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Widdicombe M, Coff L, Nowak BF, Ramsland PA, Bott NJ. Understanding the host response of farmed fish to blood flukes (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae) for developing new treatment strategies. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2024; 149:109613. [PMID: 38710341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Aporocotylids (Trematoda: Digenea), also known as fish blood flukes infect the circulatory system of fish leading to serious health problems and mortality. Aporocotylids are a particular concern for farmed fish as infection intensity can increase within the farming environment and lead to mortalities. In the context of managing these infections, one of the most crucial aspects to consider is the host response of the infected fish against these blood flukes. Understanding the response is essential to improving current treatment strategies that are largely based on the use of anthelmintic praziquantel to manage infections in aquaculture. This review focuses on the current knowledge of farmed fish host responses against the different life stages of aporocotylids. New treatment strategies that are able to provide protection against reinfections should be a long-term goal and is not possible without understanding the fish response to infection and the interactions between host and parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maree Widdicombe
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Lachlan Coff
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, East Geelong, Victoria, 3219, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia
| | - Paul A Ramsland
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004. Australia; Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Nathan J Bott
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
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2
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Ooi CK, Morissette M, Danyushevsky L, Haddy JA, Nowak BF, Lyle JM, Lewis TW. Development of matrix-specific standards for LA-ICP-MS zinc analysis in sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis). Environ Pollut 2024; 344:123415. [PMID: 38246216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The use of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to analyse soft tissues is limited because of the lack of suitable certified reference materials resulting in difficulties with calibration. In this study, several laboratory-prepared thin agarose sections were tested as matrix-specific standards. Our results showed 1 mm thin agarose sections were suitable as calibration standards for LA-ICP-MS Zn analyses in fish muscle, especially when the signal intensity of 66Zn was normalised to 13C. The thin agarose standard sections were used for LA-ICP-MS Zn analyses in the muscle of melanised and non-melanised sand flathead collected from a polluted estuary and assigned with different melanisation scores. Zn levels in melanised regions of fish muscle were determined to be significantly higher than non-melanised regions across all melanisation scores, though Zn levels in the melanised regions of muscle were not significantly different between sand flathead with different melanisation scores. In non-melanised regions of muscle from fish with melanisation and fish unaffected by melanisation, Zn levels were around baseline levels. Overall, this study has successfully developed matrix-specific standards for LA-ICP-MS analysis of soft tissues, thus allowing broader application of this analytical technique in future environmental pollution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Kit Ooi
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1371, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Maxwell Morissette
- CODES, ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, 7001, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Leonid Danyushevsky
- CODES, ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, 7001, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - James A Haddy
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies - Launceston, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 1370, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies - Launceston, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 1370, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Jeremy M Lyle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies - Taroona, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, 7001, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Trevor W Lewis
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1371, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia.
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3
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Carabott MJ, Power C, Widdicombe M, Rough K, Nowak BF, Bott NJ. Dynamics of Cardicola spp. Infection in Ranched Southern Bluefin Tuna: First Observation of C. orientalis at Transfer. Pathogens 2023; 12:1443. [PMID: 38133326 PMCID: PMC10747332 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aporocotylid blood flukes Cardicola forsteri and C. orientalis are an ongoing health concern for the Southern Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus maccoyii, SBT) industry, where infections can lead to morbidity and mortality in ranched SBT populations. This study compared blood fluke infection in SBT from two companies during the 2021 ranching season. Both companies administered the same dosage of praziquantel approximately 5 weeks after transfer, feeding with frozen baitfish daily; the only difference in the company's practices was that the pontoons were located 2.5 km apart. Infection severity was measured as prevalence and intensity by quantifying adult C. forsteri in SBT heart and copy numbers of C. forsteri and C. orientalis ITS-2 DNA in SBT heart and gills. Data from the 2018 and 2019 harvests of SBT were used to make comparisons with 2021 harvest data. Cardicola orientalis was detected at transfer and no longer detected after treatment with praziquantel. Cardicola spp. were present in 83% of sampled SBT in 2021. Both companies demonstrated similar patterns of infection, and Company A had higher prevalence and intensity of Cardicola spp. infection. Based on C. forsteri ITS-2 DNA, infection intensity at harvest was significantly greater for both companies in 2021 when compared to 2018 and 2019. Continued monitoring of Cardicola spp. in SBT and improvements in diagnostics contribute to our understanding of Cardicola spp. epizootiology and the detection of changes in treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Carabott
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (M.J.C.); (C.P.); (M.W.); (B.F.N.)
| | - Cecilia Power
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (M.J.C.); (C.P.); (M.W.); (B.F.N.)
| | - Maree Widdicombe
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (M.J.C.); (C.P.); (M.W.); (B.F.N.)
| | - Kirsten Rough
- Australian Southern Bluefin Tuna Industry Association, South Quay Blvd, Port Lincoln, SA 5606, Australia;
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (M.J.C.); (C.P.); (M.W.); (B.F.N.)
| | - Nathan J. Bott
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (M.J.C.); (C.P.); (M.W.); (B.F.N.)
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Slattery O, Dahle MK, Sundaram AYM, Nowak BF, Gjessing MC, Solhaug A. Functional and molecular characterization of the Atlantic salmon gill epithelium cell line ASG-10; a tool for in vitro gill research. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1242879. [PMID: 37916189 PMCID: PMC10616884 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1242879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish gills are not only the respiratory organ, but also essential for ion-regulation, acid-base control, detoxification, waste excretion and host defense. Multifactorial gill diseases are common in farmed Atlantic salmon, and still poorly understood. Understanding gill pathophysiology is of paramount importance, but the sacrifice of large numbers of experimental animals for this purpose should be avoided. Therefore, in vitro models, such as cell lines, are urgently required to replace fish trials. An Atlantic salmon gill epithelial cell line, ASG-10, was established at the Norwegian Veterinary institute in 2018. This cell line forms a monolayer expressing cytokeratin, e-cadherin and desmosomes, hallmarks of a functional epithelial barrier. To determine the value of ASG-10 for comparative studies of gill functions, the characterization of ASG-10 was taken one step further by performing functional assays and comparing the cell proteome and transcriptome with those of gills from juvenile freshwater Atlantic salmon. The ASG-10 cell line appear to be a homogenous cell line consisting of epithelial cells, which express tight junction proteins. We demonstrated that ASG-10 forms a barrier, both alone and in co-culture with the Atlantic salmon gill fibroblast cell line ASG-13. ASG-10 cells can phagocytose and express several ATP-binding cassette transport proteins. Additionally, ASG-10 expresses genes involved in biotransformation of xenobiotics and immune responses. Taken together, this study provides an overview of functions that can be studied using ASG-10, which will be an important contribution to in vitro gill epithelial research of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Slattery
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Arvind Y. M. Sundaram
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Young T, Laroche O, Walker SP, Miller MR, Casanovas P, Steiner K, Esmaeili N, Zhao R, Bowman JP, Wilson R, Bridle A, Carter CG, Nowak BF, Alfaro AC, Symonds JE. Prediction of Feed Efficiency and Performance-Based Traits in Fish via Integration of Multiple Omics and Clinical Covariates. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1135. [PMID: 37627019 PMCID: PMC10452023 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Fish aquaculture is a rapidly expanding global industry, set to support growing demands for sources of marine protein. Enhancing feed efficiency (FE) in farmed fish is required to reduce production costs and improve sector sustainability. Recognising that organisms are complex systems whose emerging phenotypes are the product of multiple interacting molecular processes, systems-based approaches are expected to deliver new biological insights into FE and growth performance. Here, we establish 14 diverse layers of multi-omics and clinical covariates to assess their capacities to predict FE and associated performance traits in a fish model (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and uncover the influential variables. Inter-omic relatedness between the different layers revealed several significant concordances, particularly between datasets originating from similar material/tissue and between blood indicators and some of the proteomic (liver), metabolomic (liver), and microbiomic layers. Single- and multi-layer random forest (RF) regression models showed that integration of all data layers provide greater FE prediction power than any single-layer model alone. Although FE was among the most challenging of the traits we attempted to predict, the mean accuracy of 40 different FE models in terms of root-mean square errors normalized to percentage was 30.4%, supporting RF as a feature selection tool and approach for complex trait prediction. Major contributions to the integrated FE models were derived from layers of proteomic and metabolomic data, with substantial influence also provided by the lipid composition layer. A correlation matrix of the top 27 variables in the models highlighted FE trait-associations with faecal bacteria (Serratia spp.), palmitic and nervonic acid moieties in whole body lipids, levels of free glycerol in muscle, and N-acetylglutamic acid content in liver. In summary, we identified subsets of molecular characteristics for the assessment of commercially relevant performance-based metrics in farmed Chinook salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Matthew R. Miller
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart Private Bag 49, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | | | | | - Noah Esmaeili
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart Private Bag 49, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Ruixiang Zhao
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart Private Bag 49, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - John P. Bowman
- Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, Research Division, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Andrew Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart Private Bag 49, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Chris G. Carter
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart Private Bag 49, Hobart 7005, Australia
- Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre, Launceston 7250, Australia
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart Private Bag 49, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Andrea C. Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jane E. Symonds
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart Private Bag 49, Hobart 7005, Australia
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Chetty T, Nowak BF, Walker SP, Symonds JE, Anderson K. Molecular evidence for stress, inflammation and structural changes in non-specific ulcers in skin of farmed Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 137:108739. [PMID: 37061071 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fish skin is critical to physical defence against pathogens and there is a need to understand the physiological processes impacting ulcers and their healing. Ulcers have been reported in farmed Chinook salmon in New Zealand. This study investigated stress, immune and structural gene expression in farmed Chinook salmon skin with and without ulcers from two sites in New Zealand sampled from February (higher temperature, late summer) to May (lower temperature, late autumn). Skin samples taken adjacent to non-specific ulcers in May and control fish in February demonstrated upregulation of heat shock protein 70 relative to control fish in May. Anterior gradient 2 expression was upregulated in fish with ulcers relative to control fish (both February and May), suggesting increased mucous cell activity. Based on the results of this study, fish with non-specific ulcers showed evidence of stress, inflammation, re-epithelisation, and delayed healing near the ulcer site, elucidating the importance of these processes in the pathogenesis of non-specific ulcers in farmed chinook salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaveshini Chetty
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 1370, Newnham, Tas, 7248, Australia.
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 1370, Newnham, Tas, 7248, Australia.
| | - Seumas P Walker
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Jane E Symonds
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Kelli Anderson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 1370, Newnham, Tas, 7248, Australia
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Quezada-Rodriguez PR, Taylor RS, Jantawongsri K, Nowak BF, Wynne JW. Association between melanin deposits in gill tissue and microbiome across different hatchery reared Atlantic salmon. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:6994375. [PMID: 36662028 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the relationship between microbial community profiles and gill pathology during a production cycle of Atlantic salmon in two commercial hatcheries. METHODS AND RESULTS Relationships between gill histology, environmental conditions, and microbiome were determined using high-throughput data, including 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing data, histopathology data, and water quality parameters. Hatchery A used riverine water and operated a mixed system of recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) and flowthrough. Hatchery B was used bore water and operated a RAS. Melanin deposits, hyperplastic, and inflammatory lesions were observed histologically in the gills. A higher prevalence of melanin deposits was detected and correlated to a change in beta diversity of bacterial communities in early time points (fingerling and parr stages). High abundance of Sphaerotilus sp.,Pseudomonas sp.,Nitrospira sp.,Exiguobacterium sp.,Deinococcus sp.,and Comamonas sp. was correlated with a high prevalence of melanin in filaments. Bacterial diversity increased as the fish cohort transitioned from RAS to flowthrough in hatchery A. CONCLUSIONS Under commercial conditions, the commensal community of gill bacteria was related to melanin prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra R Quezada-Rodriguez
- Livestock and Aquaculture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Richard S Taylor
- Livestock and Aquaculture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia
| | - Khattapan Jantawongsri
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston TAS 7248, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- Livestock and Aquaculture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia
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Zhao R, Symonds JE, Walker SP, Steiner K, Carter CG, Bowman JP, Nowak BF. Relationship between gut microbiota and Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) health and growth performance in freshwater recirculating aquaculture systems. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1065823. [PMID: 36825086 PMCID: PMC9941681 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1065823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota play important roles in fish health and growth performance and the microbiome in fish has been shown to be a biomarker for stress. In this study, we surveyed the change of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gut and water microbiota in freshwater recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) for 7 months and evaluated how gut microbial communities were influenced by fish health and growth performance. The gut microbial diversity significantly increased in parallel with the growth of the fish. The dominant gut microbiota shifted from a predominance of Firmicutes to Proteobacteria, while Proteobacteria constantly dominated the water microbiota. Photobacterium sp. was persistently the major gut microbial community member during the whole experiment and was identified as the core gut microbiota for freshwater farmed Chinook salmon. No significant variation in gut microbial diversity and composition was observed among fish with different growth performance. At the end of the trial, 36 out of 78 fish had fluid in their swim bladders. These fish had gut microbiomes containing elevated proportions of Enterococcus, Stenotrophomonas, Aeromonas, and Raoultella. Our study supports the growing body of knowledge about the beneficial microbiota associated with modern salmon aquaculture systems and provides additional information on possible links between dysbiosis and gut microbiota for Chinook salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiang Zhao
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia,*Correspondence: Ruixiang Zhao, ✉
| | - Jane E. Symonds
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | | | - Chris G. Carter
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - John P. Bowman
- Centre for Food Safety and Innovation, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia,Barbara F. Nowak, ✉
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Quezada‐Rodriguez PR, Taylor RS, Downes J, Egan F, White S, Brenan A, Rigby M, Nowak BF, Ruane NM, Wynne JW. Prevalence of epitheliocystis in freshwater Atlantic salmon reared in flow-through and recirculation aquaculture systems. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:1721-1731. [PMID: 36017570 PMCID: PMC9805179 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epitheliocystis, an intracellular bacterial infection in the gills and skin epithelium, has been frequently reported in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during freshwater production in a number of countries. This study describes the prevalence and intensity of a natural epitheliocystis infection present in the gills of two strains of Atlantic salmon reared in either a flow-through (FT) or a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) in Ireland. Repeated sampling of gills prior to and throughout seawater transfer, histology and quantitative real-time PCR were used to determine infection prevalence and intensity. Despite no clinical gill disease, and minor histopathological changes, epitheliocystis lesions were identified in histology at all time points. Specific PCR confirmed the presence of Candidatus Clavichlamydia salmonicola in both strains and its number of copies was correlated with intensity of epitheliocystis lesions. A significant interaction between hatchery system and fish strain on the prevalence and intensity of gill epitheliocystis was found both using histological and molecular methods. Specifically, fish from FT had higher prevalence and intensity than RAS reared fish and within FT, the Irish cohort were more affected than Icelandic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra R. Quezada‐Rodriguez
- Livestock and AquacultureCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and FoodHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaLauncestonTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Richard S. Taylor
- Livestock and AquacultureCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and FoodHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | - Megan Rigby
- Livestock and AquacultureCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and FoodHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaLauncestonTasmaniaAustralia
| | | | - James W. Wynne
- Livestock and AquacultureCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and FoodHobartTasmaniaAustralia
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Dias VL, Battaglene SC, Cobcroft JM, Goemann K, Nowak BF. Urinary calculi in larvae of striped trumpeter, Latris lineata. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:1281-1287. [PMID: 35638101 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Urinary calculi are observed in some cultured marine fish larvae and may negatively impact larval health and survival. This study assessed urinary calculi in striped trumpeter Latris lineata larvae from hatching to 28 days post-hatching (dph). The prevalence of urinary calculi was variable over time and ranged from 15% to 50%, whereas the average size of calculi increased with larval age. Urinary calculi were semi-translucent, light cream to white colour with irregular morphology and a uniform internal structure. The calculi resulted in pressure atrophy causing a distended epithelium of the urinary bladder of fish with calculi. The calculi were predominantly formed of calcium hydrogen phosphate (CaHPO4 ). Routine assessment of the prevalence of urinary calculi in marine fish larvae is recommended, along with other parameters, to monitor larval quality and inform hatchery management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valera L Dias
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Stephen C Battaglene
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Cobcroft
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Karsten Goemann
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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Dang M, Dien TD, Ha VT, Hua VC, Thanh NTH, Nowak BF. Epitheliocystis in armoured catfish (Pterygoplichthys spp.), anabas (Anabas testudineus) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in central Vietnam. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:755-760. [PMID: 35180313 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Dang
- Institute for Veterinary Research and Development of Central Vietnam, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Tran Duc Dien
- Coastal Branch, Vietnam - Russia Tropical Center, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Vo Thi Ha
- Coastal Branch, Vietnam - Russia Tropical Center, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Viet Cuong Hua
- Institute for Veterinary Research and Development of Central Vietnam, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | | | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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12
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Anderson KC, Ghosh B, Chetty T, Walker SP, Symonds JE, Nowak BF. Transcriptomic characterisation of a common skin lesion in farmed chinook salmon. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 124:28-38. [PMID: 35367374 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about host responses of farmed Chinook salmon with skin lesions, despite the lesions being associated with increased water temperatures and elevated mortality rates. To address this shortfall, a transcriptomic approach was used to characterise the molecular landscape of spot lesions, the most commonly reported lesion type in New Zealand Chinook salmon, versus healthy appearing skin in fish with and without spot lesions. Many biological (gene ontology) pathways were enriched in lesion adjacent tissue, relative to control skin tissue, including proteolysis, fin regeneration, calcium ion binding, mitochondrial transport, actin cytoskeleton organisation, epithelium development, and tissue development. In terms of specific transcripts of interest, pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β and tumour necrosis factor), annexin A1, mucin 2, and calreticulin were upregulated, while cathepsin H, mucin 5AC, and perforin 1 were downregulated in lesion tissue. In some instances, changes in gene expression were consistent between lesion and healthy appearing skin from the same fish relative to lesion free fish, suggesting that host responses weren't limited to the site of the lesion. Goblet cell density in skin histological sections was not different between skin sample types. Collectively, these results provide insights into the physiological changes associated with common spot lesions in farmed Chinook salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli C Anderson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Newnham Campus, Private Bag 1370, Newnham, Tas, 7248, Australia.
| | - Bikramjit Ghosh
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Newnham Campus, Private Bag 1370, Newnham, Tas, 7248, Australia
| | - Thaveshini Chetty
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Newnham Campus, Private Bag 1370, Newnham, Tas, 7248, Australia
| | - Seumas P Walker
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Jane E Symonds
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Newnham Campus, Private Bag 1370, Newnham, Tas, 7248, Australia.
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13
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Norbury LJ, Shirakashi S, Power C, Nowak BF, Bott NJ. Praziquantel use in aquaculture - Current status and emerging issues. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 18:87-102. [PMID: 35220160 PMCID: PMC8881684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are major constraints in fish mariculture. The anthelmintic praziquantel (PZQ) can effectively treat a range of flatworm parasites in a variety of fish species and has potential for broader application than its current use in the global aquaculture industry. In this review we report on PZQ's current use in the aquaculture industry and discuss its efficacy against various flatworm parasites of fish. Routes of PZQ administration are evaluated, along with issues related to palatability, pharmacokinetics and toxicity in fish, while PZQ's effects on non-target species, environmental impacts, and the development of drug-resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Norbury
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sho Shirakashi
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-2211, Japan
| | - Cecilia Power
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nathan J Bott
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia.
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14
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Smith AJ, Adams MB, Crosbie PBB, Nowak BF, Bridle AR. Size-dependent resistance to amoebic gill disease in naïve Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 122:437-445. [PMID: 35189323 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease, caused by the protozoan ectoparasite Neoparamoeba perurans, remains a significant threat to commercial Atlantic salmon aquaculture operations worldwide, despite partial control afforded by selective breeding and therapeutic intervention. Anecdotal reports from commercial producers suggest that historically, smaller Atlantic salmon smolts are more susceptible to AGD than larger smolts. Here, large (>350 g) and small (<200 g) commercially sourced, AGD-naïve Atlantic salmon cohorts were experimentally exposed to 50 N. perurans trophozoites L-1 without intervention. Progression and severity of AGD in challenged cohorts was evaluated through gill pathology, using gill score and histological examination, and quantification of gill-associated amoebae burden using qPCR. To determine the potential basis for differences in AGD susceptibility between cohorts, transcriptome analysis was conducted using RNA extracted from whole gill arches. Overall, the large Atlantic salmon cohort had significantly lower gill parasite burdens and reduced AGD-related gross pathology compared to the small cohort. Relative gill load of N. perurans appeared to be proportional to gill score in both size classes, with larger smolts typically observed to have comparatively reduced parasite burdens at a given gill score. Moreover, comparison between gene expression profiles of large and small smolts highlighted upregulation of genes consistent with elevated immune activity in large smolts. Combined, the results presented here provide strong evidence of size-dependent resistance to AGD in AGD-naïve Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Mark B Adams
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Philip B B Crosbie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andrew R Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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15
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Willis KA, Serra-Gonçalves C, Richardson K, Schuyler QA, Pedersen H, Anderson K, Stark JS, Vince J, Hardesty BD, Wilcox C, Nowak BF, Lavers JL, Semmens JM, Greeno D, MacLeod C, Frederiksen NPO, Puskic PS. Cleaner seas: reducing marine pollution. Rev Fish Biol Fish 2022. [PMID: 34366578 DOI: 10.22541/au.160382467.73347721/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the age of the Anthropocene, the ocean has typically been viewed as a sink for pollution. Pollution is varied, ranging from human-made plastics and pharmaceutical compounds, to human-altered abiotic factors, such as sediment and nutrient runoff. As global population, wealth and resource consumption continue to grow, so too does the amount of potential pollution produced. This presents us with a grand challenge which requires interdisciplinary knowledge to solve. There is sufficient data on the human health, social, economic, and environmental risks of marine pollution, resulting in increased awareness and motivation to address this global challenge, however a significant lag exists when implementing strategies to address this issue. This review draws upon the expertise of 17 experts from the fields of social sciences, marine science, visual arts, and Traditional and First Nations Knowledge Holders to present two futures; the Business-As-Usual, based on current trends and observations of growing marine pollution, and a More Sustainable Future, which imagines what our ocean could look like if we implemented current knowledge and technologies. We identify priority actions that governments, industry and consumers can implement at pollution sources, vectors and sinks, over the next decade to reduce marine pollution and steer us towards the More Sustainable Future. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11160-021-09674-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Willis
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS Australia
- School of Social Sciences, College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Catarina Serra-Gonçalves
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Kelsey Richardson
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS Australia
- School of Social Sciences, College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | | | | | - Kelli Anderson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS Australia
| | - Jonathan S Stark
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Joanna Vince
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- School of Social Sciences, College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Britta D Hardesty
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Chris Wilcox
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS Australia
| | - Jennifer L Lavers
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Jayson M Semmens
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Dean Greeno
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- School of Creative Arts and Media, College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Catriona MacLeod
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Nunnoq P O Frederiksen
- The PISUNA Project, Qeqertalik Municipality, Attu, Greenland
- Snowchange Cooperative, Selkie, Finland
| | - Peter S Puskic
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
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16
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Willis KA, Serra-Gonçalves C, Richardson K, Schuyler QA, Pedersen H, Anderson K, Stark JS, Vince J, Hardesty BD, Wilcox C, Nowak BF, Lavers JL, Semmens JM, Greeno D, MacLeod C, Frederiksen NPO, Puskic PS. Cleaner seas: reducing marine pollution. Rev Fish Biol Fish 2022; 32:145-160. [PMID: 34366578 PMCID: PMC8326648 DOI: 10.1007/s11160-021-09674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the age of the Anthropocene, the ocean has typically been viewed as a sink for pollution. Pollution is varied, ranging from human-made plastics and pharmaceutical compounds, to human-altered abiotic factors, such as sediment and nutrient runoff. As global population, wealth and resource consumption continue to grow, so too does the amount of potential pollution produced. This presents us with a grand challenge which requires interdisciplinary knowledge to solve. There is sufficient data on the human health, social, economic, and environmental risks of marine pollution, resulting in increased awareness and motivation to address this global challenge, however a significant lag exists when implementing strategies to address this issue. This review draws upon the expertise of 17 experts from the fields of social sciences, marine science, visual arts, and Traditional and First Nations Knowledge Holders to present two futures; the Business-As-Usual, based on current trends and observations of growing marine pollution, and a More Sustainable Future, which imagines what our ocean could look like if we implemented current knowledge and technologies. We identify priority actions that governments, industry and consumers can implement at pollution sources, vectors and sinks, over the next decade to reduce marine pollution and steer us towards the More Sustainable Future. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11160-021-09674-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Willis
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
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CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS Australia
- School of Social Sciences, College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Catarina Serra-Gonçalves
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Kelsey Richardson
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
-
CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS Australia
- School of Social Sciences, College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | | | | | - Kelli Anderson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS Australia
| | - Jonathan S. Stark
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Joanna Vince
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- School of Social Sciences, College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Britta D. Hardesty
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
-
CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Chris Wilcox
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
-
CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Lavers
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Jayson M. Semmens
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Dean Greeno
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- School of Creative Arts and Media, College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | - Catriona MacLeod
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
| | -
Nunnoq P. O. Frederiksen
- The PISUNA Project, Qeqertalik Municipality, Attu, Greenland
- Snowchange Cooperative, Selkie, Finland
| | - Peter S. Puskic
- Centre for Marine Sociology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS Australia
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17
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Power C, Evenden S, Rough K, Webber C, Widdicombe M, Nowak BF, Bott NJ. Prevalence and Intensity of Cardicola spp. Infection in Ranched Southern Bluefin Tuna and a Comparison of Diagnostic Methods. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101248. [PMID: 34684197 PMCID: PMC8541539 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic blood flukes Cardicola forsteri and C. orientalis are an ongoing health concern for Southern Bluefin Tuna Thunnus maccoyii (SBT) ranched in Australia. In this study we compared the effect of treatment, company, and ranching year on blood fluke infections in ranched SBT. SBT were sampled during the 2018 and 2019 ranching seasons from praziquantel (PZQ) treated pontoons and untreated pontoons managed by two companies. Severity of infection was diagnosed by several criteria including adult fluke counts from hearts, egg counts from gill filaments and the use of specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for detection of C. forsteri and C. orientalis ITS-2 DNA in SBT hearts and gills. PZQ treatment remains highly effective against C. forsteri infection. Prevalence and intensity of Cardicola spp. infection was lower in 2019 than 2018 for Company A in treated pontoons at week 12 and week 17 of ranching, and lower for Company A than Company B in untreated pontoons at month 5 of ranching. Results indicate re-infection may be less likely in the environment near Company A pontoons, and consistent years of treatment may have lowered the parasite load in the environment. qPCR demonstrated higher sensitivity when comparing diagnostic methods for C. forsteri in heart, and higher specificity when comparing diagnostic methods for Cardicola spp. in gills. Continuing to monitor blood fluke infections in ranched SBT can help to detect changes in drug efficacy over time and help industry to develop a best practice for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Power
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (C.P.); (M.W.); (B.F.N.)
| | - Shannon Evenden
- Australian Southern Bluefin Tuna Industry Association, South Quay Blvd, Port Lincoln, SA 5606, Australia; (S.E.); (K.R.); (C.W.)
| | - Kirsten Rough
- Australian Southern Bluefin Tuna Industry Association, South Quay Blvd, Port Lincoln, SA 5606, Australia; (S.E.); (K.R.); (C.W.)
| | - Claire Webber
- Australian Southern Bluefin Tuna Industry Association, South Quay Blvd, Port Lincoln, SA 5606, Australia; (S.E.); (K.R.); (C.W.)
| | - Maree Widdicombe
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (C.P.); (M.W.); (B.F.N.)
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (C.P.); (M.W.); (B.F.N.)
| | - Nathan J. Bott
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (C.P.); (M.W.); (B.F.N.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Coff L, Abrahams JL, Collett S, Power C, Nowak BF, Kolarich D, Bott NJ, Ramsland PA. Profiling the glycome of Cardicola forsteri, a blood fluke parasitic to bluefin tuna. Int J Parasitol 2021; 52:1-12. [PMID: 34391752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Infections by blood flukes (Cardicola spp.) are considered the most significant health issue for ranched bluefin tuna, a major aquaculture industry in Japan and Australia. The host-parasite interfaces of trematodes, namely their teguments, are particularly rich in carbohydrates, which function both in evasion and modulation of the host immune system, while some are primary antigenic targets. In this study, histochemistry and mass spectrometry techniques were used to profile the glycans of Cardicola forsteri. Fluorescent lectin staining of adult flukes indicates the presence of oligomannose (Concanavalin A-reactive) and fucosylated (Pisum sativum agglutinin-reactive) N-glycans. Additionally, reactivity of succinylated wheat germ agglutinin (s-WGA) was localised to several internal organs of the digestive and monoecious reproductive systems. Glycan structures were further investigated with tandem mass spectrometry, which revealed structures indicated by lectin reactivity. While O-glycans from these adult specimens were not detectable by mass spectrometry, several oligomannose, paucimannosidic, and complex-type N-glycans were identified, including some carrying hexuronic acid and many carrying core xylose. This is, to our knowledge, the first glycomic characterisation of a marine platyhelminth, with broader implications for research into other trematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Coff
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Jodie L Abrahams
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Simon Collett
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Cecilia Power
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Nathan J Bott
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Paul A Ramsland
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
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19
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Bridle AR, Hill T, Smith A, Crosbie P, Nowak BF. Experimental exposure to low concentrations of Neoparamoeba perurans induces amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1025-1031. [PMID: 33683734 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a significant issue in Atlantic salmon mariculture. Research on the development of treatments or vaccines uses experimental challenges where salmon is exposed to amoebae concentrations ranging from 500 to 5,000/L. However, the water concentrations of N. perurans on affected salmon farms are much lower. The lowest concentration of N. perurans previously reported to cause AGD was 10/L. Here, we report that concentrations as low as 0.1/L of N. perurans can cause AGD. We propose that concentrations of N. perurans that reflect those measured on salmon farms should be used for future experimental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas, Australia
| | - Thomas Hill
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas, Australia
| | - Aaron Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas, Australia
| | - Philip Crosbie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas, Australia
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20
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Hudson J, Nowak BF. Experimental Challenge Models and In Vitro Models to Investigate Efficacy of Treatments and Vaccines against Amoebic Gill Disease. Microorganisms 2021; 9:710. [PMID: 33808191 PMCID: PMC8065880 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD) severely affects salmonid mariculture due to fish losses and costs associated with management of the disease. Continued research into management solutions, including new treatments and vaccine development, is highly important for the future of salmonid production worldwide. This requires both in vitro (both pathogen only and host-pathogen models) and in vivo (disease challenge) testing. Challenge models are still widely varied, in particular with regard to: infection methods (cohabitation or immersion), source of the pathogen (isolated from infected fish or cultured), infectious dose, environmental conditions (in particular temperature) and the endpoints across experimental treatment and vaccine studies which makes comparisons between studies difficult. This review summarises in vitro assays, the challenge methods and endpoints used in studies of experimental treatments and vaccines for AGD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia;
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21
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Huston DC, Ogawa K, Shirakashi S, Nowak BF. Metazoan Parasite Life Cycles: Significance for Fish Mariculture. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:1002-1012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Widdicombe M, Power C, Van Gelderen R, Nowak BF, Bott NJ. Relationship between Southern Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus maccoyii, melanomacrophage centres and Cardicola spp. (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae) infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 106:859-865. [PMID: 32898655 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT), Thunnus maccoyii, is ranched off Port Lincoln, South Australia and is Australia's second largest economic finfish aquaculture industry. The biggest threats to SBT health identified by the industry are the blood flukes Cardicola forsteri and C. orientalis (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae). Melanomacrophage centres (MMCs) are aggregations of pigmented macrophage like cells present in spleen, kidney and liver of teleost fish. The aim of this study was to quantify MMCs in SBT anterior kidney, liver and spleen to investigate changes in relation to Cardicola spp. Infection. Samples were collected at the end of ranching from pontoons where SBT were treated with PZQ and pontoons with untreated SBT. SBT MMC percentage of surface area cover was highest in SBT spleen and lowest in the liver. Significant positive correlations were identified between SBT MMC area and SBT size in all three organs (p < 0.05). MMC area and parasite infection showed significant positive correlations in the kidney and spleen for Cardicola spp. gill egg counts, and in the kidney for C. forsteri DNA from SBT hearts and gills (p < 0.05). MMCs area increased with increased intensity of Cardicola spp. Infection and MMCs have the potential to be used as an indicator to assess health effects that Cardicola spp. have on SBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maree Widdicombe
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cecilia Power
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Van Gelderen
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathan J Bott
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Victoria, Australia.
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23
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Power C, Nowak BF, Cribb TH, Bott NJ. Bloody flukes: a review of aporocotylids as parasites of cultured marine fishes. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:743-753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Umasuthan N, Xue X, Caballero-Solares A, Kumar S, Westcott JD, Chen Z, Fast MD, Skugor S, Nowak BF, Taylor RG, Rise ML. Transcriptomic Profiling in Fins of Atlantic Salmon Parasitized with Sea Lice: Evidence for an Early Imbalance Between Chalimus-Induced Immunomodulation and the Host's Defense Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2417. [PMID: 32244468 PMCID: PMC7177938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic sea lice (e.g., Lepeophtheirus salmonis) cause costly outbreaks in salmon farming. Molecular insights into parasite-induced host responses will provide the basis for improved management strategies. We investigated the early transcriptomic responses in pelvic fins of Atlantic salmon parasitized with chalimus I stage sea lice. Fin samples collected from non-infected (i.e. pre-infected) control (PRE) and at chalimus-attachment sites (ATT) and adjacent to chalimus-attachment sites (ADJ) from infected fish were used in profiling global gene expression using 44 K microarrays. We identified 6568 differentially expressed probes (DEPs, FDR < 5%) that included 1928 shared DEPs between ATT and ADJ compared to PRE. The ATT versus ADJ comparison revealed 90 DEPs, all of which were upregulated in ATT samples. Gene ontology/pathway term network analyses revealed profound changes in physiological processes, including extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, tissue repair/remodeling and wound healing, immunity and defense, chemotaxis and signaling, antiviral response, and redox homeostasis in infected fins. The QPCR analysis of 37 microarray-identified transcripts representing these functional themes served to confirm the microarray results with a significant positive correlation (p < 0.0001). Most immune/defense-relevant transcripts were downregulated in both ATT and ADJ sites compared to PRE, suggesting that chalimus exerts immunosuppressive effects in the salmon's fins. The comparison between ATT and ADJ sites demonstrated the upregulation of a suite of immune-relevant transcripts, evidencing the salmon's attempt to mount an anti-lice response. We hypothesize that an imbalance between immunomodulation caused by chalimus during the early phase of infection and weak defense response manifested by Atlantic salmon makes it a susceptible host for L. salmonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (X.X.); (A.C.-S.); (S.K.)
| | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (X.X.); (A.C.-S.); (S.K.)
| | - Albert Caballero-Solares
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (X.X.); (A.C.-S.); (S.K.)
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (X.X.); (A.C.-S.); (S.K.)
| | - Jillian D. Westcott
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, P.O. Box 4920, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3, Canada; (J.D.W.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, P.O. Box 4920, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3, Canada; (J.D.W.); (Z.C.)
| | - Mark D. Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - Stanko Skugor
- Cargill Aqua Nutrition, Cargill, Sea Lice Research Center (SLRC), Hanaveien 17, 4327 Sandnes, Norway;
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston 7250, TAS, Australia;
| | - Richard G. Taylor
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, 10383 165th Avenue NW, Elk River, MN 55330, USA;
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada; (X.X.); (A.C.-S.); (S.K.)
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25
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Stocker CW, Haddy J, Lyle J, Nowak BF. Muscle melanisation of southern sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis) in the Tamar Estuary, Tasmania, Australia. Environ Pollut 2020; 256:113452. [PMID: 31706763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tasmanian recreational fishers have reported the presence of dark pigmentations in the usually white fillets of southern sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis), a phenomenon known as muscle melanisation. Based on histology, it is suggested that eumelanin and pheomelanin are involved in the occurrence of the phenomenon. A gross melanisation scoring system was validated through a comparison with an image analysis technique, that quantified the percentage surface area of the fillets affected by muscle melanisation. The occurrence of muscle melanisation was most severe in fish inhabiting Deceitful Cove, Tamar Estuary. This indicated that muscle melanisation in P. bassensis may be caused by yet to be identified site specific factors. No significant relationships were evident between the percentage surface area of melanised muscle with condition index, age, sex, maturation stage, fish weight, fish length and size of melano-macrophage centres in the liver or spleen. Overall, this study has provided critical information that will frame the direction and focus of future P. bassensis muscle melanisation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Stocker
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia
| | - James Haddy
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jeremy Lyle
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, 15-21 Nubeena Crescent, Taroona, 7053, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia.
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26
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Ooi CK, Ware M, Lewis T, Lyle J, Nowak BF. Muscle melanisation in sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis) and links to elevated zinc levels. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 149:110493. [PMID: 31442865 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melanisation of muscle, observed as black pigmentation of the normally white flesh, has been reported in sand flathead from Tasmania and investigated in this study. There was a significant difference in the presence of melanised muscle in sand flathead from two sites within the Tamar Estuary (northern Tasmania), with higher proportion of sand flathead from Deceitful Cove with this condition. Presence of melanisation was not related to length or weight of the fish. No parasitic infections were detected in the muscles of the affected sand flathead. However, concentration of zinc in melanised regions of muscle in the affected fish was significantly higher, about 1.7 to 1.8 times, than non-melanised regions of muscle in the same fish. Furthermore, the concentration of zinc in melanised regions of affected fish was on average about 2.0 times higher when compared to muscle of unaffected fish that had no melanised spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Kit Ooi
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael Ware
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Trevor Lewis
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jeremy Lyle
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, 15-21 Nubeena Crescent, Taroona, 7053, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia.
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27
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Johnson-Mackinnon JC, Crosbie PBB, Karlsbakk E, Marcos-Lopez M, Paley R, Nowak BF, Bridle AR. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and Random Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Comparisons of Geographic Isolates of Neoparamoeba perurans, the Causative Agent of Amoebic Gill Disease. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040244. [PMID: 31752364 PMCID: PMC6963586 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoparamoba perurans, is the aetiological agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD), a disease that affects farmed Atlantic salmon worldwide. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) are PCR-based typing methods that allow for the highly reproducible genetic analysis of population structure within microbial species. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first use of these typing methods applied to N. perurans with the objective of distinguishing geographical isolates. These analyses were applied to a total of 16 isolates from Australia, Canada, Ireland, Scotland, Norway, and the USA. All the samples from Australia came from farm sites on the island state of Tasmania. Genetic polymorphism among isolates was more evident from the RAPD analysis compared to the MLST that used conserved housekeeping genes. Both techniques consistently identified that isolates of N. perurans from Tasmania, Australia were more similar to each other than to the isolates from other countries. While genetic differences were identified between geographical isolates, a BURST analysis provided no evidence of a founder genotype. This suggests that emerging outbreaks of AGD are not due to rapid translocation of this important salmonid pathogen from the same area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Johnson-Mackinnon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370 Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia; (P.B.B.C.); (A.R.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.J.-M.); (B.F.N.)
| | - Philip B. B. Crosbie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370 Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia; (P.B.B.C.); (A.R.B.)
| | - Egil Karlsbakk
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, N5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Mar Marcos-Lopez
- Vet-Aqua International, Unit 7B, Oranmore Business Park, H91 XP3F Galway, Ireland;
| | - Richard Paley
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth laboratories, The Nothe Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK;
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370 Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia; (P.B.B.C.); (A.R.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.J.-M.); (B.F.N.)
| | - Andrew R. Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370 Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia; (P.B.B.C.); (A.R.B.)
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Cano I, Taylor NG, Bayley A, Gunning S, McCullough R, Bateman K, Nowak BF, Paley RK. In vitro gill cell monolayer successfully reproduces in vivo Atlantic salmon host responses to Neoparamoeba perurans infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 86:287-300. [PMID: 30458309 PMCID: PMC6380893 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro model to study the host response to Neoparamoeba perurans, the causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD), was evaluated. The rainbow trout gill derived cell line, RTgill-W1, was seeded onto permeable cell culture supports and maintained asymmetrically with apical seawater. Cells were inoculated with either a passage attenuated or a recent wild clone of N. perurans. Amoebae, loaded with phagocytosed fluorescent beads, were observed associated with host cells within 20 min post inoculation (pi). By 6 h small foci of cytopathic effect appeared and at 72 h cytolysis was observed, with total disruption of the cell monolayer at 96 h pi. Due to cell monolayer disruption, the platform could not support proliferation of amoebae, which showed a 3-log reduction in parasite 18S rRNA mRNA after 72 h (106 copies at 1 h to 103 at 72 h pi). SEM observations showed amoebae-like cells with either short pseudopodia and a malleiform shape, or, long pseudopodia embedded within the gill cells and erosion of the cell monolayer. To study the host immune response, inoculated gill cells were harvested from triplicate inserts at 0, 1, 3, 6, 24 and 48 h pi, and expression of 12 genes involved in the Atlantic salmon response to AGD was compared between infected and uninfected cells and between amoebic clones. Both clones induced similar host inmate immune responses, with the up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine IL1β, complement C3 and cell receptor MHC-1. The Th2 pathway was up-regulated, with increased gene expression of the transcription factor GATA3, and Th2 cytokines IL10, IL6 and IL4/13A. PCNA and AG-2 were also up-regulated. The wild clone induced significantly higher up-regulation of IL1β, MHC-1, PCNA, lysozyme and IL10 than the attenuated clone for at least some exposure times, but AG-2 gene expression was higher in cells inoculated with the attenuated one. A principal component analysis showed that AG-2 and IL10 were key genes in the in vitro host response to N. perurans. This in vitro model has proved to be a promising tool to study host responses to amoebae and may therefore reduce the requirement for in vivo studies when evaluating alternative therapeutants to AGD control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cano
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
| | - Nick Gh Taylor
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Bayley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Susie Gunning
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Robin McCullough
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Bateman
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- IMAS, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard K Paley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
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Ghosh B, Crosbie PBB, Nowak BF, Bridle AR. A highly sensitive, non-invasive qPCR-based strategy for direct quantification of Yersinia ruckeri in fish faeces. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:1421-1428. [PMID: 29926930 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Finfish with asymptomatic Yersinia ruckeri infections pose a major risk as they can transmit the pathogen and cause clinical outbreaks in stock populations. Current tools have insufficient quantitative ability for accurately detecting the trace levels of Y. ruckeri typically associated with asymptomatic infection, necessitate invasive or lethal sampling, or require long processing times. This study presents a highly sensitive qPCR-based method, targeting part of the Y. ruckeri 16S rRNA sequence, that is capable of detecting extremely low levels of Y. ruckeri in noninvasively collected faecal samples. Quantitative precision and accuracy of faecal sample analysis was consistent, despite the complexity of the faecal matrix. The assay demonstrated linearity over a six log-wide dynamic range. Its limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 4 and 10 copies of the target sequence, respectively. Sensitivity of the assay was comparable to other qPCR-based methods without requiring invasive or lethal sampling. Applicability as a screening strategy was tested using passively collected faecal samples. Asymptomatic Y. ruckeri infection was detected in all samples, although none of the fish exhibited overt infection. This method will be beneficial for finfish disease management if developed further as a noninvasive, screening tool against asymptomatic Y. ruckeri infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikramjit Ghosh
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Philip B B Crosbie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andrew R Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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30
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Nguyen TD, Crosbie PBB, Nowak BF, Bridle AR. The effects of inactivation methods of Yersinia ruckeri on the efficacy of single dip vaccination in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Fish Dis 2018; 41:1173-1176. [PMID: 29572883 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T D Nguyen
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - P B B Crosbie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - B F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - A R Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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31
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Nowak BF, Archibald JM. Opportunistic but Lethal: The Mystery of Paramoebae. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:404-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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32
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Ooi MC, Goulden EF, Smith GG, Nowak BF, Bridle AR. Developmental and gut-related changes to microbiomes of the cultured juvenile spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 93:4628038. [PMID: 29145612 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With recent technologies making it possible for commercial scale closed life-cycle aquaculture production of spiny lobster (Panulirus ornatus) comes a strong impetus to further understand aspects of lobster health. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in host health, affecting growth, digestion, immune responses and pathogen resistance. Herein we characterise and compare gut microbiomes across different developmental stages (6-7 days post-emergence [dpe], 52 dpe and 13 months post-emergence [mpe]) and gut regions (foregut, midgut and hindgut) of cultured P. ornatus juveniles. Gut samples were analysed using 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing. Core gut microbiomes of P. ornatus comprised the phyla Tenericutes and Proteobacteria. Within class Gammaproteobacteria, families Pseudoalteromonadaceae and Vibrionaceae were dominant members across the majority of the gut microbiomes. Characterisation of bacterial communities from 13 mpe lobsters indicated that the hindgut microbiome was more diverse and compositionally dissimilar to the foregut and midgut. The bacterial composition of the hindgut was more similar among younger juveniles (6-7 dpe and 52 dpe) compared to 13 mpe lobsters. This is the first study to explore gut microbiomes of spiny lobster juveniles. We demonstrate that the composition of the gut microbiome was shaped by gut region, whereas the structure of the hindgut microbiome was influenced by developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei C Ooi
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Evan F Goulden
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Gregory G Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Andrew R Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
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33
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Macqueen DJ, Primmer CR, Houston RD, Nowak BF, Bernatchez L, Bergseth S, Davidson WS, Gallardo-Escárate C, Goldammer T, Guiguen Y, Iturra P, Kijas JW, Koop BF, Lien S, Maass A, Martin SAM, McGinnity P, Montecino M, Naish KA, Nichols KM, Ólafsson K, Omholt SW, Palti Y, Plastow GS, Rexroad CE, Rise ML, Ritchie RJ, Sandve SR, Schulte PM, Tello A, Vidal R, Vik JO, Wargelius A, Yáñez JM. Functional Annotation of All Salmonid Genomes (FAASG): an international initiative supporting future salmonid research, conservation and aquaculture. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:484. [PMID: 28655320 PMCID: PMC5488370 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an emerging initiative - the 'Functional Annotation of All Salmonid Genomes' (FAASG), which will leverage the extensive trait diversity that has evolved since a whole genome duplication event in the salmonid ancestor, to develop an integrative understanding of the functional genomic basis of phenotypic variation. The outcomes of FAASG will have diverse applications, ranging from improved understanding of genome evolution, to improving the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture production, supporting the future of fundamental and applied research in an iconic fish lineage of major societal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Macqueen
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ UK
| | - Craig R. Primmer
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Ross D. Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS Australia
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Département de biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Steinar Bergseth
- The Research Council of Norway, Drammensveien 288, P.O. Box 564, NO-1327 Lysaker, Norway
| | - William S. Davidson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Cristian Gallardo-Escárate
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, Fish Genetics Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Yann Guiguen
- INRA, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, Rennes, France
| | - Patricia Iturra
- Human Genetics Program ICBM Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Ben F. Koop
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - Sigbjørn Lien
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Alejandro Maass
- Center for Mathematical Modelling, Department of Mathematical Engineering, University of Chile, 8370456 Santiago, Chile
- Center for Genome Regulation, University of Chile, 8370456 Santiago, Chile
| | - Samuel A. M. Martin
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ UK
| | - Philip McGinnity
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin Montecino
- Center for Biomedical Research, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Kerry A. Naish
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Krista M. Nichols
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | | | - Stig W. Omholt
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
- NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yniv Palti
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, USDA ARS, 11861 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA
| | - Graham S. Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Caird E. Rexroad
- Office of National Programs, USDA ARS, 5601 Sunnyside Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705-5148 USA
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7 Canada
| | - Rachael J. Ritchie
- Genome British Columbia, Suite 400 – 575, West 8th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 0C4 Canada
| | - Simen R. Sandve
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Patricia M. Schulte
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Alfredo Tello
- Instituto Tecnológico del Salmón S.A., INTESAL de SalmonChile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Vidal
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology, Genomics, and Evolutionary Studies, Department of Biology, University of Santiago, 9170022 Santiago, Chile
| | - Jon Olav Vik
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anna Wargelius
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - José Manuel Yáñez
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, Santiago, Chile & Aquainnovo, Cardonal s/n, Puerto Montt, Chile
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Fu D, Bridle A, Leef M, Gagnon MM, Hassell KL, Nowak BF. Using a multi-biomarker approach to assess the effects of pollution on sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis) from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 119:211-219. [PMID: 28392090 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic gene expression and liver histology were examined in sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis) from six locations in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Four sets of genes including thyroid-related genes (D1, D2, TTR, TRα and TRβ), metal metabolism-related genes (MT, MTF1, TF, Ferritin and FPN1), apoptosis-related genes (Diablo/SMAC1, Diablo/SMAC2 and CYP1A) and an endoplasmic reticulum stress biomarker gene (GRP78) were examined in female flathead using qRT-PCR. TRβ and Diablo/SMAC1 gene expression was significantly up-regulated in fish from all polluted sites compared to those from a reference site. The transcripts of TRα and FPN1 were significantly higher in flathead from Corio Bay, while the hepatic mRNA of TTR and GRP78 were significantly lower in those fish. Positive correlations were observed between Diablo/SMAC1 and CYP1A, D2 and TRβ, TRα and TRβ. This study demonstrates that application of pathway-based biomarker genes and histopathology can provide comprehensive information on the impact of environmental pollutants on fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkun Fu
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Andrew Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Melanie Leef
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Marthe Monique Gagnon
- Department of Environment & Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Hassell
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
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Adams MB, Hayward CJ, Nowak BF. Branchial Pathomorphology of Southern Bluefin Tuna Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau, 1872) Infected by Helminth and Copepodan Parasites. Front Physiol 2017; 8:187. [PMID: 28424628 PMCID: PMC5372790 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Three metazoan parasites, a monogenean Hexostoma thynni and two species of copepods Pseudocycnus appendiculatus and Euryphorus brachypterus are known to parasitize the gills of ranched southern bluefin tuna (SBT) and other tuna species. However, there is no detailed information describing the pathological response to infection by these parasites in this species. Wild southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii (approximately 3 years of age), captured and towed to a grow-out site in the waters immediately south of Port Lincoln, South Australia were subsequently sampled (n = 10) monthly from March until August 2004 during commercial harvest operations. Longitudinal sections of gill hemibranchs with attached parasites were excised and fixed for routine histology and immunohistochemistry. Reference samples were also collected from fish displaying no signs of parasitism or other grossly observable anomalies. Two morphologically distinct granulocytes were observed and putatively identified as eosinophils and mast cells. Pathology was localized to filaments upon and immediately adjacent to parasite attachment sites. Branchial cellular responses, adjunct to the attachment of H. thynni by its opisthaptoral clamps, included hyperplasia and inflammation resulting in structural remodeling of branchial tissues. Inflammatory infiltrates were often dominated by putative eosinophils and lymphocytes when parasitized by H. thynni and P. appendiculatus. Gill associated lymphoid tissue infiltrated the lamellar regions particularly in response to helminth infection. A variable response ranging from hemorrhage with minor hyperplasia or fibroplasia and eosinophilic inflammation to a barely discernible change was seen for gill sections harboring P. appendiculatus and E. brachypterus. The magnitude of the host response to attachment by the latter was congruent with attachment proximity and parasite load. On the basis of the host responses reported here and the low intensity of infection observed in other associated studies these gill ectoparasites are currently considered a low risk for wild and ranched adult SBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B. Adams
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaLaunceston, TAS, Australia
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36
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Pennacchi Y, Shirakashi S, Nowak BF, Bridle AR. Immune reactivity in early life stages of sea-cage cultured Pacific bluefin tuna naturally infected with blood flukes from genus Cardicola (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 58:490-499. [PMID: 27702677 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT), Thunnus orientalis, due to its high average price on the market is an economically valuable fish species. Infections by blood flukes from the genus Cardicola (Trematoda: Aporocotylidae) represent a growing concern for the cage culture of bluefin tuna in Japan, Australia and Southern Europe. The accumulation of numerous Cardicola eggs in the fish gills causes severe pathology that has been linked to mortality in PBT juveniles up to one year old. The only effective treatment used to mitigate the infection is the oral administration of the antihelminthic drug praziquantel (PZQ) to the affected fish. However, with the need to minimise therapeutic drug use in aquaculture it is hoped that immunoprophylaxis can provide a future alternative to protect the PBT juveniles against Cardicola infection. Currently, little is known of the host immune response to these parasites and of their infection dynamics. In this study, using real-time qPCR we aimed to quantitatively detect C. orientalis and C. opisthorchis DNA within the gills and heart of cultured PBT juveniles and to investigate the host immune response at the transcriptional level in the gills. The research focused mainly during early stages of infection soon after young PBT were transferred to culture cages (from 14 to 77 days post-transfer). An increase (up to 11-fold) of immune-related genes, namely IgM, MHC-I, TCR-β and IL-1β was observed in the PBT gills infected with Cardicola spp. (28-77 days post-transfer). Furthermore, IgM (19-fold increase) and MHC-I (11.5-fold increase) transcription was strongly up-regulated in gill samples of PBT infected with C. orientalis relative to uninfected fish but not in fish infected with C. opisthorchis. Cardicola-specific DNA was first detected in the host 14 days post-transfer (DPT) to sea-cages which was 55 days earlier than the first detection of parasite eggs and adults by microscopy. Oral administration of PZQ did not have an immediate effect on parasite DNA presence in the host and the DNA presence started to reduce after 24 days only in the host heart. The results provide evidence of an immune response in early age sea-cage cultured juveniles of PBT naturally infected with C. orientalis and C. opisthorchis. This response, whilst not protective against primary infection, provides evidence that immunisation at an early age may have potential as a health strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sho Shirakashi
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, Nishimuro, Wakayama, Japan
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Martin MB, Bruce NL, Nowak BF. Review of the fish-parasitic genus Cymothoa Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae) from Australia. Zootaxa 2016; 4119:1-72. [PMID: 27395199 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4119.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The genus Cymothoa Fabricius, 1793 is revised for Australian waters. Cymothoa hermani Hadfield, Bruce & Smit, 2011, previously known from Tanzania on the host Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) is new to Australian waters. Cymothoa carangi Avdeev, 1979; Cymothoa epimerica Avdeev, 1979; Cymothoa parupenei Avdeev, 1979; Cymothoa propria Avdeev, 1979; Cymothoa rotunda Avdeev, 1979 and Cymothoa pulchrum Lanchester, 1902 are redescribed. Cymothoa curta Schioedte & Meinert, 1884, first described from the host Anableps anableps (Linnaeus, 1758); and Cymothoa plebeia Schioedte & Meinert, 1884, first described from Cape Verde; are redescribed and excluded from the Australian fauna. Cymothoa limbata Schioedte & Meinert, 1884 is placed into junior synonymy with Cymothoa eremita (Brünnich, 1783). A key to the Australian species of Cymothoa is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Martin
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia.;
| | - Niel L Bruce
- Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum, 70-102 Flinders Street, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia. School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Queensland, 4810, Australia Water Research Group (Ecology), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa;
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia.;
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Ghosh B, Nguyen TD, Crosbie PB, Nowak BF, Bridle AR. Oral vaccination of first-feeding Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., confers greater protection against yersiniosis than immersion vaccination. Vaccine 2016; 34:599-608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Ghosh B, Cain KD, Nowak BF, Bridle AR. Microencapsulation of a putative probiotic Enterobacter species, C6-6, to protect rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), against bacterial coldwater disease. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:1-11. [PMID: 25272249 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD), which has a major impact on salmonid aquaculture globally. An Enterobacter species, C6-6, isolated from the gut of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), has been identified as a potential probiotic species providing protection against BCWD. This study examined the effects of alginate microencapsulation on the protective efficacy of C6-6 against BCWD in vivo when administered to rainbow trout fry orally or by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Viable C6-6 bacteria were microencapsulated successfully, and this process (microencapsulation) did not significantly deteriorate its protective properties as compared to the administration of non-microencapsulated C6-6 bacteria. Both oral and IP delivery of C6-6 achieved significantly better protection than control treatments that did not contain C6-6 bacteria. The highest relative percent survival (RPS) resulted from IP delivery (71.4%) and was significantly greater than the highest oral RPS (38.6%). Successful intestinal colonization was not critical to protective effects of C6-6. The study showed that C6-6 administration, with or without encapsulation, was a viable choice for protecting fry from BCWD especially when administered intraperitoneally.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ghosh
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - K D Cain
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources and the Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - B F Nowak
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - A R Bridle
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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Ghosh B, Nowak BF, Bridle AR. Alginate Microencapsulation for Oral Immunisation of Finfish: Release Characteristics, Ex Vivo Intestinal Uptake and In Vivo Administration in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2015; 17:841-853. [PMID: 26410294 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the feasibility of alginate microcapsules manufactured using a low-impact technology and reagents to protect orally delivered immunogens for use as immunoprophylactics for fish. Physical characteristics and protein release kinetics of the microcapsules were examined at different pH and temperature levels using a microencapsulated model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA). Impact of the microencapsulation process on contents was determined by analysing change in bioactivity of microencapsulated lysozyme. Feasibility of the method for oral immunoprophylaxis of finfish was assessed using FITC-labelled microcapsules. These were applied to distal intestinal explants of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to investigate uptake ex vivo. Systemic distribution of microcapsules was investigated by oral administration of FITC-labelled microcapsules to Atlantic salmon fry by incorporating into feed. The microcapsules produced were structurally robust and retained surface integrity, with a modal size distribution of 250-750 nm and a tendency to aggregate. Entrapment efficiency of microencapsulation was 51.2 % for BSA and 43.2 % in the case of lysozyme. Microcapsules demonstrated controlled release of protein, which increased with increasing pH or temperature, and the process had no significant negative effect on bioactivity of lysozyme. Uptake of fluorescent-labelled microcapsules was clearly demonstrated by intestinal explants over a 24-h period. Evidence of microcapsules was found in the intestine, spleen, kidney and liver of fry following oral administration. Amenability of the microcapsules to intestinal uptake and distribution reinforced the strong potential for use of this microencapsulation method in oral immunoprophylaxis of finfish using sensitive immunogenic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikramjit Ghosh
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia.
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia.
| | - Andrew R Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia.
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41
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Zainathan SC, Carlile G, Carson J, McColl KA, Crane MSJ, Williams LM, Hoad J, Moody NJG, Aiken HM, Browning GF, Nowak BF. Development and application of molecular methods (PCR) for detection of Tasmanian Atlantic salmon reovirus. J Fish Dis 2015; 38:739-754. [PMID: 25130771 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular (PCR) diagnostic tests for the detection and identification of aquareovirus in general, and Tasmanian Atlantic salmon reovirus (TSRV) specifically, were developed, and their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were determined and compared with virus isolation in cell culture. Intralaboratory and interlaboratory comparison of PCR (conventional hemi-nested RT-PCR & RT-qPCR) and virus isolation in cell culture using finfish cell lines, CHSE-214 and EPC, was carried out for the detection and identification of TSRV using field samples of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, L. from various aquaculture sites around Tasmania. The interlaboratory comparison of diagnostic methods was carried out between two laboratories, AAHL-CSIRO and DPIPWE-Tasmania. A total of 144 fish from nine sites (12-33 fish per site) were sampled from two regions of Tasmania (Tamar River estuary in the north and Huon River estuary in the south-east) during late spring to early summer of 2009, and the data were analysed using different statistical approaches. The prevalence of TSRV ranged from 6% to 22% in both regions. All the diagnostic methods (data from both laboratories) had high specificity, while the estimated sensitivity varied between tests with RT-qPCR being the most sensitive (95.2%) method followed by virus isolation and then conventional hemi-nested RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Zainathan
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - G Carlile
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - J Carson
- Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Department, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - K A McColl
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - M St J Crane
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - L M Williams
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - J Hoad
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - N J G Moody
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - H M Aiken
- Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, Department, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - G F Browning
- Veterinary Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - B F Nowak
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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Valdenegro-Vega VA, Cook M, Crosbie P, Bridle AR, Nowak BF. Vaccination with recombinant protein (r22C03), a putative attachment factor of Neoparamoeba perurans, against AGD in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and implications of a co-infection with Yersinia ruckeri. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 44:592-602. [PMID: 25804487 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) affects salmonids during the marine grow-out phase in the Tasmanian industry and in other major salmonid producing countries. During the period post-transfer to seawater, the bacterial condition yersiniosis can also cause high levels of mortality in Atlantic salmon grown in Tasmania, in addition to the hatchery outbreaks. The recombinant protein r22C03, a mannose-binding protein-like (MBP-like) similar to attachment factors of other amoebae, was tested as a vaccine candidate against AGD in a large scale challenge trial. Fish were immunised with r22C03 combined with FCA via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, and given a booster five weeks later by either i.p. injection (RP group) or by a dip-immersion (mRP). Fish were then challenged twice with Neoparamoeba perurans: the initial challenge 16 weeks after primary immunisation was terminated due to presence of ulcerative lesions in the skin of salmon; the second challenge was carried out after five weeks of treatment with oxytetracycline. These skin lesions might have been associated with a concurrent infection with Yersinia ruckeri, which was detected by real-time qPCR in serum of a large proportion of moribund and survivor fish after the AGD challenge. Before and during the N. perurans infection, levels of antibodies against r22C03 were measured by ELISA in serum, skin mucus and supernatant from skin and gill explants. For the second challenge, the average size of AGD lesions was recorded from histology sections and survival curves were obtained. Before AGD challenge, r22C03 induced antibody responses in serum and explants with both vaccination strategies. At the end of the challenge, levels of antibodies were lower than before challenge irrespective of treatment. Both vaccinated groups presented increased serum antibody responses, while only mRP presented antibody responses in skin mucus, and no significant antibody responses were measured in the explants. Antibodies did not confer protection to N. perurans infection, as no difference was observed in the survival curves of the vaccinated and control groups, and there was no effect on the gill lesion size. The concurrent yersiniosis infection probably represented more closely infection patterns observed in commercial settings. However, it could have interfered with the survival results and with the ability of the fish to respond to the amoebae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Valdenegro-Vega
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia.
| | - Mathew Cook
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Philip Crosbie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia
| | - Andrew R Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia
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Bridle AR, Davenport DL, Crosbie PBB, Polinski M, Nowak BF. Neoparamoeba perurans loses virulence during clonal culture. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:575-8. [PMID: 26008963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Amoebic Gill Disease affects farmed salmonids and is caused by Neoparamoeba perurans. Clonal cultures of this amoeba have been used for challenge experiments, however the effect of long-term culture on virulence has not been investigated. Here we show, using in vitro and in vivo methods, that a clone of N. perurans which was virulent 70 days after clonal culture lost virulence after 3 years in clonal culture. We propose that this is related either to the lack of attachment to the gills or the absence of an extracellular product, as shown by the lack of cytopathic effect on Chinook salmon embryo cells. The avirulent clonal culture of N. perurans allowed us to propose two potential virulence mechanisms/factors involved in Amoebic Gill Disease and is an invaluable tool for host-pathogen studies of Amoebic Gill Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Bridle
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Danielle L Davenport
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Philip B B Crosbie
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mark Polinski
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
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44
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Aiken HM, Hayward CJ, Nowak BF. Factors affecting abundance and prevalence of blood fluke, Cardicola forsteri, infection in commercially ranched southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii, in Australia. Vet Parasitol 2015; 210:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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45
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Valdenegro-Vega VA, Polinski M, Bridle A, Crosbie P, Leef M, Nowak BF. Effects of single and repeated infections with Neoparamoeba perurans on antibody levels and immune gene expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 42:522-529. [PMID: 25433137 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is the main health problem for the salmon industry in Tasmania, Australia and is now reported in most salmon producing countries. Antibody and gene expression responses to the pathogen, Neoparamoeba perurans, have been studied independently following primary exposure; however, the effects of sequential reinfection, which can often occur during net-pen culture of salmon, remain unclear. The association between the transcription of immunoglobulin (Ig) and their systemic and mucosal antibody levels in regards to AGD is unknown. Herein, we assessed the antibody responses as well as Ig transcription in the gills of Atlantic salmon infected only once and also sequentially with N. perurans. After four successive AGD challenges, no significant differences in plasma or skin mucus levels of IgM were observed between AGD-naïve and challenged fish. However, IgM gene expression in gill lesions of AGD-affected fish increased up to 31 d after infection, while no changes in IgT, TCR and CD8 transcription were observed. Changes at IgM transcription level did not match the lack of antibody response in mucus, which is possibly explained by weak correlations existing between protein and mRNA abundances in cells and tissues. In the second experiment, which investigated Ig responses to AGD at the transcriptional as well as antibody production level in salmon after a single infection, the levels of serum or skin mucus IgM antibody were not affected and no changes in the IgM or IgT transcription were induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Valdenegro-Vega
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
| | - Mark Polinski
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Andrew Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Philip Crosbie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Melanie Leef
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
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Norte dos Santos CC, Adams MB, Leef MJ, Nowak BF. Changes in the interbranchial lymphoid tissue of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affected by amoebic gill disease. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 41:600-607. [PMID: 25451002 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The interbranchial lymphoid tissue (ILT) was recently described in the gills of salmonids. This study examined changes in the ILT during a parasitic infection in marine environment, using amoebic gill disease (AGD) as a model. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) experimentally infected with Neoparamoeba perurans were sampled at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days post challenge. Transversal sections of three areas of the gills (dorsal, medial and ventral) were histologically assessed for morphological and cellular changes. AGD induced morphological changes and a cellular response in the ILT of affected fish. These changes included a significant increase in the ILT surface area in fish 28 days after AGD challenge, compared to control fish at the same time point. The length of the ILT increased significantly 28 days post exposure in the dorsal area of the gill arch in the fish affected by AGD. The lymphocyte density of the ILT increased after AGD challenge, peaking at 7 days post exposure; however, by 28 days post exposure, a reduction of lymphocyte density to values close to pre-infection levels was observed. PCNA immunostaining revealed that epithelial hyperplasia was the most likely factor contributing to the ILT enlargement in the affected fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Norte dos Santos
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
| | - M B Adams
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - M J Leef
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - B F Nowak
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
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47
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Young ND, Dyková I, Crosbie PB, Wolf M, Morrison RN, Bridle AR, Nowak BF. Support for the coevolution of Neoparamoeba and their endosymbionts, Perkinsela amoebae-like organisms. Eur J Protistol 2014; 50:509-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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48
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Valdenegro-Vega VA, Crosbie P, Bridle A, Leef M, Wilson R, Nowak BF. Differentially expressed proteins in gill and skin mucus of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affected by amoebic gill disease. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 40:69-77. [PMID: 24979223 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The external surfaces of fish, such as gill and skin, are covered by mucus, which forms a thin interface between the organism and water. Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a parasitic condition caused by Neoparamoeba perurans that affects salmonids worldwide. This disease induces excessive mucus production in the gills. The host immune response to AGD is not fully understood, and research tools such as genomics and proteomics could be useful in providing further insight. Gill and skin mucus samples were obtained from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) which were infected with N. perurans on four successive occasions. NanoLC tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used to identify proteins in gill and skin mucus of Atlantic salmon affected by AGD. A total of 186 and 322 non-redundant proteins were identified in gill and skin mucus respectively, based on stringent filtration criteria, and statistics demonstrated that 52 gill and 42 skin mucus proteins were differentially expressed in mucus samples from AGD-affected fish. By generating protein-protein interaction networks, some of these proteins formed part of cell to cell signalling and inflammation pathways, such as C-reactive protein, apolipoprotein 1, granulin, cathepsin, angiogenin-1. In addition to proteins that were entirely novel in the context in the host response to N. perurans, our results have confirmed the presence of protein markers in mucus that have been previously predicted on the basis of modified mRNA expression, such as anterior gradient-2 protein, annexin A-1 and complement C3 factor. This first proteomic analysis of AGD-affected salmon provides new information on the effect of AGD on protein composition of gill and skin mucus. Future research should focus on better understanding of the role these components play in the response against infection with N. perurans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phil Crosbie
- NCMCRS, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Andrew Bridle
- NCMCRS, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Melanie Leef
- NCMCRS, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- NCMCRS, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
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49
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Stride MC, Polkinghome A, Nowak BF. Chlamydial infections of fish: diverse pathogens and emerging causes of disease in aquaculture species. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:258-66. [PMID: 24932463 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydial infections of fish are emerging as an important cause of disease in new and established aquaculture industries. To date, epitheliocystis, a skin and gill disease associated with infection by these obligate intracellular pathogens, has been described in over 90 fish species, including hosts from marine and fresh water environments. Aided by advances in molecular detection and typing, recent years have seen an explosion in the description of these epitheliocystis-related chlamydial pathogens of fish, significantly broadening our knowledge of the genetic diversity of the order Chlamydiales. Remarkably, in most cases, it seems that each new piscine host studied has revealed the presence of a phylogenetically unique and novel chlamydial pathogen, providing researchers with a fascinating opportunity to understand the origin, evolution and adaptation of their traditional terrestrial chlamydial relatives. Despite the advances in this area, much still needs to be learnt about the epidemiology of chlamydial infections in fish if these pathogens are to be controlled in farmed environments. The lack of in vitro methods for culturing of chlamydial pathogens of fish is a major hindrance to this field. This review provides an update on our current knowledge of the taxonomy and diversity of chlamydial pathogens of fish, discusses the impact of these infections on the health, and highlights further areas of research required to understand the biology and epidemiology of this important emerging group of fish pathogens of aquaculture species.
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50
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Valdenegro-Vega VA, Crosbie PBB, Cook MT, Vincent BN, Nowak BF. Administration of recombinant attachment protein (r22C03) of Neoparamoeba perurans induces humoral immune response against the parasite in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 38:294-302. [PMID: 24721287 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the use of a recombinant protein of Neoparamoeba perurans, the causative agent of Amoebic gill disease (AGD), as an immunogen to generate systemic and mucosal antibody responses against the parasite. Genes encoding N. perurans homologs of mannose-binding protein (MBP) from Acanthamoeba spp. have been identified. From these, a Neoparamoeba MBP - like EST has been identified and produced as a recombinant fusion protein. Attachment of N. perurans to the gill might be reduced by antibody-mediated interference of this protein, but this is dependent on the presence and level of functional antibodies in the mucus. Fish were immunized with the protein via i.p. injection with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA); and serum and skin mucus samples were collected before and after immunization. Antibodies (IgM) present in samples were characterized via Western blot and their levels measured with an ELISA. The immunization was able to induce a systemic IgM response 8 weeks after primary exposure and a mucosal response 4 weeks post initial immunization, which were specific to the recombinant protein but not to antigens obtained from crude amoebic preparations. However, adherence of the antibodies to the parasite was observed using immunocytochemistry, and both, serum and skin mucus IgM, were able to bind the surface of formalin-fixed N. perurans. This finding may contribute to further research into the development of a vaccine for AGD.
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MESH Headings
- Amebiasis/parasitology
- Amebiasis/therapy
- Amebiasis/veterinary
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amoebozoa/drug effects
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/metabolism
- Fish Diseases/parasitology
- Fish Diseases/therapy
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Lectins, C-Type/administration & dosage
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Microscopy, Fluorescence/veterinary
- Protozoan Proteins/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Proteins/chemistry
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Salmo salar
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip B B Crosbie
- NCMCRS, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia
| | - Mathew T Cook
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, QBP, 306 Carmody Rd., St. Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia
| | - Benita N Vincent
- NCMCRS, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- NCMCRS, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia
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