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Šemberová K, Svitok M, Marhold K, Suda J, Schmickl RE. Morphological and environmental differentiation as prezygotic reproductive barriers between parapatric and allopatric Campanula rotundifolia agg. cytotypes. Ann Bot 2023; 131:71-86. [PMID: 34559179 PMCID: PMC9904352 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reproductive isolation and local establishment are necessary for plant speciation. Polyploidy, the possession of more than two complete chromosome sets, creates a strong postzygotic reproductive barrier between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes. However, this barrier weakens between polyploids (e.g. tetraploids and hexaploids). Reproductive isolation may be enhanced by cytotype morphological and environmental differentiation. Moreover, morphological adaptations to local conditions contribute to plant establishment. However, the relative contributions of ploidy level and the environment to morphology have generally been neglected. Thus, the extent of morphological variation driven by ploidy level and the environment was modelled for diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid cytotypes of Campanula rotundifolia agg. Cytotype distribution was updated, and morphological and environmental differentiation was tested in the presence and absence of natural contact zones. METHODS Cytotype distribution was assessed from 231 localities in Central Europe, including 48 localities with known chromosome counts, using flow cytometry. Differentiation in environmental niche and morphology was tested for cytotype pairs using discriminant analyses. A structural equation model was used to explore the synergies between cytotype, environment and morphology. KEY RESULTS Tremendous discrepancies were revealed between the reported and detected cytotype distribution. Neither mixed-ploidy populations nor interploidy hybrids were detected in the contact zones. Diploids had the broadest environmental niche, while hexaploids had the smallest and specialized niche. Hexaploids and spatially isolated cytotype pairs differed morphologically, including allopatric tetraploids. While leaf and shoot morphology were influenced by environmental conditions and polyploidy, flower morphology depended exclusively on the cytotype. CONCLUSIONS Reproductive isolation mechanisms vary between cytotypes. While diploids and polyploids are isolated postzygotically, the environmental niche shift is essential between higher polyploids. The impact of polyploidy and the environment on plant morphology implies the adaptive potential of polyploids, while the exclusive relationship between flower morphology and cytotype highlights the role of polyploidy in reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Svitok
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka, Zvolen, Slovakia
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Marhold
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Roswitha E Schmickl
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská, Prague, Czech Republic
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Evolutionary Plant Biology, Zámek, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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Schley RJ, Pellicer J, Ge X, Barrett C, Bellot S, Guignard MS, Novák P, Suda J, Fraser D, Baker WJ, Dodsworth S, Macas J, Leitch AR, Leitch IJ. The ecology of palm genomes: repeat-associated genome size expansion is constrained by aridity. New Phytol 2022; 236:433-446. [PMID: 35717562 PMCID: PMC9796251 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome size varies 2400-fold across plants, influencing their evolution through changes in cell size and cell division rates which impact plants' environmental stress tolerance. Repetitive element expansion explains much genome size diversity, and the processes structuring repeat 'communities' are analogous to those structuring ecological communities. However, which environmental stressors influence repeat community dynamics has not yet been examined from an ecological perspective. We measured genome size and leveraged climatic data for 91% of genera within the ecologically diverse palm family (Arecaceae). We then generated genomic repeat profiles for 141 palm species, and analysed repeats using phylogenetically informed linear models to explore relationships between repeat dynamics and environmental factors. We show that palm genome size and repeat 'community' composition are best explained by aridity. Specifically, Ty3-gypsy and TIR elements were more abundant in palm species from wetter environments, which generally had larger genomes, suggesting amplification. By contrast, Ty1-copia and LINE elements were more abundant in drier environments. Our results suggest that water stress inhibits repeat expansion through selection on upper genome size limits. However, elements that may associate with stress-response genes (e.g. Ty1-copia) have amplified in arid-adapted palm species. Overall, we provide novel evidence of climate influencing the assembly of repeat 'communities'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan J. Schley
- University of ExeterLaver Building, North Park RoadExeterDevonEX4 4QEUK
- Royal Botanic GardensKewSurreyTW9 3ABUK
| | - Jaume Pellicer
- Royal Botanic GardensKewSurreyTW9 3ABUK
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC‐Ajuntament de Barcelona)Passeig del Migdia sn08038BarcelonaSpain
| | - Xue‐Jun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510650China
| | - Craig Barrett
- Department of BiologyWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWV26506USA
| | | | | | - Petr Novák
- Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular BiologyCzech Academy of Sciences370 05České BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Steven Dodsworth
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthHampshirePO1 2DYUK
| | - Jiří Macas
- Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular BiologyCzech Academy of Sciences370 05České BudějoviceCzech Republic
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Sudová R, Kohout P, Rydlová J, Čtvrtlíková M, Suda J, Voříšková J, Kolaříková Z. Diverse fungal communities associated with the roots of isoetid plants are structured by host plant identity. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Trávníček P, Čertner M, Ponert J, Chumová Z, Jersáková J, Suda J. Diversity in genome size and GC content shows adaptive potential in orchids and is closely linked to partial endoreplication, plant life-history traits and climatic conditions. New Phytol 2019; 224:1642-1656. [PMID: 31215648 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, genome size and nucleobase composition (GC content) exhibit pronounced variation with possible adaptive consequences. The hyperdiverse orchid family possessing the unique phenomenon of partial endoreplication (PE) provides a great opportunity to search for interactions of both genomic traits with the evolutionary history of the family. Using flow cytometry, we report values of both genomic traits and the type of endoreplication for 149 orchid species and compare these with a suite of life-history traits and climatic niche data using phylogeny-based statistics. The evolution of genomic traits was further studied using the Brownian motion (BM) and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) models to access their adaptive potential. Pronounced variation in genome size (341-54 878 Mb), and especially in GC content (23.9-50.5%), was detected among orchids. Diversity in both genomic traits was closely related to the type of endoreplication, plant growth form and climatic conditions. GC content was also associated with the type of dormancy. In all tested scenarios, OU models always outperformed BM models. Unparalleled GC content variation was discovered in orchids, setting new limits for plants. Our study indicates that diversity in both genome size and GC content has adaptive consequences and is tightly linked with evolutionary transitions to PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Trávníček
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Čertner
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-12801, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ponert
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic
- Prague Botanical Garden, Trojská 800/196, Prague, CZ-17100, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague, CZ-12844, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Chumová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-12801, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice, CZ-37005, Czech Republic
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Lachmuth S, Molofsky J, Milbrath L, Suda J, Keller SR. Associations between genomic ancestry, genome size and capitula morphology in the invasive meadow knapweed hybrid complex ( Centaurea × moncktonii) in eastern North America. AoB Plants 2019; 11:plz055. [PMID: 31632628 PMCID: PMC6790064 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant invasions are prime opportunities for studying hybridization and the nature of species boundaries, but hybrids also complicate the taxonomic treatment and management of introduced taxa. In this study, we use population genomics to estimate the extent of genomic admixture and test for its association with morphology and genome size in a hybrid complex of knapweeds invasive to North America: meadow knapweed (Centaurea × moncktonii) and its parental species (C. jacea and C. nigra). We sampled 20 populations from New York and Vermont, USA, and used genotyping by sequencing to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms in order to estimate genome-wide ancestry and classify individuals into hybrid genotype classes. We then tested for association between degree of genomic introgression and variation in a subset of traits diagnostic for the parental taxa, namely capitula morphology and monoploid genome size. Genomic clustering revealed two clearly defined lineages, as well as many admixed individuals forming a continuous gradation of introgression. Individual assignments to hybrid genotype classes revealed many advanced generation intercrosses and backcrosses, suggesting introgression has been extensive and unimpeded by strong reproductive barriers between taxa. Variation in capitula traits between the two unadmixed, presumed parental, lineages exhibited continuous, and in some cases transgressive, segregation among introgressed hybrids. Genome size was also divergent between lineages, although advanced generation hybrids had smaller genomes relative to additive expectations. Our study demonstrates deep introgression between the porous genomes of a hybrid invasive species complex. In addition to strong associations among genomic ancestry, genome size and morphology, hybrids expressed more extreme phenotypic values for capitula traits and genome size, indicating transgressive segregation, as well as a bias towards smaller genomes, possibly due to genomic downsizing. Future studies will apply these results to experimentally test how introgression, transgressive segregation and genome size reduction interact to confer invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Lachmuth
- University of Vermont, Department of Plant Biology, Burlington, VT, USA
- Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Institute of Biology, Geobotany & Botanical Garden, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jane Molofsky
- University of Vermont, Department of Plant Biology, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Lindsey Milbrath
- United Sates Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jan Suda
- Charles University Prague, Department of Botany, Prague, Czech Republic
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen R Keller
- University of Vermont, Department of Plant Biology, Burlington, VT, USA
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Pyšek P, Skálová H, Čuda J, Guo WY, Suda J, Doležal J, Kauzál O, Lambertini C, Lučanová M, Mandáková T, Moravcová L, Pyšková K, Brix H, Meyerson LA. Small genome separates native and invasive populations in an ecologically important cosmopolitan grass. Ecology 2019; 99:79-90. [PMID: 29313970 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The literature suggests that small genomes promote invasion in plants, but little is known about the interaction of genome size with other traits or about the role of genome size during different phases of the invasion process. By intercontinental comparison of native and invasive populations of the common reed Phragmites australis, we revealed a distinct relationship between genome size and invasiveness at the intraspecific level. Monoploid genome size was the only significant variable that clearly separated the North American native plants from those of European origin. The mean Cx value (the amount of DNA in one chromosome set) for source European native populations was 0.490 ± 0.007 (mean ± SD), for North American invasive 0.506 ± 0.020, and for North American native 0.543 ± 0.021. Relative to native populations, the European populations that successfully invaded North America had a smaller genome that was associated with plant traits favoring invasiveness (long rhizomes, early emerging abundant shoots, resistance to aphid attack, and low C:N ratio). The knowledge that invasive populations within species can be identified based on genome size can be applied to screen potentially invasive populations of Phragmites in other parts of the world where they could grow in mixed stands with native plants, as well as to other plant species with intraspecific variation in invasion potential. Moreover, as small genomes are better equipped to respond to extreme environmental conditions such as drought, the mechanism reported here may represent an emerging driver for future invasions and range expansions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pyšek
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic.,Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Skálová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Čuda
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic.,Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wen-Yong Guo
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Doležal
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic.,Museum and Gallery of the Orlické hory Mts, Jiráskova 2, CZ-516 01, Rychnov nad Kněžnou, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kauzál
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic.,Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carla Lambertini
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle 1, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Lučanová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Terezie Mandáková
- Plant Cytogenomics Research Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Moravcová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Pyšková
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic.,Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hans Brix
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle 1, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Laura A Meyerson
- Department of Natural Resources Science, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
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Sadílek D, Urfus T, Vilímová J, Hadrava J, Suda J. Nuclear Genome Size in Contrast to Sex Chromosome Number Variability in the Human Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). Cytometry A 2019; 95:746-756. [PMID: 30729668 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The human bed bug Cimex lectularius is one of the most prevalent human ectoparasites in temperate climate zones. The cytogenetic features of this resilient pest include holokinetic chromosomes, special chromosome behavior in meiosis, and numerical variation of chromosomes, where the diploid number ranges from 26 + X1 X2 Y to 26 + X1-20 Y. It is desirable to assess the nuclear DNA content of various cytotypes for a further detailed study of the C. lectularius genome. Detailed knowledge of the DNA content of this parasite could also clarify the origin of additional chromosomes. The average nuclear genome size C. lectularius with 2n = 26 + X1 X2 Y is 2C = 1.94 pg for males and 1.95 pg for females. There is a significant correlation between genome size and the number of chromosomes, but in some specimens with additional chromosomes, nuclear genome size decreases or remains average. Several species used as the internal reference standard were tested for further investigations of genome size in C. lectularius, and the plant Solanum pseudocaspicum turned out to be the most suitable. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sadílek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Urfus
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Vilímová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hadrava
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic.,Institute of Entomology, Biological Centre, Czech Academy of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
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Čertner M, Sudová R, Weiser M, Suda J, Kolář F. Ploidy-altered phenotype interacts with local environment and may enhance polyploid establishment in Knautia serpentinicola (Caprifoliaceae). New Phytol 2019; 221:1117-1127. [PMID: 30221362 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Whole genome duplication is a key process in plant evolution and has direct phenotypic consequences. However, it remains unclear whether ploidy-related phenotypic changes can significantly alter the fitness of polyploids in nature and thus contribute to establishment of new polyploid mutants in diploid populations. We addressed this question using a unique natural system encompassing a diploid and its sympatric locally established autotetraploid derivative. By setting a common garden experiment with two manipulated environmental factors (presence/absence of serpentine substrate and competition), we tested whether these two locally important factors differently shape the phenotypic response of the two ploidy levels. Tetraploids attained significantly higher values of both above- and below-ground biomass, and root : shoot ratio compared to their diploid progenitors. Tetraploid superiority in vegetative fitness indicators was most prominent when they were cultivated together with a competitor in nutrient-rich nonserpentine substrate. We show that even genetically very closely related diploids and tetraploids can respond differently to key environmental factors. Provided there are sufficient nutrients, tetraploids can be more successful in tolerating interspecific competition than their diploid progenitors. Such superior performance might have provided an adaptive advantage for the newly established tetraploid promoting colonisation of new (micro-)habitats, which was indeed observed at the natural site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Čertner
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Sudová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Weiser
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, AT-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Sudová R, Kohout P, Kolaříková Z, Rydlová J, Voříšková J, Suda J, Španiel S, Müller-Schärer H, Mráz P. Sympatric diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Centaurea stoebe s.l. do not differ in arbuscular mycorrhizal communities and mycorrhizal growth response. Am J Bot 2018; 105:1995-2007. [PMID: 30552673 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Genome duplication is associated with multiple changes at different levels, including interactions with pollinators and herbivores. Yet little is known whether polyploidy may also shape belowground interactions. METHODS To elucidate potential ploidy-specific interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), we compared mycorrhizal colonization and assembly of AMF communities in roots of diploid and tetraploid Centaurea stoebe s.l. (Asteraceae) co-occurring in a Central European population. In a follow-up greenhouse experiment, we tested inter-cytotype differences in mycorrhizal growth response by combining ploidy, substrate, and inoculation with native AMF in a full-factorial design. KEY RESULTS All sampled plants were highly colonized by AMF, with the Glomeraceae predominating. AMF-community composition revealed by 454-pyrosequencing reflected the spatial distribution of the hosts, but not their ploidy level or soil characteristics. In the greenhouse experiment, the tetraploids produced more shoot biomass than the diploids did when grown in a more fertile substrate, while no inter-cytotype differences were found in a less fertile substrate. AMF inoculation significantly reduced plant growth and improved P uptake, but its effects did not differ between the cytotypes. CONCLUSIONS The results do not support our hypotheses that the cytotype structure in a mixed-ploidy population of C. stoebe is mirrored in AMF-community composition and that ploidy-specific fungal communities contribute to cytotype co-existence. Causes and implications of the observed negative growth response to AMF are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Sudová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kohout
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kolaříková
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Rydlová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Voříšková
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
- Ecology Department, Climate and Ecosystem Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jan Suda
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Španiel
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 23, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Heinz Müller-Schärer
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Mráz
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kolář F, Čertner M, Suda J, Schönswetter P, Husband BC. Mixed-Ploidy Species: Progress and Opportunities in Polyploid Research. Trends Plant Sci 2017; 22:1041-1055. [PMID: 29054346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-ploidy species harbor a unique form of genomic and phenotypic variation that influences ecological interactions, facilitates genetic divergence, and offers insights into the mechanisms of polyploid evolution. However, there have been few attempts to synthesize this literature. We review here research on the cytotype distribution, diversity, and dynamics of intensively studied mixed-ploidy species and consider the implications for understanding mechanisms of polyploidization such as cytotype formation, establishment, coexistence, and post-polyploid divergence. In general, mixed-ploidy species are unevenly represented among families: they exhibit high cytotype diversity, often within populations, and frequently comprise rare and odd-numbered ploidies. Odd-ploidies often occur in association with asexuality. We highlight research hypotheses and opportunities that take advantage of the unique properties of ploidy variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Praha, CZ-128 00, Czech Republic; Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Čertner
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Praha, CZ-128 00, Czech Republic; Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Praha, CZ-128 00, Czech Republic; Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brian C Husband
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N0B 2K0 Canada.
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Herben T, Suda J, Klimešová J. Polyploid species rely on vegetative reproduction more than diploids: a re-examination of the old hypothesis. Ann Bot 2017; 120:341-349. [PMID: 28334206 PMCID: PMC5737615 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Polyploidy is arguably the single most important genetic mechanism in plant speciation and diversification. It has been repeatedly suggested that polyploids show higher vegetative reproduction than diploids (to by-pass low fertility after the polyploidization), but there are no rigorous tests of it. Methods Data were analysed by phylogenetic regressions of clonal growth parameters, and vegetative reproduction in culture on the ploidy status of a large set of species (approx. 900) from the Central European Angiosperm flora. Further, correlated evolution of ploidy and clonal traits was examined to determine whether or not polyploidy precedes vegetative reproduction. Key Results The analyses showed that polyploidy is strongly associated with vegetative reproduction, whereas diploids rely more on seed reproduction. The rate of polyploid speciation is strongly enhanced by the existence of vegetative reproduction (namely extensive lateral spread), whereas the converse is not true. Conclusions These findings confirm the old hypothesis that polyploids can rely on vegetative reproduction which thus may save many incipient polyploids from extinction. A closer analysis also shows that the sequence of events begins with development of vegetative reproduction, which is then followed by polyploidy. Vegetative reproduction is thus likely to play an important role in polyploid speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Herben
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, CZ-379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic
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12
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Čertner M, Fenclová E, Kúr P, Kolář F, Koutecký P, Krahulcová A, Suda J. Evolutionary dynamics of mixed-ploidy populations in an annual herb: dispersal, local persistence and recurrent origins of polyploids. Ann Bot 2017; 120:303-315. [PMID: 28398545 PMCID: PMC5737363 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Despite the recent wealth of studies targeted at contact zones of cytotypes in various species, some aspects of polyploid evolution are still poorly understood. This is especially the case for the frequency and success rate of spontaneous neopolyploidization or the temporal dynamics of ploidy coexistence, requiring massive ploidy screening and repeated observations, respectively. To fill this gap, an extensive study of spatio-temporal patterns of ploidy coexistence was initiated in the widespread annual weed Tripleurospermum inodorum (Asteraceae). Methods DNA flow cytometry along with confirmatory chromosome counts was employed to assess ploidy levels of 11 018 adult individuals and 1263 ex situ germinated seedlings from 1209 Central European populations. The ploidy screening was conducted across three spatial scales and supplemented with observations of temporal development of 37 mixed-ploidy populations. Key Results The contact zone between the diploid and tetraploid cytotypes has a diffuse, mosaic-like structure enabling common cytotype coexistence from the within-population to the landscape level. A marked difference in monoploid genome size between the two cytotypes enabled the easy distinction of neotetraploid mutants from long-established tetraploids. Neotetraploids were extremely rare (0·03 %) and occurred solitarily. Altogether five ploidy levels (2 x -6 x ) and several aneuploids were discovered; the diversity in nuclear DNA content was highest in early ontogenetic stages (seedlings) and among individuals from mixed-ploidy populations. In spite of profound temporal oscillations in cytotype frequencies in mixed-ploidy populations, both diploids and tetraploids usually persisted up to the last census. Conclusions Diploids and tetraploids commonly coexist at all spatial scales and exhibit considerable temporal stability in local ploidy mixtures. Mixed-ploidy populations containing fertile triploid hybrids probaby act as effective generators of cytogenetic novelty and may facilitate inter-ploidy gene flow. Neopolyploid mutants were incapable of local establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Čertner
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Fenclová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kúr
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Petr Koutecký
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Krahulcová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
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13
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Hřibová E, Holušová K, Trávníček P, Petrovská B, Ponert J, Šimková H, Kubátová B, Jersáková J, Čurn V, Suda J, Doležel J, Vrána J. The Enigma of Progressively Partial Endoreplication: New Insights Provided by Flow Cytometry and Next-Generation Sequencing. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:1996-2005. [PMID: 27324917 PMCID: PMC4943206 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In many plant species, somatic cell differentiation is accompanied by endoreduplication, a process during which cells undergo one or more rounds of DNA replication cycles in the absence of mitosis, resulting in nuclei with multiples of 2C DNA amounts (4C, 8C, 16C, etc.). In some orchids, a disproportionate increase in nuclear DNA contents has been observed, where successive endoreduplication cycles result in DNA amounts 2C + P, 2C + 3P, 2C + 7P, etc., where P is the DNA content of the replicated part of the 2C nuclear genome. This unique phenomenon was termed "progressively partial endoreplication" (PPE). We investigated processes behind the PPE in Ludisia discolor using flow cytometry (FCM) and Illumina sequencing. In particular, we wanted to determine whether chromatin elimination or incomplete genome duplication was involved, and to identify types of DNA sequences that were affected. Cell cycle analysis of root tip cell nuclei pulse-labeled with EdU revealed two cell cycles, one ending above the population of nuclei with 2C + P content, and the other with a typical "horseshoe" pattern of S-phase nuclei ranging from 2C to 4C DNA contents. The process leading to nuclei with 2C + P amounts therefore involves incomplete genome replication. Subsequent Illumina sequencing of flow-sorted 2C and 2C + P nuclei showed that all types of repetitive DNA sequences were affected during PPE; a complete elimination of any specific type of repetitive DNA was not observed. We hypothesize that PPE is part of a highly controlled transition mechanism from proliferation phase to differentiation phase of plant tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hřibová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Holušová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Institute of Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic Biotechnological Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Beáta Petrovská
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ponert
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic Prague Botanical Garden, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Šimková
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Kubátová
- Biotechnological Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Čurn
- Biotechnological Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Institute of Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vrána
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Oberlander KC, Dreyer LL, Goldblatt P, Suda J, Linder HP. Species-rich and polyploid-poor: Insights into the evolutionary role of whole-genome duplication from the Cape flora biodiversity hotspot. Am J Bot 2016; 103:1336-47. [PMID: 27352831 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Whole-genome duplication (WGD) in angiosperms has been hypothesized to be advantageous in unstable environments and/or to increase diversification rates, leading to radiations. Under the first hypothesis, floras in stable environments are predicted to have lower proportions of polyploids than highly, recently disturbed floras, whereas species-rich floras would be expected to have higher than expected proportions of polyploids under the second. The South African Cape flora is used to discriminate between these two hypotheses because it features a hyperdiverse flora predominantly generated by a limited number of radiations (Cape clades), against a backdrop of climatic and geological stability. METHODS We compiled all known chromosome counts for species in 21 clades present in the Cape (1653 species, including 24 Cape clades), inferred ploidy levels for these species by inspection or derived from the primary literature, and compared Cape to non-Cape ploidy levels in these clades (17,520 species) using G tests. KEY RESULTS The Cape flora has anomalously low proportions of polyploids compared with global levels. This pattern is consistently observed across nearly half the clades and across global latitudinal gradients, although individual lineages seem to be following different paths to low levels of WGD and to differing degrees. CONCLUSIONS This pattern shows that the diversity of the Cape flora is the outcome of primarily diploid radiations and supports the hypothesis that WGD may be rare in stable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Oberlander
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic Department Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Léanne L Dreyer
- Department Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Peter Goldblatt
- Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166 USA
| | - Jan Suda
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, CZ-25243, Czech Republic Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ - 128 01, Czech Republic
| | - H Peter Linder
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich CH8008, Switzerland
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15
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Meyerson LA, Cronin JT, Bhattarai GP, Brix H, Lambertini C, Lučanová M, Rinehart S, Suda J, Pyšek P. Do ploidy level and nuclear genome size and latitude of origin modify the expression of Phragmites australis traits and interactions with herbivores? Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Ponert J, Trávníček P, Vuong TB, Rybková R, Suda J. A New Species of Cleisostoma (Orchidaceae) from the Hon Ba Nature Reserve in Vietnam: A Multidisciplinary Assessment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150631. [PMID: 27008538 PMCID: PMC4805174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species, Cleisostoma yersinii J. Ponert & Vuong, is described and illustrated based on the material collected in the Hon Ba Nature Reserve in southern Vietnam. In addition to conventional (macro)morphological examination we comparatively investigated root and leaf anatomy (using light and fluorescent microscopy), assessed nectar characteristics (using HPLC analysis), determined nuclear genome size (using DNA flow cytometry) and reconstructed phylogenetic relationships (using nrITS sequences). Cleisostoma yersinii differs from its putative closest relative C. birmanicum in wider and shorter leaves, larger flowers, distinct lip with S-shaped tip of the mid-lobe, and a shallow spur with two large nectar sacks separated by prominent calli and septum. Nectar is sucrose-dominant and very rich in sugars. Stomata are developed on both sides of the leaf and have prominent hyperstomatal chambers and substomatal cavities. Roots with well-developed exodermis and tracheoidal idioblasts are covered by a two-layer Vanda-type velamen. Chloroplasts occur not only in the cortex but are also abundant in the stele. Mean 1C-value was estimated to 2.57 pg DNA. An updated identification key is provided for SE Asian sections and all Vietnamese species of Cleisostoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ponert
- Prague Botanical Garden, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Truong Ba Vuong
- Institute of Tropical Biology, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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17
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Sonnleitner M, Hülber K, Flatscher R, Escobar García P, Winkler M, Suda J, Schönswetter P, Schneeweiss GM. Ecological differentiation of diploid and polyploid cytotypes of Senecio carniolicus sensu lato (Asteraceae) is stronger in areas of sympatry. Ann Bot 2016; 117:269-76. [PMID: 26658487 PMCID: PMC4724049 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ecological differentiation is recognized as an important factor for polyploid speciation, but little is known regarding whether the ecological niches of cytotypes differ between areas of sympatry and areas where single cytotypes occur (i.e. niche displacement). METHODS Ecological niches of four groups of Senecio carniolicus sensu lato (s.l.) (western and eastern diploid lineages, tetraploids and hexaploids) were characterized via Landolt indicator values of the accompanying vascular plant species and tested using multivariate and univariate statistics. KEY RESULTS The four groups of S. carniolicus s.l. were ecologically differentiated mainly with respect to temperature, light and soil (humus content, nutrients, moisture variability). Niche breadths did not differ significantly. In areas of sympatry hexaploids shifted towards sites with higher temperature, less light and higher soil humus content as compared with homoploid sites, whereas diploids and tetraploids shifted in the opposite direction. In heteroploid sites of tetraploids and the western diploid lineage the latter shifted towards sites with lower humus content but higher aeration. CONCLUSIONS Niche displacement can facilitate the formation of stable contact zones upon secondary contact of polyploids and their lower-ploid ancestors and/or lead to convergence of the cytotypes' niches after they have attained non-overlapping ranges. Niche displacement is essential for understanding ecological consequences of polyploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Sonnleitner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Hülber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria, Vienna Institute for Nature Conservation & Analyses, Giessergasse 6/7, A-1090 Vienna, Austria,
| | - Ruth Flatscher
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pedro Escobar García
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Winkler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria, GLORIA co-ordination, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Center for Global Change and Sustainability & Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Silbergasse 30/3, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic and Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerald M Schneeweiss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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19
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Schmickl R, Liston A, Zeisek V, Oberlander K, Weitemier K, Straub SCK, Cronn RC, Dreyer LL, Suda J. Phylogenetic marker development for target enrichment from transcriptome and genome skim data: the pipeline and its application in southern AfricanOxalis(Oxalidaceae). Mol Ecol Resour 2015; 16:1124-35. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roswitha Schmickl
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Zámek 1 252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Aaron Liston
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology; Oregon State University; 2082 Cordley Hall Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Vojtěch Zeisek
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Zámek 1 252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Benátská 2 128 01 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Kenneth Oberlander
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Zámek 1 252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Kevin Weitemier
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology; Oregon State University; 2082 Cordley Hall Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Shannon C. K. Straub
- Department of Biology; Hobart and William Smith Colleges; 213 Eaton Hall Geneva NY 14456 USA
| | - Richard C. Cronn
- USDA Forest Service; Pacific Northwest Research Station; 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Léanne L. Dreyer
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Stellenbosch University; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Jan Suda
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Zámek 1 252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Benátská 2 128 01 Prague Czech Republic
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Pyšek P, Manceur AM, Alba C, McGregor KF, Pergl J, Stajerová K, Chytrý M, Danihelka J, Kartesz J, Klimesova J, Lucanova M, Moravcová L, Nishino M, Sadlo J, Suda J, Tichy L, Kühn I. Naturalization of central European plants in North America: species traits, habitats, propagule pressure, residence time. Ecology 2015; 96:762-74. [PMID: 26236872 DOI: 10.1890/14-1005.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The factors that promote invasive behavior in introduced plant species occur across many scales of biological and ecological organization. Factors that act at relatively small scales, for example, the evolution of biological traits associated with invasiveness, scale up to shape species distributions among different climates and habitats, as well as other characteristics linked to invasion, such as attractiveness for cultivation (and by extension propagule pressure). To identify drivers of invasion it is therefore necessary to disentangle the contribution of multiple factors that are interdependent. To this end, we formulated a conceptual model describing the process of invasion of central European species into North America based on a sequence of "drivers." We then used confirmatory path analysis to test whether the conceptual model is supported by a statistical model inferred from a comprehensive database containing 466 species. The path analysis revealed that naturalization of central European plants in North America, in terms of the number of North American regions invaded, most strongly depends on residence time in the invaded range and the number of habitats occupied by species in their native range. In addition to the confirmatory path analysis, we identified the effects of various biological traits on several important drivers of the conceptualized invasion process. The data supported a model that included indirect effects of biological traits on invasion via their effect on the number of native range habitats occupied and cultivation in the native range. For example, persistent seed banks and longer flowering periods are positively correlated with number of native habitats, while a stress-tolerant life strategy is negatively correlated with native range cultivation. However, the importance of the biological traits is nearly an order of magnitude less than that of the larger scale drivers and highly dependent on the invasion stage (traits were associated only with native range drivers). This suggests that future research should explicitly link biological traits to the different stages of invasion, and that a failure to consider residence time or characteristics of the native range may seriously overestimate the role of biological traits, which, in turn, may result in spurious predictions of plant invasiveness.
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Chumová Z, Krejčíková J, Mandáková T, Suda J, Trávníček P. Evolutionary and Taxonomic Implications of Variation in Nuclear Genome Size: Lesson from the Grass Genus Anthoxanthum (Poaceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133748. [PMID: 26207824 PMCID: PMC4514812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Anthoxanthum (sweet vernal grass, Poaceae) represents a taxonomically intricate polyploid complex with large phenotypic variation and its evolutionary relationships still poorly resolved. In order to get insight into the geographic distribution of ploidy levels and assess the taxonomic value of genome size data, we determined C- and Cx-values in 628 plants representing all currently recognized European species collected from 197 populations in 29 European countries. The flow cytometric estimates were supplemented by conventional chromosome counts. In addition to diploids, we found two low (rare 3x and common 4x) and one high (~16x-18x) polyploid levels. Mean holoploid genome sizes ranged from 5.52 pg in diploid A. alpinum to 44.75 pg in highly polyploid A. amarum, while the size of monoploid genomes ranged from 2.75 pg in tetraploid A. alpinum to 9.19 pg in diploid A. gracile. In contrast to Central and Northern Europe, which harboured only limited cytological variation, a much more complex pattern of genome sizes was revealed in the Mediterranean, particularly in Corsica. Eight taxonomic groups that partly corresponded to traditionally recognized species were delimited based on genome size values and phenotypic variation. Whereas our data supported the merger of A. aristatum and A. ovatum, eastern Mediterranean populations traditionally referred to as diploid A. odoratum were shown to be cytologically distinct, and may represent a new taxon. Autopolyploid origin was suggested for 4x A. alpinum. In contrast, 4x A. odoratum seems to be an allopolyploid, based on the amounts of nuclear DNA. Intraspecific variation in genome size was observed in all recognized species, the most striking example being the A. aristatum/ovatum complex. Altogether, our study showed that genome size can be a useful taxonomic marker in Anthoxathum to not only guide taxonomic decisions but also help resolve evolutionary relationships in this challenging grass genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Chumová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krejčíková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Terezie Mandáková
- Central-European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Biotechnological Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Trávníček P, Ponert J, Urfus T, Jersáková J, Vrána J, Hřibová E, Doležel J, Suda J. Challenges of flow-cytometric estimation of nuclear genome size in orchids, a plant group with both whole-genome and progressively partial endoreplication. Cytometry A 2015; 87:958-66. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Trávníček
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Průhonice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture; University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ponert
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
- Prague Botanical Garden; Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Urfus
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia; České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- CzechGlobe; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vrána
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Haná Region for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Eva Hřibová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Haná Region for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Haná Region for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Průhonice Czech Republic
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Kohout P, Doubková P, Bahram M, Suda J, Tedersoo L, Voříšková J, Sudová R. Niche partitioning in arbuscular mycorrhizal communities in temperate grasslands: a lesson from adjacent serpentine and nonserpentine habitats. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:1831-43. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kohout
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Science; CZ-252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic
- Department of Botany; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; EE-510 05 Tartu Estonia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; CZ-128 44 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Doubková
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Science; CZ-252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; CZ-128 44 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Mohammad Bahram
- Department of Botany; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; EE-510 05 Tartu Estonia
| | - Jan Suda
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Science; CZ-252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; CZ-128 01 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Department of Botany; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; EE-510 05 Tartu Estonia
| | - Jana Voříšková
- Institute of Microbiology; The Czech Academy of Science; CZ-142 20 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Radka Sudová
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Science; CZ-252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic
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24
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Kolář F, Píšová S, Záveská E, Fér T, Weiser M, Ehrendorfer F, Suda J. The origin of unique diversity in deglaciated areas: traces of Pleistocene processes in north-European endemics from theGalium pusillumpolyploid complex (Rubiaceae). Mol Ecol 2015; 24:1311-34. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kolář
- National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; Oslo NO-0318 Norway
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Benátská 2 Prague CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Průhonice 1 CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Píšová
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Benátská 2 Prague CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Průhonice 1 CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Záveská
- Institute of Botany; University of Innsbruck; Sternwartestraße 15 Innsbruck A-6020 Austria
| | - Tomáš Fér
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Benátská 2 Prague CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Weiser
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Benátská 2 Prague CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
| | - Friedrich Ehrendorfer
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Faculty Centre for Biodiversity; University of Vienna; Rennweg 14 Vienna A-1030 Austria
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Benátská 2 Prague CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Průhonice 1 CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
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25
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Hülber K, Sonnleitner M, Suda J, Krejčíková J, Schönswetter P, Schneeweiss GM, Winkler M. Ecological differentiation, lack of hybrids involving diploids, and asymmetric gene flow between polyploids in narrow contact zones of Senecio carniolicus (syn. Jacobaea carniolica, Asteraceae). Ecol Evol 2015; 5:1224-34. [PMID: 25859328 PMCID: PMC4377266 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Areas of immediate contact of different cytotypes offer a unique opportunity to study evolutionary dynamics within heteroploid species and to assess isolation mechanisms governing coexistence of cytotypes of different ploidy. The degree of reproductive isolation of cytotypes, that is, the frequency of heteroploid crosses and subsequent formation of viable and (partly) fertile hybrids, plays a crucial role for the long-term integrity of lineages in contact zones. Here, we assessed fine-scale distribution, spatial clustering, and ecological niches as well as patterns of gene flow in parental and hybrid cytotypes in zones of immediate contact of di-, tetra-, and hexaploid Senecio carniolicus (Asteraceae) in the Eastern Alps. Cytotypes were spatially separated also at the investigated microscale; the strongest spatial separation was observed for the fully interfertile tetra- and hexaploids. The three main cytotypes showed highly significant niche differences, which were, however, weaker than across their entire distribution ranges in the Eastern Alps. Individuals with intermediate ploidy levels were found neither in the diploid/tetraploid nor in the diploid/hexaploid contact zones indicating strong reproductive barriers. In contrast, pentaploid individuals were frequent in the tetraploid/hexaploid contact zone, albeit limited to a narrow strip in the immediate contact zone of their parental cytotypes. AFLP fingerprinting data revealed introgressive gene flow mediated by pentaploid hybrids from tetra- to hexaploid individuals, but not vice versa. The ecological niche of pentaploids differed significantly from that of tetraploids but not from hexaploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Hülber
- Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- Vienna Institute for Nature Conservation & AnalysesVienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Sonnleitner
- Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrůhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krejčíková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Gerald M Schneeweiss
- Division of Systematics and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Winkler
- Division of Systematics and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- GLORIA co-ordination, Center for Global Change and Sustainability, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaVienna, Austria
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of SciencesInnsbruck, Austria
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Suda J, Meyerson LA, Leitch IJ, Pyšek P. The hidden side of plant invasions: the role of genome size. New Phytol 2015; 205:994-1007. [PMID: 25323486 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ecological role of genome size in plant biology, biogeography, and morphology has garnered increasing attention as the methods and technology associated with measuring cytological characteristics have become more reliable and accessible. However, how plant genome size influences plant invasions and at what stage in the invasion this influence occurs have been little explored. Several large-scale analyses of published data have yielded valuable interspecific comparisons, but experimental studies that manipulate environmental factors are needed, particularly below the species level, to fully understand the role that genome size plays in plant invasion. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge, discuss the integration of genome size data into invasion research, and suggest how it can be applied to detect and manage invasive species. We also explore how global climate change could exert selective pressures on plant populations with varying genome sizes, thereby increasing the distribution range and invasiveness of some populations while decreasing others. Finally, we outline avenues for future research, including considerations of large-scale studies of intraspecific variation in genome size of invasive populations, testing the interaction of genome size with other factors in macroecological analyses of invasions, as well as the role this trait may play in plant-enemy interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Suda
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague 2, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
| | - Laura A Meyerson
- University of Rhode Island, 1 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Ilia J Leitch
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, Prague, CZ-128 44, Czech Republic
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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Kuta E, Jędrzejczyk-Korycińska M, Cieślak E, Rostański A, Szczepaniak M, Migdałek G, Wąsowicz P, Suda J, Combik M, Słomka A. Morphological versus genetic diversity of Viola reichenbachiana and V. riviniana (sect. Viola, Violaceae) from soils differing in heavy metal content. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2014; 16:924-934. [PMID: 24400923 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Morphological characters, AFLP markers and flow cytometry were used to investigate the morphological and genetic variability and differentiation of Viola reichenbachiana and V. riviniana in non-metallicolous (NM) and metallicolous (M) populations. The aims were to clarify the taxonomic status of plants occurring in ore-bearing areas, to determine any relationship in V. reichenbachiana and V. riviniana from sites not polluted with heavy metals, and to examine the genetic variability and differentiation of M and NM populations of both species. Multivariate analyses based on morphological characters showed significant differences between V. reichenbachiana and V. riviniana from non-polluted sites, high levels of intra- and inter-population variability, and the occurrence of inter-specific hybrids. Plants from M populations showed hybrid characters but also fell within the range of V. riviniana or V. reichenbachiana. There were no significant differences in relative genome size between plants from polluted areas and V. riviniana from NM populations. Bayesian analysis of population genetic structure based on AFLP markers distinguished two main groups: V. reichenbachiana and V. riviniana together with the M populations. That analysis also revealed the occurrence of populations of inter-specific hybrids from non-polluted areas. Further Bayesian analysis of V. riviniana including NM and M populations separated all the studied M populations from NM populations. We conclude that plants forming the M populations are well adapted to a metal-polluted environment, and could be considered as stabilised introgressive forms resulting from unidirectional (asymmetric) introgression toward V. riviniana.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kuta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
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28
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Hanzl M, Kolář F, Nováková D, Suda J. Nonadaptive processes governing early stages of polyploid evolution: Insights from a primary contact zone of relict serpentine Knautia arvensis (Caprifoliaceae). Am J Bot 2014; 101:935-945. [PMID: 24920762 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
• Premise of the study: Contact zones between polyploids and their diploid progenitors may provide important insights into the mechanisms of sympatric speciation and local adaptation. However, most published studies investigated secondary contact zones where the effects of genome duplication can be confounded by previous independent evolution of currently sympatric cytotypes. We compared genetically close diploid and autotetraploid serpentine cytotypes of Knautia arvensis (Caprifoliaceae) in a primary contact zone and evaluated the role of adaptive and nonadaptive processes for cytotype coexistence.• Methods: DNA flow cytometry was used to determine ploidy distribution at various spatial scales (from across the entire contact zone to microgeographic). Habitat preferences of diploids and polyploids were assessed by comparing vegetation composition of nearby ploidy-uniform sites and by recording plant species immediately surrounding both cytotypes in mixed-ploidy plots.• Key results: Tetraploids considerably outnumbered their diploid progenitors in the contact zone. Both cytotypes were segregated at all investigated spatial scales. This pattern was not driven by ecological shifts, because both diploids and tetraploids inhabited sites with nearly identical vegetation cover. Certain interploidy niche differentiation was indicated only at the smallest spatial scale; ecologically nonadaptive processes were most likely responsible for this difference.• Conclusions: We conclude that a shift in ecological preferences (i.e., the adaptive scenario) is not necessary for the establishment and evolutionary success of autopolyploid derivatives in primary contact zones. Spatial segregation that would support ploidy coexistence can also be achieved by ecologically nonadaptive processes, including the founder effect, limited dispersal ability, intense clonal growth, and triploid block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hanzl
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Dora Nováková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
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29
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Sudová R, Pánková H, Rydlová J, Münzbergová Z, Suda J. Intraspecific ploidy variation: A hidden, minor player in plant-soil-mycorrhizal fungi interactions. Am J Bot 2014; 101:26-33. [PMID: 24388962 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Genome duplication and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis are ubiquitous in angiosperms. While the significance of each of these phenomena separately has been intensively studied, their interaction remains to be understood. METHODS Three diploid and three hexaploid populations of Aster amellus (Asteraceae) were characterized in terms of the soil conditions in situ and mycorrhizal root colonization. In a greenhouse experiment, the effects of ploidy level, substrate conditions, and AM fungi on plant performance were then separated by growing noninoculated plants or plants inoculated with AM fungi in substrates native to either the diploids or hexaploids. KEY RESULTS The diploids inhabited nutritionally richer sites but did not differ from hexaploid plants in the level of mycorrhizal root colonization in situ. In the experiment, hexaploids generally performed better than the diploids. This intercytotype growth difference was enhanced by soil fertility, with hexaploids benefiting more from nutritionally richer substrate than the diploids. AM inoculation was crucial for plant growth and phosphorus uptake. The interaction between ploidy level and AM inoculation significantly influenced only dry mass of roots, phosphorus concentrations in shoot biomass, and the length of the extraradical mycelium in the nonsterile substrates. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea that polyploidy can affect the mycorrhizal growth response of host plants. Nevertheless, the effects of the interaction between ploidy and inoculation were weaker than the main effects of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Sudová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
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30
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Sonnleitner M, Weis B, Flatscher R, García PE, Suda J, Krejčíková J, Schneeweiss GM, Winkler M, Schönswetter P, Hülber K. Parental ploidy strongly affects offspring fitness in heteroploid crosses among three cytotypes of autopolyploid Jacobaea carniolica (Asteraceae). PLoS One 2013; 8:e78959. [PMID: 24265735 PMCID: PMC3827125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive interactions among cytotypes in their contact zones determine whether these cytotypes can co-exist and form stable contact zones or not. In autopolyploids, heteroploid cross-compatibilities might depend on parental ploidy, but tests of this hypothesis in autopolyploid systems with more than two ploidies are lacking. Here, we study Jacobaea carniolica, which comprises diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid individuals regularly forming contact zones. Seeds obtained from in situ cross-pollinations within and among cytotypes were subjected to DNA flow cytometry and greenhouse germination experiments. Hybrid fitness and parental effects on hybrid fitness were tested with regression models comparing fitness parameters of early life stages. Irrespective of the direction of crosses, seed viability and seedling survival in diploid-polyploid crosses were substantially lower than in tetraploid-hexaploid crosses. In contrast, seedling growth traits indicated neither transgressive character expression nor any selection against hybrid offspring. Congruent with a model of genome dosage effects, these traits differed between reciprocal crosses, especially of diploids and tetraploids, where trait values resembled those of the maternal parent. The strong effect of parental ploidy on offspring fitness in heteroploid crosses may cause contact zones involving exclusively polyploid cytotypes to be less stable over longer terms than those involving diploids and polyploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Sonnleitner
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Weis
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Flatscher
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pedro Escobar García
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krejčíková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Gerald M. Schneeweiss
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Winkler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karl Hülber
- Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Institute for Nature Conservation & Analyses, Vienna, Austria
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Pyšek P, Hulme PE, Meyerson LA, Smith GF, Boatwright JS, Crouch NR, Figueiredo E, Foxcroft LC, Jarošík V, Richardson DM, Suda J, Wilson JRU. Hitting the right target: taxonomic challenges for, and of, plant invasions. AoB Plants 2013; 5:plt042. [PMCID: PMC4455668 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plt042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Taxonomic resources are essential for the effective management of invasive plants because biosecurity strategies, legislation dealing with invasive species, quarantine, weed surveillance and monitoring all depend on accurate and rapid identification of non-native taxa, and incorrect identifications can impede ecological studies. On the other hand, biological invasions have provided important tests of basic theories about species concepts. Modern taxonomy therefore needs to integrate both classical and new concepts and approaches to improve the accuracy of species identification and further refine taxonomic classification at the level of populations and genotypes in the field and laboratory. This paper explores how a lack of taxonomic expertise, and by implication a dearth of taxonomic products such as identification tools, has hindered progress in understanding and managing biological invasions. It also explores how the taxonomic endeavour could benefit from studies of invasive species. We review the literature on the current situation in taxonomy with a focus on the challenges of identifying alien plant species and explore how this has affected the study of biological invasions. Biosecurity strategies, legislation dealing with invasive species, quarantine, weed surveillance and monitoring all depend on accurate and rapid identification of non-native taxa. However, such identification can be challenging because the taxonomic skill base in most countries is diffuse and lacks critical mass. Taxonomic resources are essential for the effective management of invasive plants and incorrect identifications can impede ecological studies. On the other hand, biological invasions have provided important tests of basic theories about species concepts. Better integration of classical alpha taxonomy and modern genetic taxonomic approaches will improve the accuracy of species identification and further refine taxonomic classification at the level of populations and genotypes in the field and laboratory. Modern taxonomy therefore needs to integrate both classical and new concepts and approaches. In particular, differing points of view between the proponents of morphological and molecular approaches should be negotiated because a narrow taxonomic perspective is harmful; the rigour of taxonomic decision-making clearly increases if insights from a variety of different complementary disciplines are combined and confronted. Taxonomy plays a critical role in the study of plant invasions and in turn benefits from the insights gained from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pyšek
- Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Philip E. Hulme
- The Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Laura A. Meyerson
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, 1 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Gideon F. Smith
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Biosystematics Research and Biodiversity Collections Division, Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- H. G. W. J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade de Coimbra, 3001-455 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - James S. Boatwright
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Belville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Neil R. Crouch
- Ethnobotany Unit, South African National Biodiversity Institute, PO Box 52099, 4007 Berea Road, Durban, South Africa
- School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Estrela Figueiredo
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade de Coimbra, 3001-455 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Llewellyn C. Foxcroft
- Conservation Services, South African National Parks, Skukuza 1350, South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Vojtěch Jarošík
- Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David M. Richardson
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - John R. U. Wilson
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Invasive Species Programme, Claremont 7735, South Africa
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Těšitelová T, Jersáková J, Roy M, Kubátová B, Těšitel J, Urfus T, Trávníček P, Suda J. Ploidy-specific symbiotic interactions: divergence of mycorrhizal fungi between cytotypes of the Gymnadenia conopsea group (Orchidaceae). New Phytol 2013; 199:1022-1033. [PMID: 23731358 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy is widely recognized as a major mechanism of sympatric speciation in plants, yet little is known about its effects on interactions with other organisms. Mycorrhizal fungi are among the most common plant symbionts and play an important role in plant nutrient supply. It remains to be understood whether mycorrhizal associations of ploidy-variable plants can be ploidy-specific. We examined mycorrhizal associations in three cytotypes (2x, 3x, 4x) of the Gymnadenia conopsea group (Orchidaceae), involving G. conopsea s.s. and G. densiflora, at different spatial scales and during different ontogenetic stages. We analysed: adults from mixed- and single-ploidy populations at a regional scale; closely spaced adults within a mixed-ploidy site; and mycorrhizal seedlings. All Gymnadenia cytotypes associated mainly with saprotrophic Tulasnellaceae (Basidiomycota). Nonetheless, both adults and seedlings of diploids and their autotetraploid derivatives significantly differed in the identity of their mycorrhizal symbionts. Interploidy segregation of mycorrhizal symbionts was most pronounced within a site with closely spaced adults. This study provides the first evidence that polyploidization of a plant species can be associated with a shift in mycorrhizal symbionts. This divergence may contribute to niche partitioning and facilitate establishment and co-existence of different cytotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Těšitelová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Mélanie Roy
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université de Toulouse, 3 Paul Sabatier, ENFA, CNRS, UMR 5174, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex, 31062, France
| | - Barbora Kubátová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Studentská 13, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Těšitel
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Urfus
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, 128 01, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, 128 01, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, 128 01, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, 252 43, Czech Republic
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Kolář F, Lučanová M, Vít P, Urfus T, Chrtek J, Fér T, Ehrendorfer F, Suda J. Diversity and endemism in deglaciated areas: ploidy, relative genome size and niche differentiation in the Galium pusillum complex (Rubiaceae) in Northern and Central Europe. Ann Bot 2013; 111:1095-1108. [PMID: 23589633 PMCID: PMC3662515 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plants endemic to areas covered by ice sheets during the last glaciation represent paradigmatic examples of rapid speciation in changing environments, yet very few systems outside the harsh arctic zone have been comprehensively investigated so far. The Galium pusillum aggregate (Rubiaceae) is a challenging species complex that exhibits a marked differentiation in boreal parts of Northern Europe. As a first step towards understanding its evolutionary history in deglaciated regions, this study assesses cytological variation and ecological preferences of the northern endemics and compares the results with corresponding data for species occurring in neighbouring unglaciated parts of Central and Western Europe. METHODS DNA flow cytometry was used together with confirmatory chromosome counts to determine ploidy levels and relative genome sizes in 1158 individuals from 181 populations. A formalized analysis of habitat preferences was applied to explore niche differentiation among species and ploidy levels. KEY RESULTS The G. pusillum complex evolved at diploid and tetraploid levels in Northern Europe, in contrast to the high-polyploid evolution of most other northern endemics. A high level of eco-geographic segregation was observed between different species (particularly along gradients of soil pH and competition) which is unusual for plants in deglaciated areas and most probably contributes to maintaining species integrity. Relative monoploid DNA contents of the species from previously glaciated regions were significantly lower than those of their counterparts from mostly unglaciated Central Europe, suggesting independent evolutionary histories. CONCLUSIONS The aggregate of G. pusillum in Northern Europe represents an exceptional case with a geographically vicariant and ecologically distinct diploid/tetraploid species endemic to formerly glaciated areas. The high level of interspecific differentiation substantially widens our perception of the evolutionary dynamics and speciation rates in the dramatically changing environments of Northern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Lučanová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vít
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Urfus
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Chrtek
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Fér
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
| | - Friedrich Ehrendorfer
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty Centre for Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, A-1030 Austria
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
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Krejčíková J, Sudová R, Lučanová M, Trávníček P, Urfus T, Vít P, Weiss-Schneeweiss H, Kolano B, Oberlander K, Dreyer LL, Suda J. High ploidy diversity and distinct patterns of cytotype distribution in a widespread species of Oxalis in the Greater Cape Floristic Region. Ann Bot 2013; 111:641-9. [PMID: 23425783 PMCID: PMC3605962 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Genome duplication is widely acknowledged as a major force in the evolution of angiosperms, although the incidence of polyploidy in different floras may differ dramatically. The Greater Cape Floristic Region of southern Africa is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots and is considered depauperate in polyploids. To test this assumption, ploidy variation was assessed in a widespread member of the largest geophytic genus in the Cape flora: Oxalis obtusa. METHODS DNA flow cytometry complemented by confirmatory chromosome counts was used to determine ploidy levels in 355 populations of O. obtusa (1014 individuals) across its entire distribution range. Ecological differentiation among cytotypes was tested by comparing sets of vegetation and climatic variables extracted for each locality. KEY RESULTS Three majority (2x, 4x, 6x) and three minority (3x, 5x, 8x) cytotypes were detected in situ, in addition to a heptaploid individual originating from a botanical garden. While single-cytotype populations predominate, 12 mixed-ploidy populations were also found. The overall pattern of ploidy level distribution is quite complex, but some ecological segregation was observed. Hexaploids are the most common cytotype and prevail in the Fynbos biome. In contrast, tetraploids dominate in the Succulent Karoo biome. Precipitation parameters were identified as the most important climatic variables associated with cytotype distribution. CONCLUSIONS Although it would be premature to make generalizations regarding the role of genome duplication in the genesis of hyperdiversity of the Cape flora, the substantial and unexpected ploidy diversity in Oxalis obtusa is unparalleled in comparison with any other cytologically known native Cape plant species. The results suggest that ploidy variation in the Greater Cape Floristic Region may be much greater than currently assumed, which, given the documented role of polyploidy in speciation, has direct implications for radiation hypotheses in this biodiversity hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krejčíková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Radka Sudová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Lučanová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Urfus
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vít
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
| | - Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty Centre Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, A-1030 Austria
| | - Bożena Kolano
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Silesian University, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Leanne L. Dreyer
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01 Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43 Czech Republic
- For correspondence. E-mail:
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Suda J, Herben T. Ploidy frequencies in plants with ploidy heterogeneity: fitting a general gametic model to empirical population data. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122387. [PMID: 23193129 PMCID: PMC3574409 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome duplication (polyploidy) is a recurrent evolutionary process in plants, often conferring instant reproductive isolation and thus potentially leading to speciation. Outcome of the process is often seen in the field as different cytotypes co-occur in many plant populations. Failure of meiotic reduction during gametogenesis is widely acknowledged to be the main mode of polyploid formation. To get insight into its role in the dynamics of polyploidy generation under natural conditions, and coexistence of several ploidy levels, we developed a general gametic model for diploid-polyploid systems. This model predicts equilibrium ploidy frequencies as functions of several parameters, namely the unreduced gamete proportions and fertilities of higher ploidy plants. We used data on field ploidy frequencies for 39 presumably autopolyploid plant species/populations to infer numerical values of the model parameters (either analytically or using an optimization procedure). With the exception of a few species, the model fit was very high. The estimated proportions of unreduced gametes (median of 0.0089) matched published estimates well. Our results imply that conditions for cytotype coexistence in natural populations are likely to be less restrictive than previously assumed. In addition, rather simple models show sufficiently rich behaviour to explain the prevalence of polyploids among flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Suda
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, CzechRepublic
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Botany, 252 43 Průhonice, CzechRepublic
| | - Tomáš Herben
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, CzechRepublic
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Botany, 252 43 Průhonice, CzechRepublic
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Krejčíková J, Sudová R, Oberlander KC, Dreyer LL, Suda J. Cytogeography of Oxalis pes-caprae in its native range: where are the pentaploids? Biol Invasions 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-012-0370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Son NT, Trinh XT, Løvlie LS, Svensson BG, Kawahara K, Suda J, Kimoto T, Umeda T, Isoya J, Makino T, Ohshima T, Janzén E. Negative-U system of carbon vacancy in 4H-SiC. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:187603. [PMID: 23215331 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.187603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), energy levels of the carbon vacancy (V(C)) in 4H-SiC and its negative-U properties have been determined. Combining EPR and deep-level transient spectroscopy we show that the two most common defects in as-grown 4H-SiC--the Z(1/2) lifetime-limiting defect and the EH(7) deep defect--are related to the double acceptor (2-|0) and single donor (0|+) levels of V(C), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Son
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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Herben T, Suda J, Klimesová J, Mihulka S, Ríha P, Símová I. Ecological effects of cell-level processes: genome size, functional traits and regional abundance of herbaceous plant species. Ann Bot 2012; 110:1357-67. [PMID: 22628380 PMCID: PMC3489144 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Genome size is known to be correlated with a number of phenotypic traits associated with cell sizes and cell-division rates. Genome size was therefore used as a proxy for them in order to assess how common plant traits such as height, specific leaf area and seed size/number predict species regional abundance. In this study it is hypothesized that if there is residual correlation between genome size and abundance after these traits are partialled out, there must be additional ecological effects of cell size and/or cell-division rate. METHODS Variation in genome size, plant traits and regional abundance were examined in 436 herbaceous species of central European flora, and relationships were sought for among these variables by correlation and path analysis. KEY RESULTS Species regional abundance was weakly but significantly correlated with genome size; the relationship was stronger for annuals (R(2) = 0·145) than for perennials (R(2) = 0·027). In annuals, genome size was linked to abundance via its effect on seed size, which constrains seed number and hence population growth rate. In perennials, it weakly affected (via height and specific leaf area) competitive ability. These relationships did not change qualitatively after phylogenetic correction. In both annuals and perennials there was an unresolved effect of genome size on abundance. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that additional predictors of regional abundance should be sought among variables that are linked to cell size and cell-division rate. Signals of these cell-level processes remain identifiable even at the landscape scale, and show deep differences between perennials and annuals. Plant population biology could thus possibly benefit from more systematic use of indicators of cell-level processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herben
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
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Trávníček P, Jersáková J, Kubátová B, Krejčíková J, Bateman RM, Lučanová M, Krajníková E, Těšitelová T, Štípková Z, Amardeilh JP, Brzosko E, Jermakowicz E, Cabanne O, Durka W, Efimov P, Hedrén M, Hermosilla CE, Kreutz K, Kull T, Tali K, Marchand O, Rey M, Schiestl FP, Čurn V, Suda J. Minority cytotypes in European populations of the Gymnadenia conopsea complex (Orchidaceae) greatly increase intraspecific and intrapopulation diversity. Ann Bot 2012; 110:977-86. [PMID: 23002267 PMCID: PMC3448425 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patterns of ploidy variation among and within populations can provide valuable insights into the evolutionary mechanisms shaping the dynamics of plant systems showing ploidy diversity. Whereas data on majority ploidies are, by definition, often sufficiently extensive, much less is known about the incidence and evolutionary role of minority cytotypes. METHODS Ploidy and proportions of endoreplicated genome were determined using DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) flow cytometry in 6150 Gymnadenia plants (fragrant orchids) collected from 141 populations in 17 European countries. All widely recognized European species, and several taxa of less certain taxonomic status were sampled within Gymnadenia conopsea sensu lato. KEY RESULTS Most Gymnadenia populations were taxonomically and/or ploidy heterogeneous. Two majority (2x and 4x) and three minority (3x, 5x and 6x) cytotypes were identified. Evolution largely proceeded at the diploid level, whereas tetraploids were much more geographically and taxonomically restricted. Although minority ploidies constituted <2 % of the individuals sampled, they were found in 35 % of populations across the entire area investigated. The amount of nuclear DNA, together with the level of progressively partial endoreplication, separated all Gymnadenia species currently widely recognized in Europe. CONCLUSIONS Despite their low frequency, minority cytotypes substantially increase intraspecific and intrapopulation ploidy diversity estimates for fragrant orchids. The cytogenetic structure of Gymnadenia populations is remarkably dynamic and shaped by multiple evolutionary mechanisms, including both the ongoing production of unreduced gametes and heteroploid hybridization. Overall, it is likely that the level of ploidy heterogeneity experienced by most plant species/populations is currently underestimated; intensive sampling is necessary to obtain a holistic picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Trávníček
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic and Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Kubátová
- Biotechnological Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krejčíková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic and Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Magdalena Lučanová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic and Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Krajníková
- Biotechnological Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tamara Těšitelová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Štípková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Emilia Brzosko
- Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Świerkowa 20B, PL-15-950 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Edyta Jermakowicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Świerkowa 20B, PL-15-950 Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Walter Durka
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Peter Efimov
- Herbarium, Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov str. 2, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikael Hedrén
- Department of Biology, University of Lund, Solvegatan 37, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Karel Kreutz
- Oude Landgraaf 35a, NL-6373 Landgraaf, The Netherlands
| | - Tiiu Kull
- Department of Botany, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Tali
- Department of Botany, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Manel Rey
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Schiestl
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vladislav Čurn
- Biotechnological Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic and Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
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Kolář F, Fér T, Štech M, Trávníček P, Dušková E, Schönswetter P, Suda J. Bringing together evolution on serpentine and polyploidy: spatiotemporal history of the diploid-tetraploid complex of Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae). PLoS One 2012; 7:e39988. [PMID: 22792207 PMCID: PMC3390331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization is one of the leading forces in the evolution of land plants, providing opportunities for instant speciation and rapid gain of evolutionary novelties. Highly selective conditions of serpentine environments act as an important evolutionary trigger that can be involved in various speciation processes. Whereas the significance of both edaphic speciation on serpentine and polyploidy is widely acknowledged in plant evolution, the links between polyploid evolution and serpentine differentiation have not yet been examined. To fill this gap, we investigated the evolutionary history of the perennial herb Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae), a diploid-tetraploid complex that exhibits an intriguing pattern of eco-geographic differentiation. Using plastid DNA sequencing and AFLP genotyping of 336 previously cytotyped individuals from 40 populations from central Europe, we unravelled the patterns of genetic variation among the cytotypes and the edaphic types. Diploids showed the highest levels of genetic differentiation, likely as a result of long term persistence of several lineages in ecologically distinct refugia and/or independent immigration. Recurrent polyploidization, recorded in one serpentine island, seems to have opened new possibilities for the local serpentine genotype. Unlike diploids, the serpentine tetraploids were able to escape from the serpentine refugium and spread further; this was also attributable to hybridization with the neighbouring non-serpentine tetraploid lineages. The spatiotemporal history of K. arvensis allows tracing the interplay of polyploid evolution and ecological divergence on serpentine, resulting in a complex evolutionary pattern. Isolated serpentine outcrops can act as evolutionary capacitors, preserving distinct karyological and genetic diversity. The serpentine lineages, however, may not represent evolutionary 'dead-ends' but rather dynamic systems with a potential to further influence the surrounding populations, e.g., via independent polyplodization and hybridization. The complex eco-geographical pattern together with the incidence of both primary and secondary diploid-tetraploid contact zones makes K. arvensis a unique system for addressing general questions of polyploid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Escobar García P, Winkler M, Flatscher R, Sonnleitner M, Krejčíková J, Suda J, Hülber K, Schneeweiss GM, Schönswetter P. Extensive range persistence in peripheral and interior refugia characterizes Pleistocene range dynamics in a widespread Alpine plant species (Senecio carniolicus, Asteraceae). Mol Ecol 2012; 21:1255-70. [PMID: 22276934 PMCID: PMC3306793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that survival of arctic-alpine organisms in peripheral or interior glacial refugia are not mutually exclusive and may both be involved in shaping an organism’s Pleistocene history, yet potentially at different time levels. Here, we test this hypothesis in a high-mountain plant (diploid lineage of Senecio carniolicus, Asteraceae) from the Eastern European Alps, in which patterns of morphological variation and current habitat requirements suggest survival in both types of refugia. To this end, we used AFLPs, nuclear and plastid DNA sequences and analysed them, among others, within a graph theoretic framework and using novel Bayesian methods of phylogeographic inference. On the basis of patterns of genetic diversity, occurrence of rare markers, distribution of distinct genetic lineages and patterns of range connectivity both interior refugia in the formerly strongly glaciated central Alps and peripheral refugia along the southern margin of the Alps were identified. The presence of refugia congruently inferred by markers resolving at different time levels suggests that these refugia acted as such throughout several glacial cycles. The high degree of range persistence together with gradual range expansion, which contrasts with the extent of range shifts implied for other Alpine species, is likely responsible for incipient lineage differentiation evident from the genetic data. Replacing a simplistic peripheral vs. interior refugia dualism by more complex models involving both types of refugia and considering different time levels will help identifying common phylogeographic patterns with respect to, for instance, location of refugia and colonization routes and elucidating their underlying genetic and/or ecological causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Escobar García
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, Austria
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Kohout P, Sýkorová Z, Ctvrtlíková M, Rydlová J, Suda J, Vohník M, Sudová R. Surprising spectra of root-associated fungi in submerged aquatic plants. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 80:216-35. [PMID: 22224638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Similarly to plants from terrestrial ecosystems, aquatic species harbour wide spectra of root-associated fungi (RAF). However, comparably less is known about fungal diversity in submerged roots. We assessed the incidence and diversity of RAF in submerged aquatic plants using microscopy, culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. We studied RAF of five submerged isoetid species collected in four oligotrophic freshwater lakes in Norway. Levels of dark septate endophytes (DSE) colonization differed among the lakes and were positively related to the organic matter content and negatively related to pH. In total, we identified 41 fungal OTUs using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques, belonging to Mucoromycotina, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota as well as Basidiomycota. Sequences corresponding to aquatic hyphomycetes (e.g. Nectria lugdunensis, Tetracladium furcatum and Varicosporium elodeae) were obtained. Eight arbuscular mycorrhizal taxa belonging to the orders Archaeosporales, Diversisporales and Glomerales were also detected. However, the vast majority of the fungal species detected (e.g. Ceratobasidium sp., Cryptosporiopsis rhizophila, Leptodontidium orchidicola, and Tuber sp.) have previously been known only from roots of terrestrial plants. The abundance and phylogenetic distribution of mycorrhizal as well as nonmycorrhizal fungi in the roots of submerged plants have reshaped our views on the fungal diversity in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kohout
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
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te Beest M, Le Roux JJ, Richardson DM, Brysting AK, Suda J, Kubesová M, Pysek P. The more the better? The role of polyploidy in facilitating plant invasions. Ann Bot 2012; 109:19-45. [PMID: 22040744 PMCID: PMC3241594 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological invasions are a major ecological and socio-economic problem in many parts of the world. Despite an explosion of research in recent decades, much remains to be understood about why some species become invasive whereas others do not. Recently, polyploidy (whole genome duplication) has been proposed as an important determinant of invasiveness in plants. Genome duplication has played a major role in plant evolution and can drastically alter a plant's genetic make-up, morphology, physiology and ecology within only one or a few generations. This may allow some polyploids to succeed in strongly fluctuating environments and/or effectively colonize new habitats and, thus, increase their potential to be invasive. SCOPE We synthesize current knowledge on the importance of polyploidy for the invasion (i.e. spread) of introduced plants. We first aim to elucidate general mechanisms that are involved in the success of polyploid plants and translate this to that of plant invaders. Secondly, we provide an overview of ploidal levels in selected invasive alien plants and explain how ploidy might have contributed to their success. CONCLUSIONS Polyploidy can be an important factor in species invasion success through a combination of (1) 'pre-adaptation', whereby polyploid lineages are predisposed to conditions in the new range and, therefore, have higher survival rates and fitness in the earliest establishment phase; and (2) the possibility for subsequent adaptation due to a larger genetic diversity that may assist the 'evolution of invasiveness'. Alternatively, polyploidization may play an important role by (3) restoring sexual reproduction following hybridization or, conversely, (4) asexual reproduction in the absence of suitable mates. We, therefore, encourage invasion biologists to incorporate assessments of ploidy in their studies of invasive alien species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska te Beest
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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Gallagher RV, Leishman MR, Miller JT, Hui C, Richardson DM, Suda J, Trávníček P. Invasiveness in introduced Australian acacias: the role of species traits and genome size. DIVERS DISTRIB 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Hörandl E, Dobeš C, Suda J, Vít P, Urfus T, Temsch EM, Cosendai AC, Wagner J, Ladinig U. Apomixis is not prevalent in subnival to nival plants of the European Alps. Ann Bot 2011; 108:381-90. [PMID: 21724654 PMCID: PMC3143052 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS High alpine environments are characterized by short growing seasons, stochastic climatic conditions and fluctuating pollinator visits. These conditions are rather unfavourable for sexual reproduction of flowering plants. Apomixis, asexual reproduction via seed, provides reproductive assurance without the need of pollinators and potentially accelerates seed development. Therefore, apomixis is expected to provide selective advantages in high-alpine biota. Indeed, apomictic species occur frequently in the subalpine to alpine grassland zone of the European Alps, but the mode of reproduction of the subnival to nival flora was largely unknown. METHODS The mode of reproduction in 14 species belonging to seven families was investigated via flow cytometric seed screen. The sampling comprised 12 species typical for nival to subnival plant communities of the European Alps without any previous information on apomixis (Achillea atrata, Androsace alpina, Arabis caerulea, Erigeron uniflorus, Gnaphalium hoppeanum, Leucanthemopsis alpina, Oxyria digyna, Potentilla frigida, Ranunculus alpestris, R. glacialis, R. pygmaeus and Saxifraga bryoides), and two high-alpine species with apomixis reported from other geographical areas (Leontopodium alpinum and Potentilla crantzii). KEY RESULTS Flow cytometric data were clearly interpretable for all 46 population samples, confirming the utility of the method for broad screenings on non-model organisms. Formation of endosperm in all species of Asteraceae was documented. Ratios of endosperm : embryo showed pseudogamous apomixis for Potentilla crantzii (ratio approx. 3), but sexual reproduction for all other species (ratios approx. 1·5). CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of apomixis is not correlated to high altitudes, and cannot be readily explained by selective forces due to environmental conditions. The investigated species have probably other adaptations to high altitudes to maintain reproductive assurance via sexuality. We hypothesize that shifts to apomixis are rather connected to frequencies of polyploidization than to ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Hörandl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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Trávníček P, Kubátová B, Čurn V, Rauchová J, Krajníková E, Jersáková J, Suda J. Remarkable coexistence of multiple cytotypes of the Gymnadenia conopsea aggregate (the fragrant orchid): evidence from flow cytometry. Ann Bot 2011; 107:77-87. [PMID: 21059612 PMCID: PMC3002475 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS One of the prerequisites for polyploid research in natural systems is knowledge of the geographical distribution of cytotypes. Here inter- and intrapopulational ploidy diversity was examined in the Gymnadenia conopsea aggregate in central Europe and potential explanations and evolutionary consequences of the observed spatial patterns investigated. METHODS DAPI flow cytometry supplemented by confirmatory chromosome counts was used to determine ploidy in 3581 samples of the G. conopsea aggregate from 43 populations. The fine-scale spatial pattern of cytotype distribution (intra- and interploidy associations) was analysed with univariate and bivariate K-functions. KEY RESULTS Gymnadenia tissues undergo a progressively partial endoreplication, which accounts for about 60 % and 75 % of the total genome in G. conopsea and G. densiflora, respectively. Flow cytometric profiles are therefore species-specific and can be used as a marker for rapid and reliable species recognition. Two majority (4x, 8x) and three minority (6x, 10x, 12x) cytotypes were found, often in mixed-ploidy populations (harbouring up to all five different ploidy levels). The scarcity of the minority cytotypes (about 2·7 %) suggests the existence of strong pre- or postzygotic mating barriers. Spatial structure was observed in plots of populations with the highest cytotype variation, including clumping of individuals of the same ploidy and negative association between tetra- and octoploids. CONCLUSIONS The remarkable ploidy coexistence in the G. conopsea aggregate has reshaped our perception of intrapopulational ploidy diversity under natural conditions. This system offers unique opportunities for studying processes governing the formation and establishment of polyploids and assessing the evolutionary significance of the various pre- and postzygotic mating barriers that maintain this ploidy mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Trávníček
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Kubátová
- Biotechnological Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Čurn
- Biotechnological Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Rauchová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Krajníková
- Biotechnological Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Institute of System Biology and Ecology, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
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Sonnleitner M, Flatscher R, Escobar García P, Rauchová J, Suda J, Schneeweiss GM, Hülber K, Schönswetter P. Distribution and habitat segregation on different spatial scales among diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid cytotypes of Senecio carniolicus (Asteraceae) in the Eastern Alps. Ann Bot 2010; 106:967-77. [PMID: 20880930 PMCID: PMC2990664 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The spatial distribution of cytotypes can provide valuable insights into evolutionary patterns of polyploid complexes. In a previous study the macro-scale distribution of the three main cytotypes in Senecio carniolicus (Asteraceae) within the Eastern Alps was characterized. Employing a roughly 12-fold extended sampling, the present study focuses on unravelling patterns of cytotype distribution on the meso- and microscale and on correlating those with ecological properties of the growing sites. METHODS DAPI flow cytometry of dried samples was used to determine DNA ploidy level in 5033 individuals from 100 populations spread over the entire Eastern Alpine distribution area of S. carniolicus. Descriptors of microhabitats as well as spatial data were recorded in the field, and analysed with a mixed-effects ANOVA. KEY RESULTS Extensive variation in DNA ploidy levels (2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 7x, 8x, 9x) was detected. Of the main cytotypes, diploids and hexaploids were widespread and had strongly overlapping distributions resulting in the frequent occurrence of cytotype mixtures (half of the investigated populations), whereas tetraploids were disjunctly distributed and occurred in the south-west and the east of the species' distribution area. In spite of the frequent co-occurrence of cytotypes, only 1 % of the samples belonged to secondary cytotypes (3x, 5x, 7x, 8x, 9x). Diploids, tetraploids and hexaploids were altitudinally segregated, but with broad overlap. Similarly, highly significant differences in vegetation and rock cover as well as microhabitat exposure were found between the main cytotypes. CONCLUSIONS Senecio carniolicus shows a remarkable diversity of cytotypes. The distribution of the three main cytotypes (2x, 4x, 6x) has been shaped by Pleistocene glaciations to different extents. Whereas tetraploids are nearly entirely restricted to refugia, hexaploids colonized areas that were extensively glaciated. Diploid and hexaploid individuals often co-occur in mixed populations, where they are spatially and ecologically segregated at both the meso-scale (altitudinal differentiation, exposure of the growing site) and the micro-scale (cover of vegetation and bare rock). With regard to the ecological parameters investigated, the tetraploid cytotype occupies an intermediate position. The rareness of secondary cytotypes suggests the presence of strong pre- or post-zygotic mating barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Sonnleitner
- Department of Biogeography and Botanical Garden, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Ruth Flatscher
- Department of Biogeography and Botanical Garden, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Pedro Escobar García
- Department of Biogeography and Botanical Garden, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Jana Rauchová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 1, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
| | - Gerald M. Schneeweiss
- Department of Biogeography and Botanical Garden, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Menzingerstrasse 61, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Hülber
- Vienna Institute for Nature Conservation & Analyses, Giessergasse 6/7, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Department of Biogeography and Botanical Garden, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Department of Systematics, Palynology and Geobotany, Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Sudová R, Rydlová J, Münzbergová Z, Suda J. Ploidy-specific interactions of three host plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Does genome copy number matter? Am J Bot 2010; 97:1798-1807. [PMID: 21616819 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Polyploidy has been shown to affect different plant traits and modulate interactions between plants and other organisms, such as pollinators and herbivores. However, no information is available on whether it can also shape the functioning of mycorrhizal symbiosis. • METHODS The mycorrhizal growth response was assessed for three angiosperms with intraspecific ploidy variation. Different cytotypes of Aster amellus, Campanula gentilis, and Pimpinella saxifraga were either left uninoculated or were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in a pot experiment. After 3 mo of cultivation in a greenhouse, plant growth, phosphorus concentration in the shoot biomass, and development of the AM symbiosis were evaluated. • KEY RESULTS No significant ploidy-specific differences in AM development were recorded. The inoculation led to consistently greater phosphorus uptake; however, the effect on plant growth differed considerably among plant species, populations, ploidy levels, and AM species. A salient ploidy-specific response was observed in A. amellus. Whereas diploid plants benefited from AM inoculation, the hexaploids consistently showed negative or no-growth responses (depending on the AM species). In contrast to A. amellus, no interactions between inoculation and ploidy were observed in C. gentilis and P. saxifraga. • CONCLUSIONS The first evidence is provided of a ploidy-specific response of a mycotrophic plant to AM fungi. Our results demonstrate the complexity of interaction between plants and associated AM fungi, with the ploidy level of the host plant being one component that may modulate the functioning of the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Sudová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
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Affiliation(s)
- J Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
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Le Roux JJ, Geerts S, Ivey P, Krauss S, Richardson DM, Suda J, Wilson JRU. Molecular systematics and ecology of invasive Kangaroo Paws in South Africa: management implications for a horticulturally important genus. Biol Invasions 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-010-9818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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