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Esfahani SN, Zheng Y, Arabpour A, Irizarry AMR, Kobayashi N, Xue X, Shao Y, Zhao C, Agranonik NL, Sparrow M, Hunt TJ, Faith J, Lara MJ, Wu QY, Silber S, Petropoulos S, Yang R, Chien KR, Clark AT, Fu J. Derivation of human primordial germ cell-like cells in an embryonic-like culture. Nat Commun 2024; 15:167. [PMID: 38167821 PMCID: PMC10762101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the embryonic precursors of sperm and eggs. They transmit genetic and epigenetic information across generations. Given the prominent role of germline defects in diseases such as infertility, detailed understanding of human PGC (hPGC) development has important implications in reproductive medicine and studying human evolution. Yet, hPGC specification remains an elusive process. Here, we report the induction of hPGC-like cells (hPGCLCs) in a bioengineered human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture that mimics peri-implantation human development. In this culture, amniotic ectoderm-like cells (AMLCs), derived from hPSCs, induce hPGCLC specification from hPSCs through paracrine signaling downstream of ISL1. Our data further show functional roles of NODAL, WNT, and BMP signaling in hPGCLC induction. hPGCLCs are successfully derived from eight non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) participant-derived hPSC lines using this biomimetic platform, demonstrating its promise for screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Auriana Arabpour
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Norio Kobayashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xufeng Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yue Shao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Instituet, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole L Agranonik
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Megan Sparrow
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Timothy J Hunt
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jared Faith
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mary Jasmine Lara
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Qiu Ya Wu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sherman Silber
- Infertility Center of St. Louis, St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Sophie Petropoulos
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Instituet, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Axe Immunopathologie, Montreal, QC, H2X 19A, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Molecular Biology Programme, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ran Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amander T Clark
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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2
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Verdikt R, Armstrong AA, Cheng J, Hwang YS, Clark AT, Yang X, Allard P. Metabolic memory of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure in pluripotent stem cells and primordial germ cells-like cells. eLife 2023; 12:RP88795. [PMID: 38150302 PMCID: PMC10752584 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis, the most consumed illicit psychoactive drug in the world, is increasingly used by pregnant women. However, while cannabinoid receptors are expressed in the early embryo, the impact of phytocannabinoids exposure on early embryonic processes is lacking. Here, we leverage a stepwise in vitro differentiation system that captures the early embryonic developmental cascade to investigate the impact of exposure to the most abundant phytocannabinoid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). We demonstrate that Δ9-THC increases the proliferation of naive mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) but not of their primed counterpart. Surprisingly, this increased proliferation, dependent on the CB1 receptor binding, is only associated with moderate transcriptomic changes. Instead, Δ9-THC capitalizes on ESCs' metabolic bivalence by increasing their glycolytic rates and anabolic capabilities. A memory of this metabolic rewiring is retained throughout differentiation to Primordial Germ Cell-Like Cells in the absence of direct exposure and is associated with an alteration of their transcriptional profile. These results represent the first in-depth molecular characterization of the impact of Δ9-THC exposure on early stages of germline development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Verdikt
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Abigail A Armstrong
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Jenny Cheng
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Young Sun Hwang
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Xia Yang
- Integrative Biology and Physiology Department, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Patrick Allard
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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Lara MJD, Wamaitha SE, Arabpour A, Hennebold JD, Clark AT, Sosa E. Generation of a rhesus macaque induced pluripotent stem cell line (riPSC05) under feeder-free conditions. Stem Cell Res 2023; 73:103241. [PMID: 37976652 PMCID: PMC10953572 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2023.103241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We generated and characterized a rhesus macaque induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line using induced reprogramming of fibroblasts isolated from a rhesus macaque fetus. The fibroblasts were expanded and then reprogrammed using non-integrating Sendai virus technology. This line is available as riPSC05. The authenticity of riPSC05 was confirmed through the expression of pluripotent and self-renewal markers, in vitro-directed differentiation towards three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), karyotyping, and STR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jasmine D Lara
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sissy E Wamaitha
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Auriana Arabpour
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health& Science University, Portland, OR 97006, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Enrique Sosa
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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4
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Sosa E, Mumu SK, Alvarado CC, Wu QY, Roberson I, Espinoza A, Hsu FM, Saito K, Hunt TJ, Faith JE, Lowe MG, DiRusso JA, Clark AT. Reconstituted ovaries self-assemble without an ovarian surface epithelium. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2190-2202. [PMID: 37890483 PMCID: PMC10679655 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) stem cell models of the ovary have the potential to benefit women's reproductive health research. One such model, the reconstituted ovary (rOvary) self-assembles with pluripotent stem cell-derived germ cells creating a 3D ovarian mimic competent to support the differentiation of functional oocytes inside follicles. In this study, we evaluated the cellular composition of the rOvary revealing the capacity to generate multiple follicles surrounded by NR2F2+ stroma cells. However, the rOvary does not develop a surface epithelium, the source of second-wave pre-granulosa cells, or steroidogenic theca. Therefore, the rOvary models represent the self-assembly of activated follicles in a pre-pubertal ovary poised but not yet competent for hormone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Sosa
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sinthia Kabir Mumu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christian C Alvarado
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qiu Ya Wu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Isaias Roberson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alejandro Espinoza
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences - The Collaboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fei-Man Hsu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kaori Saito
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy J Hunt
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jared E Faith
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew G Lowe
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan A DiRusso
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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5
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Wamaitha SE, Nie X, Pandolfi EC, Wang X, Yang Y, Stukenborg JB, Cairns BR, Guo J, Clark AT. Single-cell analysis of the developing human ovary defines distinct insights into ovarian somatic and germline progenitors. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2097-2111.e3. [PMID: 37582368 PMCID: PMC10615783 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Formation of either an ovary or a testis during human embryonic life is one of the most important sex-specific events leading to the emergence of secondary sexual characteristics and sex assignment of babies at birth. Our study focused on the sex-specific and sex-indifferent characteristics of the prenatal ovarian stromal cells, cortical cords, and germline, with the discovery that the ovarian mesenchymal cells of the stroma are transcriptionally indistinguishable from the mesenchymal cells of the testicular interstitium. We found that first-wave pre-granulosa cells emerge at week 7 from early supporting gonadal cells with stromal identity and are spatially defined by KRT19 levels. We also identified rare transient state f0 spermatogonia cells within the ovarian cords between weeks 10 and 16. Taken together, our work illustrates a unique plasticity of the embryonic ovary during human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissy E Wamaitha
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xichen Nie
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erica C Pandolfi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- NORDFERTIL Research Laboratory Stockholm, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Bioclinicum J9:30, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna 17164, Sweden
| | - Jan-Bernd Stukenborg
- NORDFERTIL Research Laboratory Stockholm, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Bioclinicum J9:30, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna 17164, Sweden
| | - Bradley R Cairns
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jingtao Guo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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6
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Landecker HL, Clark AT. Human embryo models made from pluripotent stem cells are not synthetic; they aren't embryos, either. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1290-1293. [PMID: 37802034 PMCID: PMC10927377 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Embryo models are potentially highly impactful for human health research because their development recapitulates otherwise inaccessible events in a poorly understood area of biology, the first few weeks of human life. Casual reference to these models as "synthetic embryos" is misleading and should be approached with care and deliberation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Landecker
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; The Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Amander T Clark
- Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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7
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Verdikt R, Armstrong AA, Cheng J, Hwang YS, Clark AT, Yang X, Allard P. Metabolic memory of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure in pluripotent stem cells and primordial germ cells-like cells. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.13.531968. [PMID: 36993751 PMCID: PMC10054962 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.531968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis, the most consumed illicit psychoactive drug in the world, is increasingly used by pregnant women. However, while cannabinoid receptors are expressed in the early embryo, the impact of phytocannabinoids exposure on early embryonic processes is lacking. Here, we leverage a stepwise in vitro differentiation system that captures early embryonic developmental cascade to investigate the impact of exposure to the most abundant phytocannabinoid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). We demonstrate that Δ9-THC increases the proliferation of naïve mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) but not of their primed counterpart. Surprisingly, this increased proliferation, dependent on the CB1 receptor binding, is only associated with moderate transcriptomic changes. Instead, Δ9-THC capitalizes on ESCs' metabolic bivalence by increasing their glycolytic rates and anabolic capabilities. A memory of this metabolic rewiring is retained throughout differentiation to Primordial Germ Cell-Like Cells in the absence of direct exposure and is associated with an alteration of their transcriptional profile. These results represent the first in-depth molecular characterization of the impact of Δ9-THC exposure on early stages of germline development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Verdikt
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Abigail A. Armstrong
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Cheng
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Young Sun Hwang
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Amander T. Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Integrative Biology and Physiology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patrick Allard
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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DiRusso JA, Clark AT. Transposable elements in early human embryo development and embryo models. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2023; 81:102086. [PMID: 37441874 PMCID: PMC10917458 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs), long discounted as 'selfish genomic elements,' are increasingly appreciated as the drivers of genomic evolution, genome organization, and gene regulation. TEs are particularly important in early embryo development, where advances in stem cell technologies, in tandem with improved computational and next-generation sequencing approaches, have provided an unprecedented opportunity to study the contribution of TEs to early mammalian development. Here, we summarize advances in our understanding of TEs in early human development and expand on how new stem cell-based embryo models can be leveraged to augment this understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A DiRusso
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, 90095 Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, 90095 Los Angeles, CA, USA.; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 90095 Los Angeles, CA, USA; Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, University of California, 90095 Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, 90095 Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, 90095 Los Angeles, CA, USA.; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 90095 Los Angeles, CA, USA; Center for Reproductive Science, Health and Education, University of California, 90095 Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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9
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Hsu FM, Wu QY, Fabyanic EB, Wei A, Wu H, Clark AT. TET1 facilitates specification of early human lineages including germ cells. iScience 2023; 26:107191. [PMID: 37456839 PMCID: PMC10345126 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten Eleven Translocation 1 (TET1) is a regulator of localized DNA demethylation through the conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). To examine DNA demethylation in human primordial germ cell-like cells (hPGCLCs) induced from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), we performed bisulfite-assisted APOBEC coupled epigenetic sequencing (bACEseq) followed by integrated genomics analysis. Our data indicates that 5hmC enriches at hPGCLC-specific NANOG, SOX17 or TFAP2C binding sites on hPGCLC induction, and this is accompanied by localized DNA demethylation. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we show that deleting the catalytic domain of TET1 reduces hPGCLC competency when starting with hESC cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and this phenotype can be rescued after transitioning hESCs to defined media and a recombinant substrate. Taken together, our study demonstrates the importance of 5hmC in facilitating hPGCLC competency, and the role of hESC culture conditions in modulating this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Man Hsu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qiu Ya Wu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emily B. Fabyanic
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alex Wei
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amander T. Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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10
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Watanabe M, Buth JE, Haney JR, Vishlaghi N, Turcios F, Elahi LS, Gu W, Pearson CA, Kurdian A, Baliaouri NV, Collier AJ, Miranda OA, Dunn N, Chen D, Sabri S, Torre-Ubieta LDL, Clark AT, Plath K, Christofk HR, Kornblum HI, Gandal MJ, Novitch BG. TGFβ superfamily signaling regulates the state of human stem cell pluripotency and capacity to create well-structured telencephalic organoids. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2220-2238. [PMID: 36179695 PMCID: PMC9561534 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Telencephalic organoids generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a promising system for studying the distinct features of the developing human brain and the underlying causes of many neurological disorders. While organoid technology is steadily advancing, many challenges remain, including potential batch-to-batch and cell-line-to-cell-line variability, and structural inconsistency. Here, we demonstrate that a major contributor to cortical organoid quality is the way hPSCs are maintained prior to differentiation. Optimal results were achieved using particular fibroblast-feeder-supported hPSCs rather than feeder-independent cells, differences that were reflected in their transcriptomic states at the outset. Feeder-supported hPSCs displayed activation of diverse transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily signaling pathways and increased expression of genes connected to naive pluripotency. We further identified combinations of TGFβ-related growth factors that are necessary and together sufficient to impart broad telencephalic organoid competency to feeder-free hPSCs and enhance the formation of well-structured brain tissues suitable for disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Watanabe
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Jessie E Buth
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jillian R Haney
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Neda Vishlaghi
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Felix Turcios
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lubayna S Elahi
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wen Gu
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Caroline A Pearson
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arinnae Kurdian
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Natella V Baliaouri
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amanda J Collier
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Osvaldo A Miranda
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Natassia Dunn
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shan Sabri
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Luis de la Torre-Ubieta
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kathrin Plath
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heather R Christofk
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Harley I Kornblum
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bennett G Novitch
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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11
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Lowe MG, Yen MR, Hsu FM, Hosohama L, Hu Z, Chitiashvili T, Hunt TJ, Gorgy I, Bernard M, Wamaitha SE, Chen PY, Clark AT. EED is required for mouse primordial germ cell differentiation in the embryonic gonad. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1482-1495.e5. [PMID: 35679863 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Development of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is required for reproduction. During PGC development in mammals, major epigenetic remodeling occurs, which is hypothesized to establish an epigenetic landscape for sex-specific germ cell differentiation and gametogenesis. In order to address the role of embryonic ectoderm development (EED) and histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in this process, we created an EED conditional knockout mouse and show that EED is essential for regulating the timing of sex-specific PGC differentiation in both ovaries and testes, as well as X chromosome dosage decompensation in testes. Integrating chromatin and whole genome bisulfite sequencing of epiblast and PGCs, we identified a poised repressive signature of H3K27me3/DNA methylation that we propose is established in the epiblast where EED and DNMT1 interact. Thus, EED joins DNMT1 in regulating the timing of sex-specific PGC differentiation during the critical window when the gonadal niche cells specialize into an ovary or testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Lowe
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ming-Ren Yen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Man Hsu
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Linzi Hosohama
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhongxun Hu
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tsotne Chitiashvili
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy J Hunt
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Isaac Gorgy
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew Bernard
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sissy E Wamaitha
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pao-Yang Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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12
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Xiang X, Tao Y, DiRusso J, Hsu FM, Zhang J, Xue Z, Pontis J, Trono D, Liu W, Clark AT. Human reproduction is regulated by retrotransposons derived from ancient Hominidae-specific viral infections. Nat Commun 2022; 13:463. [PMID: 35075135 PMCID: PMC8786967 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cells are essential to pass DNA from one generation to the next. In human reproduction, germ cell development begins with the specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) and a failure to specify PGCs leads to human infertility. Recent studies have revealed that the transcription factor network required for PGC specification has diverged in mammals, and this has a significant impact on our understanding of human reproduction. Here, we reveal that the Hominidae-specific Transposable Elements (TEs) LTR5Hs, may serve as TEENhancers (TE Embedded eNhancers) to facilitate PGC specification. LTR5Hs TEENhancers become transcriptionally active during PGC specification both in vivo and in vitro with epigenetic reprogramming leading to increased chromatin accessibility, localized DNA demethylation, enrichment of H3K27ac, and occupation of key hPGC transcription factors. Inactivation of LTR5Hs TEENhancers with KRAB mediated CRISPRi has a significant impact on germ cell specification. In summary, our data reveals the essential role of Hominidae-specific LTR5Hs TEENhancers in human germ cell development. The transcription factor network required for primordial germ cell (PGC) specification is known to diverge in mammals. Here the authors show that hominidae-specific transposable element (TE) LTR5Hs becomes transcriptionally active during PGC specification, and LTR5Hs inactivation abrogates human PGC specification
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xiang
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Rd., Haining, 314400, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan DiRusso
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Fei-Man Hsu
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jinchun Zhang
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Rd., Haining, 314400, China
| | - Ziwei Xue
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Rd., Haining, 314400, China
| | - Julien Pontis
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fe ́de ́rale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Didier Trono
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fe ́de ́rale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wanlu Liu
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Rd., Haining, 314400, China. .,Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China. .,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China. .,Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future DigitalHealthcare, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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13
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Wyrwoll MJ, van Walree ES, Hamer G, Rotte N, Motazacker MM, Meijers-Heijboer H, Alders M, Meißner A, Kaminsky E, Wöste M, Krallmann C, Kliesch S, Hunt TJ, Clark AT, Silber S, Stallmeyer B, Friedrich C, van Pelt AMM, Mathijssen IB, Tüttelmann F. Bi-allelic variants in DNA mismatch repair proteins MutS Homolog MSH4 and MSH5 cause infertility in both sexes. Hum Reprod 2021; 37:178-189. [PMID: 34755185 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do bi-allelic variants in the genes encoding the MSH4/MSH5 heterodimer cause male infertility? SUMMARY ANSWER We detected biallelic, (likely) pathogenic variants in MSH5 (4 men) and MSH4 (3 men) in six azoospermic men, demonstrating that genetic variants in these genes are a relevant cause of male infertility. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY MSH4 and MSH5 form a heterodimer, which is required for prophase of meiosis I. One variant in MSH5 and two variants in MSH4 have been described as causal for premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) in a total of five women, resulting in infertility. Recently, pathogenic variants in MSH4 have been reported in infertile men. So far, no pathogenic variants in MSH5 had been described in males. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We utilized exome data from 1305 men included in the Male Reproductive Genomics (MERGE) study, including 90 males with meiotic arrest (MeiA). Independently, exome sequencing was performed in a man with MeiA from a large consanguineous family. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Assuming an autosomal-recessive mode of inheritance, we screened the exome data for rare, biallelic coding variants in MSH4 and MSH5. If possible, segregation analysis in the patients' families was performed. The functional consequences of identified loss-of-function (LoF) variants in MSH5 were studied using heterologous expression of the MSH5 protein in HEK293T cells. The point of arrest during meiosis was determined by γH2AX staining. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We report for the first time (likely) pathogenic, homozygous variants in MSH5 causing infertility in 2 out of 90 men with MeiA and overall in 4 out of 902 azoospermic men. Additionally, we detected biallelic variants in MSH4 in two men with MeiA and in the sister of one proband with POI. γH2AX staining revealed an arrest in early prophase of meiosis I in individuals with pathogenic MSH4 or MSH5 variants. Heterologous in vitro expression of the detected LoF variants in MSH5 showed that the variant p.(Ala620GlnTer9) resulted in MSH5 protein truncation and the variant p.(Ser26GlnfsTer42) resulted in a complete loss of MSH5. LARGE SCALE DATA All variants have been submitted to ClinVar (SCV001468891-SCV001468896 and SCV001591030) and can also be accessed in the Male Fertility Gene Atlas (MFGA). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION By selecting for variants in MSH4 and MSH5, we were able to determine the cause of infertility in six men and one woman, leaving most of the examined individuals without a causal diagnosis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our findings have diagnostic value by increasing the number of genes associated with non-obstructive azoospermia with high clinical validity. The analysis of such genes has prognostic consequences for assessing whether men with azoospermia would benefit from a testicular biopsy. We also provide further evidence that MeiA in men and POI in women share the same genetic causes. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was carried out within the frame of the German Research Foundation sponsored Clinical Research Unit 'Male Germ Cells: from Genes to Function' (DFG, CRU326), and supported by institutional funding of the Research Institute Amsterdam Reproduction and Development and funds from the LucaBella Foundation. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wyrwoll
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - E S van Walree
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Hamer
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Rotte
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - M M Motazacker
- Laboratory of Genome Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Alders
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Meißner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Kaminsky
- Praxis für Humangenetik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Wöste
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - C Krallmann
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - S Kliesch
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - T J Hunt
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Silber
- Infertility Center of St Louis, St Luke's Hospital, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - B Stallmeyer
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - C Friedrich
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - A M M van Pelt
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I B Mathijssen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Tüttelmann
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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14
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Desai VP, Chouaref J, Wu H, Pastor WA, Kan RL, Oey HM, Li Z, Ho J, Vonk KKD, San Leon Granado D, Christopher MA, Clark AT, Jacobsen SE, Daxinger L. The role of MORC3 in silencing transposable elements in mouse embryonic stem cells. Epigenetics Chromatin 2021; 14:49. [PMID: 34706774 PMCID: PMC8555065 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-021-00420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microrchidia proteins (MORCs) are involved in epigenetic gene silencing in a variety of eukaryotic organisms. Deletion of MORCs result in several developmental abnormalities and their dysregulation has been implicated in developmental disease and multiple cancers. Specifically, mammalian MORC3 mutations are associated with immune system defects and human cancers such as bladder, uterine, stomach, lung, and diffuse large B cell lymphomas. While previous studies have shown that MORC3 binds to H3K4me3 in vitro and overlaps with H3K4me3 ChIP-seq peaks in mouse embryonic stem cells, the mechanism by which MORC3 regulates gene expression is unknown. RESULTS In this study, we identified that mutation in Morc3 results in a suppressor of variegation phenotype in a Modifiers of murine metastable epialleles Dominant (MommeD) screen. We also find that MORC3 functions as an epigenetic silencer of transposable elements (TEs) in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Loss of Morc3 results in upregulation of TEs, specifically those belonging to the LTR class of retrotransposons also referred to as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Using ChIP-seq we found that MORC3, in addition to its known localization at H3K4me3 sites, also binds to ERVs, suggesting a direct role in regulating their expression. Previous studies have shown that these ERVs are marked by the repressive histone mark H3K9me3 which plays a key role in their silencing. However, we found that levels of H3K9me3 showed only minor losses in Morc3 mutant mES cells. Instead, we found that loss of Morc3 resulted in increased chromatin accessibility at ERVs as measured by ATAC-seq. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal MORC3 as a novel regulator of ERV silencing in mouse embryonic stem cells. The relatively minor changes of H3K9me3 in the Morc3 mutant suggests that MORC3 acts mainly downstream of, or in a parallel pathway with, the TRIM28/SETDB1 complex that deposits H3K9me3 at these loci. The increased chromatin accessibility of ERVs in the Morc3 mutant suggests that MORC3 may act at the level of chromatin compaction to effect TE silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha P. Desai
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jihed Chouaref
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Haoyu Wu
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.5590.90000000122931605Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - William A. Pastor
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Ryan L. Kan
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Harald M. Oey
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Zheng Li
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jamie Ho
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Kelly K. D. Vonk
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David San Leon Granado
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael A. Christopher
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,Present Address: Appia Bio, 6160 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, CA USA
| | - Amander T. Clark
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Steven E. Jacobsen
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Lucia Daxinger
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Shetty G, Mitchell JM, Lam TN, Phan TT, Zhang J, Tailor RC, Peters KA, Penedo MC, Hanna CB, Clark AT, Orwig KE, Meistrich ML. Postpubertal spermatogonial stem cell transplantation restores functional sperm production in rhesus monkeys irradiated before and after puberty. Andrology 2021; 9:1603-1616. [PMID: 33960147 PMCID: PMC8815151 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer treatment of prepubertal patients impacts future fertility due to the abolition of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). In macaques, spermatogenesis could be regenerated by intratesticular transplantation of SSCs, but no studies have involved cytotoxic treatment before puberty and transplantation after puberty, which would be the most likely clinical scenario. OBJECTIVES To evaluate donor-derived functional sperm production after SSC transplantation to adult monkeys that had received testicular irradiation during the prepubertal period. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained prepubertal testis tissue by unilaterally castrating six prepubertal monkeys and 2 weeks later irradiated the remaining testes with 6.9 Gy. However, because spermatogenic recovery was observed, we irradiated them again 14 months later with 7 Gy. Three of the monkeys were treated with GnRH-antagonist (GnRH-ant) for 8 weeks. The cryopreserved testis cells from the castrated testes were then allogeneically transplanted into the intact testes of all monkeys. Tissues were harvested 10 months later for analyses. RESULTS In three of the six monkeys, 61%, 38%, and 11% of the epididymal sperm DNA were of the donor genotype. The ability to recover donor-derived sperm production was not enhanced by the GnRH-ant pretreatment. However, the extent of filling seminiferous tubules during the transplantation procedure was correlated with the eventual production of donor spermatozoa. The donor epididymal spermatozoa from the recipient with 61% donor contribution were capable of fertilizing rhesus eggs and forming embryos. Although the transplantation was done into the rete testis, two GnRH-ant-treated monkeys, which did not produce donor-derived epididymal spermatozoa, displayed irregular tubular cords in the interstitium containing testicular spermatozoa derived from the transplanted donor cells. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results further support that sperm production can be restored in non-human primates from tissues cryopreserved prior to prepubertal and post-pubertal gonadotoxic treatment by transplantation of these testicular cells after puberty into seminiferous tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunapala Shetty
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jennifer M. Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Truong N.A. Lam
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Thien T. Phan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ramesh C. Tailor
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Karen A. Peters
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | - Carol B. Hanna
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Amander T. Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| | - Kyle E. Orwig
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Marvin L. Meistrich
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
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16
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Pandolfi EC, Hunt TJ, Goldsmith S, Hurlbut K, Silber SJ, Clark AT. Generation of three human induced pluripotent stem cell sublines (UCLAi004-A, UCLAi004-B, and UCLAi004-C) for reproductive science research. Stem Cell Res 2021; 54:102446. [PMID: 34216981 PMCID: PMC9354709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three induced pluripotent stem cell sublines (hiPSCs) were generated from human dermal human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) derived from a human skin punch biopsy. The biopsy was donated from a woman with known infertility due to ovarian failure. The hiPSC sublines were created using Sendai virus vectors and were positive for markers of self-renewal including OCT4, NANOG, TRA-1-81 and SSEA-4. Pluripotency was verified using PluriTest analysis and in vitro differentiation using Taqman Real-Time PCR assays for somatic lineage markers. This participant’s monozygotic twin sister also donated a skin-punch biopsy, whose resulting hiPSC lines were published previously as a resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C Pandolfi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy J Hunt
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sierra Goldsmith
- Infertility Center of St. Louis, St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kellie Hurlbut
- Infertility Center of St. Louis, St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sherman J Silber
- Infertility Center of St. Louis, St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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17
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Pandolfi EC, Hunt TJ, Goldsmith S, Hurlbut K, Silber SJ, Clark AT. Generation of three human induced pluripotent stem cell sublines (UCLAi005-A, UCLAi005-B and UCLAi005-C) for reproductive science research. Stem Cell Res 2021; 54:102409. [PMID: 34130154 PMCID: PMC9411073 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated three human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) sublines from human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) (MZT05) generated from a skin biopsy donated from a previously fertile woman. The skin biopsy was broadly consented for generating hiPSC lines for biomedical research, including unique consent specifically for studying human fertility, infertility and germ cell differentiation. hiPSCs were reprogrammed using Sendai virus vectors and were subsequently positive for markers of self-renewal. Pluripotency was further verified using PluriTest analysis and in vitro differentiation was tested using Taqman Real-Time PCR assays. These sublines serve as controls for hiPSC research projects aimed at understanding the cell and molecular regulation of female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C Pandolfi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy J Hunt
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sierra Goldsmith
- Infertility Center of St. Louis, St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kellie Hurlbut
- Infertility Center of St. Louis, St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sherman J Silber
- Infertility Center of St. Louis, St. Luke's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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18
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Clark AT, Brivanlou A, Fu J, Kato K, Mathews D, Niakan KK, Rivron N, Saitou M, Surani A, Tang F, Rossant J. Human embryo research, stem cell-derived embryo models and in vitro gametogenesis: Considerations leading to the revised ISSCR guidelines. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1416-1424. [PMID: 34048690 PMCID: PMC8190666 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation were last revised in 2016. Since then, rapid progress has been made in research areas related to in vitro culture of human embryos, creation of stem cell-based embryo models, and in vitro gametogenesis. Therefore, a working group of international experts was convened to review the oversight process and provide an update to the guidelines. This report captures the discussion and summarizes the major recommendations made by this working group, with a specific emphasis on updating the categories of review and engagement with the specialized scientific and ethical oversight process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianping Fu
- The University of Michigan, An Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Kathy K Niakan
- Francis Crick Institute and The Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicolas Rivron
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Fuchou Tang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Beijing, China
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19
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Guo J, Sosa E, Chitiashvili T, Nie X, Rojas EJ, Oliver E, Plath K, Hotaling JM, Stukenborg JB, Clark AT, Cairns BR. Single-cell analysis of the developing human testis reveals somatic niche cell specification and fetal germline stem cell establishment. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:764-778.e4. [PMID: 33453151 PMCID: PMC8026516 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human testis development in prenatal life involves complex changes in germline and somatic cell identity. To better understand, we profiled and analyzed ∼32,500 single-cell transcriptomes of testicular cells from embryonic, fetal, and infant stages. Our data show that at 6-7 weeks postfertilization, as the testicular cords are established, the Sertoli and interstitial cells originate from a common heterogeneous progenitor pool, which then resolves into fetal Sertoli cells (expressing tube-forming genes) or interstitial cells (including Leydig-lineage cells expressing steroidogenesis genes). Almost 10 weeks later, beginning at 14-16 weeks postfertilization, the male primordial germ cells exit mitosis, downregulate pluripotent transcription factors, and transition into cells that strongly resemble the state 0 spermatogonia originally defined in the infant and adult testes. Therefore, we called these fetal spermatogonia "state f0." Overall, we reveal multiple insights into the coordinated and temporal development of the embryonic, fetal, and postnatal male germline together with the somatic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Guo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Enrique Sosa
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tsotne Chitiashvili
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xichen Nie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ernesto Javier Rojas
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth Oliver
- NORDFERTIL Research Laboratory Stockholm, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Bioclinicum J9:30, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna 17164, Sweden
| | - Kathrin Plath
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James M Hotaling
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jan-Bernd Stukenborg
- NORDFERTIL Research Laboratory Stockholm, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Bioclinicum J9:30, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna 17164, Sweden
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Bradley R Cairns
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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20
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Abstract
The peri-implantation window of mammalian development is the crucial window for primordial germ cell (PGC) specification. Whereas pre-implantation dynamics are relatively conserved between species, the implantation window marks a stage of developmental divergence between key model organisms, and thus potential variance in the cell and molecular mechanisms for PGC specification. In humans, PGC specification is very difficult to study in vivo To address this, the combined use of human and nonhuman primate embryos, and stem cell-based embryo models are essential for determining the origin of PGCs, as are comparative analyses to the equivalent stages of mouse development. Understanding the origin of PGCs in the peri-implantation embryo is crucial not only for accurate modeling of this essential process using stem cells, but also in determining the role of global epigenetic reprogramming upon which sex-specific differentiation into gametes relies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace V Hancock
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sissy E Wamaitha
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lior Peretz
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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21
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Liu X, Tan JP, Schröder J, Aberkane A, Ouyang JF, Mohenska M, Lim SM, Sun YBY, Chen J, Sun G, Zhou Y, Poppe D, Lister R, Clark AT, Rackham OJL, Zenker J, Polo JM. Modelling human blastocysts by reprogramming fibroblasts into iBlastoids. Nature 2021; 591:627-632. [PMID: 33731926 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent and trophoblast stem cells have been essential alternatives to blastocysts for understanding early human development1-4. However, these simple culture systems lack the complexity to adequately model the spatiotemporal cellular and molecular dynamics that occur during early embryonic development. Here we describe the reprogramming of fibroblasts into in vitro three-dimensional models of the human blastocyst, termed iBlastoids. Characterization of iBlastoids shows that they model the overall architecture of blastocysts, presenting an inner cell mass-like structure, with epiblast- and primitive endoderm-like cells, a blastocoel-like cavity and a trophectoderm-like outer layer of cells. Single-cell transcriptomics further confirmed the presence of epiblast-, primitive endoderm-, and trophectoderm-like cells. Moreover, iBlastoids can give rise to pluripotent and trophoblast stem cells and are capable of modelling, in vitro, several aspects of the early stage of implantation. In summary, we have developed a scalable and tractable system to model human blastocyst biology; we envision that this will facilitate the study of early human development and the effects of gene mutations and toxins during early embryogenesis, as well as aiding in the development of new therapies associated with in vitro fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jia Ping Tan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan Schröder
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Asma Aberkane
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John F Ouyang
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Monika Mohenska
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue Mei Lim
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yu B Y Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guizhi Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yichen Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Poppe
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan Lister
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Owen J L Rackham
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jennifer Zenker
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jose M Polo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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22
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Vijayaraj P, Minasyan A, Durra A, Karumbayaram S, Mehrabi M, Aros CJ, Ahadome SD, Shia DW, Chung K, Sandlin JM, Darmawan KF, Bhatt KV, Manze CC, Paul MK, Wilkinson DC, Yan W, Clark AT, Rickabaugh TM, Wallace WD, Graeber TG, Damoiseaux R, Gomperts BN. Modeling Progressive Fibrosis with Pluripotent Stem Cells Identifies an Anti-fibrotic Small Molecule. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3488-3505.e9. [PMID: 31825831 PMCID: PMC6927560 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive organ fibrosis accounts for one-third of all deaths worldwide, yet preclinical models that mimic the complex, progressive nature of the disease are lacking, and hence, there are no curative therapies. Progressive fibrosis across organs shares common cellular and molecular pathways involving chronic injury, inflammation, and aberrant repair resulting in deposition of extracellular matrix, organ remodeling, and ultimately organ failure. We describe the generation and characterization of an in vitro progressive fibrosis model that uses cell types derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Our model produces endogenous activated transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and contains activated fibroblastic aggregates that progressively increase in size and stiffness with activation of known fibrotic molecular and cellular changes. We used this model as a phenotypic drug discovery platform for modulators of fibrosis. We validated this platform by identifying a compound that promotes resolution of fibrosis in in vivo and ex vivo models of ocular and lung fibrosis. Vijayaraj et al. describe the generation and characterization of an in vitro progressive fibrosis model that is broadly applicable to progressive organ fibrosis. They use it to identify a promising anti-fibrotic therapy that acts by activating normal tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Vijayaraj
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aspram Minasyan
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Abdo Durra
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Saravanan Karumbayaram
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mehrsa Mehrabi
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cody J Aros
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sarah D Ahadome
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David W Shia
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katherine Chung
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jenna M Sandlin
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kelly F Darmawan
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kush V Bhatt
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chase C Manze
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Manash K Paul
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dan C Wilkinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Weihong Yan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tammy M Rickabaugh
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - W Dean Wallace
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brigitte N Gomperts
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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23
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Gell JJ, Liu W, Sosa E, Chialastri A, Hancock G, Tao Y, Wamaitha SE, Bower G, Dey SS, Clark AT. An Extended Culture System that Supports Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cell Survival and Initiation of DNA Methylation Erasure. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:433-446. [PMID: 32059791 PMCID: PMC7066331 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an in vitro system in which human primordial germ cell-like cells (hPGCLCs) are generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has been invaluable to further our understanding of human primordial germ cell (hPGC) specification. However, the means to evaluate the next fundamental steps in germ cell development have not been well established. In this study we describe a two dimensional extended culture system that promotes proliferation of specified hPGCLCs, without reversion to a pluripotent state. We demonstrate that hPGCLCs in extended culture undergo partial epigenetic reprogramming, mirroring events described in hPGCs in vivo, including a genome-wide reduction in DNA methylation and maintenance of depleted H3K9me2. This extended culture system provides a new approach for expanding the number of hPGCLCs for downstream technologies, including transplantation, molecular screening, or possibly the differentiation of hPGCLCs into gametes by in vitro gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna J Gell
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wanlu Liu
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Enrique Sosa
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alex Chialastri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Grace Hancock
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sissy E Wamaitha
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Grace Bower
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Siddharth S Dey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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24
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25
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Chen D, Liu W, Zimmerman J, Pastor WA, Kim R, Hosohama L, Ho J, Aslanyan M, Gell JJ, Jacobsen SE, Clark AT. The TFAP2C-Regulated OCT4 Naive Enhancer Is Involved in Human Germline Formation. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3591-3602.e5. [PMID: 30590035 PMCID: PMC6342560 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human primordial germ cells (hPGCs) are the first embryonic progenitors in the germ cell lineage, yet the molecular mechanisms required for hPGC formation are not well characterized. To identify regulatory regions in hPGC development, we used the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) to systematically characterize regions of open chromatin in hPGCs and hPGC-like cells (hPGCLCs) differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We discovered regions of open chromatin unique to hPGCs and hPGCLCs that significantly overlap with TFAP2C-bound enhancers identified in the naive ground state of pluripotency. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we show that deleting the TFAP2C-bound naive enhancer at the OCT4 locus (also called POU5F1) results in impaired OCT4 expression and a negative effect on hPGCLC identity. Combining genomics and functional studies, Chen et al. identify the open chromatin state of human primordial germ cells (hPGCs), leading to the discovery that TFAP2C regulates hPGC development through the opening of naive enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wanlu Liu
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jill Zimmerman
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William A Pastor
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Kim
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linzi Hosohama
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Ho
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marianna Aslanyan
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joanna J Gell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steven E Jacobsen
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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26
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Clark AT. Standing on the shoulders of giants: The changing landscape of pluripotent stem cells in research. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:2597-2602. [PMID: 31751000 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have the remarkable property of self-renewal and differentiation. These two fundamental aspects have excited scientists and clinicians for decades. Stem cells are defined by their potency, with pluripotency being the most permissive and unipotency being the most restricted. In mammals, pluripotency represents cell types found in the preimplantation and early postimplantation embryo. However, these pluripotent cells are not stem cells per se, because they do not meet the criteria of self-renewal. Therefore, pluripotent stem cells are exclusively in vitro cell types that have provided scientists and clinicians with unprecedented power to study the fundamental cell and molecular properties of pluripotency, as well as providing a window into cellular differentiation and a source of cells for regenerative medicine including cell types that could be used to regenerate the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research University of California, Los Angeles, California
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27
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Pandolfi EC, Rojas EJ, Sosa E, Gell JJ, Hunt TJ, Goldsmith S, Fan Y, Silber SJ, Clark AT. Generation of three human induced pluripotent stem cell sublines (MZT04D, MZT04J, MZT04C) for reproductive science research. Stem Cell Res 2019; 40:101576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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28
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Abstract
Overcoming infertility with assisted reproduction requires high-quality eggs and sperm. For those young women who no longer make functional eggs, the hope of conceiving a biological child just got one step closer with a recent publication in Science from Yamashiro et al. (2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna J Gell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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29
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Scadding GK, Kariyawasam HH, Scadding G, Mirakian R, Buckley RJ, Dixon T, Durham SR, Farooque S, Jones N, Leech S, Nasser SM, Powell R, Roberts G, Rotiroti G, Simpson A, Smith H, Clark AT. BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis (Revised Edition 2017; First edition 2007). Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 47:856-889. [PMID: 30239057 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This is an updated guideline for the diagnosis and management of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, first published in 2007. It was produced by the Standards of Care Committee of the British Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, using accredited methods. Allergic rhinitis is common and affects 10-15% of children and 26% of adults in the UK, it affects quality of life, school and work attendance, and is a risk factor for development of asthma. Allergic rhinitis is diagnosed by history and examination, supported by specific allergy tests. Topical nasal corticosteroids are the treatment of choice for moderate to severe disease. Combination therapy with intranasal corticosteroid plus intranasal antihistamine is more effective than either alone and provides second line treatment for those with rhinitis poorly controlled on monotherapy. Immunotherapy is highly effective when the specific allergen is the responsible driver for the symptoms. Treatment of rhinitis is associated with benefits for asthma. Non-allergic rhinitis also is a risk factor for the development of asthma and may be eosinophilic and steroid-responsive or neurogenic and non- inflammatory. Non-allergic rhinitis may be a presenting complaint for systemic disorders such as granulomatous or eosinophilic polyangiitis, and sarcoidoisis. Infective rhinitis can be caused by viruses, and less commonly by bacteria, fungi and protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Scadding
- The Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, London, UK
| | - H H Kariyawasam
- The Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, London, UK.,UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - G Scadding
- Department of Upper Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College NHLI, London, UK
| | - R Mirakian
- The Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, London, UK
| | - R J Buckley
- Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Dixon
- Royal Liverpool and Broad green University Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - S R Durham
- Department of Upper Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College NHLI, London, UK
| | - S Farooque
- Chest and Allergy Department, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - N Jones
- The Park Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - S Leech
- Department of Child Health, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - S M Nasser
- Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Powell
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Nottingham University, Nottingham UK
| | - G Roberts
- Department of Child Health, University of Southampton Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - G Rotiroti
- The Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Simpson
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, UK
| | - H Smith
- Division of Primary Care and Public Health, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - A T Clark
- Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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30
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Taveras LR, Imran JB, Cunningham HB, Pickett ML, Madni TD, Clark AT, Ahmed F, Phelan HA, Cripps MW, Roaten K. 71 Standardized Suicide Screening in Adult Burn Patients to Determine Risk. J Burn Care Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irz013.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L R Taveras
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX
| | - J B Imran
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX
| | - H B Cunningham
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX
| | - M L Pickett
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX
| | - T D Madni
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX
| | - A T Clark
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX
| | - F Ahmed
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX
| | - H A Phelan
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX
| | - M W Cripps
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX
| | - K Roaten
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX
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31
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Sosa E, Chen D, Rojas EJ, Hennebold JD, Peters KA, Wu Z, Lam TN, Mitchell JM, Sukhwani M, Tailor RC, Meistrich ML, Orwig KE, Shetty G, Clark AT. Differentiation of primate primordial germ cell-like cells following transplantation into the adult gonadal niche. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5339. [PMID: 30559363 PMCID: PMC6297357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in stem cell differentiation is the availability of bioassays to prove cell types generated in vitro are equivalent to cells in vivo. In the mouse, differentiation of primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) from pluripotent cells was validated by transplantation, leading to the generation of spermatogenesis and to the birth of offspring. Here we report the use of xenotransplantation (monkey to mouse) and homologous transplantation (monkey to monkey) to validate our in vitro protocol for differentiating male rhesus (r) macaque PGCLCs (rPGCLCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (riPSCs). Specifically, transplantation of aggregates containing rPGCLCs into mouse and nonhuman primate testicles overcomes a major bottleneck in rPGCLC differentiation. These findings suggest that immature rPGCLCs once transplanted into an adult gonadal niche commit to differentiate towards late rPGCs that initiate epigenetic reprogramming but do not complete the conversion into ENO2-positive spermatogonia. Human embryonic stem cells can be differentiated in vitro into primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) that resemble early primordial germ cells (PGCs). Here the authors transplant PGCLCs generated from rhesus macaque iPSCs into mouse and rhesus macaque seminiferous tubules, which matures these into late PGCs and spermatogonia-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Sosa
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ernesto J Rojas
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Karen A Peters
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Magee Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Zhuang Wu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Truong N Lam
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer M Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Meena Sukhwani
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Magee Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ramesh C Tailor
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Marvin L Meistrich
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Magee Women's Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Gunapala Shetty
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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32
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Stiefel G, Anagnostou K, Boyle RJ, Brathwaite N, Ewan P, Fox AT, Huber P, Luyt D, Till SJ, Venter C, Clark AT. BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of peanut and tree nut allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 47:719-739. [PMID: 28836701 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peanut nut and tree nut allergy are characterised by IgE mediated reactions to nut proteins. Nut allergy is a global disease. Limited epidemiological data suggest varying prevalence in different geographical areas. Primary nut allergy affects over 2% of children and 0.5% of adults in the UK. Infants with severe eczema and/or egg allergy have a higher risk of peanut allergy. Primary nut allergy presents most commonly in the first five years of life, often after the first known ingestion with typical rapid onset IgE-mediated symptoms. The clinical diagnosis of primary nut allergy can be made by the combination of a typical clinical presentation and evidence of nut specifc IgE shown by a positive skin prick test (SPT) or specific IgE (sIgE) test. Pollen food syndrome is a distinct disorder, usually mild, with oral/pharyngeal symptoms, in the context of hay fever or pollen sensitisation, which can be triggered by nuts. It can usually be distinguish clinically from primary nut allergy. The magnitude of a SPT or sIgE relates to the probability of clinical allergy, but does not relate to clinical severity. SPT of ≥ 8 mm or sIgE ≥ 15 KU/L to peanut is highly predictive of clinical allergy. Cut off values are not available for tree nuts. Test results must be interpreted in the context of the clinical history. Diagnostic food challenges are usually not necessary but may be used to confirm or refute a conflicting history and test result. As nut allergy is likely to be a long-lived disease, nut avoidance advice is the cornerstone of management. Patients should be provided with a comprehensive management plan including avoidance advice, patient specific emergency medication and an emergency treatment plan and training in administration of emergency medication. Regular re-training is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stiefel
- Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - K Anagnostou
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - N Brathwaite
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - P Ewan
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - A T Fox
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - P Huber
- British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, London, UK
| | - D Luyt
- Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - S J Till
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - C Venter
- St. Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK
| | - A T Clark
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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33
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Tao Y, Yen MR, Chitiashvili T, Nakano H, Kim R, Hosohama L, Tan YC, Nakano A, Chen PY, Clark AT. TRIM28-Regulated Transposon Repression Is Required for Human Germline Competency and Not Primed or Naive Human Pluripotency. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 10:243-256. [PMID: 29290627 PMCID: PMC5768987 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition from primed to naive pluripotency is associated with dynamic changes in transposable element (TE) expression and demethylation of imprinting control regions (ICRs). In mouse, ICR methylation and TE expression are each regulated by TRIM28; however, the role of TRIM28 in humans is less clear. Here, we show that a null mutation in TRIM28 causes significant alterations in TE expression in both the naive and primed states of human pluripotency, and phenotypically this has limited effects on self-renewal, instead causing a loss of germline competency. Furthermore, we discovered that TRIM28 regulates paternal ICR methylation and chromatin accessibility in the primed state, with no effects on maternal ICRs. Taken together, our study shows that abnormal TE expression is tolerated by self-renewing human pluripotent cells, whereas germline competency is not. Primed and naive hESC self-renewal does not depend on TRIM28 Human germ cell formation in vitro requires TRIM28 TRIM28 differentially regulates transposons in primed and naive hESCs DNA methylation of H19 and MEG3 requires TRIM28
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tao
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ming-Ren Yen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tsotne Chitiashvili
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Haruko Nakano
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachel Kim
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Linzi Hosohama
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yao Chang Tan
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Atsushi Nakano
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pao-Yang Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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34
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Morselli M, Pastor WA, Montanini B, Nee K, Ferrari R, Fu K, Bonora G, Rubbi L, Clark AT, Ottonello S, Jacobsen SE, Pellegrini M. Correction: In vivo targeting of de novo DNA methylation by histone modifications in yeast and mouse. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28858608 PMCID: PMC5578735 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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35
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Clark AT, Gkountela S, Chen D, Liu W, Sosa E, Sukhwani M, Hennebold JD, Orwig KE. Primate Primordial Germ Cells Acquire Transplantation Potential by Carnegie Stage 23. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:329-341. [PMID: 28579394 PMCID: PMC5511048 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the earliest embryonic progenitors in the germline. Correct formation of PGCs is critical to reproductive health as an adult. Recent work has shown that primate PGCs can be differentiated from pluripotent stem cells; however, a bioassay that supports their identity as transplantable germ cells has not been reported. Here, we adopted a xenotransplantation assay by transplanting single-cell suspensions of human and nonhuman primate embryonic Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaque) testes containing PGCs into the seminiferous tubules of adult busulfan-treated nude mice. We discovered that both human and nonhuman primate embryonic testis are xenotransplantable, generating colonies while not generating tumors. Taken together, this work provides two critical references (molecular and functional) for defining transplantable primate PGCs. These results provide a blueprint for differentiating pluripotent stem cells to transplantable PGC-like cells in a species that is amenable to transplantation and fertility studies. Rhesus PGCs in Carnegie stage 23 correspond to human PGCs at 8–10 weeks Carnegie stage 23 PGCs co-express cKIT, OCT4, TFAP2C, BLIMP1, SOX17, and VASA Carnegie stage 23 PGCs generate colonies following xenotransplantation Carnegie stage 23 PGCs do not yield tumors following xenotransplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Sofia Gkountela
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wanlu Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Enrique Sosa
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Meena Sukhwani
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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36
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Sosa E, Kim R, Rojas EJ, Hosohama L, Hennebold JD, Orwig KE, Clark AT. An integration-free, virus-free rhesus macaque induced pluripotent stem cell line (riPSC90) from embryonic fibroblasts. Stem Cell Res 2017; 21:5-8. [PMID: 28677539 PMCID: PMC5499526 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhesus macaque induced pluripotent stem cell (riPSC) line, UCLAi090-A (riPSC90), was generated from rhesus embryonic fibroblast (REF) cells called REF90. REF90 cells and the riPSC90 line were authenticated by short tandem repeat analysis and had a normal male (42, XY) karyotype. The riPSC90 line expressed markers of self-renewal including OCT4, NANOG, TRA-1-81 and SSEA4, and generated teratomas after transplantation into immunocompromised mice. riPSC90 could be used in parallel with riPSC89, which was derived from REFs cultured from a different rhesus macaque embryo (Sosa et al. 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Sosa
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachel Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ernesto J Rojas
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Linzi Hosohama
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97006, USA
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womans Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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37
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Chen D, Gell JJ, Tao Y, Sosa E, Clark AT. Modeling human infertility with pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2017; 21:187-192. [PMID: 28431857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fertility is dependent upon the correct establishment and differentiation of the germline. This is because no other cell type in the body is capable of passing a genome and epigenome from parent to child. Terminally differentiated germline cells in the adult testis and ovary are called gametes. However, the initial specification of germline cells occurs in the embryo around the time of gastrulation. Most of our knowledge regarding the cell and molecular events that govern human germline specification involves extrapolating scientific principles from model organisms, most notably the mouse. However, recent work using next generation sequencing, gene editing and differentiation of germline cells from pluripotent stem cells has revealed that the core molecular mechanisms that regulate human germline development are different from rodents. Here, we will discuss the major molecular pathways required for human germline differentiation and how pluripotent stem cells have revolutionized our ability to study the earliest steps in human embryonic lineage specification in order to understand human fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joanna J Gell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Enrique Sosa
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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38
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O'Brien CM, Chy HS, Zhou Q, Blumenfeld S, Lambshead JW, Liu X, Kie J, Capaldo BD, Chung TL, Adams TE, Phan T, Bentley JD, McKinstry WJ, Oliva K, McMurrick PJ, Wang YC, Rossello FJ, Lindeman GJ, Chen D, Jarde T, Clark AT, Abud HE, Visvader JE, Nefzger CM, Polo JM, Loring JF, Laslett AL. New Monoclonal Antibodies to Defined Cell Surface Proteins on Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2017; 35:626-640. [PMID: 28009074 PMCID: PMC5412944 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The study and application of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) will be enhanced by the availability of well‐characterized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) detecting cell‐surface epitopes. Here, we report generation of seven new mAbs that detect cell surface proteins present on live and fixed human ES cells (hESCs) and human iPS cells (hiPSCs), confirming our previous prediction that these proteins were present on the cell surface of hPSCs. The mAbs all show a high correlation with POU5F1 (OCT4) expression and other hPSC surface markers (TRA‐160 and SSEA‐4) in hPSC cultures and detect rare OCT4 positive cells in differentiated cell cultures. These mAbs are immunoreactive to cell surface protein epitopes on both primed and naive state hPSCs, providing useful research tools to investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying human pluripotency and states of cellular reprogramming. In addition, we report that subsets of the seven new mAbs are also immunoreactive to human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), normal human breast subsets and both normal and tumorigenic colorectal cell populations. The mAbs reported here should accelerate the investigation of the nature of pluripotency, and enable development of robust cell separation and tracing technologies to enrich or deplete for hPSCs and other human stem and somatic cell types. Stem Cells2017;35:626–640
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel M O'Brien
- Clayton and Parkville, CSIRO Manufacturing, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hun S Chy
- Clayton and Parkville, CSIRO Manufacturing, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qi Zhou
- Clayton and Parkville, CSIRO Manufacturing, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jack W Lambshead
- Clayton and Parkville, CSIRO Manufacturing, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua Kie
- Clayton and Parkville, CSIRO Manufacturing, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bianca D Capaldo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology
| | - Tung-Liang Chung
- Clayton and Parkville, CSIRO Manufacturing, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy E Adams
- Clayton and Parkville, CSIRO Manufacturing, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tram Phan
- Clayton and Parkville, CSIRO Manufacturing, Victoria, Australia
| | - John D Bentley
- Clayton and Parkville, CSIRO Manufacturing, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Karen Oliva
- Department of Surgery, Cabrini Monash University, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J McMurrick
- Department of Surgery, Cabrini Monash University, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yu-Chieh Wang
- Department of Chemical Physiology.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fernando J Rossello
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Lindeman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thierry Jarde
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute.,Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Helen E Abud
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
| | - Jane E Visvader
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology
| | - Christian M Nefzger
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jose M Polo
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeanne F Loring
- Department of Chemical Physiology.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew L Laslett
- Clayton and Parkville, CSIRO Manufacturing, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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39
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Nagaraj R, Sharpley MS, Chi F, Braas D, Zhou Y, Kim R, Clark AT, Banerjee U. Nuclear Localization of Mitochondrial TCA Cycle Enzymes as a Critical Step in Mammalian Zygotic Genome Activation. Cell 2017; 168:210-223.e11. [PMID: 28086092 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional control requires epigenetic changes directed by mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites. In the mouse embryo, global epigenetic changes occur during zygotic genome activation (ZGA) at the 2-cell stage. Pyruvate is essential for development beyond this stage, which is at odds with the low activity of mitochondria in this period. We now show that a number of enzymatically active mitochondrial enzymes associated with the TCA cycle are essential for epigenetic remodeling and are transiently and partially localized to the nucleus. Pyruvate is essential for this nuclear localization, and a failure of TCA cycle enzymes to enter the nucleus correlates with loss of specific histone modifications and a block in ZGA. At later stages, however, these enzymes are exclusively mitochondrial. In humans, the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase is transiently nuclear at the 4/8-cell stage coincident with timing of human embryonic genome activation, suggesting a conserved metabolic control mechanism underlying early pre-implantation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Nagaraj
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark S Sharpley
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fangtao Chi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Braas
- UCLA Center for Metabolomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachel Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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40
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Sahakyan A, Kim R, Chronis C, Sabri S, Bonora G, Theunissen TW, Kuoy E, Langerman J, Clark AT, Jaenisch R, Plath K. Human Naive Pluripotent Stem Cells Model X Chromosome Dampening and X Inactivation. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 20:87-101. [PMID: 27989770 PMCID: PMC5218861 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Naive human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be derived from primed hESCs or directly from blastocysts, but their X chromosome state has remained unresolved. Here, we show that the inactive X chromosome (Xi) of primed hESCs was reactivated in naive culture conditions. Like cells of the blastocyst, the resulting naive cells contained two active X chromosomes with XIST expression and chromosome-wide transcriptional dampening and initiated XIST-mediated X inactivation upon differentiation. Both establishment of and exit from the naive state (differentiation) happened via an XIST-negative XaXa intermediate. Together, these findings identify a cell culture system for functionally exploring the two X chromosome dosage compensation processes in early human development: X dampening and X inactivation. However, remaining differences between naive hESCs and embryonic cells related to mono-allelic XIST expression and non-random X inactivation highlight the need for further culture improvement. As the naive state resets Xi abnormalities seen in primed hESCs, it may provide cells better suited for downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sahakyan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachel Kim
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Constantinos Chronis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shan Sabri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giancarlo Bonora
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Edward Kuoy
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Justin Langerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kathrin Plath
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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41
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Chen D, Liu W, Lukianchikov A, Hancock GV, Zimmerman J, Lowe MG, Kim R, Galic Z, Irie N, Surani MA, Jacobsen SE, Clark AT. Germline competency of human embryonic stem cells depends on eomesodermin. Biol Reprod 2017; 97:850-861. [PMID: 29091993 PMCID: PMC5803789 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, germline competency and the specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) are thought to occur in a restricted developmental window during early embryogenesis. Despite the importance of specifying the appropriate number of PGCs for human reproduction, the molecular mechanisms governing PGC formation remain largely unexplored. Here, we compared PGC-like cell (PGCLC) differentiation from 18 independently derived human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines, and discovered that the expression of primitive streak genes were positively associated with hESC germline competency. Furthermore, we show that chemical inhibition of TGFβ and WNT signaling, which are required for primitive streak formation and CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of Eomesodermin (EOMES), significantly impacts PGCLC differentiation from hESCs. Taken together, our results suggest that human PGC formation involves signaling and transcriptional programs associated with somatic germ layer induction and expression of EOMES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wanlu Liu
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anastasia Lukianchikov
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Grace V Hancock
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jill Zimmerman
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matthew G Lowe
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rachel Kim
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zoran Galic
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Naoko Irie
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven E Jacobsen
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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42
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Patel S, Bonora G, Sahakyan A, Kim R, Chronis C, Langerman J, Fitz-Gibbon S, Rubbi L, Skelton RJP, Ardehali R, Pellegrini M, Lowry WE, Clark AT, Plath K. Human Embryonic Stem Cells Do Not Change Their X Inactivation Status during Differentiation. Cell Rep 2016; 18:54-67. [PMID: 27989715 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Applications of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) require faithful chromatin changes during differentiation, but the fate of the X chromosome state in differentiating ESCs is unclear. Female human ESC lines either carry two active X chromosomes (XaXa), an Xa and inactive X chromosome with or without XIST RNA coating (XiXIST+Xa;XiXa), or an Xa and an eroded Xi (XeXa) where the Xi no longer expresses XIST RNA and has partially reactivated. Here, we established XiXa, XeXa, and XaXa ESC lines and followed their X chromosome state during differentiation. Surprisingly, we found that the X state pre-existing in primed ESCs is maintained in differentiated cells. Consequently, differentiated XeXa and XaXa cells lacked XIST, did not induce X inactivation, and displayed higher X-linked gene expression than XiXa cells. These results demonstrate that X chromosome dosage compensation is not required for ESC differentiation. Our data imply that XiXIST+Xa ESCs are most suited for downstream applications and show that all other X states are abnormal byproducts of our ESC derivation and propagation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeet Patel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bioinformatics Program, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giancarlo Bonora
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bioinformatics Program, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anna Sahakyan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bioinformatics Program, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachel Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bioinformatics Program, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Constantinos Chronis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bioinformatics Program, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Justin Langerman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bioinformatics Program, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sorel Fitz-Gibbon
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Liudmilla Rubbi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rhys J P Skelton
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - William E Lowry
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kathrin Plath
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bioinformatics Program, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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43
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Sosa E, Kim R, Rojas EJ, Hosohama L, Hennebold JD, Orwig KE, Clark AT. An integration-free, virus-free rhesus macaque induced pluripotent stem cell line (riPSC89) from embryonic fibroblasts. Stem Cell Res 2016; 17:444-447. [PMID: 27879222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated a rhesus macaque induced pluripotent stem cell (riPSC) line, riPSC89, from rhesus embryonic fibroblasts (REFs). Fibroblasts were expanded from the skin of a rhesus macaque embryo at embryonic day 47. REFs and riPSCs had a normal male (42, XY) karyotype. The riPSC89 line was positive for markers of self-renewal including OCT4, NANOG, TRA-1-81 and SSEA4. Pluripotency was demonstrated through the generation of teratomas using transplantation into immunocompromised mice. The riPSC89 line may be a useful non-human primate resource to uncover developmental origins of disease, or used as a basic model to understand lineage specification in the primate embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Sosa
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachel Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ernesto J Rojas
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Linzi Hosohama
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97006, USA
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Magee-Womans Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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44
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Pastor WA, Chen D, Liu W, Kim R, Sahakyan A, Lukianchikov A, Plath K, Jacobsen SE, Clark AT. Naive Human Pluripotent Cells Feature a Methylation Landscape Devoid of Blastocyst or Germline Memory. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:323-329. [PMID: 26853856 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) typically exhibit "primed" pluripotency, analogous to stem cells derived from the mouse post-implantation epiblast. This has led to a search for growth conditions that support self-renewal of hESCs akin to hypomethylated naive epiblast cells in human pre-implantation embryos. We have discovered that reverting primed hESCs to a hypomethylated naive state or deriving a new hESC line under naive conditions results in the establishment of Stage Specific Embryonic Antigen 4 (SSEA4)-negative hESC lines with a transcriptional program resembling the human pre-implantation epiblast. In contrast, we discovered that the methylome of naive hESCs in vitro is distinct from that of the human epiblast in vivo with loss of DNA methylation at primary imprints and a lost "memory" of the methylation state of the human oocyte. This failure to recover the naive epiblast methylation landscape appears to be a consistent feature of self-renewing hypomethylated naive hESCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Pastor
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Wanlu Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Rachel Kim
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Anna Sahakyan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Anastasia Lukianchikov
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Kathrin Plath
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Steven E Jacobsen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
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45
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Powell RJ, Leech SC, Till S, Huber PAJ, Nasser SM, Clark AT. BSACI guideline for the management of chronic urticaria and angioedema. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:547-65. [PMID: 25711134 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This guidance for the management of patients with chronic urticaria and angioedema has been prepared by the Standards of Care Committee of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI). The guideline is based on evidence as well as on expert opinion and is aimed at both adult physicians and paediatricians practising in allergy. The recommendations are evidence graded. During the development of these guidelines, all BSACI members were included in the consultation process using a Web-based system. Their comments and suggestions were carefully considered by the Standards of Care Committee. Where evidence was lacking, a consensus was reached by the experts on the committee. Included in this management guideline are clinical classification, aetiology, diagnosis, investigations, treatment guidance with special sections on children with urticaria and the use of antihistamines in women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Finally, we have made recommendations for potential areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Powell
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Nottingham University, Nottingham, UK
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46
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Abstract
In mammals, global DNA demethylation in vivo occurs in the pre-implantation embryo and in primordial germ cells (PGCs) where it is hypothesized to create a blank slate or 'tabula rasa' upon which new DNA methylation patterns are written. However, global DNA demethylation in vivo is far from complete with a small number of loci protected from demethylation. Failure to demethylate, or overt demethylation results in compromised differentiation. Recent work has shown that reversion of primed human pluripotent stem cells to the naïve state leads to unbridled DNA demethylation which has unknown consequences on the quality differentiated cells created in vitro. Taken together understanding DNA methylation remodeling is critical for understanding the epigenetic foundations of life, and the quality of stem cells for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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47
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Clark AT, Zwaka TP. Editorial overview: Cell reprogramming, regeneration and repair: Reprogramming: the eternal circle. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 34:v-vi. [PMID: 26476785 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amander T Clark
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Thomas P Zwaka
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10028, USA.
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48
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Mirakian R, Leech SC, Krishna MT, Richter AG, Huber PAJ, Farooque S, Khan N, Pirmohamed M, Clark AT, Nasser SM. Management of allergy to penicillins and other beta-lactams. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:300-27. [PMID: 25623506 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Standards of Care Committee of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI) and an expert panel have prepared this guidance for the management of immediate and non-immediate allergic reactions to penicillins and other beta-lactams. The guideline is intended for UK specialists in both adult and paediatric allergy and for other clinicians practising allergy in secondary and tertiary care. The recommendations are evidence based, but where evidence is lacking, the panel reached consensus. During the development of the guideline, all BSACI members were consulted using a Web-based process and all comments carefully considered. Included in the guideline are epidemiology of allergic reactions to beta-lactams, molecular structure, formulations available in the UK and a description of known beta-lactam antigenic determinants. Sections on the value and limitations of clinical history, skin testing and laboratory investigations for both penicillins and cephalosporins are included. Cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins is discussed in detail. Recommendations on oral provocation and desensitization procedures have been made. Guidance for beta-lactam allergy in children is given in a separate section. An algorithm to help the clinician in the diagnosis of patients with a history of penicillin allergy has also been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mirakian
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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49
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Pastor WA, Stroud H, Nee K, Liu W, Pezic D, Manakov S, Lee SA, Moissiard G, Zamudio N, Bourc'his D, Aravin AA, Clark AT, Jacobsen SE. Erratum: MORC1 represses transposable elements in the mouse male germline. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7604. [PMID: 26159654 PMCID: PMC5784397 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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50
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Abstract
In stem cell biology, the dynamic addition and removal of 5-methylcytosines (5mCs) are necessary for lineage differentiation, nuclear reprogramming, and embryonic development. Recent investigations have sought to understand the mechanisms of how 5mCs are added and in particular how 5mCs are removed from DNA during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gkountela
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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