known mechanism leading to the development of cancer. One of the main factors involved in this process are proteins belonging to the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family, and the imbalance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members of this family contributes to the development of cancer. Studies on the function of these proteins, including B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL), have also been intensively conducted in companion animals. The Bcl-xL gene was sequenced and found to share over 99% homology with the human protein. Research showed that the Bcl-2 family plays the same role in human and canine cells, and data from studies in dogs are fully translatable to other species, including humans. The role of this protein family in cancer development was also confirmed. The article presents the current state of knowledge on the importance of the Bcl-xL protein in veterinary oncology.

Chemical profiling and cytotoxic activity of 150-year old original sample of Jerusalem Balsam

Herbal formulations have been used in ethnomedicine and pharmacy around the world for thousands of years. One of them is Jerusalem Balsam (JB), which came into use in the seventeenth century. Today, people still produce and use it regularly as prophylactic supplement. JB has been widely used in Europe since the nineteenth century, as a remedy possessing antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities. The composition of the product was not known, although possible formulations were reported. In this study the original sample, which dated back to 1870, was investigated for chemical composition and cytotoxic activity. The obtained results were compared with results from more recently produced samples. Several tests were carried out, namely GC-MS, UPLC-PDA-Q-TOF-MS and MTT. Only the 150-year old sample showed a significant cytotoxic activity on cancer cell lines. At a concentration of 125 μg/mL after 72 h of incubation, the original sample inhibited almost 90% of cell metabolic activity, while contemporary samples showed none or little activity. None of the tested samples showed a significant impact on normal cells. These results may be attributed to the activities of benzoic acid and its derivatives, cinnamic acid derivatives, vanillin, group of sesquiterpenes and cembrene.

Effects of yolkin on the immune response of mice and its plausible mechanism of action

Yolkin is a product of proteolytic degradation of vitellogenin, a protein contained in eggs' yolk, with already described procognitive properties. Here, we investigated effects of yolkin on the humoral and cellular immune response in mice, phenotype of cells from lymphoid organs and function of innate immunity cells. In vitro studies included effects of yolkin on mitogen-induced thymocyte proliferation, percentage of CD19 cells in bone marrow cells culture, expression of signaling molecules in Jurkat cells, interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) subunits in WEHI 231 cells and susceptibility of these cells to anti-Ig-induced cell death. The results showed that repeatable i.p. injections of yolkin stimulated the humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) irrespective of the time of the treatment. On the other hand, yolkin inhibited contact sensitivity to oxazolone. Treatment of mice with yolkin diminished the percentage of double positive cells and increasing the content of single positive CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the thymus. At the same time an increase of percentage of CD19 + B cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes was observed. In addition, the protein, given i.p., diminished ex vivo ability to synthesize nitric oxide by resident, peritoneal macrophages, stimulated with lipopolisaccharide (LPS). In vitro studies showed that yolkin increased CD19+ cell content in bone marrow cell population. The protein also enhanced proliferation of thymocytes to concanavalin A and stimulated expression of MAP kinases in Jurkat cells. In WEHI 231 B cell line yolkin caused a loss of IL-2R gamma chain expression, correlated with an increased resistance of these cells to proapoptotic action of anti-Ig antibodies. In conclusion, this is a first demonstration of immunotropic properties of yolkin in in vitro and in vivo tests. The results provide evidence for induction of maturation and stimulatory signals in immature T and B cells by the protein, suggesting its potential role in the development of an embryo's immune system.

Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Enantiomeric, Bicyclic δ-Halo-γ-lactones with a Cyclohexane Ring, Their Biological Activity and Interaction with Biological Membranes

Starting from 1-acetyl-1-cyclohexene, three enantiomeric pairs (ee ≥99%) of bicyclic δ-halo-γ-lactones with cyclohexane ring were obtained in five-step synthesis. The key stereochemical steps were lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemic 1-(cyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethanol followed by transfer of chirality to ethyl 2-(2-ethylidenecyclohexyl) acetate in the Johnson-Claisen rearrangement. Synthesized halolactones exhibited antiproliferative activity towards canine B-cell leukemia cells (GL-1) and canine B-cell chronic leukemia cells (CLB70) and the most potent (IC₅₀ 18.43 ± 1.46 μg/mL against GL-1, IC₅₀ 11.40 ± 0.40 μg/mL against CLB70) comparable with the control etoposide, was (1R,6R,1'S)-1-(1'-chloroethyl)-9- oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one (8b). All halolactones did not have a toxic effect on erythrocytes and did not change the fluidity of membranes in the hydrophobic region of the lipid bilayer. Only weak changes in the hydrophilic area were observed, like the degree of lipid packing and associated hydration. The racemic halolactones were also tested for their antimicrobial properties and found to exhibit selectivity towards bacteria, in particular, towards Proteus mirabilis ATCC 35659.

In vitro effects of the activity of novel platinum (II) complex in canine and human cell lines

The anticancer activity of novel platinum derivative, a complex of platinum with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (Pt-TCEP), has been evaluated in canine (D-17) and human osteosarcoma (U2-OS) cell lines. Viability of cells after incubation for 24 or 72 hours with increasing concentrations (0.625, 1.25, 2.50, 5, 10 and 20 μM) of Pt-TCEP was tested in an MTT assay and compared to effect of cisplatin. Longer-term effect of Pt-TCEP was evaluated in the colony-forming unit assay after 24 hours exposure to the Pt-TCEP (2 and 3 μM) and subsequent incubation for 2 weeks. The influence of the compound on the cell cycle was measured after 24 hours treatment with Pt-TCEP (3 μM). Its pro-apoptotic activity was examined after 24 hours treatment with Pt-TCEP (1.25, 2.50, 5, 10 and 20 μM) using flow cytometry. Expression of main proteins involved in apoptosis was measured after exposure for 24 hours to 3 or 5 μM Pt-TCEP in Western Blot. The compound much more effectively decreased cell viability than cisplatin in case of both cell lines. IC₅₀ of Pt-TCEP was 5.93 ± 0.12 in D-17 and 3.45 ± 0.14 in U2-OS cell lines after 24 hours, and 1.77 ± 0.14 in D-17 and 1.53 ± 0.11 in U2-OS after 72 hours (P < .05). The compound arrested cells in the G2/M phase and inhibited the ability of cells to form colonies. Pt-TCEP induced caspase-dependent apoptosis. The expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-X_L protein was decreased after Pt-TCEP treatment in both cell lines. The results confirmed anti-cancer activity of Pt-TCEP against canine and human osteosarcoma cell lines.

Modulating effect of a new ester, 28-O-phosphatidylbetulin (DAPB), obtained from hen egg yolk lecithin and betulin on lymphocyte subsets and humoral immune response in mice

Context: Leaf extracts of plants of the genus Betula have traditionally been used as diuretic, anti-rheumatic and diaphoretic preparations. One of the main active ingredients of Betula bark is betulin, lupane-type triterpene alcohol, with multiple biological activities. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory effects of a newly synthesized ester of betulin: 28-O-phosphatidylbetulin [28-O-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-betulin, DAPB] in comparison with betulin in mice. Materials and methods: Cytotoxic activity of DAPB or betulin was tested against non-cancer (D10.G4.1 and J774E.1) and cancer (GL-1; CL-1 and Jurkat) cell lines. The in vivo part assessed total lymphocyte count, weight ratio and subsets of lymphocytes in the lymphatic organs, and humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Results: In vitro assay showed that DAPB, contrary to betulin, had no antiproliferative activity. Exposure to four doses of DAPB increased the absolute count of immature CD4⁺CD8⁺ thymic cells as well as the percentage and absolute count of mature CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ thymocytes. DAPB enhanced the percentage or absolute count of CD3⁺ cells in spleen and lymph nodes with corresponding decrease in the percentage and/or absolute count of CD19⁺ cells. Both DAPB and betulin enhanced the percentage and absolute count of CD8⁺ lymphocytes in lymph nodes. In SRBC-immunized mice, betulin contrary to DAPB enhanced the number of splenocytes producing anti-SRBC antibodies (PFC). Both DAPB and betulin increased the level of total (IgM + IgG) and IgG titers. Conclusion: Despite the lack of cytotoxic activity, DAPB shows valuable immunomodulatory properties.

Internal consistency and accuracy of Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL-40) in mothers of healthy children and those with a medical history

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was assessment of the internal consistency and accuracy of the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List - 40 v. GP (ISEL-40 v. GP) in a group of mothers of healthy children and in a group of mothers of children with a medical history, and presentation of the initial research results.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A group of 230 mothers were involved in the research: 57 mothers of healthy children, 26 mothers of infants with a perinatal medical history, as well as 147 mothers of hospitalized children. The method of a diagnostic survey with standardized tools, such as the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL-40 v. GP), Hospital and Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) and the authors' own questionnaire was utilized.

RESULTS

Analysis of the research results suggests satisfactory internal consistency of the ISEL-40 v. GP in the researched group (α=0.86). It was also noticed that internal consistency of the subscales varied. The subscales of tangible support (α=0.79) and belonging support (α=0.73) obtained acceptable values. Internal consistency of self-esteem support (α=0.51) and appraisal support (α=0.62) was too low to be recommended for individual and scientific use. An attempt to modify the number of items did not come up to expectations in terms of the subscales internal consistency. Social support in mothers of healthy and ill children was moderate (29.92 - 33.45 points) and no statistically significant differences in their perception of the support were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

In the research on a group of mothers of healthy and ill children it is recommended to use only a social support indicator based on the general result of the ISEL-40 v. GP. Further research aimed at verification of the theoretical structure of the Polish version of the ISEL-40 v. GP is advised.

Microbial Asymmetric Functionalization of β-Cyclocitral-Derived Tetramethyl-Substituted γ-Lactone

Searching for the new anticancer compounds we prepared three new β-cyclocitral-derived hydroxyl-γ-lactones by microbial hydroxylation of tetramethyl-substituted bicyclic γ-lactone. The substrate was transformed by the enzymatic system of filamentous fungi. Three out of fifteen strains were selected as effective biocatalysts (Fusarium culmorum AM10, Armillaria mellea AM296, Trametes versicolor AM536). The hydroxylation processes were not only regioselective but also stereoselective. The hydroxylation products of each secondary carbon atom in the cyclohexane ring were obtained by the application of the selected fungal strains. The Fusarium culmorum AM10 introduced the hydroxy function at C-3 and C-4, Armillaria mellea AM296 incorporated the hydroxy function at C-3 and C-5 and Trametes versicolor AM536 transformed the substrate to the mixture of C-3, C-4 and C-5 hydroxylactones. The hydroxylactones obtained were enantiomericaly enriched (ee values in the range 17–99%). The in vitro antiproliferative activities of the functionalization products were also evaluated. Regardless of the hydroxy substituent location all tested lactones exhibited similar, significant activity towards selected cancer cell lines (IC₅₀ in the range 22.8–33.9 µg/mL).

Antitumor Activity of Betulinic Acid and Betulin in Canine Cancer Cell Lines

BACKGROUND/AIM

Betulinic acid (BA) and betulin (BT) exhibit a variety of pharmacological properties including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant ones. Canine lymphoma and osteosarcoma have a high mortality rate and need more effective therapeutic approaches. In this study, the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of BA and BT were investigated in canine T-cell lymphoma (CL-1), canine B-cell lymphoma (CLBL-1) and canine osteosarcoma (D-17) cell lines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The cultured cells were treated with several concentrations of BA or BT for 24, 48 and 72 h, and cell proliferation was assessed by the MTT assay. Cell apoptotic rate and cell cycle were analyzed using flow cytometry.

RESULTS

Anti-proliferative effect of BT and BA was concentration- and time-dependent. Moreover, BA and BT arrested cell cycle in S phase in CL-1 and D-17 cells, and in G₀/G₁ phase in CLBL-1 cells.

CONCLUSION

Both compounds showed an antitumor activity, and the effects of BA were stronger than that of BT.

Preparation of Enantiomeric β-(2',5'-Dimethylphenyl)Bromolactones, Their Antiproliferative Activity and Effect on Biological Membranes

Three novel enantiomeric pairs of bromolactones possesing a 2,5-dimethylphenyl substituent at the β-position of the lactone ring have been synthesized from corresponding enantiomeric (E)-3-(2',5'-dimethylphenyl)hex-4-enoic acids (4) by kinetically controlled bromolactonization with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS). γ-Bromo-δ-lactones (5) were isolated as the major products. Absolute configurations of stereogenic centers of γ-bromo-δ-lactones (5) were assigned based on X-ray analysis; configurations of cis δ-bromo-γ-lactones (6) and trans δ-bromo-γ-lactones (7) were determined based on mechanism of bromolactonization. Synthesized compounds exhibited significant antiproliferative activity towards the four canine cancer cell lines (D17, CLBL-1, CLB70, and GL-1) and one human cancer line (Jurkat). Classifying the compounds in terms of activity, the most active were enantiomers of trans δ-bromo-γ-lactones (7) followed by enantiomers of cis isomer (6) and enantiomeric γ-bromo-δ-lactones (5). Higher activity was observed for all stereoisomers with S configuration at C-4 in comparison with their enantiomers with 4R configuration. Synthesized compounds did not induce hemolysis of erythrocytes. The results of the interaction of bromolactones with red blood cell membranes suggest that these compounds incorporate into biological membranes, concentrating mainly in the hydrophilic part of the bilayer but have practically no influence on fluidity in the hydrophobic region. The differences in interactions with the membrane between particular enantiomers were observed only for γ-lactones: stronger interactions were found for enantiomer 4R,5R,6S of cis γ-lactone (6) and for enantiomer 4S,5R,6S of trans γ-lactone (7).

Development of novel monoclonal antibodies to dog leukocyte antigen DR displaying direct and immune-mediated cytotoxicity toward canine lymphoma cell lines

Spontaneous canine lymphoma (CL) has become a promising, nonrodent model for advancing the therapeutic strategies of human hematological malignancies. As new resources for veterinary and comparative studies on CL-associated antigens, we developed 2 novel mouse monoclonal antibodies, denoted B5 and E11, that recognized the canine major histocompatibility Class II DR antigens (dog leukocyte antigen DR). Using flow cytometry and solid phase immunoenzymatic assays, we showed that the antigens recognized by B5 and E11 were strongly expressed in several CL cell lines and the ex vivo canine neoplastic cells of B and mixed B/T immunophenotypes. Additionally, we evaluated a minimal cross-reactivity of B5 and E11 with the human B-cell line, Raji. By the ectopic expression of the hybrid murine/canine I-E/DR dimers in the HEK293 cells, we demonstrated that the epitope of B5 was localized to the invariant DRα chain, whereas the epitope of E11 was collectively formed by the DRα and DRβ chains. Both epitopes were conformational and conserved in all the tested unrelated individuals of different dog breeds. In vitro treatment of 2 CL B-cell lines (CLBL1 and CLB70) with B5 and E11 rapidly induced a direct apoptotic cell death. Similarily, both mouse monoclonal antibodies efficiently killed the above cell lines through the mechanisms of complement-dependent and antibody-mediated cellular phagocytosis. Collectively, our data support the further development of B5 and E11 as novel tools for dog leukocyte antigen DR-targeted, preclinical trials involving CL.

"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Greater Poland" Program: How to Save Lives and Develop Organ Donation?

The "ECMO for Greater Poland" program takes full advantage of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) perfusion therapy opportunities to promote the health of the 3.5 million inhabitants in the region. The main implementation areas are treatment of patients with hypothermia; severe reversible respiratory failure (RRF); critical states resulting in heart failure, that is, cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, or acute intoxication; and promotion of the donor after circulatory death (DCD) strategy in selected organ donor cases, after unsuccessful life-saving treatment, to achieve organ recovery. This organizational model is complex and expensive, so we used advanced high-fidelity medical simulation tests to prepare for real-life experience. Over the course of 4 months we performed scenarios including "ECMO for DCD," "ECMO for extended cardiopulmonary resuscitation," "ECMO for RRF," and "ECMO in hypothermia." Soon after these simulations, Maastricht category II DCD procedures were performed involving real patients and resulting in 2 successful double kidney transplantations for the first time in Poland. One month later we treated 2 hypothermia patients (7 adult patients with heart failure and 5 patients with reversible respiratory failure) with ECMO for the first time in the region. Fortunately, we have discovered an important new role of medical simulation. It can be used not only for skills testing but also as a tool to create non-existing procedures and unavailable algorithms. The result of these program activities will promote the care and treatment of patients in critical condition with ECMO therapy as well as increase the potential organ pool from DCDs in the Greater Poland region of Poland.

Enantiomeric trans β-aryl-δ-iodo-γ-lactones derived from 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde induce apoptosis in canine lymphoma cell lines by downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bcl-xL and Bcl-2

For many years, studies focused on developing new natural or synthetic compounds with antineoplastic activity have attracted the attention of researchers. An interesting group of such compounds seem to be those with both lactone moiety and an aromatic ring which, in addition to antimicrobial or antiviral activity, also exhibit antitumor properties. The study shows antitumor activity of two enantiomeric trans isomers of 5-(1-iodoethyl)-4-(2',5'-dimethylphenyl)dihydrofuran-2-one. Our aim was to determine their antitumor activity manifested as an ability to induce apoptosis in selected canine cancer cell lines as well as to evaluate differences in their strength depending on the configuration of their stereogenic centers. The enantiomers (+)-(4R,5S,6R)-1 and (-)-(4S,5R,6S)-2 were found to induce classical caspase-dependent apoptosis through downregulation of the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. Although the mechanism of apoptosis induction was the same for both enantiomers, they differed in their strength, as stronger antineoplastic activity in vitro was exhibited by isomer (+)-(4R,5S,6R)-1.

Flavopiridol Strongly Sensitizes Canine Lymphoma Cells to TRAIL-induced Apoptosis

BACKGROUND/AIM

Targeting the extrinsic apoptotic pathway is an interesting option for anticancer therapy. A protein which such ability is Apo2 ligand, also known as TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of sensitizing resistant CLBL-1 canine lymphoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by using flavopiridol (FVP) a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The CLBL-1 (canine B-cell lymphoma cell line) was used in the study. The effect of FVP and TRAIL treatment on apoptosis induction was assessed by flow cytometry and western blot.

RESULTS

Although canine lymphoma cells were resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, combination of this death ligand with FVP was able to overcome TRAIL resistance of CLBL-1 lymphoma cells.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrated that although canine lymphoma cells were resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, combination of this death ligand with FVP was able to overcome TRAIL resistance of CLBL-1 lymphoma cell line. Although further investigation is required to deepen the knowledge of TRAIL as an antitumor agent in canine cancers, our results open the door to future use of TRAIL-based treatment strategies in veterinary oncology.

Oxidation-Induced Increase In Photoreactivity of Bovine Retinal Lipid Extract

The mammalian retina contains a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) (DHA), which are highly susceptible to oxidation. It has been shown that one of the products of DHA oxidation-carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP), generated in situ, causes modifications of retinal proteins and induces inflammation response in the outer retina. These contributing factors may play a role in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It is also possible that some of the lipid oxidation products are photoreactive, and upon irradiation with blue light may generate reactive oxygen species. Therefore, in this work we analysed oxidation-induced changes in photoreactivity of lipids extracted from bovine neural retinas. Lipid composition of bovine neural retinas closely resembles that of human retinas making the bovine tissue a convenient model for studying the photoreactivity and potential phototoxicity of oxidized human retinal lipids. Lipid composition of bovine neural retinas Folch' extracts (BRex) was determined by gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray ionization source-mass spectrometer (LC-ESI-MS) analysis. Liposomes prepared from BRex, equilibrated with air, were oxidized in the dark at 37 °C for up to 400 h. The photoreactivity of BRex at different stages of oxidation was studied by EPR-oximetry and EPR-spin trapping. Photogeneration of singlet oxygen (¹O₂, ¹Δ_g) by BRex was measured using time-resolved detection of the characteristic phosphorescence at 1270 nm. To establish contribution of lipid components to the analysed photoreactivity of Folch' extract of bovine retinas, a mixture of selected synthetic lipids in percent by weight (w/w %) ratio resembling that of the BRex has been also studied. Folch's extraction of bovine neural retinas was very susceptible to oxidation despite the presence of powerful endogenous antioxidants such as α-tocopherol and zeaxanthin. Non-oxidized and oxidized BRex photogenerated singlet oxygen with moderate quantum yield. Blue-light induced generation of superoxide anion by Folch' extract of bovine neural retinas strongly depended on the oxidation time. The observed photoreactivity of the studied extract gradually increased during its in vitro oxidation.