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Williams LA, Whisenant MS, Mendoza TR, Peek AE, Malveaux D, Griffin DK, Ponce DA, Granwehr BP, Sheshadri A, Hutcheson KA, Ali SM, Peterson SK, Heymach JV, Cleeland CS, Subbiah IM. Measuring symptom burden in patients with cancer during a pandemic: the MD Anderson symptom inventory for COVID-19 (MDASI-COVID). J Patient Rep Outcomes 2023; 7:48. [PMID: 37237077 PMCID: PMC10215036 DOI: 10.1186/s41687-023-00591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptom expression in SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) may affect patients already symptomatic with cancer. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) can describe symptom burden during the acute and postacute stages of COVID-19 and support risk stratification for levels of care. At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, our purpose was to rapidly develop, launch through an electronic patient portal, and provide initial validation for a PRO measure of COVID-19 symptom burden in patients with cancer. METHODS We conducted a CDC/WHO web-based scan for COVID-19 symptoms and a relevance review of symptoms by an expert panel of clinicians treating cancer patients with COVID-19 to create a provisional MD Anderson Symptom Inventory for COVID-19 (MDASI-COVID). English-speaking adults with cancer who tested positive for COVID-19 participated in the psychometric testing phase. Patients completed longitudinal assessments of the MDASI-COVID and the EuroQOL 5 Dimensions 5 Levels (EQ-5D-5L) utility index and visual analog scale, which were presented through an electronic health record patient portal. To test the validity of the MDASI-COVID to distinguish between known groups of patients, we hypothesized that patients hospitalized, including having a hospitalization extended, for COVID-19 versus those not hospitalized would experience higher symptom burden. Correlation of mean symptom severity and interference scores with relevant EQ-5D-5L scores tested concurrent validity. The reliability of the MDASI-COVID was evaluated by calculating Cronbach alpha coefficients and test-retest reliability was evaluated by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients between the initial assessment and a second assessment no more than 14 days later. RESULTS The web-based scan found 31 COVID-19-related symptoms; rankings of a 14-clinician expert panel reduced this list to 11 COVID-specific items to be added to the core MDASI. Time from literature scan start in March 2020 to instrument launch in May 2020 was 2 months. Psychometric analysis established the MDASI-COVID's reliability, known-group validity, and concurrent validity. CONCLUSIONS We were able to rapidly develop and electronically launch a PRO measure of COVID-19 symptom burden in patients with cancer. Additional research is needed to confirm the content domain and predictive validity of the MDASI-COVID and define the symptom burden trajectory of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta A Williams
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1450, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
| | - Meagan S Whisenant
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tito R Mendoza
- Office of Patient-Centered Research Outcomes, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bldg. 82, Rm. B03A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Angela E Peek
- Department of Electronic Health Record Ambulatory Access & Revenue, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1746, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Donna Malveaux
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1450, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Donna K Griffin
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1450, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Darcy A Ponce
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bruno Palma Granwehr
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 0402, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ajay Sheshadri
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1462, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Katherine A Hutcheson
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1445, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sara M Ali
- Department of Electronic Health Record Analytics & Reporting, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1747, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Susan K Peterson
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1330, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John V Heymach
- Department of Thoracic-Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 0432, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Charles S Cleeland
- Symptom Assessment Systems LLC, 1416 Marconi St., Houston, TX, 77019, USA
| | - Ishwaria M Subbiah
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, 1100 Dr. Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., Suite 800, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
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Griffin DK, Brezina PR, Tobler K, Zhao Y, Silvestri G, Mccoy RC, Anchan R, Benner A, Cutting GR, Kearns WG. The human embryonic genome is karyotypically complex, with chromosomally abnormal cells preferentially located away from the developing fetus. Hum Reprod 2023; 38:180-188. [PMID: 36350568 PMCID: PMC10089293 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are chromosome abnormalities detected at Day 3 post-fertilization predominantly retained in structures of the blastocyst other than the inner cell mass (ICM), where chromosomally normal cells are preferentially retained? SUMMARY ANSWER In human embryos, aneuploid cells are sequestered away from the ICM, partly to the trophectoderm (TE) but more significantly to the blastocoel fluid within the blastocoel cavity (Bc) and to peripheral cells (PCs) surrounding the blastocyst during Day 3 to Day 5 progression. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY A commonly held dogma in all diploid eukaryotes is that two gametes, each with 'n' chromosomes (23 in humans), fuse to form a '2n' zygote (46 in humans); a state that remains in perpetuity for all somatic cell divisions. Human embryos, however, display high levels of chromosomal aneuploidy in early stages that reportedly declines from Day 3 (cleavage stage) to Day 5 (blastocyst) post-fertilization. While this observation may be partly because of aneuploid embryonic arrest before blastulation, it could also be due to embryo 'normalization' to a euploid state during blastulation. If and how this normalization occurs requires further investigation. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A total of 964 cleavage-stage (Day 3) embryos underwent single-cell biopsy and diagnosis for chromosome constitution. All were maintained in culture, assessing blastulation rate, both for those assessed euploid and aneuploid. Pregnancy rate was assessed for those determined euploid, blastulated and subsequently transferred. For those determined aneuploid and blastulated (174 embryos), ICM (all 174 embryos), TE (all 174), Bc (47 embryos) and PC (38 embryos) were analyzed for chromosome constitution. Specifically, concordance with the original Day 3 diagnosis and determination if any 'normalized' to euploid karyotypes within all four structures was assessed. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS All patients (144 couples) were undergoing routine preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy in three IVF clinical settings. Cleavage-stage biopsy preceded chromosome analysis by next-generation sequencing. All patients provided informed consent. Additional molecular testing was carried out on blastocyst embryos and was analyzed for up to four embryonic structures (ICM, TE, Bc and PC). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Of 463/964 embryos (48%) diagnosed as euploid at Day 3, 70% blastulated (leading to a 59% pregnancy rate) and 30% degenerated. Conversely, of the 501 (52%) diagnosed as aneuploid, 65% degenerated and 35% (174) blastulated, a highly significant difference (P < 0.0001). Of the 174 that blastulated, the ratio of '(semi)concordant-aneuploid' versus 'normalized-euploid' versus 'other-aneuploid' embryos was, respectively, 39%/57%/3% in the ICM; 49%/48%/3% in the TE; 78%/21%/0% in the PC; and 83%/10%/5% in the Bc. The TE karyotype therefore has a positive predictive value of 86.7% in determining that of the ICM, albeit with marginally higher aneuploid rates of abnormalities (P = .071). Levels of abnormality in Bc/PC were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) versus the ploidy of the ICM and TE and nearly all chromosome abnormalities were (at least partially) concordant with Day 3 diagnoses. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The results only pertain to human IVF embryos so extrapolation to the in vivo situation and to other species is not certain. We acknowledge (rather than lineage-specific survival, as we suggest here) the possibility of other mechanisms, such as lineage-specific movement of cells, during blastulation. Ethical considerations, however, make investigating this mechanism difficult on human embryos. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Mosaic human cleavage-stage embryos can differentiate into a euploid ICM where euploid cell populations predominate. Sequestering of aneuploid cells/nuclei to structures no longer involved in fetal development has important implications for preimplantation and prenatal genetic testing. These results also challenge previous fundamental understandings of mitotic fidelity in early human development and indicate a complex and fluid nature of the human embryonic genome. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This research was funded by Organon Pharmaceuticals and Merck Serono by grants to W.G.K. W.G.K. is also an employee of AdvaGenix, who could, potentially, indirectly benefit financially from publication of this manuscript. R.C.M. is supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award number R35GM133747. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. D.K.G. provides paid consultancy services for Care Fertility. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER : N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Griffin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - P R Brezina
- Jones Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Fertility Associates of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - K Tobler
- Jones Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Idaho Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Yulian Zhao
- Jones Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - G Silvestri
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - R C Mccoy
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Anchan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - G R Cutting
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W G Kearns
- Jones Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,AdvaGenix, Rockville, MD, USA
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Dementieva NV, Mitrofanova OV, Dysin AP, Kudinov AA, Stanishevskaya OI, Larkina TA, Plemyashov KV, Griffin DK, Romanov MN, Smaragdov MG. Assessing the effects of rare alleles and linkage disequilibrium on estimates of genetic diversity in the chicken populations. Animal 2021; 15:100171. [PMID: 33563558 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic diversity in poultry has been mainly driven by artificial selection and genetic drift. These led to the adaptation to the environment and the development of specific phenotypic traits of chickens in response to their economic use. This study evaluated genetic diversity within and between Russian breeds and populations using Illumina Chicken 60K SNP iSelect BeadChip by analysing genetic differences between populations with Hudson's fixation index (FST statistic) and heterozygosity. We estimated the effect of rare alleles and linkage disequilibrium (LD) on these measurements. To assess the effect of LD on the genetic diversity population, we carried out the LD-based pruning (LD<0.5 and LD<0.1) for seven chicken populations combined (I) or separately (II). LD pruning was specific for different dataset groups. Because of the noticeably large sample size in the Russian White RG population, pruning was substantial for Dataset I, and FST values were only positive when LD<0.1 pruning was applied. For Dataset II, the LD pruning results were confirmed by examining heterozygosity and alleles' frequency distribution. LD between single nucleotide polymorphisms was consistent across the seven chicken populations, except the Russian White RG population with the smallest r2 values and the largest effective population size. Our findings suggest to study variability in each population LD pruning has to be carried separately not after merging to avoid bias in estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Dementieva
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding - Branch of the L. K. Ernst Federal Science Centre for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - O V Mitrofanova
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding - Branch of the L. K. Ernst Federal Science Centre for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - A P Dysin
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding - Branch of the L. K. Ernst Federal Science Centre for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - A A Kudinov
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding - Branch of the L. K. Ernst Federal Science Centre for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - O I Stanishevskaya
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding - Branch of the L. K. Ernst Federal Science Centre for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - T A Larkina
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding - Branch of the L. K. Ernst Federal Science Centre for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - K V Plemyashov
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding - Branch of the L. K. Ernst Federal Science Centre for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - D K Griffin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - M N Romanov
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK.
| | - M G Smaragdov
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding - Branch of the L. K. Ernst Federal Science Centre for Animal Husbandry, Pushkin, St Petersburg, Russia
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Nishida C, Ishishita S, Yamada K, Griffin DK, Matsuda Y. Dynamic chromosome reorganization in the osprey ( Pandion haliaetus , Pandionidae, Falconiformes): relationship between chromosome size and the chromosomal distribution of centromeric repetitive DNA sequences. Cytogenet Genome Res 2014; 142:179-89. [PMID: 24513810 DOI: 10.1159/000358407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The osprey (Pandion haliaetus) has a diploid number of 74 chromosomes, consisting of a large number of medium-sized macrochromosomes and relatively few microchromosomes; this differs greatly from the typical avian karyotype. Chromosome painting with chicken DNA probes revealed that the karyotype of P. haliaetus differs from the chicken karyotype by at least 14 fission events involving macrochromosomes (chicken chromosomes 1-9 and Z) and at most 15 fusions of microchromosomes, suggesting that considerable karyotype reorganization occurred in P. haliaetus in a similar manner previously reported for Accipitridae. A distinct difference was observed, however, between Accipitridae and Pandionidae with respect to the pattern of chromosome rearrangements that occurred after fissions of macrochromosomes. Metacentric or submetacentric chromosomes 1-5 in P. haliaetus appear to have been formed by centric fusion of chromosome segments derived from macrochromosomal fissions. By contrast, many pairs of bi-armed chromosomes in Accipitridae species seem to result from pericentric inversions that occurred in the fission-derived chromosomes. Two families of repetitive sequences were isolated; the 173-bp PHA-HaeIII sequence occurred on all chromosomes, whereas intense signals from the 742-bp PHA-NsiI sequence were localized to all acrocentric chromosomes, with weak signals on most of the bi-armed chromosomes. Two repetitive sequences cohybridized in the centromeric heterochromatin; however, the sequences differed in unit size, nucleotide sequence and GC content. The results suggest that the 2 sequence families originated from different ancestral sequences and were homogenized independently in centromeres, and that a chromosome size-dependent compartmentalization may have been lost in P. haliaetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nishida
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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5
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Nishida C, Ishijima J, Ishishita S, Yamada K, Griffin DK, Yamazaki T, Matsuda Y. Karyotype reorganization with conserved genomic compartmentalization in dot-shaped microchromosomes in the Japanese mountain hawk-eagle (Nisaetus nipalensis orientalis, Accipitridae). Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 141:284-94. [PMID: 23838459 DOI: 10.1159/000352067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The karyotype of the Japanese mountain hawk-eagle (Nisaetus nipalensis orientalis) (2n = 66) consists of a large number of medium-sized and small chromosomes but only 4 pairs of dot-shaped microchromosomes, in contrast to the typical avian karyotype with a small number of macrochromosomes and many indistinguishable microchromosomes. To investigate the drastic karyotype reorganization in this species, we performed a molecular cytogenetic characterization employing chromosome in situ hybridization and molecular cloning of centromeric heterochromatin. Cross-species chromosome painting with chicken chromosome-specific probes 1-9 and Z and a paint pool of 20 microchromosome pairs revealed that the N. n. orientalis karyotype differs from chicken by at least 13 fissions of macrochromosomes and 15 fusions between microchromosomes and between micro- and macrochromosomes. A novel family of satellite DNA sequences (NNO-ApaI) was isolated, consisting of a GC-rich 173-bp repeated sequence element. The NNO-ApaI sequence was localized to the C-positive centromeric heterochromatin of 4 pairs of microchromosomes, which evolved concertedly by homogenization between the microchromosomes. These results suggest that the 4 pairs of dot-shaped microchromosomes have retained their genomic compartmentalization from other middle-sized and small chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nishida
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Quilter CR, Sargent CA, Bauer J, Bagga MR, Reiter CP, Hutchinson EL, Southwood OI, Evans G, Mileham A, Griffin DK, Affara NA. An association and haplotype analysis of porcine maternal infanticide: a model for human puerperal psychosis? Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:908-27. [PMID: 22976950 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An association analysis using the Illumina porcine SNP60 beadchip was performed to identify SNPs significantly associated with porcine maternal infanticide. We previously hypothesised that this was a good animal model for human puerperal psychosis, an extreme form of postnatal mood disorder. Animals were selected from carefully phenotyped unrelated infanticide and control groups (representing extremes of the phenotypic spectrum), from four different lines. Permutation and sliding window analyses and an analysis to see which haplotypes were in linkage disequilibrium (LD) were compared to identify concordant regions. Across all analyses, intervals on SSCs 1, 3, 4, 10, and 13 were constant, contained genes associated with psychiatric or neurological disorders and were significant in multiple lines. The strongest (near GWS) consistent candidate region across all analyses and all breeds was the one located on SSC3 with one peak at 23.4 Mb, syntenic to a candidate region for bipolar disorder and another at 31.9 Mb, syntenic to a candidate region for human puerperal psychosis (16p13). From the haplotype/LD analysis, two regions reached genome wide significance (GWS): the first on SSC4 (KHDRBS3 to FAM135B), which was significant (-logP 5.57) in one Duroc based breed and is syntenic to a region in humans associated with cognition and neurotism; the second on SSC15, which was significant (-log10P 5.68) in two breeds and contained PAX3, which is expressed in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Quilter
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Skinner BM, Griffin DK. Intrachromosomal rearrangements in avian genome evolution: evidence for regions prone to breakpoints. Heredity (Edinb) 2011; 108:37-41. [PMID: 22045382 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2011.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally believed that the organization of avian genomes remains highly conserved in evolution as chromosome number is constant and comparative chromosome painting demonstrated there to be very few interchromosomal rearrangements. The recent sequencing of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) genome allowed an assessment of the number of intrachromosomal rearrangements between it and the chicken (Gallus gallus) genome, revealing a surprisingly high number of intrachromosomal rearrangements. With the publication of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) genome it has become possible to describe intrachromosomal rearrangements between these three important avian species, gain insight into the direction of evolutionary change and assess whether breakpoint regions are reused in birds. To this end, we aligned entire chromosomes between chicken, turkey and zebra finch, identifying syntenic blocks of at least 250 kb. Potential optimal pathways of rearrangements between each of the three genomes were determined, as was a potential Galliform ancestral organization. From this, our data suggest that around one-third of chromosomal breakpoint regions may recur during avian evolution, with 10% of breakpoints apparently recurring in different lineages. This agrees with our previous hypothesis that mechanisms of genome evolution are driven by hotspots of non-allelic homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Skinner
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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8
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Abstract
Numerous studies have implicated the role of gross genomic rearrangements in male infertility, e.g., constitutional aneuploidy, translocations, inversions, Y chromosome deletions, elevated sperm disomy, and DNA damage. The primary purpose of this paper is to review male fertility studies associated with such abnormalities. In addition, we speculate whether altered nuclear organization, another chromosomal/whole genome-associated phenomenon, is also concomitant with male factor infertility. Nuclear organization has been studied in a range of systems and implicated in several diseases. For many applications the measurement of the relative position of chromosome territories is sufficient to determine patterns of nuclear organization. Initial evidence has suggested that, unlike in the more usual 'size-related' or 'gene density-related' models, mammalian (including human) sperm heads display a highly organized pattern including a chromocenter with the centromeres located to the center of the nucleus and the telomeres near the periphery. More recent evidence, however, suggests there may be size- and gene density-related components to nuclear organization in sperm. It seems reasonable to hypothesize therefore that alterations in this pattern may be associated with male factor infertility. A small handful of studies have addressed this issue; however, to date it remains an exciting avenue for future research with possible implications for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ioannou
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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Griffin DK, Ellis PJ, Dunmore B, Bauer J, Abel MH, Affara NA. Transcriptional profiling of luteinizing hormone receptor-deficient mice before and after testosterone treatment provides insight into the hormonal control of postnatal testicular development and Leydig cell differentiation. Biol Reprod 2010; 82:1139-50. [PMID: 20164437 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.082099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a key regulator of male fertility through its effects on testosterone secretion by Leydig cells. Transcriptional control of this is, however, currently poorly understood. Mice in which the LH receptor is knocked out (LuRKO) show reduced testicular size, reduced testosterone, elevated serum LH, and a spermatogenic arrest that can be rescued by the administration of testosterone. Using genome-wide transcription profiling of LuRKO and control testes during postnatal development and following testosterone treatment, we show that the transcriptional effects of LH insensitivity are biphasic, with an early testosterone-independent phase and a subsequent testosterone-dependent phase. Testosterone rescue re-enables the second, testosterone-dependent phase of the normal prepubertal transcription program and permits the continuation of spermatogenesis. Examination of the earliest responses to testosterone highlights six genes that respond rapidly in a dose-dependent fashion to the androgen and that are therefore candidate regulatory genes associated with the testosterone-driven progression of spermatogenesis. In addition, our transcriptional data suggest a model for the replacement of fetal-type Leydig cells by adult-type cells during testicular development in which a testosterone feedback switch is necessary for adult Leydig cell production. LH signaling affects the timing of the switch but is not a strict requirement for Leydig cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Griffin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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Skinner BM, Völker M, Ellis M, Griffin DK. An appraisal of nuclear organisation in interphase embryonic fibroblasts of chicken, turkey and duck. Cytogenet Genome Res 2009; 126:156-64. [PMID: 20016165 DOI: 10.1159/000245915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the nuclear 'addresses' of chromosome territories is a well-documented means of assaying for nuclear organisation in many cell types and species. Data in avian species are however limited at best, despite the pivotal role played by birds (particularly chickens) in agriculture, and as model organisms in developmental biology. That is, studies have hitherto focussed mostly on mammals (especially humans) and have demonstrated the importance of chromosome territory positioning in embryology, disease and evolution. Thus a detailed study of nuclear organisation in many species, many cell types and many developmental stages in birds is warranted, however, before this is achieved, 'baseline' needs to be established to determine precisely the relative locations of chromosome territories in at least 1 cell type of at least 1 bird. With this in mind we hybridised FISH probes from chicken chromosomes 1-28 to embryonic fibroblast nuclei, determining nuclear addresses using a newly developed plug-in to the image analysis package ImageJ. In our experience, evenly spaced representative BAC clones yielded more consistent results than hybridisation of chromosome paints. Results suggested that chromosome territory distribution best fitted a chromosome size-based (rather than gene density-based) pattern. Identical BAC clones were then hybridised to turkey and duck in a comparative genomic strategy. Observations were consistent with those seen in chicken (although, less well-defined in duck), providing preliminary evidence of conservation throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Skinner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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Morris WB, Stephenson JE, Robertson LBW, Turner K, Brown H, Ioannou D, Tempest HG, Skinner BM, Griffin DK. Practicable approaches to facilitate rapid and accurate molecular cytogenetic mapping in birds and mammals. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 117:36-42. [PMID: 17675843 DOI: 10.1159/000103163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular cytogenetic mapping by FISH is a common feature of most genome projects as it provides a global, low-resolution overview of the genome and facilitates comparative genomics. An essential prerequisite for cytogenetic mapping is the ability to identify accurately the chromosome on which the clone (e.g. BAC) resides. This is not usually a barrier to human mapping as knowledge of the human karyotype is commonplace. For other species however accurate assignment can be problematic either because, as in birds, the karyotype is too complex to analyze by standard means or because of the paucity of individuals skilled to perform the karyotyping. Using chicken as a model we have developed a reproducible approach for accurate cytogenetic mapping that involves: a single colour FISH, measurement of the ratio of the size of the signal bearing chromosome to that of chromosome 8, and final assignment through a small series of dual colour experiments. Reference values for size ratios were established using base pair estimate information from the Ensembl browser. By this method cytogenetic mapping to highly complex karyotypes can be achieved in a small number of simple steps. We have also developed and tested a karyotyping tutorial programme adapted from one previously reported in this journal. That is, we have used pig as an example of a model species with a relatively tractable karyotype and demonstrated that scientists and students, even after only one hour using our tutorial, can readily identify pig chromosomes and thus make appropriate assignments using FISH. Simple, practicable means often provide preferable solutions than complex alternatives (e.g. m-FISH) to the solution of scientific problems. Such is the case for the approaches described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Morris
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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12
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Nanda I, Karl E, Griffin DK, Schartl M, Schmid M. Chromosome repatterning in three representative parrots (Psittaciformes) inferred from comparative chromosome painting. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 117:43-53. [PMID: 17675844 DOI: 10.1159/000103164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parrots (order: Psittaciformes) are the most common captive birds and have attracted human fascination since ancient times because of their remarkable intelligence and ability to imitate human speech. However, their genome organization, evolution and genomic relation with other birds are poorly understood. Chromosome painting with DNA probes derived from the flow-sorted macrochromosomes (1-10) of chicken (Gallus gallus, GGA) has been used to identify and distinguish the homoeologous chromosomal segments in three species of parrots, i.e., Agapornis roseicollis (peach-faced lovebird); Nymphicus hollandicus (cockatiel) and Melopsittacus undulatus (budgerigar). The ten GGA macrochromosome paints unequivocally recognize 14 to 16 hybridizing regions delineating the conserved chromosomal segments for the respective chicken macrochromosomes in these representative parrot species. The cross-species chromosome painting results show that, unlike in many other avian karyotypes with high homology to chicken chromosomes, dramatic rearrangements of the macrochromosomes have occurred in parrot lineages. Among the larger GGA macrochromosomes (1-5), chromosomes 1 and 4 are conserved on two chromosomes in all three species. However, the hybridization pattern for GGA 4 in A. roseicollis and M. undulatus is in sharp contrast to the most common pattern known from hybridization of chicken macrochromosome 4 in other avian karyotypes. With the exception of A. roseicollis, chicken chromosomes 2, 3 and 5 hybridized either completely or partially to a single chromosome. In contrast, the smaller GGA macrochromosomes 6, 7 and 8 displayed a complex hybridization pattern: two or three of these macrochromosomes were found to be contiguously arranged on a single chromosome in all three parrot species. Overall, the study shows that translocations and fusions in conjunction with intragenomic rearrangements have played a major role in the karyotype evolution of parrots. Our inter-species chromosome painting results unequivocally illustrate the dynamic reshuffling of ancestral chromosomes among the karyotypes of Psittaciformes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nanda
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Griffin DK, Robertson LBW, Tempest HG, Skinner BM. The evolution of the avian genome as revealed by comparative molecular cytogenetics. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 117:64-77. [PMID: 17675846 DOI: 10.1159/000103166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds are characterised by feathers, flight, a small genome and a very distinctive karyotype. Despite the large numbers of chromosomes, the diploid count of 2n approximately 80 has remained remarkably constant with 63% of birds where 2n = 74-86, 24% with 2n = 66-74 and extremes of 2n = 40 and 2n = 142. Of these, the most studied is the chicken (2n = 78), and molecular cytogenetic probes generated from this species have been used to further understand the evolution of the avian genome. The ancestral karyotype is, it appears, very similar to that of the chicken, with chicken chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4q, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 4p and Z representing the ancestral avian chromosomes 1-10 + Z; chromosome 4 being the most ancient. Avian evolution occurred primarily in three stages: the divergence of the group represented by extant ratites (emu, ostrich etc.) from the rest; divergence of the Galloanserae (chicken, turkey, duck, goose etc.)--the most studied group; and divergence of the 'land' and 'water' higher birds. Other than sex chromosome differentiation in the first divergence there are no specific changes associated with any of these evolutionary milestones although certain families and orders have undergone multiple fusions (and some fissions), which has reduced their chromosome number; the Falconiformes are the best described. Most changes, overall, seem to involve chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 10 and Z where the Z changes are intrachromosomal; there are also some recurring (convergent) events. Of these, the most puzzling involves chromosomes 4 and 10, which appear to have undergone multiple fissions and/or fusions throughout evolution - three possible hypotheses are presented to explain the findings. We conclude by speculating as to the reasons for the strange behaviour of these chromosomes as well as the role of telomeres and nuclear organisation in avian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Griffin
- University of Kent, Department of Biosciences, Canterbury, UK.
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Chatzimeletiou K, Rutherford AJ, Griffin DK, Handyside AH. Is the sperm centrosome to blame for the complex polyploid chromosome patterns observed in cleavage stage embryos from an OAT patient? ZYGOTE 2007; 15:81-90. [PMID: 17391548 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199406004059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYOligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT) is defined by a combined low count < 20 × 106 sperm/ml, poor motility < 50 % forward progression or < 25 % rapid linear progression and abnormal morphology (5–8 % normal using Kruger strict criteria) and has been associated with increased levels of sperm aneuploidy. Here we report on the cytogenetic findings from three ‘spare’ embryos from a couple that were referred for ICSI because of OAT. The embryos were processed for sequential FISH in three hybridization rounds using probes for chromosomes 3, 7, 9, 13, 17, 18, 21, X and Y. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of nine chromosomes revealed that all three embryos were female polyploid. One of them was uniformly tetraploid for all chromosomes tested, while the remaining two embryos showed evidence of abnormal postzygotic segregation of chromosomes, causing the derivative blastomeres to have uneven chromosomal constitution. In one of them in particular, the non-disjoining chromosomes showed preferential segregation to the same pole, rather than randomly moving towards either pole, suggesting an abnormal spindle and causing the derivative blastomeres to have significantly uneven chromosomal constitutions. The possible scenarios leading to polyploidy and chromosomal imbalance through cytokinetic failure and subsequent abnormal centrosomal distribution are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chatzimeletiou
- The London Bridge Fertility, Gynaecology and Genetics Centre, 1 St Thomas Street, London SE1 9RY, UK.
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15
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Nanda I, Karl E, Volobouev V, Griffin DK, Schartl M, Schmid M. Extensive gross genomic rearrangements between chicken and Old World vultures (Falconiformes: Accipitridae). Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 112:286-95. [PMID: 16484785 DOI: 10.1159/000089883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The karyotypes of most birds consist of a small number of macrochromosomes and numerous microchromosomes. Intriguingly, most accipitrids which include hawks, eagles, kites, and Old World vultures (Falconiformes) show a sharp contrast to this basic avian karyotype. They exhibit strikingly few microchromosomes and appear to have been drastically restructured during evolution. Chromosome paints specific to the chicken (GGA) macrochromosomes 1-10 were hybridized to metaphase spreads of three species of Old World vultures (Gyps rueppelli, Gyps fulvus, Gypaetus barbatus). Paints of GGA chromosomes 6-10 hybridize only to single chromosomes or large chromosome segments, illustrating the existence of high chromosome homology. In contrast, paints of the large macrochromosomes 1-5 show split hybridization signals on the chromosomes of the accipitrids, disclosing excessive chromosome rearrangements which is in clear contrast to the high degree of chromosome conservation substantiated from comparative chromosome painting in other birds. Furthermore, the GGA chromosome paint hybridization patterns reveal remarkable interchromosomal conservation among the two species of the genus Gyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nanda
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Robertson L, Williamson SL, Mégy K, Foster H, Blott SC, Griffin DK, Rocha D. Mapping of the porcine serine carboxypeptidase vitellogenic-like gene (CPVL) to chromosome 18. Anim Genet 2005; 36:160-1. [PMID: 15771729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Robertson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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17
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Schmid M, Nanda I, Hoehn H, Schartl M, Haaf T, Buerstedde JM, Arakawa H, Caldwell RB, Weigend S, Burt DW, Smith J, Griffin DK, Masabanda JS, Groenen MAM, Crooijmans RPMA, Vignal A, Fillon V, Morisson M, Pitel F, Vignoles M, Garrigues A, Gellin J, Rodionov AV, Galkina SA, Lukina NA, Ben-Ari G, Blum S, Hillel J, Twito T, Lavi U, David L, Feldman MW, Delany ME, Conley CA, Fowler VM, Hedges SB, Godbout R, Katyal S, Smith C, Hudson Q, Sinclair A, Mizuno S. Second report on chicken genes and chromosomes 2005. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 109:415-79. [PMID: 15905640 DOI: 10.1159/000084205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Schmid
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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18
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Tempest HG, Griffin DK. The relationship between male infertility and increased levels of sperm disomy. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 107:83-94. [PMID: 15305060 DOI: 10.1159/000079575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm chromosome abnormalities cut across a number of areas relevant to ICC XV. The association between increased levels of sperm aneuploidy (usually disomy) and male infertility has implications for the sessions on reproduction, sex chromosomes, aneuploidy and meiosis and was, to the best of our knowledge, first reported in 1995. Since then most studies have reported similar increases of varying degrees but, despite this, a small number of laboratories have presented results that demonstrate no significant association. The purpose of this article is to review the state of the art in this area and to speculate as to reasons for the differences in reports from different laboratories. The findings are broken down by chromosome with studies of the sex chromosomes being broken down further to indicate meiotic stages of origin. We conclude that comparisons are difficult to make since many studies do not clearly define patient and control groups. Nevertheless, despite these and other differences (such as scoring criteria, technical differences, demographics, etc.), the consensus in the literature is that a strong correlation exists between sperm aneuploidy and male infertility. The nature of that relationship will be further defined when andrological criteria are more closely taken into account and protocols for preparation and scoring are standardised.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Tempest
- Cell and Chromosome Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
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19
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Shibusawa M, Nishibori M, Nishida-Umehara C, Tsudzuki M, Masabanda J, Griffin DK, Matsuda Y. Karyotypic evolution in the Galliformes: an examination of the process of karyotypic evolution by comparison of the molecular cytogenetic findings with the molecular phylogeny. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 106:111-9. [PMID: 15218250 DOI: 10.1159/000078570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To define the process of karyotypic evolution in the Galliformes on a molecular basis, we conducted genome-wide comparative chromosome painting for eight species, i.e. silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera), Lady Amherst's pheasant (Chrysolophus amherstiae), ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), Western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), Chinese bamboo-partridge (Bambusicola thoracica) and common peafowl (Pavo cristatus) of the Phasianidae, and plain chachalaca (Ortalis vetula) of the Cracidae, with chicken DNA probes of chromosomes 1-9 and Z. Including our previous data from five other species, chicken (Gallus gallus), Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis) of the Phasianidae, guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) of the Numididae and California quail (Callipepla californica) of the Odontophoridae, we represented the evolutionary changes of karyotypes in the 13 species of the Galliformes. In addition, we compared the cytogenetic data with the molecular phylogeny of the 13 species constructed with the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, and discussed the process of karyotypic evolution in the Galliformes. Comparative chromosome painting confirmed the previous data on chromosome rearrangements obtained by G-banding analysis, and identified several novel chromosome rearrangements. The process of the evolutionary changes of macrochromosomes in the 13 species was in good accordance with the molecular phylogeny, and the ancestral karyotype of the Galliformes is represented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shibusawa
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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20
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Shibusawa M, Nishida-Umehara C, Tsudzuki M, Masabanda J, Griffin DK, Matsuda Y. A comparative karyological study of the blue-breasted quail ( Coturnix chinensis, Phasianidae) and California quail ( Callipepla californica, Odontophoridae). Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 106:82-90. [PMID: 15218246 DOI: 10.1159/000078569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2003] [Accepted: 11/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted comparative chromosome painting and chromosome mapping with chicken DNA probes against the blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis, CCH) and California quail (Callipepla californica, CCA), which are classified into the Old World quail and the New World quail, respectively. Each chicken probe of chromosomes 1-9 and Z painted a pair of chromosomes in the blue-breasted quail. In California quail, chicken chromosome 2 probe painted chromosomes 3 and 6, and chicken chromosome 4 probe painted chromosomes 4 and a pair of microchromosomes. Comparison of the cytogenetic maps of the two quail species with those of chicken and Japanese quail revealed that there are several intrachromosomal rearrangements, pericentric and/or paracentric inversions, in chromosomes 1, 2 and 4 between chicken and the Old World quail. In addition, a pericentric inversion was found in chromosome 8 between chicken and the three quail species. Ordering of the Z-linked DNA clones revealed the presence of multiple rearrangements in the Z chromosomes of the three quail species. Comparing these results with the molecular phylogeny of Galliformes species, it was also cytogenetically supported that the New World quail is classified into a different clade from the lineage containing chicken and the Old World quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shibusawa
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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21
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Critchlow HM, Payne A, Griffin DK. Genes and proteins involved in the control of meiosis. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 105:4-10. [PMID: 15218251 DOI: 10.1159/000078002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Accepted: 11/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H M Critchlow
- Cell and Chromosome Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
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22
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Guttenbach M, Nanda I, Feichtinger W, Masabanda JS, Griffin DK, Schmid M. Comparative chromosome painting of chicken autosomal paints 1-9 in nine different bird species. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 103:173-84. [PMID: 15004483 DOI: 10.1159/000076309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a Zoo-FISH study chicken autosomal chromosome paints 1 to 9 (GGA1-GGA9) were hybridized to metaphase spreads of nine diverse birds belonging to primitive and modern orders. This comparative approach allows tracing of chromosomal rearrangements that occurred during bird evolution. Striking homologies in the chromosomes of the different species were noted, indicating a high degree of evolutionary conservation in avian karyotypes. In two species, the quail and the goose, all chicken paints specifically labeled their corresponding chromosomes. In three pheasant species as well as in the American rhea and blackbird, GGA4 hybridized to chromosome 4 and additionally to a single pair of microchromosomes. Furthermore, in the pheasants fission of the ancestral galliform chromosome 2 could be documented. Hybridization of various chicken probes to two different chromosomes or to only the short or long chromosome arm of one chromosome pair in the species representing the orders Passeriformes, Strigiformes, and Columbiformes revealed translocations and chromosome fissions during species radiation. Thus comparative analysis with chicken chromosome-specific painting probes proves to be a rapid and comprehensive approach to elucidate the chromosomal relationships of the extant birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guttenbach
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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23
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Griffin DK, Harvey SC, Campos-Ramos R, Ayling LJ, Bromage NR, Masabanda JS, Penman DJ. Early origins of the X and Y chromosomes: lessons from tilapia. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 99:157-63. [PMID: 12900559 DOI: 10.1159/000071588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2002] [Accepted: 11/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated sex chromosome pairs in diverse species display certain common characteristics, normally comprising one largely heterochromatic genetically inactive chromosome and one euchromatic genetically active chromosome (e.g. the mammalian Y and X respectively). It is widely accepted that dimorphic sex chromosomes evolved from homologous pairs of autosomes. Although the exact mechanisms through which the pair diverged are not fully understood, an initial suppression of recombination in the sex-determining region is required by all of the major theories. Here we address the question of the mechanism by which this initial suppression of recombination occurs. Our model postulates that the stochastic, de novo accumulation of heterochromatin in the sex determining region can delay pairing of the sex chromosomes in meiosis, resulting in a decrease in recombination. Data to support this model is presented from the cichlid fish, Oreochromis niloticus. Although such a decrease would in most circumstances be evolutionarily disadvantageous, if the region concerned included the major sex determining gene and other gene(s) with sex-specific functions, then this would be selectively advantageous and could trigger the process(es) which, ultimately, lead to the differentiation of the sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Griffin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
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24
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Abstract
Mammalian sex chromosomes appear, behave and function differently than the autosomes, passing on their genes in a unique sex-linked manner. The publishing of Ohno's hypothesis provided a framework for discussion of sex chromosome evolution, allowing it to be developed and challenged numerous times. In this report we discuss the pressures that drove the evolution of sex and the mechanisms by which it occurred. We concentrate on how the sex chromosomes evolved in mammals, discussing the various hypotheses proposed and the evidence supporting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-J Ayling
- Cell and Chromosome Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
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25
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Harvey SC, Boonphakdee C, Campos-Ramos R, Ezaz MT, Griffin DK, Bromage NR, Penman P. Analysis of repetitive DNA sequences in the sex chromosomes of Oreochromis niloticus. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 101:314-9. [PMID: 14685001 DOI: 10.1159/000074355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2003] [Accepted: 07/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, sex determination is primarily genetic, with XX females and XY males. While the X and Y chromosomes (the largest pair) cannot be distinguished in mitotic chromosome spreads, analysis of comparative hybridization of X and Y chromosome derived probes (produced, by microdissection and DOP-PCR, from XX and YY genotypes, respectively) to different genotypes (XX, XY and YY) has demonstrated that sequence differences exist between the sex chromosomes. Here we report the characterization of these probes, showing that a significant proportion of the amplified sequences represent various transposable elements. We further demonstrate that concentrations of a number of these individual elements are found on the sex chromosomes and that the distribution of two such elements differs between the X and Y chromosomes. These findings are discussed in relation to sex chromosome differentiation in O. niloticus and to the changes expected during the early stages of sex chromosome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Harvey
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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26
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Gibbons NJ, Evans C, Griffin DK. Learning to karyotype in the university environment: a computer-based virtual laboratory class (KaryoLab) designed to rationalize time for the tutor/researcher and to encourage more students to engage in cytogenetics. Cytogenet Genome Res 2003; 101:1-4. [PMID: 14571128 DOI: 10.1159/000073409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2003] [Accepted: 05/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to karyotype G-banded chromosome preparations is an essential skill for chromosome biologists. For this reason, the teaching of the rudiments of G banding analysis forms an integral part of the curriculum in many biology and genetics degree courses. The way in which karyotyping is usually taught involves providing the students with a photograph of G-banded chromosomes, a pair of scissors and some glue from which they can cut out the chromosomes and build the karyotype. This has the disadvantage that large amounts of time are taken in cutting and pasting and comparatively little in learning pattern recognition of individual chromosomes. In this paper we describe the development of a computer-based student practical class "KaryoLab". To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a teaching tool that combines instruction in cytogenetic analysis with both formative and summative feedback to the student and a virtual elimination of marking time for the tutor. Chromosome research and diagnostics will only continue while there are sufficiently motivated and trained individuals to perform it. We see the software developed here as a significant step towards training and motivating students in cytogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Gibbons
- Cell and Chromosome Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
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27
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Shibusawa M, Nishida-Umehara C, Masabanda J, Griffin DK, Isobe T, Matsuda Y. Chromosome rearrangements between chicken and guinea fowl defined by comparative chromosome painting and FISH mapping of DNA clones. Cytogenet Genome Res 2003; 98:225-30. [PMID: 12698009 DOI: 10.1159/000069813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2002] [Accepted: 01/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome homology between chicken (Gallus gallus) and guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) was investigated by comparative chromosome painting with chicken whole chromosome paints for chromosomes 1-9 and Z and by comparative mapping of 38 macrochromosome-specific (chromosomes 1-8 and Z) and 30 microchromosome-specific chicken cosmid DNA clones. The comparative chromosome analysis revealed that the homology of macrochromosomes is highly conserved between the two species except for two inter-chromosomal rearrangements. Guinea fowl chromosome 4 represented the centric fusion of chicken chromosome 9 with the q arm of chicken chromosome 4. Guinea fowl chromosome 5 resulted from the fusion of chicken chromosomes 6 and 7. A pericentric inversion was found in guinea fowl chromosome 7, which corresponded to chicken chromosome 8. All the chicken microchromosome-specific DNA clones were also localized to microchromosomes of guinea fowl except for several clones localized to the short arm of chromosome 4. These results suggest that the cytogenetic genome organization is highly conserved between chicken and guinea fowl.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shibusawa
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science; Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Kuroiwa A, Uchikawa M, Kamachi Y, Kondoh H, Nishida-Umehara C, Masabanda J, Griffin DK, Matsuda Y. Chromosome assignment of eight SOX family genes in chicken. Cytogenet Genome Res 2003; 98:189-93. [PMID: 12698002 DOI: 10.1159/000069803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2002] [Accepted: 12/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome locations of the eight SOX family genes, SOX1, SOX2, SOX3, SOX5, SOX9, SOX10, SOX14 and SOX21, were determined in the chicken by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The SOX1 and SOX21 genes were localized to chicken chromosome 1q3.1-->q3.2, SOX5 to chromosome 1p1.6-->p1.4, SOX10 to chromosome 1p1.6, and SOX3 to chromosome 4p1.2-->p1.1. The SOX2 and SOX14 genes were shown to be linked to chromosome 9 using two-colored FISH and chromosome painting, and the SOX9 gene was assigned to a pair of microchromosomes. These results suggest that these SOX genes form at least three clusters on chicken chromosomes. The seven SOX genes, SOX1, SOX2, SOX3, SOX5, SOX10, SOX14 and SOX21 were localized to chromosome segments with homologies to human chromosomes, indicating that the chromosome locations of SOX family genes are highly conserved between chicken and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuroiwa
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics, Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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29
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Griffin DK, Hyland P, Tempest HG, Homa ST. Safety issues in assisted reproduction technology: Should men undergoing ICSI be screened for chromosome abnormalities in their sperm? Hum Reprod 2003; 18:229-35. [PMID: 12571154 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deg044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of aneuploidy in gametes of men undergoing ICSI has raised the prospect of there being risks associated with ICSI and the question of whether or not to screen men for sperm aneuploidy before treatment. We report results of a questionnaire undertaken to address how IVF staff perceive this problem, whether ICSI men are already being screened for sperm aneuploidy and the extent to which IVF specialists feel that there is merit in such a test. The results suggest that this is seen as a problem but most feel the risks outweigh the benefits. Most claimed their clinics do not screen sperm for aneuploidy but feel that there is merit in doing so. There are considerable benefits to screening i.e. couples would get additional information about the genetic repercussions of ICSI and could make informed decisions before treatment; screening would also facilitate the design of a large research study to give clearer answers on the safety of ICSI. However, we acknowledge counter arguments i.e. families would not necessarily benefit as most would have the ICSI procedure regardless of screen results; sex chromosome trisomies clinically are not severe enough to worry about in this context and there are other potential risks of ICSI that screening would not address.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Griffin
- Cell and Chromosome Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.
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30
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Abstract
Sex chromosome abnormalities are common in mammals and humans and are often associated with subfertility. In this study a boar with normal sperm parameters was indicated to have reduced prolificacy from figures obtained for return rate, farrowing rate and total number of piglets born. G-banded cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood identified an abnormal mosaic sex chromosome constitution 39,XYY[74]/38,XY[23]/37,X[3]. Cytogenetic analysis of fibroblasts confirmed this mosaic karyotype with similar percentages of cell lines observed 39,XYY[76]/38,XY[19]/37,X[5]. External genitalia revealed a poorly developed scrotum with the right testicle being smaller than the left. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that this chromosome constitution has been reported in the pig. It is of particular interest that this karyotype is associated with reduced boar fertility, which could lead to potential economic losses if such a boar were selected for breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Quilter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK. PIC UK.
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31
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Harvey SC, Masabanda J, Carrasco LAP, Bromage NR, Penman DJ, Griffin DK. Molecular-cytogenetic analysis reveals sequence differences between the sex chromosomes of Oreochromis niloticus: evidence for an early stage of sex-chromosome differentiation. Cytogenet Genome Res 2003; 97:76-80. [PMID: 12438743 DOI: 10.1159/000064036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is primarily genetic, with XX females and XY males. A candidate sex-determining region in the terminal region of the largest chromosome pair has been identified by analysis of meiotic chromosomes. This region shows an inhibition of pairing and synapsis in the XY genotype, but not in XX or YY genotypes, suggesting that recombination is inhibited. Here we show that chromosome microdissection and subsequent amplification by degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR (DOP-PCR) can be used to produce in situ hybridization probes to this largest pair of O. niloticus chromosomes. Furthermore, analysis of the comparative hybridization of X and Y chromosome-derived probes to different genotypes provides the first demonstration that sequence differences exist between the sex chromosomes of O. niloticus. This provides further support for the theory that this chromosome pair is related to sex determination and further suggests that the sex chromosomes are at a very early stage of divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Harvey
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
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32
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Campos-Ramos R, Harvey SC, Masabanda JS, Carrasco LA, Griffin DK, McAndrew BJ, Bromage NR, Penman DJ. Identification of putative sex chromosomes in the blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus, through synaptonemal complex and FISH analysis. Genetica 2002; 111:143-53. [PMID: 11841163 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013707818534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sex determination in the blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus, is primarily a ZW female-ZZ male system. Here, by analysis of the pachytene meiotic chromosomes of O. aureus, we demonstrate the presence of two distinct regions of restricted pairing present only in heterogametic fish. The first, a subterminal region of the largest bivalent is located near to the region of unpairing found in the closely related species O. niloticus, while the second is in a small bivalent, most of which was unpaired. These results suggest that O. aureus has two separate pairs of sex chromosomes.
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33
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Harvey SC, Campos-Ramos R, Kennedy DD, Ezaz MT, Bromage NR, Griffin DK, Penman DJ. Karyotype evolution in Tilapia: mitotic and meiotic chromosome analysis of Oreochromis karongae and O. niloticus x O. karongae hybrids. Genetica 2002; 115:169-77. [PMID: 12403171 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020190918431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The karyotype of Oreochromis species is considered to be highly conserved, with a diploid chromosome complement of 2n = 44. Here we show, by analysis of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes, that the karyotype of O. karongae, one of the Lake Malawi 'chambo' species, is 2n = 38. This difference in chromosome number does not prevent the production of inter-specific hybrids between O. niloticus (2n = 44) and O. karongae (2n = 38). Analysis of the meiotic chromosomes of the O. niloticus x O. karongae hybrids indicates that three separate chromosome fusion events have occurred in O. karongae. Comparison of the O. karongae and O. niloticus karyotypes suggests that these consist of one Robertsonian fusion and two fusions of a more complex nature.
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34
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Schmid M, Nanda I, Guttenbach M, Steinlein C, Hoehn M, Schartl M, Haaf T, Weigend S, Fries R, Buerstedde JM, Wimmers K, Burt DW, Smith J, A'Hara S, Law A, Griffin DK, Bumstead N, Kaufman J, Thomson PA, Burke T, Groenen MA, Crooijmans RP, Vignal A, Fillon V, Morisson M, Pitel F, Tixier-Boichard M, Ladjali-Mohammedi K, Hillel J, Mäki-Tanila A, Cheng HH, Delany ME, Burnside J, Mizuno S. First report on chicken genes and chromosomes 2000. Cytogenet Cell Genet 2001; 90:169-218. [PMID: 11124517 DOI: 10.1159/000056772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Schmid
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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35
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Griffin DK, Haberman F, Masabanda J, O'Brien P, Bagga M, Sazanov A, Smith J, Burt DW, Ferguson-Smith M, Wienberg J. Micro- and macrochromosome paints generated by flow cytometry and microdissection: tools for mapping the chicken genome. Cytogenet Cell Genet 2000; 87:278-81. [PMID: 10702695 DOI: 10.1159/000015449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the chicken being one of the most genetically mapped of all animals, its karyotype remains poorly defined. This is primarily due to microchromosomes that belie assignment by conventional methods. To address this problem, we have developed chromosome-specific paints using flow cytometry and microdissection. For the microchromosomes it was necessary to amplify and label DNA from single microdissected chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Griffin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
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36
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Abstract
Chickens and the great flightless emu belong to two distantly related orders of birds in the carinate and ratite subclasses that diverged at least 80 million years ago. In the first ZOO-FISH study between bird species, we hybridized single chromosome paints from the chicken (Gallus domesticus) onto the emu chromosomes. We found that the nine macrochromosomes show remarkable homology between the two species, indicating strong conservation of karyotype through evolution. One chicken macrochromosome (4) was represented by a macro- and a microchromosome in the emu, suggesting that microchromosomes and macrochromosomes are interconvertible. The chicken Z chromosome paint hybridized to the emu Z and most of the W, confirming that ratite sex chromosomes are largely homologous; the centromeric region of the W which hybridized weakly may represent the location of the sex determining gene(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shetty
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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37
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Griffin DK, Ferguson-Smith MA. Diagnosis of sex and cystic fibrosis status in fetal erythroblasts isolated from cord blood. Prenat Diagn 1999; 19:172-4. [PMID: 10215077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of fetal cells in the maternal circulation will obviate the need for invasive sampling procedures. It is essential however, before this can be put into wide clinical practice, that a reliable isolation procedure and a simple, robust means of genotyping rare fetal cells be developed. A relatively inexpensive, sensitive diagnostic procedure which can detect single gene defects and/or aneuploidy is fluorescent PCR. This has been used extensively in molecular diagnostics including preimplantation diagnosis but, to our knowledge, has not been applied widely for the diagnosis of isolated fetal erythroblasts. Here we used cord blood as a model system for fetal cells in the maternal circulation: we isolated erythroblasts on a glass slide, employed a simple micromanipulation technique to place them into a PCR tube and then applied fluorescent PCR to diagnose sex and cystic fibrosis status in 10 patients. Nine samples had a normal cystic fibrosis status, one patient, however, had a mutant allele suggesting that this fetus was a carrier for cystic fibrosis. Fluorescent PCR has virtually limitless potential in the genotyping of rare fetal cells isolated from the maternal circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Griffin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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38
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Parris CN, Harris JD, Griffin DK, Cuthbert AP, Silver AJ, Newbold RF. Functional evidence of novel tumor suppressor genes for cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cancer Res 1999; 59:516-20. [PMID: 9973191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Losses of heterozygosity involving chromosomes 9 and 10 are frequent events in the development and progression of cutaneous malignant melanoma. To investigate whether specifically deleted chromosomal regions encode tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), we introduced normal chromosome 10 into the tumorigenic human metastatic melanoma cell line UACC-903 by microcell fusion. In addition, two chromosome 9 derivatives that were microdeleted in the region of the p16INK4A/p15INK4B locus were transferred to determine whether an additional melanoma TSG or TSGs reside on chromosome 9p, as indicated by previous melanoma allele loss studies. In comparison to parental cells, microcell hybrids generated with chromosomes 9 (microdeleted) and 10 displayed reduced anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and markedly reduced tumorigenicity in athymic (nu/nu) mice. These data define a TSG or TSGs that function independently of p15/p16 on chromosome 9 and provide evidence for a TSG (or TSGs) on chromosome 10 that may be important in melanoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Parris
- Human Cancer Genetics Unit, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, United Kingdom
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39
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Russo I, Silver AR, Cuthbert AP, Griffin DK, Trott DA, Newbold RF. A telomere-independent senescence mechanism is the sole barrier to Syrian hamster cell immortalization. Oncogene 1998; 17:3417-26. [PMID: 10030665 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of telomerase and stabilization of telomeres occur simultaneously during human cell immortalization in vitro and the vast majority of human cancers possess high levels of telomerase activity. Telomerase repression in human somatic cells may therefore have evolved as a powerful resistance mechanism against immortalization, clonal evolution and malignant progression. The comparative ease with which rodent cells immortalize in vitro suggests that they have less stringent controls over replicative senescence than human cells. Here, we report that Syrian hamster dermal fibroblasts possess substantial levels of telomerase activity throughout their culture life-span, even after growth arrest in senescence. In our studies, telomerase was also detected in uncultured newborn hamster skin, in several adult tissues, and in cultured fibroblasts induced to enter the post-mitotic state irreversibly by serum withdrawal. Transfection of near-senescent dermal fibroblasts with a selectable plasmid vector expressing the SV40 T-antigen gene resulted in high-frequency single-step immortalization without the crisis typically observed during the immortalization of human cells. Collectively, these data provide an explanation for the increased susceptibility of rodent cells to immortalization (and malignant transformation) compared with their human equivalents, and provide evidence for a novel, growth factor-sensitive, mammalian senescence mechanism unrelated to telomere maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Russo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
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40
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Chen H, Griffin DK, Jestice K, Hackett G, Cooper J, Ferguson-Smith MA. Evaluating the culture of fetal erythroblasts from maternal blood for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 1998; 18:883-92. [PMID: 9793969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Fetal erythroblasts circulating in maternal blood are important candidate cells for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. We have cultured erythroblasts from 16 maternal blood samples, both with and without prior enrichment by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS), in a semi-solid medium containing growth factors. Individual colonies were examined by PCR with sex chromosome-specific primers and microsatellite marker primers. No conclusive Y-chromosome specific amplification could be demonstrated in any of the 16 cases, even when the mother was confirmed to be carrying a male fetus. All colonies tested by microsatellite marker PCR were of maternal origin. Our results suggest that the probability of obtaining fetal colonies from fetal erythroblasts circulating in maternal blood is very low and that approaches for culturing fetal erythroblasts in vitro cannot yet be used reliably for prenatal diagnosis using current methods for fetal cell enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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41
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Abstract
A comprehensive cytogenetic characterization of the unusally large reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) sex chromosomes is presented for the purpose of studying the evolution of these atypical gonosomes. Sex chromosome idiograms were constructed from G-banded and C-banded chromosomes to illustrate the relative amounts and locations of euchromatin and heterochromatin. Hybridization with a Mazama gouazoubira X whole-chromosome paint revealed that essentially all reindeer X-linked euchromatin and most reindeer Y-linked euchromatin is conserved interspecifically. Subsequently, painting probes were generated from flow-sorted reindeer X chromosomes, flow-sorted reindeer Y chromosomes, and from microdissections of specific gonosomal regions to establish specific segment-to-segment homologies between these gonosomes. In particular, one microdissection-generated paint demonstrated that certain constituent repetitive DNAs, found in C-band region Xq31, were also present in essentially all heterochromatin blocks of the Y chromosome. Microdissection-generated paints from other X-linked heterochromatin blocks revealed the presence of DNA sequences that lacked homologous sequences on the Y chromosomes and were more specific for their region of origin. These characteristics of the reindeer sex chromosomes are consistent with the notion that mammalian sex chromosomes were derived from homologous progenitor chromosome pairs and provide insights into the evolution of these atypical mammalian gonosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, England, UK.
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42
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Griffin DK, Sanoudou D, Adamski E, McGiffert C, O'Brien P, Wienberg J, Ferguson-Smith MA. Chromosome specific comparative genome hybridisation for determining the origin of intrachromosomal duplications. J Med Genet 1998; 35:37-41. [PMID: 9475092 PMCID: PMC1051184 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome specific comparative genome hybridisation (CGH) is a novel approach for the detection of cytogenetic abnormalities. It combines flow sorting of chromosomes, degenerate oligonucleotide primed (DOP)-PCR and a modified comparative genome hybridisation (CGH) technique to define the site and extent of intrachromosomal duplications. Chromosome specific paint probes for aberrant chromosomes and their normal homologues from four subjects with unbalanced duplications within chromosomes 2p11-15, 3q25-26, 5q34-qter, and 12q23-24.2 were made. They were then cohybridised on normal metaphase spreads and the ratio of their relative intensities of hybridisation analysed. The results were compared to those of similar experiments where regular CGH was performed on the same four patients. We provide evidence that this method can detect duplications and deficiencies which might be missed by conventional CGH, as the ratio of hybridisation of abnormal/normal DNA is 2:1 rather than 3:2. It is the method of choice where mosaicism is present or where only one of several homologous chromosomes is duplicated. Furthermore, it suggests that DOP-PCR amplifies all or most of the euchromatic regions of the genome equally.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Griffin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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43
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O'Keefe CL, Griffin DK, Bean CJ, Matera AG, Hassold TJ. Alphoid variant-specific FISH probes can distinguish autosomal meiosis I from meiosis II non-disjunction in human sperm. Hum Genet 1997; 101:61-6. [PMID: 9385371 DOI: 10.1007/s004390050587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, several groups have used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to study aneuploidy in human sperm. Several important observations have derived from these studies, including the demonstration of chromosome-specific variation in non-disjunction frequencies, and the possible association of aneuploidy with environmental agents and with increasing paternal age. However, an important technical limitation of these studies has been the inability to distinguish between autosomal non-disjunction occurring at meiosis I and meiosis II. In the present report, we describe a simple FISH-based approach designed to overcome this limitation. Using oligonucleotide probes capable of distinguishing subtle differences in the alpha satellite sequences of chromosome 17, we demonstrate that (in appropriate heterozygotes) it is possible to simultaneously identify disomic sperm and to determine the meiotic stage of origin of the additional chromosome. This novel approach has important implications for future FISH sperm studies, since the ability to distinguish between meiosis I and meiosis II non-disjunction will make it possible to determine whether putative etiological agents affect chromosome segregation at both, or only one, of the two meiotic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L O'Keefe
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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44
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Griffin DK, Millie EA, Redline RW, Hassold TJ, Zaragoza MV. Cytogenetic analysis of spontaneous abortions: comparison of techniques and assessment of the incidence of confined placental mosaicism. Am J Med Genet 1997; 72:297-301. [PMID: 9332658 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19971031)72:3<297::aid-ajmg9>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies on spontaneous abortions traditionally have used one of two methodologies, direct preparations or long-term culture, to determine the chromosome constitution of either the cytotrophoblast or villous stroma, respectively. Few studies have utilized both techniques simultaneously to compare the relative efficiencies of each method and to assess the contribution of confined placental mosaicism (CPM). The present report summarizes cytogenetic studies on 691 consecutive spontaneous abortions using long-term culture, direct preparations, or both. All 691 cases were analyzed by long-term culture and 177 cases were analyzed using both long-term culture and direct preparations. The results indicate that the two methods have similar success rates, 82% for long-term culture and 76% for direct preparation; however, the proportion of normal females was significantly increased in the culture method, presumably attributable to maternal contamination. In 107 cases, results were obtained from both methods with 22 discrepancies identified. However, most of these involved a 46,XX result in culture, consistent with maternal contamination in the cultured preparation. Therefore, to estimate the proportion of CPM we excluded cases with a 46,XX result in culture and found four (6.1%) of the remaining 65 cases to be consistent with CPM. These cases consisted of normal or mosaic aneuploid cytotrophoblast and non-mosaic aneuploid villous stroma. These studies suggest that each method has specific advantages in the analysis of spontaneous abortions. Direct preparations are less prone to maternal contamination, but certain chromosome abnormalities are more likely to be identified using long-term culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Griffin
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Burkin
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, England, United Kingdom
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46
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Griffin DK, Abruzzo MA, Millie EA, Feingold E, Hassold TJ. Sex ratio in normal and disomic sperm: evidence that the extra chromosome 21 preferentially segregates with the Y chromosome. Am J Hum Genet 1996; 59:1108-13. [PMID: 8900240 PMCID: PMC1914829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, deviations from a 1:1 male:female ratio have been identified in both chromosomally normal and trisomic live births: among normal newborns there is a slight excess of males, among trisomy 18 live borns a large excess of females, and among trisomy 21 live borns an excess of males. These differences could arise from differential production of or fertilization by Y- or X-bearing sperm or from selection against male or female conceptions. To examine the proportion of Y- and X-bearing sperm in normal sperm and in sperm disomic for chromosomes 18 or 21, we used three-color FISH (to the X and Y and either chromosome 18 or chromosome 21) to analyze >300,000 sperm from 24 men. In apparently normal sperm, the sex ratio was nearly 1:1 (148,074 Y-bearing to 148,657 X-bearing sperm), and the value was not affected by the age of the donor. Certain of the donors, however, had significant excesses of Y- or X-bearing sperm. In disomy 18 sperm, there were virtually identical numbers of Y- and X-bearing sperm; thus, the excess of females in trisomy 18 presumably is due to selection against male trisomic conceptions. In contrast, we observed 69 Y-bearing and 44 X-bearing sperm disomic for chromosome 21. This is consistent with previous molecular studies, which have identified an excess of males among paternally derived cases of trisomy 21, and suggests that some of the excess of males among Down syndrome individuals is attributable to a nondisjunctional mechanism in which the extra chromosome 21 preferentially segregates with the Y chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Griffin
- Department of Genetics and The Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
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47
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Abruzzo MA, Griffin DK, Millie EA, Sheean LA, Hassold TJ. The effect of Y-chromosome alpha-satellite array length on the rate of sex chromosome disomy in human sperm. Hum Genet 1996; 97:819-23. [PMID: 8641703 DOI: 10.1007/bf02346196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Trisomy is the leading known cause of mental retardation and pregnancy loss in humans, yet virtually nothing is known of the underlying nondisjunctional mechanisms. Since studies of other organisms suggest an association between centromere size or sequence and meiotic nondisjunction, we recently initiated studies to examine the effect of centromere size variation on human nondisjunction. In the present report, we summarize studies correlating variation in the size of the Y-chromosome centromere with sex chromosome nondisjunction. In one set of studies, we used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to estimate Y-chromosome alpha-satellite array lengths in normal males, and correlated these values with Y-chromosome sperm disomy levels as determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization. In a second set of studies, we determined the Y-chromosome alpha-satellite array length of 47,XYY males, since the karyotypes of these individuals are a consequence of Y chromosome nondisjunction. Neither set of studies provided evidence for an effect of Y-chromosome alpha-satellite array length on Y-chromosome nondisjunction. Thus, if there is an association between Y-chromosome centromere size and nondisjunction, the effect is subtle and below the detection levels of the present study or involves extreme size variants that were not represented in the present study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Abruzzo
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Sherlock JK, Griffin DK, Delhanty JD, Parrington JM. Homologies between human and marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) chromosomes revealed by comparative chromosome painting. Genomics 1996; 33:214-9. [PMID: 8660970 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1996.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Regions of DNA homology between human and marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) chromosomes have been demonstrated using fluorescence in situ hybridization. All 24 chromosome paints and two centromere repeat sequences from Homo sapiens (HSA) have been annealed to previously G-banded metaphase spreads of Callithrix jacchus. All human paint probes, except Y, successfully hybridized to marmoset chromosomes. Fifteen of them hybridized to one region only, seven to two regions, and paint 1 to three regions. Homologies proposed from previous banding comparisons have been confirmed for HSA 2, 4-6, 10-12, 18, 19, 21 and X and partially confirmed for HSA 1 and 3, but were not in agreement for HSA 14 and 17. Human centromere repeat sequences for X and 18 did not hybridize to marmoset chromosomes. Because, at present, there is the confusion situation of several different numbering systems for marmoset chromosomes, we propose a new simpler nomenclature based on descending order of chromosome size.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Callithrix/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Humans
- Male
- X Chromosome
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Sherlock
- Department of Genetics and Biometry, Galton Laboratory, University College London, United Kingdom
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Kontogianni EH, Griffin DK, Handyside AH. Identifying the sex of human preimplantation embryos in X-linked disease: amplification efficiency of a Y-specific alphoid repeat from single blastomeres with two lysis protocols. J Assist Reprod Genet 1996; 13:125-32. [PMID: 8688584 DOI: 10.1007/bf02072533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preimplantation diagnosis involves detecting genetic defects in one or two blastomeres biopsied from cleavage stage embryos following a vitro fertilization (IVF). For X-linked recessive disease, identification of the sex of embryos allows transfer of only unaffected females. To examine how critical the preparation of the single blastomere is for amplification of a Y chromosome specific repeat sequence using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the incidence of amplification failure has been examined following two lysis protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS Amplification of a Y alphoid repeat sequence from single blastomeres disaggregated from cleavage stage embryos was examined after either (1) lysis in distilled water and freeze-thawing twice or (2) a two-step lysis protocol involving an initial treatment in potassium hydroxide and dithiothreitol. Some of the embryos had been previously sexed by cleavage-stage biopsy and fluorescent in situ hybridization with X- and Y-specific probes. RESULTS Amplification failure occurred in 6 of 50 (12%) and 4 of 60 (7%) single blastomeres from male embryos following lysis in distilled water or using the two-step protocol, respectively. Conversely, amplification from contaminating DNA occurred in 5 of 63 (8%) single blastomeres from female embryos and 6 of 94 (6%) of control medium-blanks. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of amplification failure was improved but not eliminated using the two-step lysis protocol. At least two cells, therefore, would be necessary for accurate identification of males by amplification of Y-specific repeat sequences alone. Nevertheless, this protocol for preparing cleavage-stage blastomeres is likely to give more consistent amplification of any unique or repeat sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Kontogianni
- Human Embryology Laboratory, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, England
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Abstract
Aneuploidy, the presence of an extra or missing chromosome, is the most frequent cause of mental retardation and pregnancy loss in our species. Studies can be divided into those of incidence, origin, and etiology. Trisomy 21 is the most common aneuploidy among liveborns whereas monosomy X and trisomy 16 are the most frequent causes of pregnancy loss. Aneuploidy primarily arises by the process of nondisjunction in the first meiotic division of maternal meiosis; however, this varies among chromosomes in that some show a significant proportion of paternal and/or meiosis II errors. The most common etiological factor associated with aneuploidy is advancing maternal age and it is generally agreed that this is a result of the increasing likelihood of nondisjunction in the aging ovary. There has been intense debate as to the existence of of a paternal age effect and recent studies on human sperm suggest that there may be a small effect for the sex chromosomes. Furthermore, recent molecular studies on trisomic conceptuses have revealed a second etiological factor associated with nondisjunction, namely, reduced genetic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Griffin
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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