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Salvatore SR, Gómez-Cortés P, Rowart P, Woodcock SR, Angel de la Fuente M, Chang F, Schopfer FJ. Digestive interaction between dietary nitrite and dairy products generates novel nitrated linolenic acid products. Food Chem 2024; 437:137767. [PMID: 37879157 PMCID: PMC10844836 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated fatty acids are important anti-inflammatory and protective lipids formed in the gastric compartment, with conjugated linoleic acid (rumenic acid, RA, 9Z,11E-18:2) being the primary substrate for lipid nitration. The recently reported identification of nitrated rumelenic acid (NO2-RLA) in human urine has led to hypothesize that rumelenic acid (RLA, 9Z,11E,15Z-18:3) from dairy fat is responsible for the formation of NO2-RLA. To evaluate the source and mechanism of NO2-RLA formation, 15N labeled standards of NO2-RLA were synthesized and characterized. Afterward, milk fat with different RA and RLA levels was administered to mice in the presence of nitrite, and the appearance of nitrated fatty acids in plasma and urine followed. We confirmed the formation of NO2-RLA and defined the main metabolites in plasma, urine, and tissues. In conclusion, RLA obtained from dairy products is the main substrate for forming this novel electrophilic lipid reported to be present in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia R Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Pilar Gómez-Cortés
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pascal Rowart
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Steven R Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Miguel Angel de la Fuente
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fei Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute (VMI), Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine (C3M), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Chowdhury FA, Colussi N, Sharma M, Wood KC, Xu JZ, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ, Straub AC. Fatty acid nitroalkenes - Multi-target agents for the treatment of sickle cell disease. Redox Biol 2023; 68:102941. [PMID: 37907055 PMCID: PMC10632539 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary hematological disease with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Despite being monogenic, SCD patients display a plethora of disease-associated complications including anemia, oxidative stress, sterile inflammation, vaso-occlusive crisis-related pain, and vasculopathy, all of which contribute to multiorgan dysfunction and failure. Over the past decade, numerous small molecule drugs, biologics, and gene-based interventions have been evaluated; however, only four disease-modifying drug therapies are presently FDA approved. Barriers regarding effectiveness, accessibility, affordability, tolerance, and compliance of the current polypharmacy-based disease-management approaches are challenging. As such, there is an unmet pharmacological need for safer, more efficacious, and logistically accessible treatment options for SCD patients. Herein, we evaluate the potential of small molecule nitroalkenes such as nitro-fatty acid (NO2-FA) as a therapy for SCD. These agents are electrophilic and exert anti-inflammatory and tissue repair effects through an ability to transiently post-translationally bind to and modify transcription factors, pro-inflammatory enzymes and cell signaling mediators. Preclinical and clinical studies affirm safety of the drug class and a murine model of SCD reveals protection against inflammation, fibrosis, and vascular dysfunction. Despite protective cardiac, renal, pulmonary, and central nervous system effects of nitroalkenes, they have not previously been considered as therapy for SCD. We highlight the pathways targeted by this drug class, which can potentially prevent the end-organ damage associated with SCD and contrast their prospective therapeutic benefits for SCD as opposed to current polypharmacy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabliha A Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Colussi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Malini Sharma
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katherine C Wood
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julia Z Xu
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Adam C Straub
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Microvascular Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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3
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Liu S, He L, Bannister OB, Li J, Schnegelberger RD, Vanderpuye CM, Althouse AD, Schopfer FJ, Wahlang B, Cave MC, Monga SP, Zhang X, Arteel GE, Beier JI. Western diet unmasks transient low-level vinyl chloride-induced tumorigenesis; potential role of the (epi-)transcriptome. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 468:116514. [PMID: 37061008 PMCID: PMC10164119 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Vinyl chloride (VC) monomer is a volatile organic compound commonly used in industry. At high exposure levels, VC causes liver cancer and toxicant-associated steatohepatitis. However, lower exposure levels (i.e., sub-regulatory exposure limits) that do not directly damage the liver, enhance injury caused by Western diet (WD). It is still unknown if the long-term impact of transient low-concentration VC enhances the risk of liver cancer development. This is especially a concern given that fatty liver disease is in and of itself a risk factor for the development of liver cancer. METHODS C57Bl/6 J mice were fed WD or control diet (CD) for 1 year. During the first 12 weeks of feeding only, mice were also exposed to VC via inhalation at sub-regulatory limit concentrations (<1 ppm) or air for 6 h/day, 5 days/week. RESULTS Feeding WD for 1 year caused significant hepatic injury, which was exacerbated by VC. Additionally, VC increased the number of tumors which ranged from moderately to poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated VC-induced changes in metabolic but also ribosomal processes. Epitranscriptomic analysis showed a VC-induced shift of the modification pattern that has been associated with metabolic disease, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cancer. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that VC sensitizes the liver to other stressors (e.g., WD), resulting in enhanced tumorigenesis. These data raise concerns about potential interactions between VC exposure and WD. It also emphasizes that current safety restrictions may be insufficient to account for other factors that can influence hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
| | - Liqing He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, United States of America.
| | - Olivia B Bannister
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
| | - Regina D Schnegelberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
| | - Charis-Marie Vanderpuye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
| | - Andrew D Althouse
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
| | - Banrida Wahlang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America.
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Liver Transplant Program at UofL Health-Jewish Hospital Trager Transplant Center, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, United States of America.
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Pittsburgh, United States of America.
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, United States of America; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America.
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Pittsburgh, United States of America; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
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4
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Hicks KG, Cluntun AA, Schubert HL, Hackett SR, Berg JA, Leonard PG, Ajalla Aleixo MA, Zhou Y, Bott AJ, Salvatore SR, Chang F, Blevins A, Barta P, Tilley S, Leifer A, Guzman A, Arok A, Fogarty S, Winter JM, Ahn HC, Allen KN, Block S, Cardoso IA, Ding J, Dreveny I, Gasper WC, Ho Q, Matsuura A, Palladino MJ, Prajapati S, Sun P, Tittmann K, Tolan DR, Unterlass J, VanDemark AP, Vander Heiden MG, Webb BA, Yun CH, Zhao P, Wang B, Schopfer FJ, Hill CP, Nonato MC, Muller FL, Cox JE, Rutter J. Protein-metabolite interactomics of carbohydrate metabolism reveal regulation of lactate dehydrogenase. Science 2023; 379:996-1003. [PMID: 36893255 PMCID: PMC10262665 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm3452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic networks are interconnected and influence diverse cellular processes. The protein-metabolite interactions that mediate these networks are frequently low affinity and challenging to systematically discover. We developed mass spectrometry integrated with equilibrium dialysis for the discovery of allostery systematically (MIDAS) to identify such interactions. Analysis of 33 enzymes from human carbohydrate metabolism identified 830 protein-metabolite interactions, including known regulators, substrates, and products as well as previously unreported interactions. We functionally validated a subset of interactions, including the isoform-specific inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase by long-chain acyl-coenzyme A. Cell treatment with fatty acids caused a loss of pyruvate-lactate interconversion dependent on lactate dehydrogenase isoform expression. These protein-metabolite interactions may contribute to the dynamic, tissue-specific metabolic flexibility that enables growth and survival in an ever-changing nutrient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Hicks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ahmad A Cluntun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Heidi L Schubert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Jordan A Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Paul G Leonard
- Core for Biomolecular Structure and Function, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute for Applied Cancer Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mariana A Ajalla Aleixo
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteinas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Youjia Zhou
- School of Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alex J Bott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sonia R Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fei Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aubrie Blevins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Paige Barta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Samantha Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aaron Leifer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrea Guzman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ajak Arok
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sarah Fogarty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jacob M Winter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hee-Chul Ahn
- Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, The Republic of Korea
| | - Karen N Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Block
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Iara A Cardoso
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteinas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jianping Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ingrid Dreveny
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Quinn Ho
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Atsushi Matsuura
- Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, The Republic of Korea
| | - Michael J Palladino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sabin Prajapati
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Structural Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pengkai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Tittmann
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Structural Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dean R Tolan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Judith Unterlass
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew P VanDemark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley A Webb
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cai-Hong Yun
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pengkai Zhao
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Wang
- School of Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher P Hill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteinas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Florian L Muller
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James E Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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5
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Bueno M, Calyeca J, Khaliullin T, Miller MP, Alvarez D, Rosas L, Brands J, Baker C, Nasser A, Shulkowski S, Mathien A, Uzoukwu N, Sembrat J, Mays BG, Fiedler K, Hahn SA, Salvatore SR, Schopfer FJ, Rojas M, Sandner P, Straub AC, Mora AL. CYB5R3 in type II alveolar epithelial cells protects against lung fibrosis by suppressing TGF-β1 signaling. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e161487. [PMID: 36749633 PMCID: PMC10077481 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II alveolar epithelial cell (AECII) redox imbalance contributes to the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a deadly disease with limited treatment options. Here, we show that expression of membrane-bound cytochrome B5 reductase 3 (CYB5R3), an enzyme critical for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) heme iron redox state, is diminished in IPF AECIIs. Deficiency of CYB5R3 in AECIIs led to sustained activation of the pro-fibrotic factor TGF-β1 and increased susceptibility to lung fibrosis. We further show that CYB5R3 is a critical regulator of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and the sGC/cGMP/protein kinase G axis that modulates activation of the TGF-β1 signaling pathway. We demonstrate that sGC agonists (BAY 41-8543 and BAY 54-6544) are effective in reducing the pulmonary fibrotic outcomes of in vivo deficiency of CYB5R3 in AECIIs. Taken together, these results show that CYB5R3 in AECIIs is required to maintain resilience after lung injury and fibrosis and that therapeutic manipulation of the sGC redox state could provide a basis for treating fibrotic conditions in the lung and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bueno
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jazmin Calyeca
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Timur Khaliullin
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Megan P. Miller
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diana Alvarez
- Aging Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lorena Rosas
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Judith Brands
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christian Baker
- Aging Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amro Nasser
- Aging Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephanie Shulkowski
- Aging Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - August Mathien
- Aging Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nneoma Uzoukwu
- Aging Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Sembrat
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brenton G. Mays
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kaitlin Fiedler
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott A. Hahn
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Francisco J. Schopfer
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), and
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine (C3M), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter Sandner
- Bayer Pharmaceuticals Wuppertal, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ana L. Mora
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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6
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Lewis SE, Li L, Fazzari M, Salvatore SR, Li J, Hileman EA, Maxwell BA, Schopfer FJ, Arteel GE, Khoo NK, Kelley EE. Obese female mice do not exhibit overt hyperuricemia despite hepatic steatosis and impaired glucose tolerance. Adv Redox Res 2022; 6:100051. [PMID: 36561324 PMCID: PMC9770588 DOI: 10.1016/j.arres.2022.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have clearly demonstrated a tight correlation between obesity and elevated circulating uric acid levels (hyperuricemia). However, nearly all preclinical work in this area has been completed with male mice, leaving the field with a considerable gap in knowledge regarding female responses to obesity and hyperuricemia. This deficiency in sex as a biological variable extends beyond unknowns regarding uric acid (UA) to several important comorbidities associated with obesity including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To attempt to address this issue, herein we describe both phenotypic and metabolic responses to diet-induced obesity (DIO) in female mice. Six-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (60% calories derived from fat) for 32 weeks. The DIO female mice had significant weight gain over the course of the study, higher fasting blood glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and elevated plasma insulin levels compared to age-matched on normal chow. While these classic indices of DIO and NAFLD were observed such as increased circulating levels of ALT and AST, there was no difference in circulating UA levels. Obese female mice also demonstrated increased hepatic triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, and cholesteryl ester. In addition, several markers of hepatic inflammation were significantly increased. Also, alterations in the expression of redox-related enzymes were observed in obese mice compared to lean controls including increases in extracellular superoxide dismutase (Sod3), heme oxygenase (Ho)-1, and xanthine dehydrogenase (Xdh). Interestingly, hepatic UA levels were significantly elevated (~2-fold) in obese mice compared to their lean counterparts. These data demonstrate female mice assume a similar metabolic profile to that reported in several male models of obesity in the context of alterations in glucose tolerance, hepatic steatosis, and elevated transaminases (ALT and AST) in the absence of hyperuricemia affirming the need for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Lewis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 3072B Health Sciences Center, PO Box 9229, Morgantown, WV 26506-9229, USA
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, USA
| | | | | | - Jiang Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, USA
| | - Emily A. Hileman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 3072B Health Sciences Center, PO Box 9229, Morgantown, WV 26506-9229, USA
| | - Brooke A. Maxwell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 3072B Health Sciences Center, PO Box 9229, Morgantown, WV 26506-9229, USA
| | - Francisco J. Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gavin E. Arteel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Nicholas K.H. Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, E1340 Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, (N.K.H. Khoo)
| | - Eric E. Kelley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 3072B Health Sciences Center, PO Box 9229, Morgantown, WV 26506-9229, USA
- Corresponding author: (E.E. Kelley)
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7
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Carew NT, Schmidt HM, Yuan S, Galley JC, Hall R, Altmann HM, Hahn SA, Miller MP, Wood KC, Gabris B, Stapleton MC, Hartwick S, Fazzari M, Wu YL, Trebak M, Kaufman BA, McTiernan CF, Schopfer FJ, Navas P, Thibodeau PH, McNamara DM, Salama G, Straub AC. Loss of cardiomyocyte CYB5R3 impairs redox equilibrium and causes sudden cardiac death. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e147120. [PMID: 36106636 PMCID: PMC9479700 DOI: 10.1172/jci147120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with heart failure (HF) is allied with an imbalance in reduction and oxidation (redox) signaling in cardiomyocytes; however, the basic pathways and mechanisms governing redox homeostasis in cardiomyocytes are not fully understood. Here, we show that cytochrome b5 reductase 3 (CYB5R3), an enzyme known to regulate redox signaling in erythrocytes and vascular cells, is essential for cardiomyocyte function. Using a conditional cardiomyocyte-specific CYB5R3-knockout mouse, we discovered that deletion of CYB5R3 in male, but not female, adult cardiomyocytes causes cardiac hypertrophy, bradycardia, and SCD. The increase in SCD in CYB5R3-KO mice is associated with calcium mishandling, ventricular fibrillation, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Molecular studies reveal that CYB5R3-KO hearts display decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP), increased oxidative stress, suppressed coenzyme Q levels, and hemoprotein dysregulation. Finally, from a translational perspective, we reveal that the high-frequency missense genetic variant rs1800457, which translates into a CYB5R3 T117S partial loss-of-function protein, associates with decreased event-free survival (~20%) in Black persons with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Together, these studies reveal a crucial role for CYB5R3 in cardiomyocyte redox biology and identify a genetic biomarker for persons of African ancestry that may potentially increase the risk of death from HFrEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan T. Carew
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
| | - Heidi M. Schmidt
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
| | - Joseph C. Galley
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
| | - Robert Hall
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
| | | | | | | | - Katherine C. Wood
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Bethann Gabris
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Margaret C. Stapleton
- Department of Developmental Biology and Rangos Research Center Animal Imaging Core, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sean Hartwick
- Department of Developmental Biology and Rangos Research Center Animal Imaging Core, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Yijen L. Wu
- Department of Developmental Biology and Rangos Research Center Animal Imaging Core, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
| | - Brett A. Kaufman
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles F. McTiernan
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Francisco J. Schopfer
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
| | - Placido Navas
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Dennis M. McNamara
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guy Salama
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam C. Straub
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
- Center for Microvascular Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Carreño M, Pires MF, Woodcock SR, Brzoska T, Ghosh S, Salvatore SR, Chang F, Khoo NKH, Dunn M, Connors N, Yuan S, Straub AC, Wendell SG, Kato GJ, Freeman BA, Ofori-Acquah SF, Sundd P, Schopfer FJ, Vitturi DA. Immunomodulatory actions of a kynurenine-derived endogenous electrophile. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm9138. [PMID: 35767602 PMCID: PMC9242454 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The up-regulation of kynurenine metabolism induces immunomodulatory responses via incompletely understood mechanisms. We report that increases in cellular and systemic kynurenine levels yield the electrophilic derivative kynurenine-carboxyketoalkene (Kyn-CKA), as evidenced by the accumulation of thiol conjugates and saturated metabolites. Kyn-CKA induces NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2- and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-regulated genes and inhibits nuclear factor κB- and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3-dependent proinflammatory signaling. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary hemolytic condition characterized by basal inflammation and recurrent vaso-occlusive crises. Both transgenic SCD mice and patients with SCD exhibit increased kynurenine and Kyn-CKA metabolite levels. Plasma hemin and kynurenine concentrations are positively correlated, indicating that Kyn-CKA synthesis in SCD is up-regulated during pathogenic vascular stress. Administration of Kyn-CKA abrogated pulmonary microvasculature occlusion in SCD mice, an important factor in lung injury development. These findings demonstrate that the up-regulation of kynurenine synthesis and its metabolism to Kyn-CKA is an adaptive response that attenuates inflammation and protects tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Carreño
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria F. Pires
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven R. Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tomasz Brzoska
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samit Ghosh
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sonia R. Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fei Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas K. H. Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Dunn
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nora Connors
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adam C. Straub
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Microvascular Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy G. Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Bruce A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Solomon F. Ofori-Acquah
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Prithu Sundd
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francisco J. Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A. Vitturi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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9
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Di Fino L, Arruebarrena Di Palma A, Perk EA, García-Mata C, Schopfer FJ, Laxalt AM. Nitro-fatty acids: electrophilic signaling molecules in plant physiology. Planta 2021; 254:120. [PMID: 34773515 PMCID: PMC10704571 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Nitro fatty acids (NO2-FA)have relevant physiological roles as signaling molecules in biotic and abiotic stress, growth, and development, but the mechanism of action remains controversial. The two main mechanisms involving nitric oxide release and thiol modification are discussed. Fatty acids (FAs) are major components of membranes and contribute to cellular energetic demands. Besides, FAs are precursors of signaling molecules, including oxylipins and other oxidized fatty acids derived from the activity of lipoxygenases. In addition, non-canonical modified fatty acids, such as nitro-fatty acids (NO2-FAs), are formed in animals and plants. The synthesis NO2-FAs involves a nitration reaction between unsaturated fatty acids and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). This review will focus on recent findings showing that, in plants, NO2-FAs such as nitro-linolenic acid (NO2-Ln) and nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA) have relevant physiological roles as signaling molecules in biotic and abiotic stress, growth, and development. Moreover, since there is controversy on mechanisms of action of NO2-FAs as signaling molecules, we will provide evidence showing why this aspect needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Di Fino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrés Arruebarrena Di Palma
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Enzo A Perk
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos García-Mata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ana M Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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10
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Yuan S, Hahn SA, Miller MP, Sanker S, Calderon MJ, Sullivan M, Dosunmu-Ogunbi AM, Fazzari M, Li Y, Reynolds M, Wood KC, St Croix CM, Stolz D, Cifuentes-Pagano E, Navas P, Shiva S, Schopfer FJ, Pagano PJ, Straub AC. Cooperation between CYB5R3 and NOX4 via coenzyme Q mitigates endothelial inflammation. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102166. [PMID: 34656824 PMCID: PMC8577475 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) regulates endothelial inflammation by producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and to a lesser extent O2•-. The ratio of NOX4-derived H2O2 and O2•- can be altered by coenzyme Q (CoQ) mimics. Therefore, we hypothesize that cytochrome b5 reductase 3 (CYB5R3), a CoQ reductase abundant in vascular endothelial cells, regulates inflammatory activation. To examine endothelial CYB5R3 in vivo, we created tamoxifen-inducible endothelium-specific Cyb5r3 knockout mice (R3 KO). Radiotelemetry measurements of systolic blood pressure showed systemic hypotension in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) challenged mice, which was exacerbated in R3 KO mice. Meanwhile, LPS treatment caused greater endothelial dysfunction in R3 KO mice, evaluated by acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in the isolated aorta, accompanied by elevated mRNA expression of vascular adhesion molecule 1 (Vcam-1). Similarly, in cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), LPS and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) induced VCAM-1 protein expression was enhanced by Cyb5r3 siRNA, which was ablated by silencing the Nox4 gene simultaneously. Moreover, super-resolution confocal microscopy indicated mitochondrial co-localization of CYB5R3 and NOX4 in HAECs. APEX2-based electron microscopy and proximity biotinylation also demonstrated CYB5R3's localization on the mitochondrial outer membrane and its interaction with NOX4, which was further confirmed by the proximity ligation assay. Notably, Cyb5r3 knockdown HAECs showed less total H2O2 but more mitochondrial O2•-. Using inactive or non-membrane bound active CYB5R3, we found that CYB5R3 activity and membrane translocation are needed for optimal generation of H2O2 by NOX4. Lastly, cells lacking the CoQ synthesizing enzyme COQ6 showed decreased NOX4-derived H2O2, indicating a requirement for endogenous CoQ in NOX4 activity. In conclusion, CYB5R3 mitigates endothelial inflammatory activation by assisting in NOX4-dependent H2O2 generation via CoQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Scott A Hahn
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Megan P Miller
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Subramaniam Sanker
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Calderon
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mara Sullivan
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Atinuke M Dosunmu-Ogunbi
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marco Fazzari
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yao Li
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Reynolds
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katherine C Wood
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Donna Stolz
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eugenia Cifuentes-Pagano
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Placido Navas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, Sevilla, Spain, Spain
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick J Pagano
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adam C Straub
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Microvascular Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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11
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Woodcock SR, Salvatore SR, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ. Synthesis of 9- and 12-nitro conjugated linoleic acid: Regiospecific isomers of naturally occurring conjugated nitrodienes. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Al Rijjal D, Liu Y, Lai M, Song Y, Danaei Z, Wu A, Mohan H, Wei L, Schopfer FJ, Dai FF, Wheeler MB. Vascepa protects against high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and impaired β-cell function. iScience 2021; 24:102909. [PMID: 34458694 PMCID: PMC8379293 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acid prescription drugs, Vascepa (≥96% eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] ethyl ester) and Lovaza (46.5% EPA and 37.5% docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester) are known therapeutic regimens to treat hypertriglyceridemia. However, their impact on glucose homeostasis, progression to type 2 diabetes, and pancreatic beta cell function are not well understood. In the present study, mice were treated with Vascepa or Lovaza for one week prior to six weeks of high-fat diet feeding. Vascepa but not Lovaza led to reduced insulin resistance, reduced fasting insulin and glucose, and improved glucose intolerance. Vascepa improved beta cell function, reduced liver triglycerides with enhanced expression of hepatic fatty acid oxidation genes, and altered microbiota composition. Vascepa has protective effects on diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Al Rijjal
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Science Building Rm#3352, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Science Building Rm#3352, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Research Institute, ON, Canada
| | - Mi Lai
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Science Building Rm#3352, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Research Institute, ON, Canada
| | - Youchen Song
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Science Building Rm#3352, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Zahra Danaei
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Science Building Rm#3352, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anne Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Science Building Rm#3352, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Haneesha Mohan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Science Building Rm#3352, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Francisco J. Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Feihan F. Dai
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Science Building Rm#3352, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael B. Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Science Building Rm#3352, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Research Institute, ON, Canada
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13
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Fazzari M, Woodcock SR, Rowart P, Ricart K, Lancaster JR, Patel R, Vitturi DA, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ. Endogenous generation of nitro-fatty acid hybrids having dual nitrate ester (RONO 2) and nitroalkene (RNO 2) substituents. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101913. [PMID: 33819836 PMCID: PMC8049994 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic nitrate esters, long-recognized therapies for cardiovascular disorders, have not been detected biologically. We characterize in rat stomach unsaturated fatty acid nitration reactions that proceed by generation of nitro-nitrate intermediates (NO2-ONO2-FA) via oxygen and nitrite dependent reactions. NO2-ONO2-lipids represent ∼70% of all nitrated lipids in the stomach and they decay in vitro at neutral or basic pH by the loss of the nitrate ester group (-ONO2) from the carbon backbone upon deprotonation of the α-carbon (pKa ∼7), yielding nitrate, nitrite, nitrosative species, and an electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkene product (NO2-FA). Of note, NO2-FA are anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective signaling mediators, which are undergoing Phase II trials for the treatment of kidney and pulmonary diseases. The decay of NO2-ONO2-FA occurs during intestinal transit and absorption, leading to the formation of NO2-FA that were subsequently detected in circulating plasma triglycerides. These observations provide new insight into unsaturated fatty acid nitration mechanisms, identify nitro-nitrate ester-containing lipids as intermediates in the formation of both secondary nitrogen oxides and electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkenes, and expand the scope of endogenous products stemming from metabolic reactions of nitrogen oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fazzari
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, 15261, PA, USA.
| | - Steven R Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, 15261, PA, USA
| | - Pascal Rowart
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, 15261, PA, USA
| | - Karina Ricart
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA
| | - Jack R Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, 15261, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA
| | - Rakesh Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA
| | - Dario A Vitturi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, 15261, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA; Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, 15261, PA, USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, 15261, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, 15213, PA, USA
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14
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Wang P, Killeen ME, Sumpter TL, Ferris LK, Falo LD, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ, Mathers AR. Electrophilic nitro-fatty acids suppress psoriasiform dermatitis: STAT3 inhibition as a contributory mechanism. Redox Biol 2021; 43:101987. [PMID: 33946017 PMCID: PMC8111320 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with no cure. Although the origin of psoriasis and its underlying pathophysiology remain incompletely understood, inflammation is a central mediator of disease progression. In this regard, electrophilic nitro-fatty acids (NO2–FAs) exert potent anti-inflammatory effects in several in vivo murine models of inflammatory diseases, such as chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. To examine the therapeutic potential of NO2–FAs on psoriasiform dermatitis, we employed multiple murine models of psoriasis. Our studies demonstrate that oral treatment with nitro oleic acid (OA-NO2) has both preventative and therapeutic effects on psoriasiform inflammation. In line with this finding, oral OA-NO2 downregulated the production of inflammatory cytokines in the skin. In vitro experiments demonstrate that OA-NO2 decreased both basal IL-6 levels and IL-17A-induced expression of IL-6 in human dermal fibroblasts through the inhibition of NF-κB phosphorylation. Importantly, OA-NO2 diminished STAT3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation via nitroalkylation of STAT3, which inhibited keratinocyte proliferation. Overall, our results affirm the critical role of both NF-κB and STAT3 in the incitement of psoriasiform dermatitis and highlight the pharmacologic potential of small molecule nitroalkenes for the treatment of cutaneous inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis. Oral OA-NO2 has a therapeutic effect on inflammation in murine models of psoriasis. Cutaneous inflammatory cytokines are suppressed following oral OA-NO2 treatment. OA-NO2 decreases basal and IL-17A-induced IL-6 expression in vitro. OA-NO2 diminishes STAT3 activation through nitroalkylation of STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Meaghan E Killeen
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tina L Sumpter
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Laura K Ferris
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Louis D Falo
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Alicia R Mathers
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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15
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Turell L, Steglich M, Torres MJ, Deambrosi M, Antmann L, Furdui CM, Schopfer FJ, Alvarez B. Sulfenic acid in human serum albumin: Reaction with thiols, oxidation and spontaneous decay. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:254-264. [PMID: 33515755 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) contains 17 disulfides and only one reduced cysteine, Cys34, which can be oxidized to a relatively stable sulfenic acid (HSA-SOH). This derivative has been previously detected and quantified. However, its properties are poorly understood. Herein, HSA-SOH formation from the exposure of HSA to hydrogen peroxide was confirmed using the sulfenic acid probe bicyclo [6.1.0]nonyne-biotin (BCN-Bio1), and by direct detection by whole protein mass spectrometry. The decay pathways of HSA-SOH were studied. HSA-SOH reacted with a thiol leading to the formation of a mixed disulfide. The reaction occurred through a concerted or direct displacement mechanism (SN2) with the thiolate (RS-) as nucleophile towards HSA-SOH. The net charge of the thiolate affected the value of the rate constant. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, HSA-SOH was further oxidized to sulfinic acid (HSA-SO2H) and sulfonic acid (HSA-SO3H). The rate constants of these reactions were estimated. Lastly, HSA-SOH spontaneously decayed in solution. Mass spectrometry experiments suggested that the decay product is a sulfenylamide (HSA-SN(R')R″). Chromatofocusing analysis showed that the overoxidation with hydrogen peroxide predominates at alkaline pH whereas the spontaneous decay predominates at acidic pH. The present findings provide insights into the reactivity and fate of the sulfenic acid in albumin, which are also of relevance to numerous sulfenic acid-mediated processes in redox biology and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Turell
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay.
| | - Martina Steglich
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay
| | - Maria J Torres
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Matías Deambrosi
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Laura Antmann
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine and Center for Redox Biology and Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, 11800, Uruguay.
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16
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Abstract
Nitrated fatty acids (NO2-FA) are an endogenous class of signaling mediators formed mainly during digestion and inflammation. The signaling actions of NO2-FA have been extensively studied, but their detection and characterization lagged. Several different nitrated fatty acid species have been reported in animals and humans, but their formation remains controversial, and a systemic approach to define the endogenous pool of NO2-FA is needed. Herein, we screened for endogenous NO2-FA in urine from healthy human volunteers as this is the main excretion route for NO2-FA and its metabolites, and it provides an excellent matrix for evaluation. Only isomers of two fatty acids, conjugated linoleic and linolenic acid were found to be nitrated. Several, previously unknown, nitrated species were identified and confirmed using high-resolution mass spectrometry, fragmentation analysis, and compared to synthetic nitrated standards, the main group corresponding to nitrated conjugated linolenic acid (NO2-CLnA). In contrast, we were unable to confirm the presence of previously reported nitrated omega-3's, oleic acid, arachidonic acid and α- and γ-linolenic acid, suggesting that their biological formation and presence in humans should be re-evaluated. Metabolite analysis of NO2-CLnA in human urine identified cysteine adducts and β-oxidation products, which were compared to the metabolic products of nitrated standards obtained using primary mouse hepatocytes. Importantly, NO2-CLnA isomers belong to two defined groups, are electrophilic, participate in Michael addition reactions and account for 39% of total urinary NO2-FA, highlighting their relative abundance and possible role in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia R Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Pascal Rowart
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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17
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Zhao Y, Chang Z, Zhao G, Lu H, Xiong W, Liang W, Wang H, Villacorta L, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhu T, Guo Y, Fan Y, Chang L, Schopfer FJ, Freeman BA, Zhang J, Chen YE. Suppression of Vascular Macrophage Activation by Nitro-Oleic Acid and its Implication for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Therapy. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:939-951. [PMID: 32671602 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is one of the leading causes of death in the developed world and is currently undertreated due to the complicated nature of the disease. Herein, we aimed to address the therapeutic potential of a novel class of pleiotropic mediators, specifically a new drug candidate, nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA), on AAA, in a well-characterized murine AAA model. METHODS We generated AAA using a mouse model combining AAV.PCSK9-D377Y induced hypercholesterolemia with angiotensin II given by chronic infusion. Vehicle control (PEG-400), oleic acid (OA), or NO2-OA were subcutaneously delivered to mice using an osmotic minipump. We characterized the effects of NO2-OA on pathophysiological responses and dissected the underlying molecular mechanisms through various in vitro and ex vivo strategies. RESULTS Subcutaneous administration of NO2-OA significantly decreased the AAA incidence (8/28 mice) and supra-renal aorta diameters compared to mice infused with either PEG-400 (13/19, p = 0.0117) or OA (16/23, p = 0.0078). In parallel, the infusion of NO2-OA in the AAA model drastically decreased extracellular matrix degradation, inflammatory cytokine levels, and leucocyte/macrophage infiltration in the vasculature. Administration of NO2-OA reduced inflammation, cytokine secretion, and cell migration triggered by various biological stimuli in primary and macrophage cell lines partially through activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). Moreover, the protective effect of NO2-OA relies on the inhibition of macrophage prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced PGE2 receptor 4 (EP4) cAMP signaling, known to participate in the development of AAA. CONCLUSION Administration of NO2-OA protects against AAA formation and multifactorial macrophage activation. With NO2-OA currently undergoing FDA approved phase II clinical trials, these findings may expedite the use of this nitro-fatty acid for AAA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ziyi Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Central South University Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guizhen Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Wenhao Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wenying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Huilun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Luis Villacorta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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18
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Vazquez MM, Gutierrez MV, Salvatore SR, Puiatti M, Dato VA, Chiabrando GA, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ, Bonacci G. Nitro-oleic acid, a ligand of CD36, reduces cholesterol accumulation by modulating oxidized-LDL uptake and cholesterol efflux in RAW264.7 macrophages. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101591. [PMID: 32531545 PMCID: PMC7287307 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a pivotal role in the early stages of atherosclerosis development; they excessively accumulate cholesterol in the cytosol in response to modified Low Density Lipoprotein (mLDL). The mLDL are incorporated through scavenger receptors. CD36 is a high-affinity cell surface scavenger receptor that facilitates the binding and uptake of long-chain fatty acids and mLDL into the cell. Numerous structurally diverse ligands can initiate signaling responses through CD36 to regulate cell metabolism, migration, and angiogenesis. Nitro-fatty acids are endogenous electrophilic lipid mediators that react with and modulate the function of multiple enzymes and transcriptional regulatory proteins. These actions induce the expression of several anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective genes and limit pathologic responses in experimental models of atherosclerosis, cardiac ischemia/reperfusion, and inflammatory diseases. Pharmacological and genetic approaches were used to explore the actions of nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA) on macrophage lipid metabolism. Pure synthetic NO2-OA dose-dependently increased CD36 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages and this up-regulation was abrogated in BMDM from Nrf2-KO mice. Ligand binding analysis revealed that NO2-OA specifically interacts with CD36, thus limiting the binding and uptake of mLDL. Docking analysis shows that NO2-OA establishes a low binding energy interaction with the alpha helix containing Lys164 in CD36. NO2-OA also restored autophagy flux in mLDL-loaded macrophages, thus reversing cholesterol deposition within the cell. In aggregate, these results indicate that NO2-OA reduces cholesterol uptake by binding to CD36 and increases cholesterol efflux by restoring autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias M Vazquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria V Gutierrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sonia R Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States
| | - Marcelo Puiatti
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, INFIQC, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Virginia Actis Dato
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Chiabrando
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States
| | - Gustavo Bonacci
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.
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19
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Arruebarrena Di Palma A, Di Fino LM, Salvatore SR, D'Ambrosio JM, García-Mata C, Schopfer FJ, Laxalt AM. Nitro-oleic acid triggers ROS production via NADPH oxidase activation in plants: A pharmacological approach. J Plant Physiol 2020; 246-247:153128. [PMID: 32065921 PMCID: PMC7153499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated fatty acids (NO2-FAs) are important signaling molecules in mammals. NO2-FAs are formed by the addition reaction of nitric oxide- and nitrite-derived nitrogen dioxide with unsaturated fatty acid double bonds. The study of NO2-FAs in plant systems constitutes an interesting and emerging area. The presence of NO2-FA has been reported in olives, peas, rice and Arabidopsis. To gain a better understanding of the role of NO2-FA on plant physiology, we analyzed the effects of exogenous application of nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA). In tomato cell suspensions we found that NO2-OA induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in a dose-dependent manner via activation of NADPH oxidases, a mechanism that requires calcium entry from the extracellular compartment and protein kinase activation. In tomato and Arabidopsis leaves, NO2-OA treatments induced two waves of ROS production, resembling plant defense responses. Arabidopsis NADPH oxidase mutants showed that NADPH isoform D (RBOHD) was required for NO2-OA-induced ROS production. In addition, on Arabidopsis isolated epidermis, NO2-OA induced stomatal closure via RBOHD and F. Altogether, these results indicate that NO2-OA triggers NADPH oxidase activation revealing a new signaling role in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Arruebarrena Di Palma
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Luciano M Di Fino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Sonia R Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juan Martín D'Ambrosio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos García-Mata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Ana M Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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20
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Jobbagy S, Vitturi DA, Salvatore SR, Pires MF, Rowart P, Emlet DR, Ross M, Hahn S, St Croix C, Wendell SG, Subramanya AR, Straub AC, Tan RJ, Schopfer FJ. Nrf2 activation protects against lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. JCI Insight 2020; 5:128578. [PMID: 31941842 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is the mainstay pharmacotherapeutic mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder. Its efficacious use is complicated by acute and chronic renal side effects, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) and progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway senses and coordinates cellular responses to oxidative and electrophilic stress. Here, we identify that graded genetic activation of Nrf2 protects against Li-induced NDI (Li-NDI) and volume wasting via an aquaporin 2-independent mechanism. Renal Nrf2 activity is differentially expressed on functional segments of the nephron, and its activation along the distal tubule and collecting duct directly modulates ion transporter expression, mimicking paradoxical effects of diuretics in mitigating Li-NDI. In addition, Nrf2 reduces cyclooxygenase expression and vasoactive prostaglandin biosynthesis. Pharmacologic activation of Nrf2 confers protective effects, confirming this pathway as a potentially novel druggable target for the prevention of acute and chronic renal sequelae of Li therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario A Vitturi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | | | | | | | - David R Emlet
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine
| | | | - Scott Hahn
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | | | - Stacy G Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology.,Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, and
| | - Arohan R Subramanya
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam C Straub
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | - Roderick J Tan
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Lamas Bervejillo M, Bonanata J, Franchini GR, Richeri A, Marqués JM, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ, Coitiño EL, Córsico B, Rubbo H, Ferreira AM. A FABP4-PPARγ signaling axis regulates human monocyte responses to electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkenes. Redox Biol 2020; 29:101376. [PMID: 31926616 PMCID: PMC6926352 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitro-fatty acids (NO2-FA) are electrophilic lipid mediators derived from unsaturated fatty acid nitration. These species are produced endogenously by metabolic and inflammatory reactions and mediate anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory responses. NO2-FA have been postulated as partial agonists of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ), which is predominantly expressed in adipocytes and myeloid cells. Herein, we explored molecular and cellular events associated with PPARγ activation by NO2-FA in monocytes and macrophages. NO2-FA induced the expression of two PPARγ reporter genes, Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 (FABP4) and the scavenger receptor CD36, at early stages of monocyte differentiation into macrophages. These responses were inhibited by the specific PPARγ inhibitor GW9662. Attenuated NO2-FA effects on PPARγ signaling were observed once cells were differentiated into macrophages, with a significant but lower FABP4 upregulation, and no induction of CD36. Using in vitro and in silico approaches, we demonstrated that NO2-FA bind to FABP4. Furthermore, the inhibition of monocyte FA binding by FABP4 diminished NO2-FA-induced upregulation of reporter genes that are transcriptionally regulated by PPARγ, Keap1/Nrf2 and HSF1, indicating that FABP4 inhibition mitigates NO2-FA signaling actions. Overall, our results affirm that NO2-FA activate PPARγ in monocytes and upregulate FABP4 expression, thus promoting a positive amplification loop for the downstream signaling actions of this mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lamas Bervejillo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, CP 11600, Uruguay
| | - J Bonanata
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica y Computacional, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR, Montevideo, CP 11400, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CeInBio), UdelaR, Montevideo, CP 11800, Uruguay
| | - G R Franchini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A Richeri
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, CP 11600, Uruguay
| | - J M Marqués
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Vacunas, Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, UdelaR, Montevideo, CP 11600, Uruguay
| | - B A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - F J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - E L Coitiño
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica y Computacional, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR, Montevideo, CP 11400, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CeInBio), UdelaR, Montevideo, CP 11800, Uruguay.
| | - B Córsico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - H Rubbo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CeInBio), UdelaR, Montevideo, CP 11800, Uruguay; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, UdelaR, Montevideo, CP 11800, Uruguay
| | - A M Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Ciencias/Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Montevideo, CP 11600, Uruguay.
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22
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Di Fino LM, Cerrudo I, Salvatore SR, Schopfer FJ, García-Mata C, Laxalt AM. Exogenous Nitro-Oleic Acid Treatment Inhibits Primary Root Growth by Reducing the Mitosis in the Meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:1059. [PMID: 32793255 PMCID: PMC7385231 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a second messenger that regulates a broad range of physiological processes in plants. NO-derived molecules called reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can react with unsaturated fatty acids generating nitrated fatty acids (NO2-FA). NO2-FA work as signaling molecules in mammals where production and targets have been described under different stress conditions. Recently, NO2-FAs were detected in plants, however their role(s) on plant physiological processes is still poorly known. Although in this work NO2-OA has not been detected in any Arabidopsis seedling tissue, here we show that exogenous application of nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA) inhibits Arabidopsis primary root growth; this inhibition is not likely due to nitric oxide (NO) production or impaired auxin or cytokinin root responses. Deep analyses showed that roots incubated with NO2-OA had a lower cell number in the division area. Although this NO2-FA did not affect the hormonal signaling mechanisms maintaining the stem cell niche, plants incubated with NO2-OA showed a reduction of cell division in the meristematic area. Therefore, this work shows that the exogenous application of NO2-OA inhibits mitotic processes subsequently reducing primary root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano M. Di Fino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Cerrudo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Sonia R. Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Francisco J. Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Carlos García-Mata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana M. Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Ana M. Laxalt,
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23
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Schopfer FJ, Khoo NKH. Nitro-Fatty Acid Logistics: Formation, Biodistribution, Signaling, and Pharmacology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:505-519. [PMID: 31196614 PMCID: PMC7121905 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In addition to supporting cellular energetic demands and providing building blocks for lipid synthesis, fatty acids (FAs) are precursors of potent signaling molecules. In particular, the presence of conjugated double bonds on the fatty-acyl chain provides a preferential target for nitration generating nitro-FAs (NO2-FAs). The formation of NO2-FAs is a nonenzymatic process that requires reactive nitrogen species and occurs locally at the site of inflammation or during gastric acidification. NO2-FAs are electrophilic and display pleiotropic signaling actions through reversible protein alkylation. This review focuses on the endogenously formed NO2-FAs' mechanism of absorption, systemic distribution, signaling, and preclinical models. Understanding the dynamics of these processes will facilitate targeted dietary interventions and further the current pharmacological development aimed at low-grade inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Nicholas K H Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Lu H, Sun J, Liang W, Zhang J, Rom O, Garcia-Barrio MT, Li S, Villacorta L, Schopfer FJ, Freeman BA, Chen YE, Fan Y. Novel gene regulatory networks identified in response to nitro-conjugated linoleic acid in human endothelial cells. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:224-233. [PMID: 31074702 PMCID: PMC6620647 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00127.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is a crucial initiation event in the development of atherosclerosis and is associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and heart failure. Both digestive and oxidative inflammatory conditions lead to the endogenous formation of nitrated derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) upon generation of the proximal nitrating species nitrogen dioxide (·NO2) by nitric oxide (·NO) and nitrite-dependent reactions. Nitro-FAs (NO2-FAs) such as nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA) and nitro-linoleic acid (NO2-LA) potently inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress, regulate cellular functions, and maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. Recently, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was identified as the preferential FA substrate of nitration in vivo. However, the functions of nitro-CLA (NO2-CLA) in ECs remain to be explored. In the present study, a distinct transcriptome regulated by NO2-CLA was revealed in primary human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) through RNA sequencing. Differential gene expression and pathway enrichment analysis identified numerous regulatory networks including those related to the modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, cell cycle, and hypoxic responses by NO2-CLA, suggesting a diverse impact of NO2-CLA and other electrophilic nitrated FAs on cellular processes. These findings extend the understanding of the protective actions of NO2-CLA in cardiovascular diseases and provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms that mediate the pleiotropic cellular responses to NO2-CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Lu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jinjian Sun
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wenying Liang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Oren Rom
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shengdi Li
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Luis Villacorta
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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25
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Abstract
Fatty acids not only provide caloric energy in our diets and building blocks of lipids but are also precursors of potent signaling molecules. Fatty acids can undergo enzymatic and non-enzymatic transformations to form autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules that regulate energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. A new class of lipid signaling mediators known as nitro-fatty acids (NO2-FAs) has recently been identified. These NO2-FAs are generated endogenously through non-enzymatic reactions of secondary products of nitrite and nitric oxide and are readily detected in human plasma and urine. NO2-FAs are potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant cell signaling mediators and exert protective effects in numerous pre-clinical animal models of disease including cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal fibrosis. Chronic unresolved inflammation is common key feature underlying most fibrotic disorders. Two pathways that converge on inflammation and oxidative stress are nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). NO2-FAs are pleiotropic signaling modulators that target both of these pathways providing a therapeutic strategy directed towards an integrated decrease in inflammation. This review summarizes the latest findings and understanding of the formation, signaling and anti-fibrotic effects of NO2-FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K H Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213. USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213. USA
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26
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Arbeeny CM, Ling H, Smith MM, O'Brien S, Wawersik S, Ledbetter SR, McAlexander A, Schopfer FJ, Willette RN, Jorkasky DK. CXA-10, a Nitrated Fatty Acid, Is Renoprotective in Deoxycorticosterone Acetate-Salt Nephropathy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:503-510. [PMID: 30894457 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.254755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Underlying pathogenic mechanisms in chronic kidney disease (CKD) include chronic inflammation, oxidant stress, and matrix remodeling associated with dysregulated nuclear factor-κ B, nuclear factor-κ B, and SMAD signaling pathways, respectively. Important cytoprotective mechanisms activated by oxidative inflammatory conditions are mediated by nitrated fatty acids that covalently modify proteins to limit inflammation and oxidant stress. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of chronic treatment with CXA-10 (10-nitro-9(E)-octadec-9-enoic acid) in the uninephrectomized deoxycorticosterone acetate-high-salt mouse model of CKD. After 4 weeks of treatment, CXA-10 [2.5 millligrams per kilogram (mpk), p.o.] significantly attenuated increases in plasma cholesterol, heart weight, and kidney weight observed in the model without impacting systemic arterial blood pressure. CXA-10 also reduced albuminuria, nephrinuria, glomerular hypertrophy, and glomerulosclerosis in the model. Inflammatory MCP-1 and fibrosis (collagen, fibronectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and osteopontin) renal biomarkers were significantly reduced in the CXA-10 (2.5 mpk) group. The anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects, as well as glomerular protection, were not observed in the enalapril-treated group. Also, CXA-10 appears to exhibit hormesis as all protective effects observed in the low-dose group were absent in the high-dose group (12.5 mpk). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that, at the appropriate dose, the nitrated fatty acid CXA-10 exhibits anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in the kidney and limits renal injury in a model of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Arbeeny
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Hong Ling
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Mandy M Smith
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Stephen O'Brien
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Stefan Wawersik
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Steven R Ledbetter
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Allen McAlexander
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Robert N Willette
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
| | - Diane K Jorkasky
- Sanofi, Framingham (C.M.A., M.M.S., S.R.L.), Novartis (H.L., S.O.) and Scholar Rock (S.W.), Cambridge, Massachusetts; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.J.S) and Complexa, Inc., Berwyn, Pennsylvania (A.M., R.N.W., D.K.J.)
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27
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Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the STING-encoding gene TMEM173 are central to the pathology of the autoinflammatory disorder STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI). Furthermore, excessive activity of the STING signaling pathway is associated with autoinflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS). Two independent studies recently identified pharmacological inhibitors of STING. Strikingly, both types of compounds are reactive nitro-containing electrophiles that target STING palmitoylation, a posttranslational modification necessary for STING signaling. As a consequence, the activation of downstream signaling molecules and the induction of type I interferons were inhibited. The compounds were effective at ameliorating inflammation in a mouse model of AGS and in blocking the production of type I interferons in primary fibroblasts from SAVI patients. This mini-review focuses on the roles of palmitoylation in STING activation and signaling and as a pharmaceutical target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kojiro Mukai
- Laboratory of Organelle Pathophysiology, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Laboratory of Organelle Pathophysiology, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Christian K Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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28
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Rodriguez-Duarte J, Galliussi G, Dapueto R, Rossello J, Malacrida L, Kamaid A, Schopfer FJ, Escande C, López GV, Batthyány C. A novel nitroalkene-α-tocopherol analogue inhibits inflammation and ameliorates atherosclerosis in Apo E knockout mice. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:757-772. [PMID: 30588602 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Atherosclerosis is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation with concomitant lipid accumulation in the arterial wall. Anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties have been described for a novel class of endogenous nitroalkenes (nitrated-unsaturated fatty acids), formed during inflammation and digestion/absorption processes. The lipid-associated antioxidant α-tocopherol is transported systemically by LDL particles including to the atheroma lesions. To capitalize on the overlapping and complementary salutary properties of endogenous nitroalkenes and α-tocopherol, we designed and synthesized a novel nitroalkene-α-tocopherol analogue (NATOH) to address chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis, particularly at the lesion sites. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We synthesized NATOH, determined its electrophilicity and antioxidant capacity and studied its effects over pro-inflammatory and cytoprotective pathways in macrophages in vitro. Moreover, we demonstrated its incorporation into lipoproteins and tissue both in vitro and in vivo, and determined its effect on atherosclerosis and inflammatory responses in vivo using the Apo E knockout mice model. KEY RESULTS NATOH exhibited similar antioxidant capacity to α-tocopherol and, due to the presence of the nitroalkenyl group, like endogenous nitroalkenes, it exerted electrophilic reactivity. NATOH was incorporated in vivo into the VLDL/LDL lipoproteins particles to reach the atheroma lesions. Furthermore, oral administration of NATOH down-regulated NF-κB-dependent expression of pro-inflammatory markers (including IL-1β and adhesion molecules) and ameliorated atherosclerosis in Apo E knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In toto, the data demonstrate a novel pharmacological strategy for the prevention of atherosclerosis based on a creative, natural and safe drug delivery system of a non-conventional anti-inflammatory compound (NATOH) with significant potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodriguez-Duarte
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Drug Development, INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departmento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Germán Galliussi
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Drug Development, INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rosina Dapueto
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Drug Development, INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departmento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jessica Rossello
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leonel Malacrida
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Pathophysiology Department, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Kamaid
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carlos Escande
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Aging, INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gloria V López
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Drug Development, INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departmento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Batthyány
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Drug Development, INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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29
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Fazzari M, Vitturi DA, Woodcock SR, Salvatore SR, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ. Electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkenes are systemically transported and distributed upon esterification to complex lipids. J Lipid Res 2018; 60:388-399. [PMID: 30545956 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m088815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophilic nitro-fatty acids [NO2-FAs (fatty acid nitroalkenes)] showed beneficial signaling actions in preclinical studies and safety in phase 1 clinical trials. A detailed description of the pharmacokinetics (PK) of NO2-FAs is complicated by the capability of electrophilic fatty acids to alkylate thiols reversibly and become esterified in various complex lipids, and the instability of the nitroalkene moiety during enzymatic and base hydrolysis. Herein, we report the mechanism and kinetics of absorption, metabolism, and distribution of the endogenously detectable and prototypical NO2-FA, 10-nitro-oleic acid (10-NO2-OA), in dogs after oral administration. Supported by HPLC-high-resolution-MS/MS analysis of synthetic and plasma-derived 10-NO2-OA-containing triacylglycerides (TAGs), we show that a key mechanism of NO2-FA distribution is an initial esterification into complex lipids. Quantitative analysis of plasma free and esterified lipid fractions confirmed time-dependent preferential incorporation of 10-NO2-OA into TAGs when compared with its principal metabolite, 10-nitro-stearic acid. Finally, new isomers of 10-NO2-OA were identified in vivo, and their electrophilic reactivity and metabolism characterized. Overall, we reveal that NO2-FAs display unique PK, with the principal mechanism of tissue distribution involving complex lipid esterification, which serves to shield the electrophilic character of this mediator from plasma and hepatic inactivation and thus permits efficient distribution to target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fazzari
- Fondazione Ri.MED, 90133 Palermo, Italy .,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Dario A Vitturi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Steven R Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Sonia R Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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30
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Palliyaguru DL, Salvatore SR, Schopfer FJ, Cheng X, Zhou J, Kensler TW, Wendell SG. Evaluation of 2-Thiothiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid, a Common Metabolite of Isothiocyanates, as a Potential Biomarker of Cruciferous Vegetable Intake. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 63:e1801029. [PMID: 30408325 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Cruciferous vegetable consumption is associated with favorable health outcomes. Bioactive compounds arising in these, especially isothiocyanates, exert effects that contribute to prevention of disease, in large part through the attenuation of inflammation and oxidative stress. However, much about isothiocyanate metabolites and their role as biomarkers of crucifer intake remain unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS The utility and limitations of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) as a urinary biomarker of broccoli beverage intake are tested in a randomized crossover clinical trial where 50 participants consumed either a glucoraphanin-rich (GRR) or sulforaphane-rich (SFR) beverage. Compared to run-in and wash-out periods, significantly higher urinary TTCA is observed after broccoli beverage consumption. Measurements also show that TTCA is present in beverage powders and in all tested cruciferous vegetables. GRR results in excretion of ≈87% of the ingested TTCA while SFR results in excretion of ≈176%. Elevated urinary TTCA is observed in rats administered 100 µmol kg-1 SFN. Unlike SFN, TTCA does not activate Nrf2-mediated cytoprotective signaling. CONCLUSION Collectively, TTCA appears to be a common isothiocyanate-derived metabolite that has the capacity to be utilized as a biomarker of cruciferous vegetables that would be beneficial for objective and quantitative tracking of intake in studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushani L Palliyaguru
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Sonia R Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Occupational & Environmental Department, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jingyang Zhou
- Occupational & Environmental Department, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stacy G Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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31
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Rodriguez-Duarte J, Dapueto R, Galliussi G, Turell L, Kamaid A, Khoo NKH, Schopfer FJ, Freeman BA, Escande C, Batthyány C, Ferrer-Sueta G, López GV. Electrophilic nitroalkene-tocopherol derivatives: synthesis, physicochemical characterization and evaluation of anti-inflammatory signaling responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12784. [PMID: 30143727 PMCID: PMC6109136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a major role in the onset and development of chronic non-communicable diseases like obesity, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Combined, these diseases represent the most common causes of death worldwide, thus development of novel pharmacological approaches is crucial. Electrophilic nitroalkenes derived from fatty acids are formed endogenously and exert anti-inflammatory actions by the modification of proteins involved in inflammation signaling cascades. We have developed novel nitroalkenes derived from α-tocopherol aiming to increase its salutary actions by adding anti-inflammatory properties to a well-known nutraceutical. We synthesized and characterized an α-tocopherol-nitroalkene (NATOH) and two hydrosoluble analogues derived from Trolox (NATxME and NATx0). We analyzed the kinetics of the Michael addition reaction of these compounds with thiols in micellar systems aiming to understand the effect of hydrophobic partition on the reactivity of nitroalkenes. We studied NATxME in vitro showing it exerts non-conventional anti-inflammatory responses by inducing Nrf2-Keap1-dependent gene expression and inhibiting the secretion of NF-κB dependent pro-inflammatory cytokines. NATxME was also effective in vivo, inhibiting neutrophil recruitment in a zebrafish model of inflammation. This work lays the foundation for the rational design of a new therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of metabolic and inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodriguez-Duarte
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Drug Development, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departmento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rosina Dapueto
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Drug Development, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departmento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Germán Galliussi
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Drug Development, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Turell
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Kamaid
- INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicholas K H Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carlos Escande
- INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Batthyány
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Drug Development, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay. .,INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay. .,Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Gerardo Ferrer-Sueta
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Gloria V López
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Drug Development, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay. .,Departmento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. .,INDICYO Program, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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32
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Chartoumpekis DV, Palliyaguru DL, Wakabayashi N, Fazzari M, Khoo NKH, Schopfer FJ, Sipula I, Yagishita Y, Michalopoulos GK, O'Doherty RM, Kensler TW. Nrf2 deletion from adipocytes, but not hepatocytes, potentiates systemic metabolic dysfunction after long-term high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E180-E195. [PMID: 29486138 PMCID: PMC6139497 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00311.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a canonical regulator of cytoprotective gene expression, but evidence of its cross talk with other pathways, including metabolic ones, is ever increasing. Pharmacologic or systemic genetic activation of the Nrf2 pathway partially protects from obesity in mice and ameliorates fasting hyperglycemia in mice and humans. However, systemic Nrf2 deletion also protects from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. To further investigate the effect of the disruption of Nrf2 on obesity in a tissue-specific manner, we focused on adipocytes and hepatocytes with targeted deletion of Nrf2. To this end, mice with cell-specific deletion of Nrf2 in adipocytes (ANKO) or hepatocytes (HeNKO) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 mo and showed similar increases in body weight and body fat content. ANKO mice showed a partially deteriorated glucose tolerance, higher fasting glucose levels, and higher levels of cholesterol and nonesterified fatty acids compared with their Control counterparts. The HeNKO mice, though, had lower insulin levels and trended toward improved insulin sensitivity without having any difference in liver triglyceride accumulation. This study compared for the first time two conditional Nrf2 knockout models in adipocytes and in hepatocytes during HFD-induced obesity. None of these models could completely recapitulate the unexpected protection against obesity observed in the whole body Nrf2 knockout mice, but this study points out the differential roles that Nrf2 may play, beyond cytoprotection, in different target tissues and rather suggests systemic activation of the Nrf2 pathway as an effective means of prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios V Chartoumpekis
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dushani L Palliyaguru
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nobunao Wakabayashi
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marco Fazzari
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo , Italy
| | - Nicholas K H Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian Sipula
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yoko Yagishita
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - George K Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert M O'Doherty
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Freeman BA, O'Donnell VB, Schopfer FJ. The discovery of nitro-fatty acids as products of metabolic and inflammatory reactions and mediators of adaptive cell signaling. Nitric Oxide 2018; 77:106-111. [PMID: 29742447 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Foundational advances in eicosanoid signaling, the free radical biology of oxygen and nitric oxide and mass spectrometry all converged to enable the discovery of nitrated unsaturated fatty acids. Due to the unique biochemical characteristics of fatty acid nitroalkenes, these species undergo rapid and reversible Michael addition of biological nucleophiles such as cysteine, leading to the post-translational modification of low molecular weight and protein thiols. This capability has led to the present understanding that nitro-fatty acid reaction with the alkylation-sensitive cysteine proteome leads to physiologically-beneficial alterations in transcriptional regulatory protein function, gene expression and in vivo rodent model responses to metabolic and inflammatory stress. These findings motivated the preclinical and clinical development of nitro-fatty acids as new drug candidates for treating acute and chronic metabolic and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Chartoumpekis DV, Yagishita Y, Fazzari M, Palliyaguru DL, Rao UN, Zaravinos A, Khoo NK, Schopfer FJ, Weiss KR, Michalopoulos GK, Sipula I, O'Doherty RM, Kensler TW, Wakabayashi N. Nrf2 prevents Notch-induced insulin resistance and tumorigenesis in mice. JCI Insight 2018. [PMID: 29515034 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is associated with increased incidence and enhanced progression of cancers. However, little is known about strategies that can effectively ameliorate insulin resistance and consequently halt cancer progression. Herein, we propose that the transcription factor Nrf2 (also known as Nfe2l2) may be such a target, given its central role in disease prevention. To this end, we developed a mouse that overexpresses the Notch intracellular domain in adipocytes (AdNICD), leading to lipodystrophy-induced severe insulin resistance and subsequent development of sarcomas, as a model reflecting that Notch signaling is deregulated in cancers and shows positive associations with insulin resistance and fatty liver disease in humans. Nrf2 pathway activation was achieved by knocking down Keap1, a repressor of Nrf2, in the AdNICD background. Constitutively enhanced Nrf2 signaling in this setting led to prevention of hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance by repressing hepatic lipogenic pathways and restoration of the hepatic fatty acid profile to control levels. This protective effect of Nrf2 against diabetes extended to significant reduction and delay in sarcoma incidence and latency. Our study highlights that the Nrf2 pathway, which has been induced by small molecules in clinical trials, is a potential therapeutic target against insulin resistance and subsequent risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios V Chartoumpekis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yoko Yagishita
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marco Fazzari
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dushani L Palliyaguru
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Uma Nm Rao
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Apostolos Zaravinos
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nicholas Kh Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Ian Sipula
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert M O'Doherty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nobunao Wakabayashi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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35
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Mathers AR, Carey CD, Killeen ME, Salvatore SR, Ferris LK, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ, Falo LD. Topical electrophilic nitro-fatty acids potentiate cutaneous inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:31-42. [PMID: 29132974 PMCID: PMC5767521 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous electrophilic fatty acids mediate anti-inflammatory responses by modulating metabolic and inflammatory signal transduction and gene expression. Nitro-fatty acids and other electrophilic fatty acids may thus be useful for the prevention and treatment of immune-mediated diseases, including inflammatory skin disorders. In this regard, subcutaneous (SC) injections of nitro oleic acid (OA-NO2), an exemplary nitro-fatty acid, inhibit skin inflammation in a model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Given the nitration of unsaturated fatty acids during metabolic and inflammatory processes and the growing use of fatty acids in topical formulations, we sought to further study the effect of nitro-fatty acids on cutaneous inflammation. To accomplish this, the effect of topically applied OA-NO2 on skin inflammation was evaluated using established murine models of contact hypersensitivity (CHS). In contrast to the effects of subcutaneously injected OA-NO2, topical OA-NO2 potentiated hapten-dependent inflammation inducing a sustained neutrophil-dependent inflammatory response characterized by psoriasiform histological features, increased angiogenesis, and an inflammatory infiltrate that included neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, and γδ T cells. Consistent with these results, HPLC-MS/MS analysis of skin from psoriasis patients displayed a 56% increase in nitro-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA-NO2) levels in lesional skin compared to non-lesional skin. These results suggest that nitro-fatty acids in the skin microenvironment are products of cutaneous inflammatory responses and, in high local concentrations, may exacerbate inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Mathers
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. USA; Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. USA.
| | - Cara D Carey
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. USA
| | - Meaghan E Killeen
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. USA
| | - Sonia R Salvatore
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. USA
| | - Laura K Ferris
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. USA
| | - Louis D Falo
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. USA; Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. USA
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36
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Villacorta L, Minarrieta L, Salvatore SR, Khoo NK, Rom O, Gao Z, Berman RC, Jobbagy S, Li L, Woodcock SR, Chen YE, Freeman BA, Ferreira AM, Schopfer FJ, Vitturi DA. In situ generation, metabolism and immunomodulatory signaling actions of nitro-conjugated linoleic acid in a murine model of inflammation. Redox Biol 2018; 15:522-531. [PMID: 29413964 PMCID: PMC5881417 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a prime substrate for intra-gastric nitration giving rise to the formation of nitro-conjugated linoleic acid (NO2-CLA). Herein, NO2-CLA generation is demonstrated within the context of acute inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo. Macrophage activation resulted in dose- and time-dependent CLA nitration and also in the production of secondary electrophilic and non-electrophilic derivatives. Both exogenous NO2-CLA as well as that generated in situ, attenuated NF-κB-dependent gene expression, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production and up-regulated Nrf2-regulated proteins. Importantly, both CLA nitration and the corresponding downstream anti-inflammatory actions of NO2-CLA were recapitulated in a mouse peritonitis model where NO2-CLA administration decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited leukocyte recruitment. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the formation of NO2-CLA has the potential to function as an adaptive response capable of not only modulating inflammation amplitude but also protecting neighboring tissues via the expression of Nrf2-dependent genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Villacorta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Lucia Minarrieta
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química y Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sonia R Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas K Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhen Gao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca C Berman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Soma Jobbagy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven R Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ana M Ferreira
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química y Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A Vitturi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Prentice KJ, Wendell SG, Liu Y, Eversley JA, Salvatore SR, Mohan H, Brandt SL, Adams AC, Serena Wang X, Wei D, FitzGerald GA, Durham TB, Hammond CD, Sloop KW, Skarke C, Schopfer FJ, Wheeler MB. CMPF, a Metabolite Formed Upon Prescription Omega-3-Acid Ethyl Ester Supplementation, Prevents and Reverses Steatosis. EBioMedicine 2017; 27:200-213. [PMID: 29290411 PMCID: PMC5828468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prescription ω-3 fatty acid ethyl ester supplements are commonly used for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. However, the metabolic profile and effect of the metabolites formed by these treatments remain unknown. Here we utilized unbiased metabolomics to identify 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) as a significant metabolite of the ω-3-acid ethyl ester prescription Lovaza™ in humans. Administration of CMPF to mice before or after high-fat diet feeding at exposures equivalent to those observed in humans increased whole-body lipid metabolism, improved insulin sensitivity, increased beta-oxidation, reduced lipogenic gene expression, and ameliorated steatosis. Mechanistically, we find that CMPF acutely inhibits ACC activity, and induces long-term loss of SREBP1c and ACC1/2 expression. This corresponds to an induction of FGF21, which is required for long-term steatosis protection, as FGF21KO mice are refractory to the improved metabolic effects. Thus, CMPF treatment in mice parallels the effects of human Lovaza™ supplementation, revealing that CMPF may contribute to the improved metabolic effects observed with ω-3 fatty acid prescriptions. CMPF is an abundant metabolite resultant from supplementation with the ω-3-acid ethyl ester prescription Lovaza™ in humans Treatment with CMPF reverses hepatic lipid accumulation in diet-induced and genetically obese mouse models CMPF treatment prior to high fat diet feeding prevents development of steatosis through an FGF21-dependent mechanism
Fish oil is commonly prescribed for treating dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome. Here, we identify CMPF as a significant metabolite in humans supplemented with ω-3-acid ethyl esters. CMPF treatment reversed liver lipid accumulation and improved insulin sensitivity in obese mice, while treatment of lean mice prior to high fat diet feeding prevented the development of fatty liver and insulin resistance. We find that CMPF acutely enhances fatty acid utilization and decreases lipid synthesis in the liver, while the preventative action is dependent on FGF21, which potentiates a feedback loop activated by CMPF. Thus, CMPF may contribute to the improved metabolic effects associated with fish oil supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Stacy G Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Judith A Eversley
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sonia R Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haneesha Mohan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sydney L Brandt
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Andrew C Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - X Serena Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David Wei
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy B Durham
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Craig D Hammond
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kyle W Sloop
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carsten Skarke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Rahaman MM, Nguyen AT, Miller MP, Hahn SA, Sparacino-Watkins C, Jobbagy S, Carew NT, Cantu-Medellin N, Wood KC, Baty CJ, Schopfer FJ, Kelley EE, Gladwin MT, Martin E, Straub AC. Cytochrome b5 Reductase 3 Modulates Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Redox State and cGMP Signaling. Circ Res 2017; 121:137-148. [PMID: 28584062 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) heme iron, in its oxidized state (Fe3+), is desensitized to NO and limits cGMP production needed for downstream activation of protein kinase G-dependent signaling and blood vessel dilation. OBJECTIVE Although reactive oxygen species are known to oxidize the sGC heme iron, the basic mechanism(s) governing sGC heme iron recycling to its NO-sensitive, reduced state remain poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Oxidant challenge studies show that vascular smooth muscle cells have an intrinsic ability to reduce oxidized sGC heme iron and form protein-protein complexes between cytochrome b5 reductase 3, also known as methemoglobin reductase, and oxidized sGC. Genetic knockdown and pharmacological inhibition in vascular smooth muscle cells reveal that cytochrome b5 reductase 3 expression and activity is critical for NO-stimulated cGMP production and vasodilation. Mechanistically, we show that cytochrome b5 reductase 3 directly reduces oxidized sGC required for NO sensitization as assessed by biochemical, cellular, and ex vivo assays. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings identify new insights into NO-sGC-cGMP signaling and reveal cytochrome b5 reductase 3 as the first identified physiological sGC heme iron reductase in vascular smooth muscle cells, serving as a critical regulator of cGMP production and protein kinase G-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizanur M Rahaman
- From the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (M.M.R., A.T.N., M.P.M., S.A.H., C.S.-W., N.T.C., N.C.-M., K.C.W., M.T.G., A.C.S.), Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (C.S.-W., M.T.G.), Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.J., C.J.B., F.J.S., A.C.S.), and Division of Renal-Electrolyte (C.J.B.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown (E.E.K.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School (E.M.)
| | - Anh T Nguyen
- From the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (M.M.R., A.T.N., M.P.M., S.A.H., C.S.-W., N.T.C., N.C.-M., K.C.W., M.T.G., A.C.S.), Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (C.S.-W., M.T.G.), Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.J., C.J.B., F.J.S., A.C.S.), and Division of Renal-Electrolyte (C.J.B.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown (E.E.K.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School (E.M.)
| | - Megan P Miller
- From the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (M.M.R., A.T.N., M.P.M., S.A.H., C.S.-W., N.T.C., N.C.-M., K.C.W., M.T.G., A.C.S.), Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (C.S.-W., M.T.G.), Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.J., C.J.B., F.J.S., A.C.S.), and Division of Renal-Electrolyte (C.J.B.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown (E.E.K.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School (E.M.)
| | - Scott A Hahn
- From the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (M.M.R., A.T.N., M.P.M., S.A.H., C.S.-W., N.T.C., N.C.-M., K.C.W., M.T.G., A.C.S.), Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (C.S.-W., M.T.G.), Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.J., C.J.B., F.J.S., A.C.S.), and Division of Renal-Electrolyte (C.J.B.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown (E.E.K.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School (E.M.)
| | - Courtney Sparacino-Watkins
- From the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (M.M.R., A.T.N., M.P.M., S.A.H., C.S.-W., N.T.C., N.C.-M., K.C.W., M.T.G., A.C.S.), Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (C.S.-W., M.T.G.), Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.J., C.J.B., F.J.S., A.C.S.), and Division of Renal-Electrolyte (C.J.B.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown (E.E.K.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School (E.M.)
| | - Soma Jobbagy
- From the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (M.M.R., A.T.N., M.P.M., S.A.H., C.S.-W., N.T.C., N.C.-M., K.C.W., M.T.G., A.C.S.), Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (C.S.-W., M.T.G.), Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.J., C.J.B., F.J.S., A.C.S.), and Division of Renal-Electrolyte (C.J.B.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown (E.E.K.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School (E.M.)
| | - Nolan T Carew
- From the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (M.M.R., A.T.N., M.P.M., S.A.H., C.S.-W., N.T.C., N.C.-M., K.C.W., M.T.G., A.C.S.), Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (C.S.-W., M.T.G.), Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.J., C.J.B., F.J.S., A.C.S.), and Division of Renal-Electrolyte (C.J.B.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown (E.E.K.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School (E.M.)
| | - Nadiezhda Cantu-Medellin
- From the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (M.M.R., A.T.N., M.P.M., S.A.H., C.S.-W., N.T.C., N.C.-M., K.C.W., M.T.G., A.C.S.), Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (C.S.-W., M.T.G.), Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.J., C.J.B., F.J.S., A.C.S.), and Division of Renal-Electrolyte (C.J.B.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown (E.E.K.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School (E.M.)
| | - Katherine C Wood
- From the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (M.M.R., A.T.N., M.P.M., S.A.H., C.S.-W., N.T.C., N.C.-M., K.C.W., M.T.G., A.C.S.), Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (C.S.-W., M.T.G.), Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.J., C.J.B., F.J.S., A.C.S.), and Division of Renal-Electrolyte (C.J.B.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown (E.E.K.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School (E.M.)
| | - Catherine J Baty
- From the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (M.M.R., A.T.N., M.P.M., S.A.H., C.S.-W., N.T.C., N.C.-M., K.C.W., M.T.G., A.C.S.), Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (C.S.-W., M.T.G.), Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.J., C.J.B., F.J.S., A.C.S.), and Division of Renal-Electrolyte (C.J.B.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown (E.E.K.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School (E.M.)
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- From the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (M.M.R., A.T.N., M.P.M., S.A.H., C.S.-W., N.T.C., N.C.-M., K.C.W., M.T.G., A.C.S.), Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (C.S.-W., M.T.G.), Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.J., C.J.B., F.J.S., A.C.S.), and Division of Renal-Electrolyte (C.J.B.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown (E.E.K.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School (E.M.)
| | - Eric E Kelley
- From the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (M.M.R., A.T.N., M.P.M., S.A.H., C.S.-W., N.T.C., N.C.-M., K.C.W., M.T.G., A.C.S.), Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (C.S.-W., M.T.G.), Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.J., C.J.B., F.J.S., A.C.S.), and Division of Renal-Electrolyte (C.J.B.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown (E.E.K.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School (E.M.)
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- From the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (M.M.R., A.T.N., M.P.M., S.A.H., C.S.-W., N.T.C., N.C.-M., K.C.W., M.T.G., A.C.S.), Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (C.S.-W., M.T.G.), Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.J., C.J.B., F.J.S., A.C.S.), and Division of Renal-Electrolyte (C.J.B.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown (E.E.K.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School (E.M.)
| | - Emil Martin
- From the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (M.M.R., A.T.N., M.P.M., S.A.H., C.S.-W., N.T.C., N.C.-M., K.C.W., M.T.G., A.C.S.), Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (C.S.-W., M.T.G.), Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.J., C.J.B., F.J.S., A.C.S.), and Division of Renal-Electrolyte (C.J.B.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown (E.E.K.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School (E.M.)
| | - Adam C Straub
- From the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute (M.M.R., A.T.N., M.P.M., S.A.H., C.S.-W., N.T.C., N.C.-M., K.C.W., M.T.G., A.C.S.), Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (C.S.-W., M.T.G.), Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.J., C.J.B., F.J.S., A.C.S.), and Division of Renal-Electrolyte (C.J.B.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown (E.E.K.); and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Houston Medical School (E.M.).
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Turell L, Vitturi DA, Coitiño EL, Lebrato L, Möller MN, Sagasti C, Salvatore SR, Woodcock SR, Alvarez B, Schopfer FJ. The Chemical Basis of Thiol Addition to Nitro-conjugated Linoleic Acid, a Protective Cell-signaling Lipid. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1145-1159. [PMID: 27923813 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.756288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroalkene fatty acids are formed in vivo and exert protective and anti-inflammatory effects via reversible Michael addition to thiol-containing proteins in key signaling pathways. Nitro-conjugated linoleic acid (NO2-CLA) is preferentially formed, constitutes the most abundant nitrated fatty acid in humans, and contains two carbons that could potentially react with thiols, modulating signaling actions and levels. In this work, we examined the reactions of NO2-CLA with low molecular weight thiols (glutathione, cysteine, homocysteine, cysteinylglycine, and β-mercaptoethanol) and human serum albumin. Reactions followed reversible biphasic kinetics, consistent with the presence of two electrophilic centers in NO2-CLA located on the β- and δ-carbons with respect to the nitro group. The differential reactivity was confirmed by computational modeling of the electronic structure. The rates (kon and koff) and equilibrium constants for both reactions were determined for different thiols. LC-UV-Visible and LC-MS analyses showed that the fast reaction corresponds to β-adduct formation (the kinetic product), while the slow reaction corresponds to the formation of the δ-adduct (the thermodynamic product). The pH dependence of the rate constants, the correlation between intrinsic reactivity and thiol pKa, and the absence of deuterium solvent kinetic isotope effects suggested stepwise mechanisms with thiolate attack on NO2-CLA as rate-controlling step. Computational modeling supported the mechanism and revealed additional features of the transition states, anionic intermediates, and final neutral products. Importantly, the detection of cysteine-δ-adducts in human urine provided evidence for the biological relevance of this reaction. Finally, human serum albumin was found to bind NO2-CLA both non-covalently and to form covalent adducts at Cys-34, suggesting potential modes for systemic distribution. These results provide new insights into the chemical basis of NO2-CLA signaling actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Turell
- From the Laboratorios de Enzimología.,Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay and
| | - Darío A Vitturi
- the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | | | - Lourdes Lebrato
- From the Laboratorios de Enzimología.,Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay and
| | - Matías N Möller
- Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay and.,Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, and
| | | | - Sonia R Salvatore
- the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Steven R Woodcock
- the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- From the Laboratorios de Enzimología, .,Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay and
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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40
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Fazzari M, Khoo NKH, Woodcock SR, Jorkasky DK, Li L, Schopfer FJ, Freeman BA. Nitro-fatty acid pharmacokinetics in the adipose tissue compartment. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:375-385. [PMID: 27913584 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m072058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophilic nitro-FAs (NO2-FAs) promote adaptive and anti-inflammatory cell signaling responses as a result of an electrophilic character that supports posttranslational protein modifications. A unique pharmacokinetic profile is expected for NO2-FAs because of an ability to undergo reversible reactions including Michael addition with cysteine-containing proteins and esterification into complex lipids. Herein, we report via quantitative whole-body autoradiography analysis of rats gavaged with radiolabeled 10-nitro-[14C]oleic acid, preferential accumulation in adipose tissue over 2 weeks. To better define the metabolism and incorporation of NO2-FAs and their metabolites in adipose tissue lipids, adipocyte cultures were supplemented with 10-nitro-oleic acid (10-NO2-OA), nitro-stearic acid, nitro-conjugated linoleic acid, and nitro-linolenic acid. Then, quantitative HPLC-MS/MS analysis was performed on adipocyte neutral and polar lipid fractions, both before and after acid hydrolysis of esterified FAs. NO2-FAs preferentially incorporated in monoacyl- and diacylglycerides, while reduced metabolites were highly enriched in triacylglycerides. This differential distribution profile was confirmed in vivo in the adipose tissue of NO2-OA-treated mice. This pattern of NO2-FA deposition lends new insight into the unique pharmacokinetics and pharmacologic actions that could be expected for this chemically-reactive class of endogenous signaling mediators and synthetic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fazzari
- Fondazione Ri.MED, 90133 Palermo, Italy.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Nicholas K H Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Steven R Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | | | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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41
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Villacorta L, Gao Z, Schopfer FJ, Freeman BA, Chen YE. Nitro-fatty acids in cardiovascular regulation and diseases: characteristics and molecular mechanisms. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2016; 21:873-89. [PMID: 26709810 DOI: 10.2741/4425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic nitro-fatty acids (NO2-FAs) are endogenously formed by redox reactions of nitric oxide ((.)NO)- and nitrite ((.)NO2)- derived nitrogen dioxide with unsaturated fatty acids. Nitration preferentially occurs on polyunsaturated fatty acids with conjugated dienes under physiological or pathophysiological conditions such as during digestion, metabolism and as adaptive inflammatory processes. Nitro-fatty acids are present in free and esterified forms achieving broad biodistribution in humans and experimental models. Structural, functional and biological characterization of NO2-FAs has revealed clinically relevant protection from inflammatory injury in a number of cardiovascular, renal and metabolic experimental models. NO2-FAs are engaged in posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of a selective redox sensitive pool of proteins and regulate key adaptive signaling pathways involved in cellular homeostasis and inflammatory response. Here, we review and update the biosynthesis, metabolism and signaling actions of NO2-FAs, highlighting their diverse protective roles relevant to the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Villacorta
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex 26, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,,
| | - Zhen Gao
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex 26, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, E1343 Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, E1343 Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex 26, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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42
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Delmastro-Greenwood M, Hughan KS, Vitturi DA, Salvatore SR, Grimes G, Potti G, Shiva S, Schopfer FJ, Gladwin MT, Freeman BA, Gelhaus Wendell S. Nitrite and nitrate-dependent generation of anti-inflammatory fatty acid nitroalkenes. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:333-41. [PMID: 26385079 PMCID: PMC4684780 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.07.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A gap in our understanding of the beneficial systemic responses to dietary constituents nitrate (NO3(-)), nitrite (NO2(-)) and conjugated linoleic acid (cLA) is the identification of the downstream metabolites that mediate their actions. To examine these reactions in a clinical context, investigational drug preparations of (15)N-labeled NO3(-) and NO2(-) were orally administered to healthy humans with and without cLA. Mass spectrometry analysis of plasma and urine indicated that the nitrating species nitrogen dioxide was formed and reacted with the olefinic carbons of unsaturated fatty acids to yield the electrophilic fatty acid, nitro-cLA (NO2-cLA). These species mediate the post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins via reversible Michael addition with nucleophilic amino acids. The PTM of critical target proteins by electrophilic lipids has been described as a sensing mechanism that regulates adaptive cellular responses, but little is known about the endogenous generation of fatty acid nitroalkenes and their metabolites. We report that healthy humans consuming (15)N-labeled NO3(-) or NO2(-), with and without cLA supplementation, produce (15)NO2-cLA and corresponding metabolites that are detected in plasma and urine. These data support that the dietary constituents NO3(-), NO2(-) and cLA promote the further generation of secondary electrophilic lipid products that are absorbed into the circulation at concentrations sufficient to exert systemic effects before being catabolized or excreted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kara S Hughan
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15261, USA
| | - Dario A Vitturi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sonia R Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - George Grimes
- Pharmaceutical Development Section, Pharmacy Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gopal Potti
- Pharmaceutical Development Section, Pharmacy Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15261, USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15261, USA
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15261, USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Stacy Gelhaus Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15261, USA.
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43
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Koenitzer JR, Bonacci G, Woodcock SR, Chen CS, Cantu-Medellin N, Kelley EE, Schopfer FJ. Fatty acid nitroalkenes induce resistance to ischemic cardiac injury by modulating mitochondrial respiration at complex II. Redox Biol 2015; 8:1-10. [PMID: 26722838 PMCID: PMC4710799 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitro-fatty acids (NO2-FA) are metabolic and inflammatory-derived electrophiles that mediate pleiotropic signaling actions. It was hypothesized that NO2-FA would impact mitochondrial redox reactions to induce tissue-protective metabolic shifts in cells. Nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO2) reversibly inhibited complex II-linked respiration in isolated rat heart mitochondria in a pH-dependent manner and suppressed superoxide formation. Nitroalkylation of Fp subunit was determined by BME capture and the site of modification by OA-NO2 defined by mass spectrometric analysis. These effects translated into reduced basal and maximal respiration and favored glycolytic metabolism in H9C2 cardiomyoblasts as assessed by extracellular H+ and O2 flux analysis. The perfusion of NO2-FA induced acute cardioprotection in an isolated perfused heart ischemia/reperfusion (IR) model as evidenced by significantly higher rate-pressure products. Together these findings indicate that NO2-FA can promote cardioprotection by inducing a shift from respiration to glycolysis and suppressing reactive species formation in the post-ischemic interval. Nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO2) reversibly inhibits complex II-linked respiration. Nitrated fatty acid favor a switch from beta oxidation to glycolysis in cardiomyoblasts. Nitrated fatty acid induce cardioprotection in a heart ischemia/reperfusion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Koenitzer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gustavo Bonacci
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Steven R Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Chen-Shan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | - Eric E Kelley
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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44
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Fazzari M, Khoo N, Woodcock SR, Li L, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ. Generation and esterification of electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkenes in triacylglycerides. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 87:113-24. [PMID: 26066303 PMCID: PMC4615386 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkenes (NO(2)-FA) are products of nitric oxide and nitrite-mediated unsaturated fatty acid nitration. These electrophilic products induce pleiotropic signaling actions that modulate metabolic and inflammatory responses in cell and animal models. The metabolism of NO(2)-FA includes reduction of the vinyl nitro moiety by prostaglandin reductase-1, mitochondrial β-oxidation, and Michael addition with low molecular weight nucleophilic amino acids. Complex lipid reactions of fatty acid nitroalkenes are not well defined. Herein we report the detection and characterization of NO(2)-FA-containing triacylglycerides (NO(2)-FA-TAG) via mass spectrometry-based methods. In this regard, unsaturated fatty acids of dietary triacylglycerides are targets for nitration reactions during gastric acidification, where NO(2)-FA-TAG can be detected in rat plasma after oral administration of nitro-oleic acid (NO(2)-OA). Furthermore, the characterization and profiling of these species, including the generation of beta oxidation and dehydrogenation products, could be detected in NO(2)-OA-supplemented adipocytes. These data revealed that NO(2)-FA-TAG, formed by either the direct nitration of esterified unsaturated fatty acids or the incorporation of nitrated free fatty acids into triacylglycerides, contribute to the systemic distribution of these reactive electrophilic mediators and may serve as a depot for subsequent mobilization by lipases to in turn impact adipocyte homeostasis and tissue signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fazzari
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, 15261 PA, USA
| | - Nicholas Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, 15261 PA, USA
| | - Steven R Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, 15261 PA, USA
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, 15261 PA, USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, 15261 PA, USA.
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, 15261 PA, USA.
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, BST E1314, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, BST E1314, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Nicholas K H Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, BST E1314, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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46
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Fazzari M, Trostchansky A, Schopfer FJ, Salvatore SR, Sánchez-Calvo B, Vitturi D, Valderrama R, Barroso JB, Radi R, Freeman BA, Rubbo H. Olives and olive oil are sources of electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkenes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84884. [PMID: 24454759 PMCID: PMC3891761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and olives, key sources of unsaturated fatty acids in the Mediterranean diet, provide health benefits to humans. Nitric oxide (•NO) and nitrite (NO2−)-dependent reactions of unsaturated fatty acids yield electrophilic nitroalkene derivatives (NO2-FA) that manifest salutary pleiotropic cell signaling responses in mammals. Herein, the endogenous presence of NO2-FA in both EVOO and fresh olives was demonstrated by mass spectrometry. The electrophilic nature of these species was affirmed by the detection of significant levels of protein cysteine adducts of nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA-cysteine) in fresh olives, especially in the peel. Further nitration of EVOO by NO2− under acidic gastric digestive conditions revealed that human consumption of olive lipids will produce additional nitro-conjugated linoleic acid (NO2-cLA) and nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA). The presence of free and protein-adducted NO2-FA in both mammalian and plant lipids further affirm a role for these species as signaling mediators. Since NO2-FA instigate adaptive anti-inflammatory gene expression and metabolic responses, these redox-derived metabolites may contribute to the cardiovascular benefits associated with the Mediterranean diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fazzari
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrés Trostchansky
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francisco J. Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sonia R. Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Dario Vitturi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Raquel Valderrama
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Juan B. Barroso
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruce A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HR); (BAF)
| | - Homero Rubbo
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail: (HR); (BAF)
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47
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Woodcock SR, Salvatore SR, Bonacci G, Schopfer FJ, Freeman BA. Biomimetic nitration of conjugated linoleic acid: formation and characterization of naturally occurring conjugated nitrodienes. J Org Chem 2013; 79:25-33. [PMID: 24350701 DOI: 10.1021/jo4021562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitro-conjugated linoleic acids (NO2-cLA), endogenous nitrodiene lipids which act as inflammatory signaling mediators, were isolated and single isomers purified from the biomimetic acidic nitration products of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Structures were elucidated by means of detailed NMR and HPLC-MS/MS spectroscopic analysis and the relative double bond configurations assigned. Additional synthetic methods produced useful quantities and similar isomeric distributions of these unusual and reactive compounds for biological studies and isotopic standards, and the potential conversion of nitro-linoleic to nitro-conjugated linoleic acids was explored via a facile base-catalyzed isomerization. This represents one of the few descriptions of naturally occurring conjugated nitro dienes (in particular, 1-nitro 1,3-diene), an unusual and highly reactive motif with few biological examples extant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh . Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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48
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Gil M, Graña M, Schopfer FJ, Wagner T, Denicola A, Freeman BA, Alzari PM, Batthyány C, Durán R. Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PknG by non-catalytic rubredoxin domain specific modification: reaction of an electrophilic nitro-fatty acid with the Fe-S center. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:150-161. [PMID: 23792274 PMCID: PMC4061738 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PknG from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a Ser/Thr protein kinase that regulates key metabolic processes within the bacterial cell as well as signaling pathways from the infected host cell. This multidomain protein has a conserved canonical kinase domain with N- and C-terminal flanking regions of unclear functional roles. The N-terminus harbors a rubredoxin-like domain (Rbx), a bacterial protein module characterized by an iron ion coordinated by four cysteine residues. Disruption of the Rbx-metal binding site by simultaneous mutations of all the key cysteine residues significantly impairs PknG activity. This encouraged us to evaluate the effect of a nitro-fatty acid (9- and 10-nitro-octadeca-9-cis-enoic acid; OA-NO2) on PknG activity. Fatty acid nitroalkenes are electrophilic species produced during inflammation and metabolism that react with nucleophilic residues of target proteins (i.e., Cys and His), modulating protein function and subcellular distribution in a reversible manner. Here, we show that OA-NO2 inhibits kinase activity by covalently adducting PknG remote from the catalytic domain. Mass spectrometry-based analysis established that cysteines located at Rbx are the specific targets of the nitroalkene. Cys-nitroalkylation is a Michael addition reaction typically reverted by thiols. However, the reversible OA-NO2-mediated nitroalkylation of the kinase results in an irreversible inhibition of PknG. Cys adduction by OA-NO2 induced iron release from the Rbx domain, revealing a new strategy for the specific inhibition of PknG. These results affirm the relevance of the Rbx domain as a target for PknG inhibition and support that electrophilic lipid reactions of Rbx-Cys may represent a new drug strategy for specific PknG inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gil
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay; Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Uruguay
| | - Martín Graña
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tristan Wagner
- Unité de Microbiologie Structurale & CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Ana Denicola
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Pedro M Alzari
- Unité de Microbiologie Structurale & CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Carlos Batthyány
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay.
| | - Rosario Durán
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay; Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Uruguay.
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49
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Vitturi DA, Chen CS, Woodcock SR, Salvatore SR, Bonacci G, Koenitzer JR, Stewart NA, Wakabayashi N, Kensler TW, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ. Modulation of nitro-fatty acid signaling: prostaglandin reductase-1 is a nitroalkene reductase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25626-25637. [PMID: 23878198 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.486282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, characterized by the activation of both resident and infiltrated immune cells, is accompanied by increased production of oxidizing and nitrating species. Nitrogen dioxide, the proximal nitrating species formed under these conditions, reacts with unsaturated fatty acids to yield nitroalkene derivatives. These electrophilic products modulate protein function via post-translational modification of susceptible nucleophilic amino acids. Nitroalkenes react with Keap1 to instigate Nrf2 signaling, activate heat shock response gene expression, and inhibit NF-κB-mediated signaling, inducing net anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective metabolic responses. We report the purification and characterization of a NADPH-dependent liver enzyme that reduces the nitroalkene moiety of nitro-oleic acid, yielding the inactive product nitro-stearic acid. Prostaglandin reductase-1 (PtGR-1) was identified as a nitroalkene reductase by protein purification and proteomic studies. Kinetic measurements, inhibition studies, immunological and molecular biology approaches as well as clinical analyses confirmed this identification. Overexpression of PtGR-1 in HEK293T cells promoted nitroalkene metabolism to inactive nitroalkanes, an effect that abrogated the Nrf2-dependent induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression by nitro-oleic acid. These results situate PtGR-1 as a critical modulator of both the steady state levels and signaling activities of fatty acid nitroalkenes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen-Shan Chen
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas A Stewart
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Center. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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50
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Abstract
Nitrated fatty acids are the product of nitrogen dioxide reaction with unsaturated fatty acids. The discovery of peroxynitrite and peroxidase-induced nitration of biomolecules led to the initial reports of endogenous nitrated fatty acids. These species increase during ischemia/reperfusion, but concentrations are often at or near the limits of detection. Here, we describe multiple methods for nitrated fatty acid synthesis and sample extraction from complex biological matrices and a rigorous method of qualitative and quantitative detection of nitrated fatty acids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, optimized instrument conditions and caveats regarding data interpretation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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