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Tettamanti G, Carata E, Montali A, Dini L, Fimia GM. Autophagy in development and regeneration: role in tissue remodelling and cell survival. The European Zoological Journal 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2019.1601271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - E. Carata
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - A. Montali
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - L. Dini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G. M. Fimia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
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2
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Di Rienzo M, Antonioli M, Fusco C, Liu Y, Mari M, Orhon I, Refolo G, Germani F, Corazzari M, Romagnoli A, Ciccosanti F, Mandriani B, Pellico MT, De La Torre R, Ding H, Dentice M, Neri M, Ferlini A, Reggiori F, Kulesz-Martin M, Piacentini M, Merla G, Fimia GM. Autophagy induction in atrophic muscle cells requires ULK1 activation by TRIM32 through unanchored K63-linked polyubiquitin chains. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaau8857. [PMID: 31123703 PMCID: PMC6527439 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau8857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Optimal autophagic activity is crucial to maintain muscle integrity, with either reduced or excessive levels leading to specific myopathies. LGMD2H is a muscle dystrophy caused by mutations in the ubiquitin ligase TRIM32, whose function in muscles remains not fully understood. Here, we show that TRIM32 is required for the induction of muscle autophagy in atrophic conditions using both in vitro and in vivo mouse models. Trim32 inhibition results in a defective autophagy response to muscle atrophy, associated with increased ROS and MuRF1 levels. The proautophagic function of TRIM32 relies on its ability to bind the autophagy proteins AMBRA1 and ULK1 and stimulate ULK1 activity via unanchored K63-linked polyubiquitin. LGMD2H-causative mutations impair TRIM32's ability to bind ULK1 and induce autophagy. Collectively, our study revealed a role for TRIM32 in the regulation of muscle autophagy in response to atrophic stimuli, uncovering a previously unidentified mechanism by which ubiquitin ligases activate autophagy regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Di Rienzo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Antonioli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - C. Fusco
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Y. Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - M. Mari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - I. Orhon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - G. Refolo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - F. Germani
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Corazzari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - A. Romagnoli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - F. Ciccosanti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - B. Mandriani
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - M. T. Pellico
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - R. De La Torre
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - H. Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - M. Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - M. Neri
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - A. Ferlini
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - F. Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - M. Kulesz-Martin
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - M. Piacentini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - G. Merla
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - G. M. Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
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Abstract
The aim of autophagy is to re-establish homeostasis in response to a variety of stress conditions. By forming double-membrane vesicles, autophagy engulfs damaged or superfluous cytoplasmic material and recycles degradation products for new synthesis or energy production. Of note, the same mechanism is used to capture pathogens and has important implications in both innate and adaptive immunity. To establish a chronic infection, pathogens have therefore evolved multiple mechanisms to evade autophagy-mediated degradation. HIV infection represents one of the best characterized systems in which autophagy is disarmed by a virus using multiple strategies to prevent the sequestration and degradation of its proteins and to establish a chronic infection. HIV alters autophagy at various stages of the process in both infected and bystander cells. In particular, the HIV proteins TAT, NEF and ENV are involved in this regulation by either blocking or stimulating autophagy through direct interaction with autophagy proteins and/or modulation of the mTOR pathway. Although the roles of autophagy during HIV infection are multiple and vary amongst the different cell types, several lines of evidence point to a potential beneficial effect of stimulating autophagy-mediated lysosomal degradation to potentiate the immune response to HIV. Characterization of the molecular mechanisms regulating selective autophagy is expected to be valuable for developing new drugs able to specifically enhance the anti-HIV response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nardacci
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - F Ciccosanti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - C Marsella
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - G Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M Piacentini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - G M Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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4
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Abstract
Autophagy is an extremely dynamic process that mediates the rapid degradation of intracellular components in response to different stress conditions. The autophagic response is executed by specific protein complexes, whose function is regulated by posttranslational modifications and interactions with positive and negative regulators. A comprehensive analysis of how autophagy complexes are temporally modified upon stress stimuli is therefore particularly relevant to understand how this pathway is regulated. Here, we describe a method to define the protein-protein interaction network of a central complex involved in autophagy induction, the Beclin 1 complex. This method is based on the quantitative comparison of protein complexes immunopurified at different time points using a stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture approach. Understanding how the Beclin 1 complex dynamically changes in response to different stress stimuli may provide useful insights to disclose novel molecular mechanisms responsible for the dysregulation of autophagy in pathological conditions, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Antonioli
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S. 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | - F Ciccosanti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S. 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | - J Dengjel
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - G M Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S. 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Rome, Italy; University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
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5
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Grassi G, Di Caprio G, Santangelo L, Fimia GM, Cozzolino AM, Komatsu M, Ippolito G, Tripodi M, Alonzi T. Autophagy regulates hepatocyte identity and epithelial-to-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions promoting Snail degradation. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1880. [PMID: 26355343 PMCID: PMC4650445 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the reverse process mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) are events involved in development, wound healing and stem cell behaviour and contribute pathologically to cancer progression. The identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypic conversions in hepatocytes are fundamental to design specific therapeutic strategies aimed at optimising liver repair. The role of autophagy in EMT/MET processes of hepatocytes was investigated in liver-specific autophagy-deficient mice (Alb-Cre;ATG7fl/fl) and using the nontumorigenic immortalised hepatocytes cell line MMH. Autophagy deficiency in vivo reduces epithelial markers' expression and increases the levels of mesenchymal markers. These alterations are associated with an increased protein level of the EMT master regulator Snail, without transcriptional induction. Interestingly, we found that autophagy degrades Snail in a p62/SQSTM1 (Sequestosome-1)-dependent manner. Moreover, accordingly to a pro-epithelial function, we observed that autophagy stimulation strongly affects EMT progression, whereas it is necessary for MET. Finally, we found that the EMT induced by TGFβ affects the autophagy flux, indicating that these processes regulate each other. Overall, we found that autophagy regulates the phenotype plasticity of hepatocytes promoting their epithelial identity through the inhibition of the mesenchymal programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grassi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Caprio
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - L Santangelo
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G M Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - A M Cozzolino
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Komatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - G Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M Tripodi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - T Alonzi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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6
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De Leo A, Colavita F, Ciccosanti F, Fimia GM, Lieberman PM, Mattia E. Inhibition of autophagy in EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma cells enhances EBV lytic genes expression and replication. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1876. [PMID: 26335716 PMCID: PMC4650432 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, an important degradation system involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis, serves also to eliminate pathogens and process their fragments for presentation to the immune system. Several viruses have been shown to interact with the host autophagic machinery to suppress or make use of this cellular catabolic pathway to enhance their survival and replication. Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a γ-herpes virus associated with a number of malignancies of epithelial and lymphoid origin in which establishes a predominantly latent infection. Latent EBV can periodically reactivate to produce infectious particles that allow the virus to spread and can lead to the death of the infected cell. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between autophagy and EBV reactivation in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. By monitoring autophagy markers and EBV lytic genes expression, we demonstrate that autophagy is enhanced in the early phases of EBV lytic activation but decreases thereafter concomitantly with increased levels of EBV lytic proteins. In a cell line defective for late antigens expression, we found an inverse correlation between EBV early antigens expression and autophagosomes formation, suggesting that early after activation, the virus is able to suppress autophagy. We report here for the first time that inhibition of autophagy by Bafilomycin A1 or shRNA knockdown of Beclin1 gene, highly incremented EBV lytic genes expression as well as intracellular viral DNA and viral progeny yield. Taken together, these findings indicate that EBV activation induces the autophagic response, which is soon inhibited by the expression of EBV early lytic products. Moreover, our findings open the possibility that pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy may be used to enhance oncolytic viral therapy of EBV-related lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Leo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - F Colavita
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - F Ciccosanti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - G M Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - E Mattia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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7
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Corazzari M, Rapino F, Ciccosanti F, Giglio P, Antonioli M, Conti B, Fimia GM, Lovat PE, Piacentini M. Oncogenic BRAF induces chronic ER stress condition resulting in increased basal autophagy and apoptotic resistance of cutaneous melanoma. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:946-58. [PMID: 25361077 PMCID: PMC4423179 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The notorious unresponsiveness of metastatic cutaneous melanoma to current treatment strategies coupled with its increasing incidence constitutes a serious worldwide clinical problem. Moreover, despite recent advances in targeted therapies for patients with BRAF(V600E) mutant melanomas, acquired resistance remains a limiting factor and hence emphasises the acute need for comprehensive pre-clinical studies to increase the biological understanding of such tumours in order to develop novel effective and longlasting therapeutic strategies. Autophagy and ER stress both have a role in melanoma development/progression and chemoresistance although their real impact is still unclear. Here, we show that BRAF(V600E) induces a chronic ER stress status directly increasing basal cell autophagy. BRAF(V600E)-mediated p38 activation stimulates both the IRE1/ASK1/JNK and TRB3 pathways. Bcl-XL/Bcl-2 phosphorylation by active JNK releases Beclin1 whereas TRB3 inhibits the Akt/mTor axes, together resulting in an increase in basal autophagy. Furthermore, we demonstrate chemical chaperones relieve the BRAF(V600E)-mediated chronic ER stress status, consequently reducing basal autophagic activity and increasing the sensitivity of melanoma cells to apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest enhanced basal autophagy, typically observed in BRAF(V600E) melanomas, is a consequence of a chronic ER stress status, which ultimately results in the chemoresistance of such tumours. Targeted therapies that attenuate ER stress may therefore represent a novel and more effective therapeutic strategy for BRAF mutant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Corazzari
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | - F Rapino
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | - F Ciccosanti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | - P Giglio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - M Antonioli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | - B Conti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | - G M Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - P E Lovat
- Dermatological Sciences Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
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8
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Strappazzon F, Nazio F, Corrado M, Cianfanelli V, Romagnoli A, Fimia GM, Campello S, Nardacci R, Piacentini M, Campanella M, Cecconi F. AMBRA1 is able to induce mitophagy via LC3 binding, regardless of PARKIN and p62/SQSTM1. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:517. [PMID: 25661525 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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9
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Galluzzi L, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Vitale I, Aaronson SA, Abrams JM, Adam D, Alnemri ES, Altucci L, Andrews D, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Baehrecke EH, Bazan NG, Bertrand MJ, Bianchi K, Blagosklonny MV, Blomgren K, Borner C, Bredesen DE, Brenner C, Campanella M, Candi E, Cecconi F, Chan FK, Chandel NS, Cheng EH, Chipuk JE, Cidlowski JA, Ciechanover A, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, De Laurenzi V, De Maria R, Debatin KM, Di Daniele N, Dixit VM, Dynlacht BD, El-Deiry WS, Fimia GM, Flavell RA, Fulda S, Garrido C, Gougeon ML, Green DR, Gronemeyer H, Hajnoczky G, Hardwick JM, Hengartner MO, Ichijo H, Joseph B, Jost PJ, Kaufmann T, Kepp O, Klionsky DJ, Knight RA, Kumar S, Lemasters JJ, Levine B, Linkermann A, Lipton SA, Lockshin RA, López-Otín C, Lugli E, Madeo F, Malorni W, Marine JC, Martin SJ, Martinou JC, Medema JP, Meier P, Melino S, Mizushima N, Moll U, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Nuñez G, Oberst A, Panaretakis T, Penninger JM, Peter ME, Piacentini M, Pinton P, Prehn JH, Puthalakath H, Rabinovich GA, Ravichandran KS, Rizzuto R, Rodrigues CM, Rubinsztein DC, Rudel T, Shi Y, Simon HU, Stockwell BR, Szabadkai G, Tait SW, Tang HL, Tavernarakis N, Tsujimoto Y, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P, Villunger A, Wagner EF, Walczak H, White E, Wood WG, Yuan J, Zakeri Z, Zhivotovsky B, Melino G, Kroemer G. Essential versus accessory aspects of cell death: recommendations of the NCCD 2015. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:58-73. [PMID: 25236395 PMCID: PMC4262782 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells exposed to extreme physicochemical or mechanical stimuli die in an uncontrollable manner, as a result of their immediate structural breakdown. Such an unavoidable variant of cellular demise is generally referred to as ‘accidental cell death' (ACD). In most settings, however, cell death is initiated by a genetically encoded apparatus, correlating with the fact that its course can be altered by pharmacologic or genetic interventions. ‘Regulated cell death' (RCD) can occur as part of physiologic programs or can be activated once adaptive responses to perturbations of the extracellular or intracellular microenvironment fail. The biochemical phenomena that accompany RCD may be harnessed to classify it into a few subtypes, which often (but not always) exhibit stereotyped morphologic features. Nonetheless, efficiently inhibiting the processes that are commonly thought to cause RCD, such as the activation of executioner caspases in the course of apoptosis, does not exert true cytoprotective effects in the mammalian system, but simply alters the kinetics of cellular demise as it shifts its morphologic and biochemical correlates. Conversely, bona fide cytoprotection can be achieved by inhibiting the transduction of lethal signals in the early phases of the process, when adaptive responses are still operational. Thus, the mechanisms that truly execute RCD may be less understood, less inhibitable and perhaps more homogeneous than previously thought. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death formulates a set of recommendations to help scientists and researchers to discriminate between essential and accessory aspects of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Galluzzi
- 1] Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France [2] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [3] Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - J M Bravo-San Pedro
- 1] Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France [2] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [3] INSERM, U1138, Gustave Roussy, Paris, France
| | - I Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - S A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J M Abrams
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - D Adam
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - E S Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Altucci
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - D Andrews
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata - Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - E H Baehrecke
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - N G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - M J Bertrand
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Bianchi
- 1] Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, London, UK [2] Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, UK
| | - M V Blagosklonny
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - K Blomgren
- Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - D E Bredesen
- 1] Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA [2] Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C Brenner
- 1] INSERM, UMRS769, Châtenay Malabry, France [2] LabEx LERMIT, Châtenay Malabry, France [3] Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Orsay, France
| | - M Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences and Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - E Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - F Cecconi
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Neuroembryology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy [2] Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome, Italy [3] Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F K Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - N S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - J E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Cidlowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - A Ciechanover
- Tumor and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - T M Dawson
- 1] Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (ICE), Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - V L Dawson
- 1] Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (ICE), Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - V De Laurenzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - R De Maria
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - K-M Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - N Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - V M Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B D Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Institute, Smilow Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - W S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - G M Fimia
- 1] Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy [2] Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - R A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Garrido
- 1] INSERM, U866, Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - M-L Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - D R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude's Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - H Gronemeyer
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
| | - G Hajnoczky
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J M Hardwick
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M O Hengartner
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - B Joseph
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P J Jost
- Medical Department for Hematology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - O Kepp
- 1] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1138, Gustave Roussy, Paris, France [3] Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
| | - D J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R A Knight
- 1] Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK [2] Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - S Kumar
- 1] Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia [2] School of Medicine and School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J J Lemasters
- Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - B Levine
- 1] Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - A Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - S A Lipton
- 1] The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA [2] Sanford-Burnham Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, La Jolla, CA, USA [3] Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA [4] University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R A Lockshin
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - C López-Otín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medecine, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - E Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - F Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - W Malorni
- 1] Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS), Roma, Italy [2] San Raffaele Institute, Sulmona, Italy
| | - J-C Marine
- 1] Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium [2] Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S J Martin
- Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J-C Martinou
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J P Medema
- Laboratory for Experiments Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Meier
- Institute of Cancer Research, The Breakthrough Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK
| | - S Melino
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - N Mizushima
- Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - U Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - C Muñoz-Pinedo
- Cell Death Regulation Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Nuñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T Panaretakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - M E Peter
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Piacentini
- 1] Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome, Italy [2] Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - P Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - J H Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H Puthalakath
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G A Rabinovich
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - K S Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Rizzuto
- Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - C M Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Würzburg; Würzburg, Germany
| | - Y Shi
- Soochow Institute for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - H-U Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - B R Stockwell
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD, USA [2] Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Szabadkai
- 1] Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy [2] Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - S W Tait
- 1] Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK [2] Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - H L Tang
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N Tavernarakis
- 1] Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece [2] Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Y Tsujimoto
- Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Vanden Berghe
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Vandenabeele
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium [3] Methusalem Program, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E F Wagner
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - H Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - E White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - W G Wood
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA [2] Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Zakeri
- 1] Department of Biology, Queens College, Queens, NY, USA [2] Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), Queens, NY, USA
| | - B Zhivotovsky
- 1] Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden [2] Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - G Melino
- 1] Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy [2] Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - G Kroemer
- 1] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [3] INSERM, U1138, Gustave Roussy, Paris, France [4] Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France [5] Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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10
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González-Rodríguez Á, Mayoral R, Agra N, Valdecantos MP, Pardo V, Miquilena-Colina ME, Vargas-Castrillón J, Lo Iacono O, Corazzari M, Fimia GM, Piacentini M, Muntané J, Boscá L, García-Monzón C, Martín-Sanz P, Valverde ÁM. Impaired autophagic flux is associated with increased endoplasmic reticulum stress during the development of NAFLD. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1179. [PMID: 24743734 PMCID: PMC4001315 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms underlying the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to assess the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy in human and mouse hepatocytes during NAFLD. ER stress and autophagy markers were analyzed in livers from patients with biopsy-proven non-alcoholic steatosis (NAS) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) compared with livers from subjects with histologically normal liver, in livers from mice fed with chow diet (CHD) compared with mice fed with high fat diet (HFD) or methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet and in primary and Huh7 human hepatocytes loaded with palmitic acid (PA). In NASH patients, significant increases in hepatic messenger RNA levels of markers of ER stress (activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)) and autophagy (BCN1) were found compared with NAS patients. Likewise, protein levels of GRP78, CHOP and p62/SQSTM1 (p62) autophagic substrate were significantly elevated in NASH compared with NAS patients. In livers from mice fed with HFD or MCD, ER stress-mediated signaling was parallel to the blockade of the autophagic flux assessed by increases in p62, microtubule-associated protein 2 light chain 3 (LC3-II)/LC3-I ratio and accumulation of autophagosomes compared with CHD fed mice. In Huh7 hepatic cells, treatment with PA for 8 h triggered activation of both unfolding protein response and the autophagic flux. Conversely, prolonged treatment with PA (24 h) induced ER stress and cell death together with a blockade of the autophagic flux. Under these conditions, cotreatment with rapamycin or CHOP silencing ameliorated these effects and decreased apoptosis. Our results demonstrated that the autophagic flux is impaired in the liver from both NAFLD patients and murine models of NAFLD, as well as in lipid-overloaded human hepatocytes, and it could be due to elevated ER stress leading to apoptosis. Consequently, therapies aimed to restore the autophagic flux might attenuate or prevent the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á González-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols' (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Mayoral
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Agra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols' (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M P Valdecantos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols' (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - V Pardo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols' (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M E Miquilena-Colina
- Liver Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Vargas-Castrillón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - O Lo Iacono
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital del Tajo, Aranjuez, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Corazzari
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | - G M Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | - M Piacentini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - J Muntané
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Surgery, Cell Therapy and Transplant Organs, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS)/Virgen del Rocio Universitary Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - L Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols' (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C García-Monzón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Calle del Maestro Amadeo Vives, 2, 28009 Madrid, Spain. Tel: +34 91 5574402; Fax: +34 91 5574400; E-mail:
| | - P Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols' (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain. Tel: +34 91 4972746; Fax: +34 91 5854401; E-mail: (PM-S) or Tel: +34 915854497; Fax: +34 915854401; E-mail: (ÁMV)
| | - Á M Valverde
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols' (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain. Tel: +34 91 4972746; Fax: +34 91 5854401; E-mail: (PM-S) or Tel: +34 915854497; Fax: +34 915854401; E-mail: (ÁMV)
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11
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Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg H, Norberg E, Perdomo AB, Olsson M, Ciccosanti F, Orrenius S, Fimia GM, Piacentini M, Zhivotovsky B. Caspase-2 promotes cytoskeleton protein degradation during apoptotic cell death. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e940. [PMID: 24309927 PMCID: PMC3877538 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The caspase family of proteases cleaves large number of proteins resulting in major morphological and biochemical changes during apoptosis. Yet, only a few of these proteins have been reported to selectively cleaved by caspase-2. Numerous observations link caspase-2 to the disruption of the cytoskeleton, although it remains elusive whether any of the cytoskeleton proteins serve as bona fide substrates for caspase-2. Here, we undertook an unbiased proteomic approach to address this question. By differential proteome analysis using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we identified four cytoskeleton proteins that were degraded upon treatment with active recombinant caspase-2 in vitro. These proteins were degraded in a caspase-2-dependent manner during apoptosis induced by DNA damage, cytoskeleton disruption or endoplasmic reticulum stress. Hence, degradation of these cytoskeleton proteins was blunted by siRNA targeting of caspase-2 and when caspase-2 activity was pharmacologically inhibited. However, none of these proteins was cleaved directly by caspase-2. Instead, we provide evidence that in cells exposed to apoptotic stimuli, caspase-2 probed these proteins for proteasomal degradation. Taken together, our results depict a new role for caspase-2 in the regulation of the level of cytoskeleton proteins during apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | - G Kroemer
- INSERM, U848, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Metabolomics Platform, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - M Piacentini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS ‘L Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
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13
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Fimia GM, Corazzari M, Antonioli M, Piacentini M. Ambra1 at the crossroad between autophagy and cell death. Oncogene 2012; 32:3311-8. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Mancone C, Ciccosanti F, Montaldo C, Perdomo AB, Piacentini M, Alonzi T, Fimia GM, Tripodi M. Applying proteomic technology to clinical virology. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 19:23-28. [PMID: 23034105 PMCID: PMC7129767 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Developing antiviral drugs, vaccines and diagnostic markers is still the most ambitious challenge in clinical virology. In the past few decades, data from high‐throughput technologies have allowed for the rapid development of new antiviral therapeutic strategies, thus making a profound impact on translational research. Most of the current preclinical studies in virology are aimed at evaluating the dynamic composition and localization of the protein platforms involved in various host–virus interactions. Among the different possible approaches, mass spectrometry‐based proteomics is increasingly being used to define the protein composition in subcellular compartments, quantify differential protein expression among samples, characterize protein complexes, and analyse protein post‐translational modifications. Here, we review the current knowledge of the most useful proteomic approaches in the study of viral persistence and pathogenicity, with a particular focus on recent advances in hepatitis C research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mancone
- 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S.; Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - F Ciccosanti
- 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S
| | - C Montaldo
- 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S.; Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome
| | - A B Perdomo
- 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S
| | - M Piacentini
- 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S.; Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - T Alonzi
- 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S
| | - G M Fimia
- 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S
| | - M Tripodi
- 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S.; 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S
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15
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D'Eletto M, Farrace MG, Rossin F, Strappazzon F, Giacomo GD, Cecconi F, Melino G, Sepe S, Moreno S, Fimia GM, Falasca L, Nardacci R, Piacentini M. Type 2 transglutaminase is involved in the autophagy-dependent clearance of ubiquitinated proteins. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1228-38. [PMID: 22322858 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are equipped with an efficient quality control system to selectively eliminate misfolded and damaged proteins, and organelles. Abnormal polypeptides that escape from proteasome-dependent degradation and aggregate in the cytosol can be transported via microtubules to inclusion bodies called 'aggresomes', where misfolded proteins are confined and degraded by autophagy. Here, we show that Type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) knockout mice display impaired autophagy and accumulate ubiquitinated protein aggregates upon starvation. Furthermore, p62-dependent peroxisome degradation is also impaired in the absence of TG2. We also demonstrate that, under cellular stressful conditions, TG2 physically interacts with p62 and they are localized in cytosolic protein aggregates, which are then recruited into autophagosomes, where TG2 is degraded. Interestingly, the enzyme's crosslinking activity is activated during autophagy and its inhibition leads to the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Taken together, these data indicate that the TG2 transamidating activity has an important role in the assembly of protein aggregates, as well as in the clearance of damaged organelles by macroautophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Italy
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16
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De Zio D, Bordi M, Tino E, Lanzuolo C, Ferraro E, Mora E, Ciccosanti F, Fimia GM, Orlando V, Cecconi F. The DNA repair complex Ku70/86 modulates Apaf1 expression upon DNA damage. Cell Death Differ 2010; 18:516-27. [PMID: 20966962 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apaf1 is a key regulator of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, as it activates executioner caspases by forming the apoptotic machinery apoptosome. Its genetic regulation and its post-translational modification are crucial under the various conditions where apoptosis occurs. Here we describe Ku70/86, a mediator of non-homologous end-joining pathway of DNA repair, as a novel regulator of Apaf1 transcription. Through analysing different Apaf1 promoter mutants, we identified an element repressing the Apaf1 promoter. We demonstrated that Ku70/86 is a nuclear factor able to bind this repressing element and downregulating Apaf1 transcription. We also found that Ku70/86 interaction with Apaf1 promoter is dynamically modulated upon DNA damage. The effect of this binding is a downregulation of Apaf1 expression immediately following the damage to DNA; conversely, we observed Apaf1 upregulation and apoptosis activation when Ku70/86 unleashes the Apaf1-repressing element. Therefore, besides regulating DNA repair, our results suggest that Ku70/86 binds to the Apaf1 promoter and represses its activity. This may help to inhibit the apoptosome pathway of cell death and contribute to regulate cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- D De Zio
- Department of Biology, Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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17
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Hangen E, De Zio D, Bordi M, Zhu C, Dessen P, Caffin F, Lachkar S, Perfettini JL, Lazar V, Benard J, Fimia GM, Piacentini M, Harper F, Pierron G, Vicencio JM, Bénit P, de Andrade A, Höglinger G, Culmsee C, Rustin P, Blomgren K, Cecconi F, Kroemer G, Modjtahedi N. A brain-specific isoform of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor: AIF2. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:1155-66. [PMID: 20111043 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) has important supportive as well as potentially lethal roles in neurons. Under normal physiological conditions, AIF is a vital redox-active mitochondrial enzyme, whereas in pathological situations, it translocates from mitochondria to the nuclei of injured neurons and mediates apoptotic chromatin condensation and cell death. In this study, we reveal the existence of a brain-specific isoform of AIF, AIF2, whose expression increases as neuronal precursor cells differentiate. AIF2 arises from the utilization of the alternative exon 2b, yet uses the same remaining 15 exons as the ubiquitous AIF1 isoform. AIF1 and AIF2 are similarly imported to mitochondria in which they anchor to the inner membrane facing the intermembrane space. However, the mitochondrial inner membrane sorting signal encoded in the exon 2b of AIF2 is more hydrophobic than that of AIF1, indicating a stronger membrane anchorage of AIF2 than AIF1. AIF2 is more difficult to be desorbed from mitochondria than AIF1 on exposure to non-ionic detergents or basic pH. Furthermore, AIF2 dimerizes with AIF1, thereby preventing its release from mitochondria. Conversely, it is conceivable that a neuron-specific AIF isoform, AIF2, may have been 'designed' to be retained in mitochondria and to minimize its potential neurotoxic activity.
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Fimia GM, Piacentini M. Toward the understanding of autophagy regulation and its interplay with cell death pathways. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:933-4. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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19
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Panaretakis T, Joza N, Modjtahedi N, Tesniere A, Vitale I, Durchschlag M, Fimia GM, Kepp O, Piacentini M, Froehlich KU, van Endert P, Zitvogel L, Madeo F, Kroemer G. The co-translocation of ERp57 and calreticulin determines the immunogenicity of cell death. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1499-509. [PMID: 18464797 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure of calreticulin (CRT) on the plasma membrane can precede anthracycline-induced apoptosis and is required for cell death to be perceived as immunogenic. Mass spectroscopy, immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that CRT co-translocates to the surface with another endoplasmic reticulum-sessile protein, the disulfide isomerase ERp57. The knockout and knockdown of CRT or ERp57 inhibited the anthracycline-induced translocation of ERp57 or CRT, respectively. CRT point mutants that fail to interact with ERp57 were unable to restore ERp57 translocation upon transfection into crt(-/-) cells, underscoring that a direct interaction between CRT and ERp57 is strictly required for their co-translocation to the surface. ERp57(low) tumor cells generated by retroviral introduction of an ERp57-specific shRNA exhibited a normal apoptotic response to anthracyclines in vitro, yet were resistant to anthracycline treatment in vivo. Moreover, ERp57(low) cancer cells (which failed to expose CRT) treated with anthracyclines were unable to elicit an anti-tumor response in conditions in which control cells were highly immunogenic. The failure of ERp57(low) cells to elicit immune responses and to respond to chemotherapy could be overcome by exogenous supply of recombinant CRT protein. These results indicate that tumors that possess an intrinsic defect in the CRT-translocating machinery become resistant to anthracycline chemotherapy due to their incapacity to elicit an anti-cancer immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Panaretakis
- INSERM, Unit 848 'Apoptosis, Cancer and Immunity', F-94805 Villejuif, France
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Cecconi F, Piacentini M, Fimia GM. The involvement of cell death and survival in neural tube defects: a distinct role for apoptosis and autophagy? Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1170-7. [PMID: 18451869 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs), such as spina bifida (SB) or exencephaly, are common congenital malformations leading to infant mortality or severe disability. The etiology of NTDs is multifactorial with a strong genetic component. More than 70 NTD mouse models have been reported, suggesting the involvement of distinct pathogenetic mechanisms, including faulty cell death regulation. In this review, we focus on the contribution of functional genomics in elucidating the role of apoptosis and autophagy genes in neurodevelopment. On the basis of compared phenotypical analysis, here we discuss the relative importance of a tuned control of both apoptosome-mediated cell death and basal autophagy for regulating the correct morphogenesis and cell number in developing central nervous system (CNS). The pharmacological modulation of genes involved in these processes may thus represent a novel strategy for interfering with the occurrence of NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cecconi
- Department of Biology, Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
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21
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Columbano A, Corazzari M, Fimia GM, Piacentini M. 14th Euroconference on Apoptosis: 'death or survival? Fate in Sardinia'. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:1555-7. [PMID: 17510657 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Columbano
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari 09124, Italy
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Corazzari M, Lovat PE, Armstrong JL, Fimia GM, Hill DS, Birch-Machin M, Redfern CPF, Piacentini M. Targeting homeostatic mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum stress to increase susceptibility of cancer cells to fenretinide-induced apoptosis: the role of stress proteins ERdj5 and ERp57. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1062-71. [PMID: 17353921 PMCID: PMC2360126 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) malfunction, leading to ER stress, can be a consequence of genome instability and hypoxic tissue environments. Cancer cells survive by acquiring or enhancing survival mechanisms to counter the effects of ER stress and these homeostatic responses may be new therapeutic targets. Understanding the links between ER stress and apoptosis may be approached using drugs specifically to target ER stress responses in cancer cells. The retinoid analogue fenretinide [N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide] is a new cancer preventive and chemotherapeutic drug, that induces apoptosis of some cancer cell types via oxidative stress, accompanied by induction of an ER stress-related transcription factor, GADD153. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that fenretinide induces ER stress in neuroectodermal tumour cells, and to elucidate the role of ER stress responses in fenretinide-induced apoptosis. The ER stress genes ERdj5, ERp57, GRP78, calreticulin and calnexin were induced in neuroectodermal tumour cells by fenretinide. In contrast to the apoptosis-inducing chemotherapeutic drugs vincristine and temozolomide, fenretinide induced the phosphorylation of eIF2α, expression of ATF4 and splicing of XBP-1 mRNA, events that define ER stress. In these respects, fenretinide displayed properties similar to the ER stress inducer thapsigargin. ER stress responses were inhibited by antioxidant treatment. Knockdown of ERp57 or ERdj5 by RNA interference in these cells increased the apoptotic response to fenretinide. These data suggest that downregulating homeostatic ER stress responses may enhance apoptosis induced by oxidative stress-inducing drugs acting through the ER stress pathway. Therefore, ER-resident proteins such as ERdj5 and ERp57 may represent novel chemotherapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Corazzari
- INMI-IRCCS Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - P E Lovat
- School of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - J L Armstrong
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Paul O’Gorman Building, Medical School Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - G M Fimia
- INMI-IRCCS Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - D S Hill
- School of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - M Birch-Machin
- School of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - C P F Redfern
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Paul O’Gorman Building, Medical School Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- E-mail:
| | - M Piacentini
- INMI-IRCCS Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome 00149, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, L. Spallanzani I.R.C.C.S., via Portuense, 292, 00149 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
The gene CREM plays key physiological and developmental roles within the hypothalamic--pituitary--gonadal axis. We have previously shown that CREM is highly expressed in male postmeiotic cells. Spermiogenesis is a complex process by which postmeiotic male germ cells differentiate into mature spermatozoa. CREM regulates the expression of a number of post-meiotic genes involved in the process of spermiogenesis. Using homologous recombination we have generated CREM-mutant mice that display a complete block at the first step of spermiogenesis. The molecular mechanism by which CREM elicits its regulatory function involves ACT (Activator of CREM in Testis), a testis-specific coactivator constituted by a repeat of four and half LIM domains. ACT is coordinately expressed with CREM, associates with it and confers a powerful transcriptional activation function. It is able to bypass the classical requirement of CREM phosphorylation and recruiting of CBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Fimia
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-INSERM-Université Louis Pasteur, B.P. 163, Illkirch, 67404 Strasbourg, France
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Fimia
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-INSERM, Université Louis Pasteur, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
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Martianov I, Fimia GM, Dierich A, Parvinen M, Sassone-Corsi P, Davidson I. Late arrest of spermiogenesis and germ cell apoptosis in mice lacking the TBP-like TLF/TRF2 gene. Mol Cell 2001; 7:509-15. [PMID: 11463376 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(01)00198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metazoan genomes encode two related proteins, TBP and the TBP-like factor (TLF/TRF2), sharing a highly conserved saddle-like domain. TLF is highly expressed in a finely regulated pattern in the mouse testis during spermatogenesis. The murine TLF gene has been inactivated using homologous recombination. TLF-/- mice are viable, but mutant male mice are sterile due to a late, complete arrest of spermiogenesis. In mutant animals, spermatogonia and spermatocytes develop normally, but round spermatids undergo apoptosis at step 7. Although the expression of the transcriptional activator CREM and many other postmeiotic genes was unaltered in TLF null mice, several spermiogenesis genes transcribed in late round spermatids appeared to be under TLF control. Hence, TLF is not required for embryonic development in the mouse but is essential for spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Martianov
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, C.U. de Strasbourg, France
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Fimia GM, De Cesare D, Sassone-Corsi P. A family of LIM-only transcriptional coactivators: tissue-specific expression and selective activation of CREB and CREM. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:8613-22. [PMID: 11046156 PMCID: PMC102166 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.22.8613-8622.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors of the CREB family control the expression of a large number of genes in response to various signaling pathways. Regulation mediated by members of the CREB family has been linked to various physiological functions. Classically, activation by CREB is known to occur upon phosphorylation at an essential regulatory site (Ser133 in CREB) and the subsequent interaction with the ubiquitous coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP). However, the mechanism by which selectivity is achieved in the identification of target genes, as well as the routes adopted to ensure tissue-specific activation, remains unrecognized. We have recently described the first tissue-specific coactivator of CREB family transcription factors, ACT (activator of CREM in testis). ACT is a LIM-only protein which associates with CREM in male germ cells and provides an activation function which is independent of phosphorylation and CBP. Here we characterize a family of LIM-only proteins which share common structural organization with ACT. These are referred to as four-and-a-half-LIM-domain (FHL) proteins and display tissue-specific and developmentally regulated expression. FHL proteins display different degrees of intrinsic activation potential. They provide powerful activation function to both CREB and CREM when coexpressed either in yeast or in mammalian cells, specific combinations eliciting selective activation. Deletion analysis of the ACT protein shows that the activation function depends on specific arrangements of the LIM domains, which are essential for both transactivation and interaction properties. This study uncovers the existence of a family of tissue-specific coactivators that operate through novel, CBP-independent routes to elicit transcriptional activation by CREB and CREM. The future identification of additional partners of FHL proteins is likely to reveal unappreciated aspects of tissue-specific transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Fimia
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-INSERM, Université Louis Pasteur, 67404 Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
In eukaryotes, transcriptional regulation upon stimulation of the adenylyl cyclase signalling pathway is mediated by a family of cAMP-responsive nuclear factors. The CREB and CREM transcription factors are activated by phosphorylation of a key serine residue by kinase stimulated by cyclic AMP, calcium, growth factors and stress signals. Phosphorylation allows recruitment of CBP (CREB Binding Protein), a large co-activator that contacts the general transcriptional machinery. The CREM gene plays a key physiological and developmental role within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. CREM is highly expressed in postmeiotic cells upon a striking developmental switch regulated by the pituitary hormone FSH. CREM-mutant mice generated by homologous recombination reveal that spermatogenesis stops at the first step of spermiogenesis. Late spermatids are completely absent while there is a significant increase in apoptotic germ cells. Mutant male mice completely lack spermatozoa, a phenotype reminiscent of cases of human infertility. Interestingly, in male germ cells, CREM is not phosphorylated but associates with ACT, a member of the LIM-only class of proteins that has intrinsic transcriptional activity. Thus, in some circumstance, CREM can bypass the classical requirement for phosphorylation and association with CBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- D De Cesare
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-INSERM, Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
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Rozman D, Fink M, Fimia GM, Sassone-Corsi P, Waterman MR. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate(cAMP)/cAMP-responsive element modulator (CREM)-dependent regulation of cholesterogenic lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) in spermatids. Mol Endocrinol 1999; 13:1951-62. [PMID: 10551787 DOI: 10.1210/mend.13.11.0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) produces MAS sterols, intermediates in cholesterol biosynthesis that can reinitiate meiosis in mouse oocytes. As a cholesterogenic gene, CYP51 is regulated by a sterol/sterol-regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-dependent pathway in liver and other somatic tissue. In testis, however, cAMP/cAMP-responsive element modulator CREMtau-dependent regulation of CYP51 predominates, leading to increased levels of shortened CYP51 mRNA transcripts. CREM-/- mice lack the abundant germ cell-specific CYP51 mRNAs in testis while expression of somatic CYP51 transcripts is unaffected. The mRNA levels of squalene synthase (an enzyme preceding CYP51 in cholesterol biosynthesis in testis of CREM-/- mice are unchanged as compared with wild-type animals, showing that regulation by CREMtau is not characteristic for all cholesterogenic genes expressed during spermatogenesis. The -334/+314 bp CYP51 region can mediate both the sterol/SREBP-dependent as well as the cAMP/CREMtau-dependent transcriptional activation. SREBP-1a from somatic cell nuclear extracts binds to a conserved CYP51-SRE1 element in the CYP51 proximal promoter. The cAMP-dependent transcriptional activator CREMtau from germ cell nuclear extracts binds to a conserved CYP51-CRE2 element while no SREBP-1 binding is observed in germ cells. The two regulatory pathways mediating expression of CYP51 describe this gene as a cholesterogenic gene (SREBP-dependent expression in liver and other somatic cells) and also as a haploid expressed gene (CREMtau-dependent expression in haploid male germ cells). While in somatic cells all genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis are regulated coordinately by the sterol/SREBP-signaling pathway, male germ cells contain alternate routes to control expression of cholesterogenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rozman
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Center for Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Gottifredi V, Peschiaroli A, Fimia GM, Maione R. p53-independent apoptosis induced by muscle differentiation stimuli in polyomavirus large T-expressing myoblasts. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 14):2397-407. [PMID: 10381395 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.14.2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal proliferation signals, driven by cellular or viral oncogenes, can result in the induction of apoptosis under sub-optimal cell growth conditions. The tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in mediating oncogene-induced apoptosis, therefore transformed cells lacking p53 are generally resistant to apoptosis-promoting treatments. In a previous work we have reported that the expression of polyomavirus large T antigen causes apoptosis in differentiating myoblasts and that this phenomenon is dependent on the onset of muscle differentiation in the absence of a correct cell cycle arrest. Here we report that polyomavirus large T increases the levels and activity of p53, but these alterations are not involved in the apoptotic mechanism. Apoptosis in polyomavirus large T-expressing myoblasts is not prevented by the expression of a p53 dominant-negative mutant nor it is increased by p53 over-expression. Moreover, forced differentiation induced through the over-expression of the muscle regulatory factor MyoD, leads to apoptosis without altering p53 function and, more significantly, even in a p53-null background. Our results indicate that apoptosis induced by the activation of muscle differentiation pathways in oncogene-expressing cells can occur in a p53-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gottifredi
- Isituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, Sezione di Genetica Molecolare, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 324, Italy
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Abstract
The CREB and CREM transcription factors are activated by phosphorylation of a key serine residue by kinases stimulated by cyclic AMP, Ca2+, growth factors and stress signals. Phosphorylation allows recruitment of CREB-binding protein (CBP), a large co-activator that contacts the general transcriptional machinery. Studies of the physiological roles played by CREB and CREM have uncovered novel routes of transcriptional activation. For example, in male germ cells CREM is not phosphorylated but associates with ACT, a member of the LIM-only class of proteins that has intrinsic transcriptional activity. Thus, in some circumstances, CREM can bypass the classical requirement for phosphorylation and association with CBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- D De Cesare
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS - INSERM - Université Louis Pasteur, B. P. 163, 67404 Illkirch - Strasbourg, France
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Fimia GM, De Cesare D, Sassone-Corsi P. Mechanisms of activation by CREB and CREM: phosphorylation, CBP, and a novel coactivator, ACT. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1999; 63:631-42. [PMID: 10384328 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1998.63.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G M Fimia
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
Transcriptional activation by CREB and CREM requires phosphorylation of a serine residue within the activation domain (Ser 133 in CREB; Ser 117 in CREM) which as a result interacts with the coactivator CBP. The activator CREM is highly expressed in male germ cells and is required for post-meiotic gene expression. Using a two-hybrid screen, we have isolated a testis-derived complementary DNA encoding a protein that we term ACT (for activator of CREM in testis), a LIM-only protein which specifically associates with CREM. ACT is expressed coordinately with CREM in a tissue- and developmentally regulated manner. It strongly stimulates CREM transcriptional activity in yeast and mammalian cells and contains an intrinsic activation function. As ACT bypasses the classical requirements for activation, namely phosphorylation of Ser 117 and interaction with CBP, it represents a new route for transcriptional activation by CREM and CREB. ACT may define a previously undiscovered class of tissue-specific coactivators whose function could be specific for distinct cellular differentiation programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Fimia
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-INSERM-ULP, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
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Fimia GM, De Cesare D, Morlon A, Sassone Corsi P. ACT, un nouveau co-activateur transcriptionnel. Med Sci (Paris) 1999. [DOI: 10.4267/10608/2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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35
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Dierich A, Sairam MR, Monaco L, Fimia GM, Gansmuller A, LeMeur M, Sassone-Corsi P. Impairing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) signaling in vivo: targeted disruption of the FSH receptor leads to aberrant gametogenesis and hormonal imbalance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:13612-7. [PMID: 9811848 PMCID: PMC24867 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.23.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone stimulate the gonads by regulating germ cell proliferation and differentiation. FSH receptors (FSH-Rs) are localized to testicular Sertoli cells and ovarian granulosa cells and are coupled to activation of the adenylyl cyclase and other signaling pathways. Activation of FSH-Rs is considered essential for folliculogenesis in the female and spermatogenesis in the male. We have generated mice lacking FSH-R by homologous recombination. FSH-R-deficient males are fertile but display small testes and partial spermatogenic failure. Thus, although FSH signaling is not essential for initiating spermatogenesis, it appears to be required for adequate viability and motility of the sperms. FSH-R-deficient females display thin uteri and small ovaries and are sterile because of a block in folliculogenesis before antral follicle formation. Although the expression of marker genes is only moderately altered in FSH-R -/- mice, drastic sex-specific changes are observed in the levels of various hormones. The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in females is enlarged and reveals a larger number of FSH- and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-positive cells. The phenotype of FSH-R -/- mice is reminiscent of human hypergonadotropic ovarian dysgenesis and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dierich
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 163, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
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Fimia GM, Gottifredi V, Bellei B, Ricciardi MR, Tafuri A, Amati P, Maione R. The activity of differentiation factors induces apoptosis in polyomavirus large T-expressing myoblasts. Mol Biol Cell 1998; 9:1449-63. [PMID: 9614186 PMCID: PMC25368 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.9.6.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that pathways that regulate proliferation/differentiation processes, if altered in their normal interplay, can lead to the induction of programmed cell death. In a previous work we reported that Polyoma virus Large Tumor antigen (PyLT) interferes with in vitro terminal differentiation of skeletal myoblasts by binding and inactivating the retinoblastoma antioncogene product. This inhibition occurs after the activation of some early steps of the myogenic program. In the present work we report that myoblasts expressing wild-type PyLT, when subjected to differentiation stimuli, undergo cell death and that this cell death can be defined as apoptosis. Apoptosis in PyLT-expressing myoblasts starts after growth factors removal, is promoted by cell confluence, and is temporally correlated with the expression of early markers of myogenic differentiation. The block of the initial events of myogenesis by transforming growth factor beta or basic fibroblast growth factor prevents PyLT-induced apoptosis, while the acceleration of this process by the overexpression of the muscle-regulatory factor MyoD further increases cell death in this system. MyoD can induce PyLT-expressing myoblasts to accumulate RB, p21, and muscle- specific genes but is unable to induce G0(0) arrest. Several markers of different phases of the cell cycle, such as cyclin A, cdk-2, and cdc-2, fail to be down-regulated, indicating the occurrence of cell cycle progression. It has been frequently suggested that apoptosis can result from an unbalanced cell cycle progression in the presence of a contrasting signal, such as growth factor deprivation. Our data involve differentiation pathways, as a further contrasting signal, in the generation of this conflict during myoblast cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Fimia
- Isituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00161 Roma, Italy
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Fimia GM, Gottifredi V, Passananti C, Maione R. Double-stranded internucleosomal cleavage of apoptotic DNA is dependent on the degree of differentiation in muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:15575-9. [PMID: 8663405 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.26.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death has been correlated to DNA fragmentation into discrete segments corresponding to the length of nucleosomal protected fragments of 180-200 base pairs or multiples of it. This DNA degradation has been ascribed to endonuclease activity that cleaves internucleosomally, thus giving rise to a ladder distribution upon electrophoretic migration. This strict correlation was, however, shown to have notable exceptions, since in some cases only single strand cleavage in the internucleosomal DNA regions has been observed (Tomei, D. L., Shapiro, P. J., and Cope, O. F. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90, 853-857). In the present work we show that mouse muscle cells, able to differentiate in vitro, if subjected to apoptosis present no DNA degradation into ladder form unless differentiation is previously induced. Furthermore, C3H/10T1/2 fibroblast cells, known to undergo apoptosis without DNA ladder formation, if converted to a myogenic program by MyoD expression, display internucleosomal DNA degradation upon induction of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Fimia
- Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biopatologia Umana, Sezione di Biologia Cellulare, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy. N
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Fimia GM, Ferreira R, Passananti C, Amati P. A polyomavirus enhancer mutant confers ubiquitous high transcriptional efficiency to the SV40 late promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 207:339-47. [PMID: 7857287 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To identify expression plasmids with high efficiency of transcription and with a broad tissue and cell range, we have constructed a recombinant vector combining the late SV40 promoter and the polyomavirus regulatory region derived from a mutant (PyNB11/1) which displays a very wide host range. We show that these recombinant enhancer-promoters are efficient drivers for heterologous gene transcription and expression in vitro in all mouse and human cells tested. The most active combination we identified contained the mutant enhancer (PyNB11/1) in the late orientation. This construct was able to promote a high efficiency of expression without significant fluctuation between cells of different tissutal origin or different differentiative stage. A possible interpretation of these results is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Fimia
- Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biopatologia Umana, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy
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Maione R, Fimia GM, Holman P, Schaffhausen B, Amati P. Retinoblastoma antioncogene is involved in the inhibition of myogenesis by polyomavirus large T antigen. Cell Growth Differ 1994; 5:231-7. [PMID: 8180137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The expression of polyomavirus large T antigen in stably transfected C2 myoblast cells inhibits terminal differentiation without inducing a transformed phenotype. In the present work, we report on the lifting of this inhibition by a mutation that prevents polyomavirus large T antigen from binding to the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (p105 RB). In contrast with cells containing wild-type large T, those with the Rb binding site mutant large T showed the same up-regulation of myosine heavy chain and myogenin mRNA expression as control cells. Furthermore, we correlate the cell cycle alteration induced by polyomavirus large T antigen expression with the inability of the cells to undergo terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maione
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia Umana, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy
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Maione R, Fimia GM, Amati P. Inhibition of in vitro myogenic differentiation by a polyomavirus early function. Oncogene 1992; 7:85-93. [PMID: 1311065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we report on the role of a polyomavirus (Py) early function in interfering with both morphological and biochemical differentiation of the myogenic C2 cell line. The analysis of cell clones stably transfected with a plasmid carrying an ORI- Py genome showed that in the presence of the whole viral early region myogenesis is blocked and a transformed phenotype is evident. By using a plasmid that only encodes large-T function, the involvement of this individual early viral gene product was determined. Inhibition of myogenic differentiation by Py large T is proportional to the level of its expression. This inhibition does not appear to require alteration of cell growth properties. The analysis of muscle-specific functions expressed at different steps in the myogenic pathway showed that Py large T blocks the expression of terminal differentiation markers without altering the expression of the regulatory gene MyoD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maione
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia Umana, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy
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