1
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Guth FM, Lindner F, Rydzek S, Peil A, Friedrich S, Hauer B, Hahn F. Rieske Oxygenase-Catalyzed Oxidative Late-Stage Functionalization during Complex Antifungal Polyketide Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2450-2456. [PMID: 37948749 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Rieske oxygenases (ROs) from natural product biosynthetic pathways are a poorly studied group of enzymes with significant potential as oxidative functionalization biocatalysts. A study on the ROs JerL, JerP, and AmbP from the biosynthetic pathways of jerangolid A and ambruticin VS-3 is described. Their activity was successfully reconstituted using whole-cell bioconversion systems coexpressing the ROs and their respective natural flavin-dependent reductase (FDR) partners. Feeding authentic biosynthetic intermediates and synthetic surrogates to these strains confirmed the involvement of the ROs in hydroxymethylpyrone and dihydropyran formation and revealed crucial information about the RO's substrate specificity. The pronounced dependence of JerL and JerP on the presence of a methylenolether allowed the precise temporal assignment of RO catalysis to the ultimate steps of jerangolid biosynthesis. JerP and AmbP stand out among the biosynthetic ROs studied so far for their ability to catalyze clean tetrahydropyran desaturation without further functionalizing the formed electron-rich double bonds. This work highlights the remarkable ability of ROs to highly selectively oxidize complex molecular scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Guth
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Frederick Lindner
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Simon Rydzek
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Steffen Friedrich
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Hahn
- Professur für Organische Chemie (Lebensmittelchemie), Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Department of Chemistry, Universität Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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2
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Emeriewen OF, Richter K, Flachowsky H, Peil A. Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping for Fire Blight Resistance in an F 2 Population of Malus fusca MAL0045 Uncovers Novel Resistance Loci. Phytopathology 2023; 113:2222-2229. [PMID: 37856693 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-23-0159-sa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Several fire blight resistance loci in Malus genotypes map on different linkage groups (LGs) representing chromosomes of the domesticated apple. Prior genetics studies primarily focused on F1 populations. A strong resistance quantitative trait locus (QTL) explained up to 66% of phenotypic variance in an F1 progeny derived from crossing the highly resistant wild apple genotype Malus fusca MAL0045 and the highly susceptible apple cultivar 'Idared', which was previously mapped on LG10 (Mfu10) of MAL0045. Strains of the causative bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora, notably those that show a single nucleotide polymorphism in the avrRpt2EA effector protein sequence at position 156 (e.g., Ea3049), are more virulent and overcome some known fire blight resistance donors and their QTLs. However, MAL0045 is resistant to Ea3049 and Mfu10 is not overcome, but most of the F1 progeny were highly susceptible to this strain. This phenomenon led to the assumption that other putative resistance factors not segregating in the F1 progeny might be present in the genome of MAL0045. Here, we crossed F1 progeny together to obtain 135 F2 individuals. Facilitated by genotyping-by-sequencing and phenotypic assessments, we identified and mapped two novel resistance QTLs in these F2 individuals on LGs 4 and 15, which were not identified in the F1. To our knowledge, these are the first resistance QTLs mapped in F2 progeny in Malus. In addition, we report that neither MAL0045 nor Mfu10 is broken down by a highly aggressive U.S. strain, LA635, after analyses in the original F1 individuals. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofere Francis Emeriewen
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
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3
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Wöhner TW, Emeriewen OF, Wittenberg AHJ, Nijbroek K, Wang RP, Blom EJ, Schneiders H, Keilwagen J, Berner T, Hoff KJ, Gabriel L, Thierfeldt H, Almolla O, Barchi L, Schuster M, Lempe J, Peil A, Flachowsky H. The structure of the tetraploid sour cherry 'Schattenmorelle' ( Prunus cerasus L.) genome reveals insights into its segmental allopolyploid nature. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1284478. [PMID: 38107002 PMCID: PMC10722297 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1284478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is an important allotetraploid cherry species that evolved in the Caspian Sea and Black Sea regions from a hybridization of the tetraploid ground cherry (Prunus fruticosa Pall.) and an unreduced pollen of the diploid sweet cherry (P. avium L.) ancestor. Details of when and where the evolution of this species occurred are unclear, as well as the effect of hybridization on the genome structure. To gain insight, the genome of the sour cherry cultivar 'Schattenmorelle' was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeqTM and Oxford Nanopore long-read technologies, resulting in a ~629-Mbp pseudomolecule reference genome. The genome could be separated into two subgenomes, with subgenome PceS_a originating from P. avium and subgenome PceS_f originating from P. fruticosa. The genome also showed size reduction compared to ancestral species and traces of homoeologous sequence exchanges throughout. Comparative analysis confirmed that the genome of sour cherry is segmental allotetraploid and evolved very recently in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Wöhner
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Ofere F. Emeriewen
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jens Keilwagen
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Quedlinburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Thomas Berner
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Quedlinburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Katharina J. Hoff
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany
| | - Lars Gabriel
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany
| | - Hannah Thierfeldt
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany
| | - Omar Almolla
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA) – Plant Genetics, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Barchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA) – Plant Genetics, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Mirko Schuster
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Janne Lempe
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
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4
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Peil A, Howard NP, Bühlmann-Schütz S, Hiller I, Schouten H, Flachowsky H, Patocchi A. Rvi4 and Rvi15 are the same apple scab resistance genes. Mol Breed 2023; 43:74. [PMID: 37830083 PMCID: PMC10564682 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The apple (Malus x domestica) scab (Venturia inaequalis) resistance genes Rvi4 and Rvi15 were mapped to a similar region on the top of linkage group 2 and both resistance genes elicit the same type of resistance reaction, i.e., a hypersensitive response; hence, it is suspected that the two genes may be the same. As the two resistance genes Rvi4 and Rvi15 are currently used in apple breeding, it is important to clarify whether the two resistance genes are the same or not. Several approaches were used to make this determination. First, the pedigree of the genotype GMAL 2473, the source of Rvi15, was reconstructed. GMAL 2473 was found to be an F1 of 'Russian seedling', the genotype, which is known to also be the source of Rvi4. Next, it was further demonstrated that 'Regia', a cultivar known to carry Rvi4 (and Rvi2), carries the same gene (Vr2-C), which was demonstrated to be the gene inducing Rvi15 resistance. Finally, it was shown that transgenic lines carrying Vr2-C are compatible with race 4 apple scab isolates. Taken all together, these results definitively demonstrate that Rvi4 and Rvi15 are the same resistance gene. For future studies, we suggest referring to this resistance with the first name that was assigned to this gene, namely Rvi4. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01421-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn Institut (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Pillnitz Germany
| | - Nicholas P Howard
- Fresh Forward Breeding and Marketing B.V., Hogewoerd 1C, 6851 ET Huissen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Bühlmann-Schütz
- Research Division Plant Breeding, Agroscope, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Ines Hiller
- Julius Kühn Institut (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Pillnitz Germany
| | - Henk Schouten
- Department of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn Institut (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Pillnitz Germany
| | - Andrea Patocchi
- Research Division Plant Breeding, Agroscope, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
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5
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Yang J, Jahnke K, Xin L, Jing X, Zhan P, Peil A, Griffo A, Škugor M, Yang D, Fan S, Göpfrich K, Yan H, Wang P, Liu N. Modulating Lipid Membrane Morphology by Dynamic DNA Origami Networks. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37440701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Membrane morphology and its dynamic adaptation regulate many cellular functions, which are often mediated by membrane proteins. Advances in DNA nanotechnology have enabled the realization of various protein-inspired structures and functions with precise control at the nanometer level, suggesting a viable tool to artificially engineer membrane morphology. In this work, we demonstrate a DNA origami cross (DOC) structure that can be anchored onto giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and subsequently polymerized into micrometer-scale reconfigurable one-dimensional (1D) chains or two-dimensional (2D) lattices. Such DNA origami-based networks can be switched between left-handed (LH) and right-handed (RH) conformations by DNA fuels and exhibit potent efficacy in remodeling the membrane curvatures of GUVs. This work sheds light on designing hierarchically assembled dynamic DNA systems for the programmable modulation of synthetic cells for useful applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
- 2. Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kevin Jahnke
- Biophysical Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research Heidelberg, Jahnstr. 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ling Xin
- 2. Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xinxin Jing
- 2. Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pengfei Zhan
- 2. Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- 2. Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alessandra Griffo
- Biophysical Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research Heidelberg, Jahnstr. 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marko Škugor
- 2. Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Donglei Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Sisi Fan
- 2. Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kerstin Göpfrich
- Biophysical Engineering Group, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research Heidelberg, Jahnstr. 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Im Neuenheime Feld 329, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hao Yan
- School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics at Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- 2. Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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6
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Zhan P, Peil A, Jiang Q, Wang D, Mousavi S, Xiong Q, Shen Q, Shang Y, Ding B, Lin C, Ke Y, Liu N. Recent Advances in DNA Origami-Engineered Nanomaterials and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3976-4050. [PMID: 36990451 PMCID: PMC10103138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology is a unique field, where physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, engineering, and materials science can elegantly converge. Since the original proposal of Nadrian Seeman, significant advances have been achieved in the past four decades. During this glory time, the DNA origami technique developed by Paul Rothemund further pushed the field forward with a vigorous momentum, fostering a plethora of concepts, models, methodologies, and applications that were not thought of before. This review focuses on the recent progress in DNA origami-engineered nanomaterials in the past five years, outlining the exciting achievements as well as the unexplored research avenues. We believe that the spirit and assets that Seeman left for scientists will continue to bring interdisciplinary innovations and useful applications to this field in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhan
- 2nd Physics
Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- 2nd Physics
Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Qiao Jiang
- National
Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No 11, BeiYiTiao Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shikufa Mousavi
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Qiancheng Xiong
- Department
of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Nanobiology
Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Qi Shen
- Department
of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Nanobiology
Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266
Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Yingxu Shang
- National
Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No 11, BeiYiTiao Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Baoquan Ding
- National
Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No 11, BeiYiTiao Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chenxiang Lin
- Department
of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Nanobiology
Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Yonggang Ke
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Na Liu
- 2nd Physics
Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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7
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Reim S, Emeriewen OF, Peil A, Flachowsky H. Deciphering the Mechanism of Tolerance to Apple Replant Disease Using a Genetic Mapping Approach in a Malling 9 × M. × robusta 5 Population Identifies SNP Markers Linked to Candidate Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076307. [PMID: 37047278 PMCID: PMC10094387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD) is a worldwide economic risk in apple production. Although several studies have shown that the wild apple accession Malus × robusta 5 (Mr5) is ARD-tolerant, the genetics of this tolerance have not yet been elucidated. A genetic mapping approach with a biparental population derived from contrasting parents involving molecular markers provides a means for marker-assisted selection of genetically complex traits and for determining candidate genes. In this study, we crossed the ARD-tolerant wild apple accession Mr5 and the ARD-susceptible rootstock ‘M9’ and analyzed the resultant progeny for ARD tolerance. Hence, a high-density genetic map using a tunable genotyping-by-sequencing (tGBS) approach was established. A total of 4804 SNPs together with 77 SSR markers were included in the parental maps comprising 17 linkage groups. The phenotypic responses to ARD were evaluated for 106 offspring and classified by an ARD-susceptibility index (ASI). A Kruskal–Wallis test identified SNP markers and one SSR marker on linkage groups (LG) 6 and 2 that correlated with ARD tolerance. We found nine candidate genes linked with these markers, which may be associated with plant response to ARD. These candidate genes provide some insight into the defense mechanisms against ARD and should be studied in more detail.
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8
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Peil A, Zhan P, Duan X, Krahne R, Garoli D, M Liz-Marzán L, Liu N. Transformable Plasmonic Helix with Swinging Gold Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213992. [PMID: 36423337 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Control over multiple optical elements that can be dynamically rearranged to yield substantial three-dimensional structural transformations is of great importance to realize reconfigurable plasmonic nanoarchitectures with sensitive and distinct optical feedback. In this work, we demonstrate a transformable plasmonic helix system, in which multiple gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can be directly transported by DNA swingarms to target positions without undergoing consecutive stepwise movements. The swingarms allow for programmable AuNP translocations in large leaps within plasmonic nanoarchitectures, giving rise to tailored circular dichroism spectra. Our work provides an instructive bottom-up solution to building complex dynamic plasmonic systems, which can exhibit prominent optical responses through cooperative rearrangements of the constituent optical elements with high fidelity and programmability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Peil
- 2. Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pengfei Zhan
- 2. Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xiaoyang Duan
- 2. Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roman Krahne
- Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Denis Garoli
- Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC BiomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain.,Biomedical Networking Center, Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 43009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Na Liu
- 2. Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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Peil A, Pengfei Zhan P, Duan X, Krahne R, Garoli D, M. Liz‐Marzán L, Liu N. Transformable Plasmonic Helix with Swinging Gold Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Peil
- 2. Physics Institute University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - P. Pengfei Zhan
- 2. Physics Institute University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Xiaoyang Duan
- 2. Physics Institute University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Roman Krahne
- Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Denis Garoli
- Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Luis M. Liz‐Marzán
- CIC BiomaGUNE Paseo Miramón 182 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián Spain
- Biomedical Networking Center Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) Paseo Miramón 182 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián Spain
- Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science 43009 Bilbao Spain
| | - Na Liu
- 2. Physics Institute University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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10
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Peil A, Pengfei Zhan P, Duan X, Krahne R, Garoli D, M. Liz‐Marzán L, Liu N. Transformable Plasmonic Helix with Swinging Gold Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202300566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Peil
- 2. Physics Institute University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - P. Pengfei Zhan
- 2. Physics Institute University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Xiaoyang Duan
- 2. Physics Institute University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Roman Krahne
- Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Denis Garoli
- Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Luis M. Liz‐Marzán
- CIC BiomaGUNE Paseo Miramón 182 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián Spain
- Biomedical Networking Center Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) Paseo Miramón 182 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián Spain
- Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science 43009 Bilbao Spain
| | - Na Liu
- 2. Physics Institute University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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11
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Röckel F, Schreiber T, Schüler D, Braun U, Krukenberg I, Schwander F, Peil A, Brandt C, Willner E, Gransow D, Scholz U, Kecke S, Maul E, Lange M, Töpfer R. PhenoApp: A mobile tool for plant phenotyping to record field and greenhouse observations. F1000Res 2022; 11:12. [PMID: 36636476 PMCID: PMC9813448 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.74239.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
With the ongoing cost decrease of genotyping and sequencing technologies, accurate and fast phenotyping remains the bottleneck in the utilizing of plant genetic resources for breeding and breeding research. Although cost-efficient high-throughput phenotyping platforms are emerging for specific traits and/or species, manual phenotyping is still widely used and is a time- and money-consuming step. Approaches that improve data recording, processing or handling are pivotal steps towards the efficient use of genetic resources and are demanded by the research community. Therefore, we developed PhenoApp, an open-source Android app for tablets and smartphones to facilitate the digital recording of phenotypical data in the field and in greenhouses. It is a versatile tool that offers the possibility to fully customize the descriptors/scales for any possible scenario, also in accordance with international information standards such as MIAPPE (Minimum Information About a Plant Phenotyping Experiment) and FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data principles. Furthermore, PhenoApp enables the use of pre-integrated ready-to-use BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) scales for apple, cereals, grapevine, maize, potato, rapeseed and rice. Additional BBCH scales can easily be added. The simple and adaptable structure of input and output files enables an easy data handling by either spreadsheet software or even the integration in the workflow of laboratory information management systems (LIMS). PhenoApp is therefore a decisive contribution to increase efficiency of digital data acquisition in genebank management but also contributes to breeding and breeding research by accelerating the labour intensive and time-consuming acquisition of phenotyping data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Röckel
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany,
| | - Toni Schreiber
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Data Processing Department, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, Quedlinburg, 06484, Germany
| | - Danuta Schüler
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Ulrike Braun
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
| | - Ina Krukenberg
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Data Processing Department, Königin-Luise-Strasse 19, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Florian Schwander
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, Dresden/Pillnitz, 01326, Germany
| | - Christine Brandt
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), The Satellite Collections North, Parkweg 3a, Sanitz, 18190, Germany
| | - Evelin Willner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), The Satellite Collections North, Inselstraße 9, Malchow/Poel, 23999, Germany
| | - Daniel Gransow
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), The Satellite Collections North, Inselstraße 9, Malchow/Poel, 23999, Germany
| | - Uwe Scholz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Steffen Kecke
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Data Processing Department, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, Quedlinburg, 06484, Germany
| | - Erika Maul
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
| | - Matthias Lange
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Reinhard Töpfer
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
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12
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Röckel F, Schreiber T, Schüler D, Braun U, Krukenberg I, Schwander F, Peil A, Brandt C, Willner E, Gransow D, Scholz U, Kecke S, Maul E, Lange M, Töpfer R. PhenoApp: A mobile tool for plant phenotyping to record field and greenhouse observations. F1000Res 2022; 11:12. [PMID: 36636476 PMCID: PMC9813448 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.74239.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the ongoing cost decrease of genotyping and sequencing technologies, accurate and fast phenotyping remains the bottleneck in the utilizing of plant genetic resources for breeding and breeding research. Although cost-efficient high-throughput phenotyping platforms are emerging for specific traits and/or species, manual phenotyping is still widely used and is a time- and money-consuming step. Approaches that improve data recording, processing or handling are pivotal steps towards the efficient use of genetic resources and are demanded by the research community. Therefore, we developed PhenoApp, an open-source Android app for tablets and smartphones to facilitate the digital recording of phenotypical data in the field and in greenhouses. It is a versatile tool that offers the possibility to fully customize the descriptors/scales for any possible scenario, also in accordance with international information standards such as MIAPPE (Minimum Information About a Plant Phenotyping Experiment) and FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data principles. Furthermore, PhenoApp enables the use of pre-integrated ready-to-use BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) scales for apple, cereals, grapevine, maize, potato, rapeseed and rice. Additional BBCH scales can easily be added. The simple and adaptable structure of input and output files enables an easy data handling by either spreadsheet software or even the integration in the workflow of laboratory information management systems (LIMS). PhenoApp is therefore a decisive contribution to increase efficiency of digital data acquisition in genebank management but also contributes to breeding and breeding research by accelerating the labour intensive and time-consuming acquisition of phenotyping data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Röckel
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany,
| | - Toni Schreiber
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Data Processing Department, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, Quedlinburg, 06484, Germany
| | - Danuta Schüler
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Ulrike Braun
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
| | - Ina Krukenberg
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Data Processing Department, Königin-Luise-Strasse 19, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Florian Schwander
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, Dresden/Pillnitz, 01326, Germany
| | - Christine Brandt
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), The Satellite Collections North, Parkweg 3a, Sanitz, 18190, Germany
| | - Evelin Willner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), The Satellite Collections North, Inselstraße 9, Malchow/Poel, 23999, Germany
| | - Daniel Gransow
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), The Satellite Collections North, Inselstraße 9, Malchow/Poel, 23999, Germany
| | - Uwe Scholz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Steffen Kecke
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Data Processing Department, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, Quedlinburg, 06484, Germany
| | - Erika Maul
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
| | - Matthias Lange
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Reinhard Töpfer
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, 76833, Germany
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13
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Peil A, Zhan P, Duan X, Krahne R, Garoli D, Liz-Marzán LM, Liu N. Transformable Plasmonic Helix with Swinging Gold Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202213992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Peil
- University of Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart 2. Physics Institute GERMANY
| | - Pengfei Zhan
- University of Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart 2. Physics Institute GERMANY
| | - Xiaoyang Duan
- University of Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart 2. Physics Institute GERMANY
| | - Roman Krahne
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Optoelectronics Research Line ITALY
| | - Denis Garoli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Faculty of Science and Technology ITALY
| | | | - Na Liu
- University of Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart 2. Physics Institute Pfaffenwaldring 57 70569 Stuttgart GERMANY
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14
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Lempe J, Flachowsky H, Peil A. Exploring epigenetic variation for breeding climate resilient apple crops. Physiol Plant 2022; 174:e13782. [PMID: 36151889 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change with warmer winter and spring temperatures poses major challenges to apple fruit production. Long-term observations confirm the trend toward earlier flowering, which leads to an increased risk of frost damage. New breeding strategies are needed to generate cultivars that are able to stay largely unaffected by warmer temperatures. Recently, epigenetic variation has been proposed as a new resource for breeding purposes and seems suitable in principle for apple breeding. However, to serve as a new resource for apple breeding, it is necessary to clarify whether epigenetic variation can be induced by the environment, whether it can create phenotypic variation, and whether this variation is stable across generations. In this brief review, we summarize the impact of climate change on the timing of apple phenology, highlight how epigenetic variation can potentially support novel breeding strategies, and point out important features of epigenetic variation that are required for its application in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Lempe
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
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15
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Abstract
The bacterial flagellar motor is a rotary machine composed of functional modular components, which can perform bidirectional rotations to control the migration behavior of the bacterial cell. It resembles a two-cogwheel gear system, which consists of small and large cogwheels with cogs at the edges to regulate rotations. Such gearset models provide elegant blueprints to design and build artificial nanomachinery with desired functionalities. In this work, we demonstrate DNA assembly of a structurally well-defined nanodevice, which can carry out programmable rotations powered by DNA fuels. Our rotary nanodevice consists of three modular components, small origami ring, large origami ring, and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). They mimic the sun gear, ring gear, and planet gears in a planetary gearset accordingly. These modular components are self-assembled in a compact manner, such that they can work cooperatively to impart bidirectional rotations. The rotary dynamics is optically recorded using fluorescence spectroscopy in real time, given the sensitive distance-dependent interactions between the tethered fluorophores and AuNPs on the rings. The experimental results are well supported by the theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Peil
- Second
Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ling Xin
- Second
Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- (L.X.)
| | - Steffen Both
- Fourth
Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Luyao Shen
- Wallace
L. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 United States
| | - Yonggang Ke
- Wallace
L. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 United States
| | - Thomas Weiss
- Fourth
Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
of Physics, University of Graz, and NAWI
Graz, Universitätsplatz
5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Pengfei Zhan
- Second
Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- (P.Z.)
| | - Na Liu
- Second
Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- (N.L.)
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16
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Lempe J, Peil A, Flachowsky H. Time-Resolved Analysis of Candidate Gene Expression and Ambient Temperature During Bud Dormancy in Apple. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:803341. [PMID: 35111181 PMCID: PMC8802299 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.803341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Winter dormancy - a period of low metabolic activity and no visible growth - appears as an adaptation to harsh winter conditions and can be divided into different phases. It is tightly controlled by environmental cues, with ambient temperature playing a major role. During endodormancy, a cultivar-specific amount of cold needs to be perceived, and during ecodormancy, heat hours accumulate before bud burst and anthesis in spring. Expression analysis, performed in several key fruit tree species, proved to be very useful in elucidating the molecular control of onset and release of dormancy. However, the time resolution of these experiments has been limited. Therefore, in this study, dense time-series expression analysis was conducted for 40 candidate genes involved in dormancy control, under the cool-temperate climate conditions in Dresden. Samples were taken from the cultivars 'Pinova' and 'Gala,' which differ in flowering time. The set of candidate genes included well-established dormancy genes such as DAM genes, MdFLC-like, MdICE1, MdPRE 1, and MdPIF4. Furthermore, we tested genes from dormancy-associated pathways including the brassinosteroid, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin response, and respiratory stress pathways. The expression patterns of well-established dormancy genes were confirmed and could be associated with specific dormancy phases. In addition, less well-known transcription factors and genes of the ABA signaling pathway showed associations with dormancy progression. The three ABA signaling genes HAB1_chr15, HAI3, and ABF2 showed a local minimum of gene expression in proximity of the endodormancy to ecodormancy transition. The number of sampling points allowed us to correlate expression values with temperature data, which revealed significant correlations of ambient temperature with the expression of the Malus domestica genes MdICE1, MdPIF4, MdFLC-like, HAB1chr15, and the type-B cytokinin response regulator BRR9. Interestingly, the slope of the linear correlation of temperature with the expression of MdPIF4 differed between cultivars. Whether the strength of inducibility of MdPIF4 expression by low temperature differs between the 'Pinova' and 'Gala' alleles needs to be tested further.
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17
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Wöhner TW, Emeriewen OF, Wittenberg AHJ, Schneiders H, Vrijenhoek I, Halász J, Hrotkó K, Hoff KJ, Gabriel L, Lempe J, Keilwagen J, Berner T, Schuster M, Peil A, Wünsche J, Kropop S, Flachowsky H. The draft chromosome-level genome assembly of tetraploid ground cherry (Prunus fruticosa Pall.) from long reads. Genomics 2021; 113:4173-4183. [PMID: 34774678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cherries are stone fruits and belong to the economically important plant family of Rosaceae with worldwide cultivation of different species. The ground cherry, Prunus fruticosa Pall., is an ancestor of cultivated sour cherry, an important tetraploid cherry species. Here, we present a long read chromosome-level draft genome assembly and related plastid sequences using the Oxford Nanopore Technology PromethION platform and R10.3 pore type. We generated a final consensus genome sequence of 366 Mb comprising eight chromosomes. The N50 scaffold was ~44 Mb with the longest chromosome being 66.5 Mb. The chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes were 158,217 bp and 383,281 bp long, which is in accordance with previously published plastid sequences. This is the first report of the genome of ground cherry (P. fruticosa) sequenced by long read technology only. The datasets obtained from this study provide a foundation for future breeding, molecular and evolutionary analysis in Prunus studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Wöhner
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D-01326, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ofere F Emeriewen
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D-01326, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Júlia Halász
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, Ménesi Str. 44, Budapest 1118, Hungary
| | - Károly Hrotkó
- Department of Floriculture and Dendrology, Institute of Landscape Architecture, Urban Planning and Ornamental Horticulture, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science, Villányi Str. 35-43, Budapest 1118, Hungary
| | - Katharina J Hoff
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 47, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lars Gabriel
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 47, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Janne Lempe
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D-01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Keilwagen
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, D-06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Berner
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, D-06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Schuster
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D-01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D-01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Wünsche
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Special Crops and Crop Physiology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D-01326, Dresden, Germany
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18
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Peil A, Emeriewen OF, Khan A, Kostick S, Malnoy M. Status of fire blight resistance breeding in Malus. J Plant Pathol 2021; 103:3-12. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s42161-020-00581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
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19
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Emeriewen OF, Flachowsky H, Peil A. Characterization of genomic DNA sequence of the candidate gene for FB_Mfu10 associated with fire blight resistance in Malus species. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:291. [PMID: 34315526 PMCID: PMC8314441 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The proposed candidate gene underlying the Malus fusca fire blight resistance locus on chromosome 10 was previously predicted to possess 880 amino acids and 8 exons. Eight base pair (8 bp) insertion/deletion in the first exon potentially distinguished resistant genotypes from susceptible ones. This study aimed at analyzing the candidate gene sequence in another set of original resistant and susceptible progeny, characterizing the sequence in a transgenic line transformed with the candidate gene under its own native promoter, as well as deciphering the potential genomic differences between this candidate gene and its homolog in the ‘Golden Delicious’ doubled haploid genome (GDDH13). Results Sequences of amplicons of part of the candidate gene amplified in two progenies that showed resistant and susceptible fire blight phenotypes, confirmed the 8 bp insertion that distinguishes susceptible and resistant progenies. The transgenic line was positive for the candidate gene sequence, confirming a successful transfer into the background of apple cultivar ‘Pinova’, and possessed the same genomic sequence as the progeny with a resistant phenotype. Sequence analysis showed that the homolog gene on GDDH13 possesses a significant 18 bp deletion in exon 1 leading to a difference of 15 amino acid from the protein sequence of the candidate gene. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05709-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofere Francis Emeriewen
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research On Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research On Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research On Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
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20
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Schröpfer S, Vogt I, Broggini GAL, Dahl A, Richter K, Hanke MV, Flachowsky H, Peil A. Transcriptional profile of AvrRpt2 EA-mediated resistance and susceptibility response to Erwinia amylovora in apple. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8685. [PMID: 33888770 PMCID: PMC8062453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the commercial apple cultivars are highly susceptible to fire blight, which is the most devastating bacterial disease affecting pome fruits. Resistance to fire blight is described especially in wild Malus accessions such as M. × robusta 5 (Mr5), but the molecular basis of host resistance response to the pathogen Erwinia amylovora is still largely unknown. The bacterial effector protein AvrRpt2EA was found to be the key determinant of resistance response in Mr5. A wild type E. amylovora strain and the corresponding avrRpt2EA deletion mutant were used for inoculation of Mr5 to induce resistance or susceptible response, respectively. By comparison of the transcriptome of both responses, 211 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. We found that heat-shock response including heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs) are activated in apple specifically in the susceptible response, independent of AvrRpt2EA. Further analysis on the expression progress of 81 DEGs by high-throughput real-time qPCR resulted in the identification of genes that were activated after inoculation with E. amylovora. Hence, a potential role of these genes in the resistance to the pathogen is postulated, including genes coding for enzymes involved in formation of flavonoids and terpenoids, ribosome-inactivating enzymes (RIPs) and a squamosa promoter binding-like (SPL) transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Schröpfer
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Isabelle Vogt
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Dahl
- DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Strasse 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany.
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Emeriewen OF, Richter K, Flachowsky H, Malnoy M, Peil A. Genetic Analysis and Fine Mapping of the Fire Blight Resistance Locus of Malus ×arnoldiana on Linkage Group 12 Reveal First Candidate Genes. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:667133. [PMID: 33959143 PMCID: PMC8093435 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.667133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Malus ×arnoldiana accession MAL0004 has been found to be resistant to moderately and highly virulent strains of the fire blight causal pathogen - the Gram-negative bacterium, Erwinia amylovora. Genetic analyses with an F1 segregating population derived from crossing the highly susceptible apple cultivar 'Idared' and MAL0004 led to the detection and mapping of the fire blight resistance locus of M. ×arnoldiana to linkage group (LG)12 (FB_Mar12). FB_Mar12 mapped at the distal end of LG12 below the apple SSR Hi07f01 in an interval of approximately 6 cM (Centimorgan), where both the fire blight resistance loci of M. floribunda 821 and 'Evereste' were located. We fine mapped the region containing FB_Mar12 using 892 progenies. Mining of the region of interest (ROI) on the 'Golden Delicious' doubled haploid genome (GDDH13) identified the presence of 2.3 Mb (megabases) in the homologous region. Of 40 primer pairs designed within this region, 20 were polymorphic and nine were mapped, leading to the identification of 24 significant recombinant individuals whose phenotypes were informative in determining the precise position of the locus within a 0.57 cM interval. Analyses of tightly linked marker sequences on the M. baccata draft genome revealed scaffolds of interest putatively harboring the resistance loci of M. ×arnoldiana, a hybrid between M. baccata and M. floribunda. Open reading frame (ORF) analyses led to the prediction of first fire blight resistance candidate genes with serine/threonine kinase and leucine-rich repeat domains, including homologs of previously identified 'Evereste' candidate genes. We discuss the implications of these results on breeding for resistance to fire blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofere Francis Emeriewen
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
- Ofere Francis Emeriewen,
| | - Klaus Richter
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas Peil,
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22
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Emeriewen OF, Richter K, Berner T, Keilwagen J, Schnable PS, Malnoy M, Peil A. Construction of a dense genetic map of the Malus fusca fire blight resistant accession MAL0045 using tunable genotyping-by-sequencing SNPs and microsatellites. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16358. [PMID: 33005026 PMCID: PMC7529804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although, the Pacific crabapple, Malus fusca, is a hardy and disease resistant species, studies relating to the genetics of its unique traits are very limited partly due to the lack of a genetic map of this interesting wild apple. An accession of M. fusca (MAL0045) of Julius Kühn-Institut collection in Germany is highly resistant to fire blight disease, incited by different strains of the causative pathogen—Erwinia amylovora. This is the most destructive bacterial disease of Malus of which most of the domesticated apples (Malus domestica) are susceptible. Using a scarcely dense genetic map derived from a population of 134 individuals of MAL0045 × ‘Idared’, the locus (Mfu10) controlling fire blight resistance mapped on linkage group 10 (LG10) and explained up to 66% of the phenotypic variance with different strains. Although the development of robust and tightly linked molecular markers on LG10 through chromosome walking approach led to the identification of a major candidate gene, any minor effect locus remained elusive possibly due to the lack of marker density of the entire genetic map. Therefore, we have developed a dense genetic map of M. fusca using tunable genotyping-by-sequencing (tGBS) approach. Of thousands of de novo SNPs identified, 2677 were informative in M. fusca and 90.5% of these successfully mapped. In addition, integration of SNP data and microsatellite (SSR) data resulted in a final map comprising 17 LGs with 613 loci spanning 1081.35 centi Morgan (cM). This map will serve as a template for mapping using different strains of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofere Francis Emeriewen
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Klaus Richter
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Berner
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Jens Keilwagen
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Patrick S Schnable
- Data2Bio LLC, Ames, IA, 50011-3650, USA.,Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, 2035B Carver, Ames, IA, 50011-3650, USA
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1, 38010, San Michele all 'Adige (Trentino), Italy
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany.
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Patocchi A, Wehrli A, Dubuis PH, Auwerkerken A, Leida C, Cipriani G, Passey T, Staples M, Didelot F, Philion V, Peil A, Laszakovits H, Rühmer T, Boeck K, Baniulis D, Strasser K, Vávra R, Guerra W, Masny S, Ruess F, Le Berre F, Nybom H, Tartarini S, Spornberger A, Pikunova A, Bus VGM. Ten Years of VINQUEST: First Insight for Breeding New Apple Cultivars With Durable Apple Scab Resistance. Plant Dis 2020; 104:2074-2081. [PMID: 32525450 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-19-2473-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, is a major fungal disease worldwide. Cultivation of scab-resistant cultivars would reduce the chemical footprint of apple production. However, new apple cultivars carrying durable resistances should be developed to prevent or at least slow the breakdown of resistance against races of V. inaequalis. One way to achieve durable resistance is to pyramid multiple scab resistance genes in a cultivar. The choice of the resistance genes to be combined in the pyramids should take into account the frequency of resistance breakdown and the geographical distribution of apple scab isolates able to cause such breakdowns. In order to acquire this information and to make it available to apple breeders, the VINQUEST project (www.vinquest.ch) was initiated in 2009. Ten years after launching this project, 24 partners from 14 countries regularly contribute data. From 2009 to 2018, nearly 9,000 data points have been collected. This information has been used to identify the most promising apple scab resistance genes for developing cultivars with durable resistance, which to date are: Rvi5, Rvi11, Rvi12, Rvi14, and Rvi15. As expected, Rvi1, together with Rvi3 and Rvi8, were often overcome, and have little value for scab resistance breeding. Rvi10 may also belong to this group. On the other hand, Rvi2, Rvi4, Rvi6, Rvi7, Rvi9, and Rvi13 are still useful for breeding, but their use is recommended only in extended pyramids of ≥3 resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Wehrli
- Agroscope, Breeding Research, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Carmen Leida
- Consorzio Italiano Vivaisti CIV, 44022 San Giuseppe di Comacchio, Italy
| | - Guido Cipriani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Tom Passey
- NIAB EMR, East Malling, West Malling ME19 6BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Staples
- Höhere Bundeslehranstalt und Bundesamt für Wein- und Obstbau Klosterneuburg, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Frédérique Didelot
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Vincent Philion
- Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement, Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, QC J3V 0G7, Canada
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen, Institut für Züchtungsforschung an Obst, 01326 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Rühmer
- Versuchsstation Obst- und Weinbau Haidegg, 8047 Graz, Austria
| | - Klemens Boeck
- Landwirtschaftskammer Tirol, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Danas Baniulis
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, 54333 Babtai, Lithuania
| | | | - Radek Vávra
- Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Holovousy 129, 508 01 Horice, Czech Republic
| | - Walter Guerra
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, 39040 Ora, Italy
| | | | - Franz Ruess
- Staatliche Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt für Wein und Obstbau Weinsberg, 74189 Weinsberg, Germany
| | - Fanny Le Berre
- Station d'études et d'expérimentations fruitières de La Morinière, La Morinière, 37800 Saint Epain, France
| | - Hilde Nybom
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Balsgård, 29194 Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Stefano Tartarini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Anna Pikunova
- VNIISPK - Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding, 302530 Zilina, Russia
| | - Vincent G M Bus
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 4157 Havelock North, New Zealand
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Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules have marked a breakthrough in the field of topological chemistry and boosted the vigorous development of molecular machinery. As an archetypal example of the interlocked molecules, catenanes comprise macrocycles that are threaded through one another like links in a chain. Inspired by the transition metal-templated approach of catenanes synthesis, the hierarchical assembly of DNA origami catenanes templated by gold nanoparticles is demonstrated in this work. DNA origami catenanes, which contain two, three or four interlocked rings are successfully created. In particular, the origami rings within the individual catenanes can be set free with respect to one another by releasing the interconnecting gold nanoparticles. This work will set the basis for rich progress toward DNA-based molecular architectures with unique structural programmability and well-defined topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Peil
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pengfei Zhan
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Na Liu
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Peil A, Hübert C, Wensing A, Horner M, Emeriewen OF, Richter K, Wöhner T, Chagné D, Orellana-Torrejon C, Saeed M, Troggio M, Stefani E, Gardiner SE, Hanke MV, Flachowsky H, Bus VG. Mapping of fire blight resistance in Malus ×robusta 5 flowers following artificial inoculation. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:532. [PMID: 31791233 PMCID: PMC6889339 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the most common path of infection for fire blight, a severe bacterial disease on apple, is via host plant flowers, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for fire blight resistance to date have exclusively been mapped following shoot inoculation. It is not known whether the same mechanism underlies flower and shoot resistance. RESULTS We report the detection of a fire blight resistance QTL following independent artificial inoculation of flowers and shoots on two F1 segregating populations derived from crossing resistant Malus ×robusta 5 (Mr5) with susceptible 'Idared' and 'Royal Gala' in experimental orchards in Germany and New Zealand, respectively. QTL mapping of phenotypic datasets from artificial flower inoculation of the 'Idared' × Mr5 population with Erwinia amylovora over several years, and of the 'Royal Gala' × Mr5 population in a single year, revealed a single major QTL controlling floral fire blight resistance on linkage group 3 (LG3) of Mr5. This QTL corresponds to the QTL on LG3 reported previously for the 'Idared' × Mr5 and an 'M9' × Mr5 population following shoot inoculation in the glasshouse. Interval mapping of phenotypic data from shoot inoculations of subsets from both flower resistance populations re-confirmed that the resistance QTL is in the same position on LG3 of Mr5 as that for flower inoculation. These results provide strong evidence that fire blight resistance in Mr5 is controlled by a major QTL on LG3, independently of the mode of infection, rootstock and environment. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that resistance to fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora is independent of the mode of inoculation at least in Malus ×robusta 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christine Hübert
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Schwabenheimer str. 101, 69221 Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Annette Wensing
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Schwabenheimer str. 101, 69221 Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Mary Horner
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Hawke’s Bay Research Centre, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North, 4157 New Zealand
| | - Ofere Francis Emeriewen
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wöhner
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Chagné
- PFR, Palmerston North Research Centre, Private Bag 1600, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | | | - Munazza Saeed
- PFR, Palmerston North Research Centre, Private Bag 1600, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Michela Troggio
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Erika Stefani
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Susan E. Gardiner
- PFR, Palmerston North Research Centre, Private Bag 1600, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vincent G.M. Bus
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Hawke’s Bay Research Centre, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North, 4157 New Zealand
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Bartho JD, Demitri N, Bellini D, Flachowsky H, Peil A, Walsh MA, Benini S. The structure of Erwinia amylovora AvrRpt2 provides insight into protein maturation and induced resistance to fire blight by Malus × robusta 5. J Struct Biol 2019; 206:233-242. [PMID: 30928616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The AvrRpt2 protein of the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora (AvrRpt2EA) is a secreted type III effector protein, which is recognised by the FB_MR5 resistance protein of Malus × robusta 5, the only identified resistance protein from a Malus species preventing E. amylovora infection. The crystal structure of the immature catalytic domain of AvrRpt2EA, a C70 family cysteine protease and type III effector, was determined to a resolution of 1.85 Å. The structure provides insights into the cyclophilin-dependent activation of AvrRpt2, and identifies a cryptic leucine of a non-canonical cyclophilin binding motif. The structure also suggests that residue Cys156, responsible for the gene induced resistance, is not involved in substrate determination, and hints that recognition by FB_MR5 is due to direct interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Bartho
- Bioorganic Chemistry and Bio-Crystallography Laboratory (B(2)Cl), Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Dom Bellini
- Diamond Light Source LTD, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D-01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D-01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin A Walsh
- Diamond Light Source LTD, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Benini
- Bioorganic Chemistry and Bio-Crystallography Laboratory (B(2)Cl), Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
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Emeriewen OF, Wöhner T, Flachowsky H, Peil A. Malus Hosts- Erwinia amylovora Interactions: Strain Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:551. [PMID: 31105734 PMCID: PMC6499002 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium, Erwinia amylovora, deposits effector proteins such as AvrRpt2EA into hosts through the type III secretion pathogenicity island to cause fire blight in susceptible Malus genotypes. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the AvrRpt2EA effector plays a key role in pathogen virulence on Malus hosts by exchanging one cysteine to serine in the effector protein sequence. Fire blight resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected in a few apple cultivars and wild Malus genotypes with the resistance of wild apples generally found to be stronger than their domestic relatives. The only candidate and functionally analyzed fire blight resistance genes proposed are from wild apple genotypes. Nevertheless, the aforementioned AvrRpt2EA SNP and a couple of effector mutants of E. amylovora are responsible for the breakdown of resistance from a few Malus donors including detected QTLs and underlying R-genes. This review summarizes a key finding related to the molecular basis underpinning an aspect of virulence of E. amylovora on Malus genotypes, as well as mechanisms of host recognition and specificity, and their implications on the results of genetic mapping and phenotypic studies within the last 5-6 years. Although the knowledge gained has improved our understanding of the Malus-E. amylovora system, more research is required to fully grasp the resistance mechanisms in this genus especially as they pertain to direct interactions with pathogen effectors.
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Laurens F, Aranzana MJ, Arus P, Bassi D, Bink M, Bonany J, Caprera A, Corelli-Grappadelli L, Costes E, Durel CE, Mauroux JB, Muranty H, Nazzicari N, Pascal T, Patocchi A, Peil A, Quilot-Turion B, Rossini L, Stella A, Troggio M, Velasco R, van de Weg E. An integrated approach for increasing breeding efficiency in apple and peach in Europe. Hortic Res 2018; 5:11. [PMID: 29507735 PMCID: PMC5830435 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of whole genome sequences of apple and peach, there has been a considerable gap between genomics and breeding. To bridge the gap, the European Union funded the FruitBreedomics project (March 2011 to August 2015) involving 28 research institutes and private companies. Three complementary approaches were pursued: (i) tool and software development, (ii) deciphering genetic control of main horticultural traits taking into account allelic diversity and (iii) developing plant materials, tools and methodologies for breeders. Decisive breakthroughs were made including the making available of ready-to-go DNA diagnostic tests for Marker Assisted Breeding, development of new, dense SNP arrays in apple and peach, new phenotypic methods for some complex traits, software for gene/QTL discovery on breeding germplasm via Pedigree Based Analysis (PBA). This resulted in the discovery of highly predictive molecular markers for traits of horticultural interest via PBA and via Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) on several European genebank collections. FruitBreedomics also developed pre-breeding plant materials in which multiple sources of resistance were pyramided and software that can support breeders in their selection activities. Through FruitBreedomics, significant progresses were made in the field of apple and peach breeding, genetics, genomics and bioinformatics of which advantage will be made by breeders, germplasm curators and scientists. A major part of the data collected during the project has been stored in the FruitBreedomics database and has been made available to the public. This review covers the scientific discoveries made in this major endeavour, and perspective in the apple and peach breeding and genomics in Europe and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Laurens
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Université Bretagne Loire, 42 rue Georges Morel, Beaucouzé, 49071 France
| | - Maria José Aranzana
- IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Pere Arus
- IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniele Bassi
- Università degli Studi di Milano - DiSAA, Via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133 Italy
| | - Marco Bink
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB The Netherlands
- Present Address: Hendrix Genetics Research, Technology & Services, Boxmeer, 5830 AC The Netherlands
| | - Joan Bonany
- IRTA-Mas Badia, Mas Badia, La Tallada, 17134 Spain
| | - Andrea Caprera
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Via Einstein, Loc. Cascina Codazza, Lodi, 26900 Italy
| | | | | | - Charles-Eric Durel
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Université Bretagne Loire, 42 rue Georges Morel, Beaucouzé, 49071 France
| | | | - Hélène Muranty
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Université Bretagne Loire, 42 rue Georges Morel, Beaucouzé, 49071 France
| | - Nelson Nazzicari
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Via Einstein, Loc. Cascina Codazza, Lodi, 26900 Italy
| | | | - Andrea Patocchi
- Agroscope, Research Division Plant Breeding, Schloss 1, Wädenswil, 8820 Switzerland
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI); Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, Dresden, 01326 Germany
| | | | - Laura Rossini
- Università degli Studi di Milano - DiSAA, Via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133 Italy
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Via Einstein, Loc. Cascina Codazza, Lodi, 26900 Italy
| | - Alessandra Stella
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Via Einstein, Loc. Cascina Codazza, Lodi, 26900 Italy
| | - Michela Troggio
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
- CREA-VE, Center of Viticulture and Enology, via XXVIII Aprile 26, Conegliano (TV), 31015 Italy
| | - Eric van de Weg
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, P.O.Box 386, Wageningen, 6700AJ The Netherlands
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Emeriewen OF, Richter K, Piazza S, Micheletti D, Broggini GAL, Berner T, Keilwagen J, Hanke MV, Malnoy M, Peil A. Towards map-based cloning of FB_Mfu10: identification of a receptor-like kinase candidate gene underlying the Malus fusca fire blight resistance locus on linkage group 10. Mol Breed 2018; 38:106. [PMID: 30174538 PMCID: PMC6096517 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-018-0863-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Breeding for resistance against the destructive fire blight disease of apples is the most sustainable strategy to control the menace of this disease, and has become increasingly important in European apple breeding programs. Since most cultivars are susceptible, wild accessions have been explored for resistance with quantitative trait loci detected in a few wild species. Fire blight resistance of Malus fusca was described following phenotypic evaluations with a C-type strain of Erwinia amylovora, Ea222_JKI, and the detection of a major QTL on chromosome 10 (Mfu10) of this crabapple. The stability of the resistance of M. fusca and Mfu10 has been evaluated using two other strains, the highly aggressive Canadian S-type strain-Ea3049, and the avrRpt2EA mutant-ZYRKD3-1, both of which overcome the resistance of Malus ×robusta 5, a wild species accession with an already described fire blight resistance gene. To pave the way for positional cloning of the underlying fire blight resistance gene of M. fusca, we have fine mapped the QTL region on linkage group 10 using 1888 individuals and 23 newly developed molecular markers, thus delimiting the interval of interest to 0.33 cM between markers FR39G5T7xT7y/FR24N24RP and FRMf7358424/FR46H22. Tightly linked SSR markers are suitable for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs. Furthermore, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone spanning FB_Mfu10 region was isolated and sequenced. One putative fire blight resistance candidate gene of M. fusca was predicted on the sequence of BAC 46H22 within the resistance region that encodes B-lectin and serine/threonine kinase domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofere Francis Emeriewen
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Piazza
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all ‘Adige, Italy
| | - Diego Micheletti
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all ‘Adige, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Berner
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Jens Keilwagen
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all ‘Adige, Italy
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
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Hutabarat OS, Flachowsky H, Regos I, Miosic S, Kaufmann C, Faramarzi S, Alam MZ, Gosch C, Peil A, Richter K, Hanke MV, Treutter D, Stich K, Halbwirth H. Transgenic apple plants overexpressing the chalcone 3-hydroxylase gene of Cosmos sulphureus show increased levels of 3-hydroxyphloridzin and reduced susceptibility to apple scab and fire blight. Planta 2016; 243:1213-24. [PMID: 26895335 PMCID: PMC4837221 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Overexpression of chalcone-3-hydroxylase provokes increased accumulation of 3-hydroxyphloridzin in Malus . Decreased flavonoid concentrations but unchanged flavonoid class composition were observed. The increased 3-hydroxyphlorizin contents correlate well with reduced susceptibility to fire blight and scab. The involvement of dihydrochalcones in the apple defence mechanism against pathogens is discussed but unknown biosynthetic steps in their formation hamper studies on their physiological relevance. The formation of 3-hydroxyphloretin is one of the gaps in the pathway. Polyphenol oxidases and cytochrome P450 dependent enzymes could be involved. Hydroxylation of phloretin in position 3 has high similarity to the B-ring hydroxylation of flavonoids catalysed by the well-known flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H). Using recombinant F3'H and chalcone 3-hydroxylase (CH3H) from Cosmos sulphureus we show that F3'H and CH3H accept phloretin to some extent but higher conversion rates are obtained with CH3H. To test whether CH3H catalyzes the hydroxylation of dihydrochalcones in planta and if this could be of physiological relevance, we created transgenic apple trees harbouring CH3H from C. sulphureus. The three transgenic lines obtained showed lower polyphenol concentrations but no shift between the main polyphenol classes dihydrochalcones, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavan 3-ols. Increase of 3-hydroxyphloridzin within the dihydrochalcones and of epicatechin/catechin within soluble flavan 3-ols were observed. Decreased activity of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase could partially explain the lower polyphenol concentrations. In comparison to the parent line, the transgenic CH3H-lines showed a lower disease susceptibility to fire blight and apple scab that correlated with the increased 3-hydroxyphlorizin contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olly Sanny Hutabarat
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute of Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ionela Regos
- Unit of Fruit Science, Technical University of Munich, Dürnast 2, 85350, Freising, Germany
| | - Silvija Miosic
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Kaufmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shadab Faramarzi
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohammed Zobayer Alam
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Gosch
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Peil
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute of Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn-Institut, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute of Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dieter Treutter
- Unit of Fruit Science, Technical University of Munich, Dürnast 2, 85350, Freising, Germany
| | - Karl Stich
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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31
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Würdig J, Flachowsky H, Höfer M, Peil A, Ali MAMSE, Hanke MV. Corrigendum to: “Phenotypic and genetic analysis of the German Malus Germplasm Collection in terms of type 1 and type 2 red-fleshed apples” [Gene 2014; 544/2:198–207]. Gene X 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Weigl K, Wenzel S, Flachowsky H, Peil A, Hanke MV. Integration of BpMADS4 on various linkage groups improves the utilization of the rapid cycle breeding system in apple. Plant Biotechnol J 2015; 13:246-58. [PMID: 25370729 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapid cycle breeding in apple is a new approach for the rapid introgression of agronomically relevant traits (e.g. disease resistances) from wild apple species into domestic apple cultivars (Malus × domestica Borkh.). This technique drastically shortens the long-lasting juvenile phase of apple. The utilization of early-flowering apple lines overexpressing the BpMADS4 gene of the European silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) in hybridization resulted in one breeding cycle per year. Aiming for the selection of non-transgenic null segregants at the end of the breeding process, the flower-inducing transgene and the gene of interest (e.g. resistance gene) that will be introgressed by hybridization need to be located on different chromosomes. To improve the flexibility of the existing approach in apple, this study was focused on the development and characterization of eleven additional BpMADS4 overexpressing lines of four different apple cultivars. In nine lines, the flowering gene was mapped to different linkage groups. The differences in introgressed T-DNA sequences and plant genome deletions post-transformation highlighted the unique molecular character of each line. However, transgenic lines demonstrated no significant differences in flower organ development and pollen functionality compared with non-transgenic plants. Hybridization studies using pollen from the fire blight-resistant wild species accession Malus fusca MAL0045 and the apple scab-resistant cultivar 'Regia' indicated that BpMADS4 introgression had no significant effect on the breeding value of each transgenic line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Weigl
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
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Broggini GAL, Wöhner T, Fahrentrapp J, Kost TD, Flachowsky H, Peil A, Hanke MV, Richter K, Patocchi A, Gessler C. Engineering fire blight resistance into the apple cultivar 'Gala' using the FB_MR5 CC-NBS-LRR resistance gene of Malus × robusta 5. Plant Biotechnol J 2014; 12:728-33. [PMID: 24618178 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The fire blight susceptible apple cultivar Malus × domestica Borkh. cv. 'Gala' was transformed with the candidate fire blight resistance gene FB_MR5 originating from the crab apple accession Malus × robusta 5 (Mr5). A total of five different transgenic lines were obtained. All transgenic lines were shown to be stably transformed and originate from different transgenic events. The transgenic lines express the FB_MR5 either driven by the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter and the ocs terminator or by its native promoter and terminator sequences. Phenotyping experiments were performed with Mr5-virulent and Mr5-avirulent strains of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight. Significantly less disease symptoms were detected on transgenic lines after inoculation with two different Mr5-avirulent E. amylovora strains, while significantly more shoot necrosis was observed after inoculation with the Mr5-virulent mutant strain ZYRKD3_1. The results of these experiments demonstrated the ability of a single gene isolated from the native gene pool of apple to protect a susceptible cultivar from fire blight. Furthermore, this gene is confirmed to be the resistance determinant of Mr5 as the transformed lines undergo the same gene-for-gene interaction in the host-pathogen relationship Mr5-E. amylovora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A L Broggini
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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34
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Würdig J, Flachowsky H, Höfer M, Peil A, Eldin Ali MAMS, Hanke MV. Phenotypic and genetic analysis of the German Malus Germplasm Collection in terms of type 1 and type 2 red-fleshed apples. Gene 2014; 544:198-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Bink MCAM, Jansen J, Madduri M, Voorrips RE, Durel CE, Kouassi AB, Laurens F, Mathis F, Gessler C, Gobbin D, Rezzonico F, Patocchi A, Kellerhals M, Boudichevskaia A, Dunemann F, Peil A, Nowicka A, Lata B, Stankiewicz-Kosyl M, Jeziorek K, Pitera E, Soska A, Tomala K, Evans KM, Fernández-Fernández F, Guerra W, Korbin M, Keller S, Lewandowski M, Plocharski W, Rutkowski K, Zurawicz E, Costa F, Sansavini S, Tartarini S, Komjanc M, Mott D, Antofie A, Lateur M, Rondia A, Gianfranceschi L, van de Weg WE. Bayesian QTL analyses using pedigreed families of an outcrossing species, with application to fruit firmness in apple. Theor Appl Genet 2014; 127:1073-90. [PMID: 24567047 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-014-2281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Proof of concept of Bayesian integrated QTL analyses across pedigree-related families from breeding programs of an outbreeding species. Results include QTL confidence intervals, individuals' genotype probabilities and genomic breeding values. Bayesian QTL linkage mapping approaches offer the flexibility to study multiple full sib families with known pedigrees simultaneously. Such a joint analysis increases the probability of detecting these quantitative trait loci (QTL) and provide insight of the magnitude of QTL across different genetic backgrounds. Here, we present an improved Bayesian multi-QTL pedigree-based approach on an outcrossing species using progenies with different (complex) genetic relationships. Different modeling assumptions were studied in the QTL analyses, i.e., the a priori expected number of QTL varied and polygenic effects were considered. The inferences include number of QTL, additive QTL effect sizes and supporting credible intervals, posterior probabilities of QTL genotypes for all individuals in the dataset, and QTL-based as well as genome-wide breeding values. All these features have been implemented in the FlexQTL(™) software. We analyzed fruit firmness in a large apple dataset that comprised 1,347 individuals forming 27 full sib families and their known ancestral pedigrees, with genotypes for 87 SSR markers on 17 chromosomes. We report strong or positive evidence for 14 QTL for fruit firmness on eight chromosomes, validating our approach as several of these QTL were reported previously, though dispersed over a series of studies based on single mapping populations. Interpretation of linked QTL was possible via individuals' QTL genotypes. The correlation between the genomic breeding values and phenotypes was on average 90 %, but varied with the number of detected QTL in a family. The detailed posterior knowledge on QTL of potential parents is critical for the efficiency of marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C A M Bink
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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36
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Vogt I, Wöhner T, Richter K, Flachowsky H, Sundin GW, Wensing A, Savory EA, Geider K, Day B, Hanke MV, Peil A. Gene-for-gene relationship in the host-pathogen system Malus × robusta 5-Erwinia amylovora. New Phytol 2013; 197:1262-1275. [PMID: 23301854 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fire blight is a destructive bacterial disease caused by Erwinia amylovora affecting plants in the family Rosaceae, including apple. Host resistance to fire blight is present mainly in accessions of Malus spp. and is thought to be quantitative in this pathosystem. In this study we analyzed the importance of the E. amylovora effector avrRpt2(EA) , a homolog of Pseudomonas syringae avrRpt2, for resistance of Malus × robusta 5 (Mr5). The deletion mutant E. amylovora Ea1189ΔavrRpt2(EA) was able to overcome the fire blight resistance of Mr5. One single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), resulting in an exchange of cysteine to serine in the encoded protein, was detected in avrRpt2(EA) of several Erwinia strains differing in virulence to Mr5. E. amylovora strains encoding serine (S-allele) were able to overcome resistance of Mr5, whereas strains encoding cysteine (C-allele) were not. Allele specificity was also observed in a coexpression assay with Arabidopsis thaliana RIN4 in Nicotiana benthamiana. A homolog of RIN4 has been detected and isolated in Mr5. These results suggest a system similar to the interaction of RPS2 from A. thaliana and AvrRpt2 from P. syringae with RIN4 as guard. Our data are suggestive of a gene-for-gene relationship for the host-pathogen system Mr5 and E. amylovora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Vogt
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D-01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Wöhner
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D-01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D-01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - George W Sundin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Annette Wensing
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Schwabenheimer Straße101, 69221, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Savory
- Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Klaus Geider
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Schwabenheimer Straße101, 69221, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D-01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D-01326, Dresden, Germany
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Flachowsky H, Szankowski I, Waidmann S, Peil A, Tränkner C, Hanke MV. The MdTFL1 gene of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) reduces vegetative growth and generation time. Tree Physiol 2012; 32:1288-301. [PMID: 23022687 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
TFL1 is known as a floral repressor in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. In apple there are two TFL1 homologs, MdTFL1-1 and MdTFL1-2. The MdTFL1-1 gene was silenced in transgenic clones expressing a hairpin gene construct of a 323 bp fragment of MdTFL1-1. The hairpin gene construct was transferred to three different apple genotypes. Of 22 transgenic clones, 21 showed a significant reduction in MdTFL1-1 mRNA expression. Precocious flowering was obtained for 20 clones, which flowered already during in vitro cultivation. Nineteen clones could successfully be transferred to the greenhouse where 18 of them flowered within a few weeks followed by the death or at least a strongly inhibited vegetative growth of the plant. Most of the transgenic flowers developed abnormally. Results obtained on greenhouse-grown plants of the transgenic clones and transgenic seedlings clearly demonstrated the major role of MdTFL1 genes in maintaining the vegetative growth as prerequisite for a perennial lifecycle. It was shown that MdTFL1 dsRNAi promotes a life history similar to annual plants. Preliminary results obtained from grafting experiments with non-transgenic scions grafted onto MdTFL1 dsRNAi transgenic rootstocks indicated that the flower-inducing signal obtained after silencing of MdTFL1 genes seems not to be graft-transmissible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn-Institute - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D-01326 Dresden, Germany
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Chizzali C, Khalil MNA, Beuerle T, Schuehly W, Richter K, Flachowsky H, Peil A, Hanke MV, Liu B, Beerhues L. Formation of biphenyl and dibenzofuran phytoalexins in the transition zones of fire blight-infected stems of Malus domestica cv. 'Holsteiner Cox' and Pyrus communis cv. 'Conference'. Phytochemistry 2012; 77:179-85. [PMID: 22377689 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the rosaceous subtribe Pyrinae (formerly subfamily Maloideae), pathogen attack leads to formation of biphenyls and dibenzofurans. Accumulation of these phytoalexins was studied in greenhouse-grown grafted shoots of Malus domestica cv. 'Holsteiner Cox' and Pyrus communis cv. 'Conference' after inoculation with the fire blight bacterium, Erwinia amylovora. No phytoalexins were found in leaves. However, both classes of defence compounds were detected in the transition zone of stems. The flanking stem segments above and below this zone, which were necrotic and healthy, respectively, were devoid of detectable phytoalexins. The transition zone of apple stems contained the biphenyls 3-hydroxy-5-methoxyaucuparin, aucuparin, noraucuparin and 2'-hydroxyaucuparin and the dibenzofurans eriobofuran and noreriobofuran. In pear, aucuparin, 2'-hydroxyaucuparin, noreriobofuran and in addition 3,4,5-trimethoxybiphenyl were detected. The total phytoalexin content in the transition zone of pear was 25 times lower than that in apple. Leaves and stems of mock-inoculated apple and pear shoots lacked phytoalexins. A number of biphenyls and dibenzofurans were tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity against some Erwinia amylovora strains. The most efficient compound was 3,5-dihydroxybiphenyl (MIC=115 μg/ml), the immediate product of biphenyl synthase which initiates phytoalexin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Chizzali
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Gardiner SE, Norelli JL, Silva ND, Fazio G, Peil A, Malnoy M, Horner M, Bowatte D, Carlisle C, Wiedow C, Wan Y, Bassett CL, Baldo AM, Celton JM, Richter K, Aldwinckle HS, Bus VGM. Putative resistance gene markers associated with quantitative trait loci for fire blight resistance in Malus 'Robusta 5' accessions. BMC Genet 2012; 13:25. [PMID: 22471693 PMCID: PMC3443455 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-13-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breeding of fire blight resistant scions and rootstocks is a goal of several international apple breeding programs, as options are limited for management of this destructive disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora. A broad, large-effect quantitative trait locus (QTL) for fire blight resistance has been reported on linkage group 3 of Malus 'Robusta 5'. In this study we identified markers derived from putative fire blight resistance genes associated with the QTL by integrating further genetic mapping studies with bioinformatics analysis of transcript profiling data and genome sequence databases. RESULTS When several defined E.amylovora strains were used to inoculate three progenies from international breeding programs, all with 'Robusta 5' as a common parent, two distinct QTLs were detected on linkage group 3, where only one had previously been mapped. In the New Zealand 'Malling 9' X 'Robusta 5' population inoculated with E. amylovora ICMP11176, the proximal QTL co-located with SNP markers derived from a leucine-rich repeat, receptor-like protein (MxdRLP1) and a closely linked class 3 peroxidase gene. While the QTL detected in the German 'Idared' X 'Robusta 5' population inoculated with E. amylovora strains Ea222_JKI or ICMP11176 was approximately 6 cM distal to this, directly below a SNP marker derived from a heat shock 90 family protein gene (HSP90). In the US 'Otawa3' X 'Robusta5' population inoculated with E. amylovora strains Ea273 or E2002a, the position of the LOD score peak on linkage group 3 was dependent upon the pathogen strains used for inoculation. One of the five MxdRLP1 alleles identified in fire blight resistant and susceptible cultivars was genetically associated with resistance and used to develop a high resolution melting PCR marker. A resistance QTL detected on linkage group 7 of the US population co-located with another HSP90 gene-family member and a WRKY transcription factor previously associated with fire blight resistance. However, this QTL was not observed in the New Zealand or German populations. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the upper region of 'Robusta 5' linkage group 3 contains multiple genes contributing to fire blight resistance and that their contributions to resistance can vary depending upon pathogen virulence and other factors. Mapping markers derived from putative fire blight resistance genes has proved a useful aid in defining these QTLs and developing markers for marker-assisted breeding of fire blight resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Gardiner
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR) Palmerston North, Private Bag 11600, Manawatu Mail Centre, 4442, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John L Norelli
- USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Rd., Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
| | - Nihal de Silva
- PFR Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, 1142, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gennaro Fazio
- USDA-ARS, Plant Genetic Resources Unit, 630W. North St., Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, D-01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Foundation E. Mach - Istituto Agrario San Michele all'Adige, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Mary Horner
- PFR Hawke’s Bay, Private Bag 1401, 4157, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Deepa Bowatte
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR) Palmerston North, Private Bag 11600, Manawatu Mail Centre, 4442, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Charmaine Carlisle
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR) Palmerston North, Private Bag 11600, Manawatu Mail Centre, 4442, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Claudia Wiedow
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR) Palmerston North, Private Bag 11600, Manawatu Mail Centre, 4442, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yizhen Wan
- Apple Research Center, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Carole L Bassett
- USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Rd., Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
| | - Angela M Baldo
- USDA-ARS, Plant Genetic Resources Unit, 630W. North St., Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Celton
- UMR Génétique et Horticulture (GenHort), INRA ⁄ Agrocampus-ouest ⁄ Université d’Angers, Centre Angers-Nantes, 42 rue Georges Morel – BP 60057, 49071, Beaucouze´ Cedex, France
| | - Klaus Richter
- JKI, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, D-06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Herb S Aldwinckle
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, 630W. North St., Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Vincent GM Bus
- PFR Hawke’s Bay, Private Bag 1401, 4157, Havelock North, New Zealand
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Schäfer T, Hanke MV, Flachowsky H, König S, Peil A, Kaldorf M, Polle A, Buscot F. Chitinase activities, scab resistance, mycorrhization rates and biomass of own-rooted and grafted transgenic apple. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:466-73. [PMID: 22888297 PMCID: PMC3389536 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012000300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of constitutively expressed Trichoderma atroviride genes encoding exochitinase nag70 or endochitinase ech42 in transgenic lines of the apple cultivar Pinova on the symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We compared the exo- and endochitinase activities of leaves and roots from non-transgenic Pinova and the transgenic lines T386 and T389. Local and systemic effects were examined using own-rooted trees and trees grafted onto rootstock M9. Scab susceptibility was also assessed in own-rooted and grafted trees. AMF root colonization was assessed microscopically in the roots of apple trees cultivated in pots with artificial substrate and inoculated with the AMF Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae. Own-rooted transgenic lines had significantly higher chitinase activities in their leaves and roots compared to non-transgenic Pinova. Both of the own-rooted transgenic lines showed significantly fewer symptoms of scab infection as well as significantly lower root colonization by AMF. Biomass production was significantly reduced in both own-rooted transgenic lines. Rootstock M9 influenced chitinase activities in the leaves of grafted scions. When grafted onto M9, the leaf chitinase activities of non-transgenic Pinova (M9/Pinova) and transgenic lines (M9/T386 and M9/T389) were not as different as when grown on their own roots. M9/T386 and M9/T389 were only temporarily less infected by scab than M9/Pinova. M9/T386 and M9/T389 did not differ significantly from M9/Pinova in their root chitinase activities, AMF root colonization and biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Schäfer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Faculty of Biological Science, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan König
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Kaldorf
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Faculty of Biological Science, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Faculty of Biological Science, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany
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Chizzali C, Gaid MM, Belkheir AK, Hänsch R, Richter K, Flachowsky H, Peil A, Hanke MV, Liu B, Beerhues L. Differential expression of biphenyl synthase gene family members in fire-blight-infected apple 'Holsteiner Cox'. Plant Physiol 2012; 158:864-75. [PMID: 22158676 PMCID: PMC3271774 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.190918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is a devastating disease of apple (Malus × domestica). The phytoalexins of apple are biphenyls and dibenzofurans, whose carbon skeleton is formed by biphenyl synthase (BIS), a type III polyketide synthase. In the recently published genome sequence of apple 'Golden Delicious', nine BIS genes and four BIS gene fragments were detected. The nine genes fall into four subfamilies, referred to as MdBIS1 to MdBIS4. In a phylogenetic tree, the BIS amino acid sequences from apple and Sorbus aucuparia formed an individual cluster within the clade of the functionally diverse type III polyketide synthases. cDNAs encoding MdBIS1 to MdBIS4 were cloned from fire-blight-infected shoots of apple 'Holsteiner Cox,' heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and functionally analyzed. Benzoyl-coenzyme A and salicoyl-coenzyme A were the preferred starter substrates. In response to inoculation with E. amylovora, the BIS3 gene was expressed in stems of cv Holsteiner Cox, with highest transcript levels in the transition zone between necrotic and healthy tissues. The transition zone was the accumulation site of biphenyl and dibenzofuran phytoalexins. Leaves contained transcripts for BIS2 but failed to form immunodetectable amounts of BIS protein. In cell cultures of apple 'Cox Orange,' expression of the BIS1 to BIS3 genes was observed after the addition of an autoclaved E. amylovora suspension. Using immunofluorescence localization under a confocal laser-scanning microscope, the BIS3 protein in the transition zone of stems was detected in the parenchyma of the bark. Dot-shaped immunofluorescence was confined to the junctions between neighboring cortical parenchyma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ludger Beerhues
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie (C.C., M.M.G., A.K.B., B.L., L.B.) and Institut für Pflanzenbiologie (R.H.), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Julius Kühn-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen, Institut für Resistenzforschung und Stresstoleranz, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany (K.R.); Julius Kühn-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen, Institut für Züchtungsforschung an gartenbaulichen Kulturen und Obst, 01326 Dresden-Pillnitz, Germany (H.F., A.P., M.-V.H.)
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Schäfer T, Flachowsky H, König S, Hempel S, Wubet T, Peil A, Kaldorf M, Hanke MV, Buscot F. Mycorrhization of transgenic apple trees with increased resistance against fungal pathogens. BMC Proc 2011. [PMCID: PMC3239928 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s7-o55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Flachowsky H, Le Roux PM, Peil A, Patocchi A, Richter K, Hanke MV. Application of a high-speed breeding technology to apple (Malus × domestica) based on transgenic early flowering plants and marker-assisted selection. New Phytol 2011; 192:364-77. [PMID: 21736565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Breeding of apple (Malus × domestica) remains a slow process because of protracted generation cycles. Shortening the juvenile phase to achieve the introgression of traits from wild species into prebreeding material within a reasonable time frame is a great challenge. In this study, we evaluated early flowering transgenic apple lines overexpressing the BpMADS4 gene of silver birch with regard to tree morphology in glasshouse conditions. Based on the results obtained, line T1190 was selected for further analysis and application to fast breeding. The DNA sequences flanking the T-DNA were isolated and the T-DNA integration site was mapped on linkage group 4. The inheritance and correctness of the T-DNA integration were confirmed after meiosis. A crossbred breeding programme was initiated by crossing T1190 with the fire blight-resistant wild species Malus fusca. Transgenic early flowering F(1) seedlings were selected and backcrossed with 'Regia' and 98/6-10 in order to introgress the apple scab Rvi2, Rvi4 and powdery mildew Pl-1, Pl-2 resistance genes and the fire blight resistance quantitative trait locus FB-F7 present in 'Regia'. Three transgenic BC'1 seedlings pyramiding Rvi2, Rvi4 and FB-F7, as well as three other BC'1 seedlings combining Pl-1 and Pl-2, were identified. Thus, the first transgenic early flowering-based apple breeding programme combined with marker-assisted selection was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Flachowsky
- Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
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Fahrentrapp J, Broggini G, Gessler C, Peil A, Kellerhals M, Malnoy M, Richter K. FINE MAPPING OF FIRE BLIGHT RESISTANCE LOCUS IN MALUS × ROBUSTA 5 ON LINKAGE GROUP 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2011.896.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Flachowsky H, Szankowski I, Fischer TC, Richter K, Peil A, Höfer M, Dörschel C, Schmoock S, Gau AE, Halbwirth H, Hanke MV. Transgenic apple plants overexpressing the Lc gene of maize show an altered growth habit and increased resistance to apple scab and fire blight. Planta 2010; 231:623-35. [PMID: 19967387 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic apple plants (Malus x domestica cv. 'Holsteiner Cox') overexpressing the Leaf Colour (Lc) gene from maize (Zea mays) exhibit strongly increased production of anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols (catechins, proanthocyanidins). Greenhouse plants investigated in this study exhibit altered phenotypes with regard to growth habit and resistance traits. Lc-transgenic plants show reduced size, transversal gravitropism of lateral shoots, reduced trichome development, and frequently reduced shoot diameter and abnormal leaf development with fused leaves. Such phenotypes seem to be in accordance with a direct or an indirect effect on polar-auxin-transport in the transgenic plants. Furthermore, leaves often develop necrotic lesions resembling hypersensitive response lesions. In tests, higher resistance against fire blight (caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora) and against scab (caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis) is observed. These phenotypes are discussed with respect to the underlying altered physiology of the Lc-transgenic plants. The results are expected to be considered in apple breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Flachowsky
- Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
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Flachowsky H, Hättasch C, Höfer M, Peil A, Hanke MV. Overexpression of LEAFY in apple leads to a columnar phenotype with shorter internodes. Planta 2010; 231:251-263. [PMID: 19902244 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To break the juvenile stage of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) we transferred the LFY gene of Arabidopsis into the genome of the apple cv. 'Pinova'. A total of five transgenic clones constitutively overexpressing the LFY gene were obtained. Approximately, 20 shoots of each clone were rooted and transferred to the glasshouse. No flowers were obtained on transgenic plants during the first 2 years of cultivation. Evaluation of the expression of possible LFY targets revealed that no transcripts could be detected for MdAP1-1 and MdAP1-2. MdTFL1 was unaffected. Based on the absence of the LFY core-binding sequence within promoter sequences of MdAP1-1 and MdAP1-2, it was concluded that LFY was not able to induce these genes. The LFY genes of apple were unaffected in transgenic plants and sequence alignments of the C-terminal amino acid sequence showed a high conservation of these proteins. A change in binding ability to DNA can therefore be excluded. Instead of early flowering, the transgenic plants showed an altered phenotype, which is similar to the columnar phenotype of the 'McIntosh Wijcik' mutant of apple. The transgenic plants showed shortened internodes and a significantly reduced length of the regrowing shoot. A negative correlation was observed between the length of the regrowing shoot and the LFY mRNA transcript level. Furthermore, the LFY transgenic apple plants showed an increased shoot diameter at node 20, which was positively correlated with the LFY mRNA transcript level. Based on our results, we assume an alternative role of LFY in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Flachowsky
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
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Peil A, Flachowsky H, Schumann E, Weber WE. Sex-linked AFLP markers indicate a pseudoautosomal region in hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.). Theor Appl Genet 2003; 107:102-9. [PMID: 12835935 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2002] [Accepted: 11/18/2002] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In dioecious plants of hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.), males are regarded as heterogametic XY and females as homogametic XX, although it is difficult to discriminate the X cytologically from the Y. The Y chromosome is somewhat larger than the X. Our aim was to analyse AFLP markers on X and Y, and to use them to gain some insight into the structure of the sex chromosomes. Markers located on the sex chromosomes can be grouped into different classes, depending on the presence or absence of a fragment on the X and/or the Y. They are detected by separately analysing male and female progenies of a single cross. Five markers were found to be located on both chromosomes. A few recombinants were observed for marker pairs of this class in the male progenies. Two completely linked markers located on the Y chromosome in the male parent show a recombination rate of r = 0.25 with sex. Recombination must have occurred between the sex chromosomes in the male parent. The recombination analysis led to the conclusion that there is a pseudoautosomal region (PAR) on the sex chromosomes, allowing recombination between the X and the Y chromosome. The other regions of the sex chromosomes show only a few recombination events, for the Y as well as for the X. These results are discussed in comparison to other dioecious plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peil
- Institute of Fruit Breeding, Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants, D-01326 Dresden, Germany
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Peil A. PÖPPL, S. J. und D. P. PRETSCHNER (Hrsg.): Systeme und Signalverarbeitung in der Nuklearmedizin. Proc., Frühjahrstagung München 1981 (Med. Informatik u. Statistik, Bd. 27). Springer Verlag, Berlin — Heidelberg — New York 1981. IX, 317 S., DM 47.50. Biom J 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/bimj.4710260413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Knöppel H, de Bortoli M, Peil A, Vissers H. Reproducibility of temperature-programmed gas chromatographic retention indices with non-polar glass capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Versino B, Knöppel H, De Groot M, Peil A, Poelman J, Schauenburg H, Vissers H, Geiss F. Organic micropollutants in air and water. Sampling, gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis and computer identification. J Chromatogr A 1976; 122:373-88. [PMID: 932160 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)82260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants are sampled by dynamic enrichment on a porous polymer column and subsequently thermally eluted in a flow of helium. The eluted compounds enter gas chromatograph inlet and then pass into two parallel glass capillary columns with different stationary phases, in which they are separated. The separated compounds are detected by gas chromatographic (GC) detectors and by a mass spectrometer that is connected to one or other of the two capillary columns by "heart cutting" systems. The GC and mass spectrometric (MS) signals are fed via interfaces into a minicomputer which controls the MS scan and performs data acquisition, reduction and treatment on-line and off-line. The resulting GC and MS data are displayed on a line printer or a visual display unit. The minicomputer is connected by a telephone line to an IBM 370/165 computer, where a library search system has been implemented. Some difficulties encountered, data on the sampling recovery of model compounds and the identification of compounds in air and water samples by GC-MS data and library searches are discussed.
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