1
|
Alexander LM, Aliaga Goltsman DS, Liu J, Lin JL, Temoche-Diaz MM, Laperriere SM, Neerincx A, Bednarski C, Knyphausen P, Cohnen A, Albers J, Gonzalez-Osorio L, Fregoso Ocampo R, Oki J, Devoto AE, Castelle CJ, Lamothe RC, Cost GJ, Butterfield CN, Thomas BC, Brown CT. Novel and Engineered Type II CRISPR Systems from Uncultivated Microbes with Broad Genome Editing Capability. CRISPR J 2023; 6:261-277. [PMID: 37272861 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2022.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 nucleases have been extensively used in biotechnology and therapeutics. However, many applications are not possible owing to the size, targetability, and potential off-target effects associated with currently known systems. In this study, we identified thousands of CRISPR type II effectors by mining an extensive, genome-resolved metagenomics database encompassing hundreds of thousands of microbial genomes. We developed a high-throughput pipeline that enabled us to predict tracrRNA sequences, to design single guide RNAs, and to demonstrate nuclease activity in vitro for 41 newly described subgroups. Active systems represent an extensive diversity of protein sequences and guide RNA structures and require diverse protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs) that collectively expand the known targeting capability of current systems. Several nucleases showed activity levels comparable to or significantly higher than SpCas9, despite being smaller in size. In addition, top systems exhibited low levels of off-target editing in mammalian cells, and PAM-interacting domain engineered chimeras further expanded their targetability. These newly discovered nucleases are attractive enzymes for translation into many applications, including therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason Liu
- Metagenomi, Inc., Discovery, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Jyun-Liang Lin
- Metagenomi, Inc., Discovery, Emeryville, California, USA
| | | | | | - Andreas Neerincx
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Leverkusen, Germany
| | | | | | - Andre Cohnen
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Justine Albers
- Metagenomi, Inc., Discovery, Emeryville, California, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Oki
- Metagenomi, Inc., Discovery, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Audra E Devoto
- Metagenomi, Inc., Discovery, Emeryville, California, USA
| | | | | | - Gregory J Cost
- Metagenomi Inc., Pre-clinical, Emeryville, California, USA
| | | | - Brian C Thomas
- Metagenomi, Inc., Discovery, Emeryville, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lamothe RC, Storlie MD, Espinosa DA, Rudlaff R, Browne P, Liu J, Rivas A, Devoto A, Oki J, Khoubyari A, Goltsman DSA, Lin JL, Butterfield CN, Brown CT, Thomas BC, Cost GJ. Novel CRISPR-Associated Gene-Editing Systems Discovered in Metagenomic Samples Enable Efficient and Specific Genome Engineering. CRISPR J 2023. [PMID: 37219969 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2022.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of medicines using gene editing has been hampered by enzymological and immunological impediments. We described previously the discovery and characterization of improved, novel gene-editing systems from metagenomic data. In this study, we substantially advance this work with three such gene-editing systems, demonstrating their utility for cell therapy development. All three systems are capable of reproducible, high-frequency gene editing in primary immune cells. In human T cells, disruption of the T cell receptor (TCR) alpha-chain was induced in >95% of cells, both paralogs of the TCR beta-chain in >90% of cells, and >90% knockout of β2-microglobulin, TIGIT, FAS, and PDCD1. Simultaneous double knockout of TRAC and TRBC was obtained at a frequency equal to that of the single edits. Gene editing with our systems had minimal effect on T cell viability. Furthermore, we integrate a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) construct into TRAC (up to ∼60% of T cells), and demonstrate CAR expression and cytotoxicity. We next applied our novel gene-editing tools to natural killer (NK) cells, B cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells, generating similarly efficient cell-engineering outcomes including the creation of active CAR-NK cells. Interrogation of our gene-editing systems' specificity reveals a profile comparable with or better than Cas9. Finally, our nucleases lack preexisting humoral and T cell-based immunity, consistent with their sourcing from nonhuman pathogens. In all, we show these new gene-editing systems have the activity, specificity, and translatability necessary for use in cell therapy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jason Liu
- Metagenomi, Inc., Emeryville, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen IP, Longbotham JE, McMahon S, Suryawanshi RK, Khalid MM, Taha TY, Tabata T, Hayashi JM, Soveg FW, Carlson-Stevermer J, Gupta M, Zhang MY, Lam VL, Li Y, Yu Z, Titus EW, Diallo A, Oki J, Holden K, Krogan N, Fujimori DG, Ott M. Viral E Protein Neutralizes BET Protein-Mediated Post-Entry Antagonism of SARS-CoV-2. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111088. [PMID: 35839775 PMCID: PMC9234021 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins are possible anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prophylactics as they downregulate angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Here we show that BET proteins should not be inactivated therapeutically because they are critical antiviral factors at the post-entry level. Depletion of BRD3 or BRD4 in cells overexpressing ACE2 exacerbates SARS-CoV-2 infection; the same is observed when cells with endogenous ACE2 expression are treated with BET inhibitors during infection and not before. Viral replication and mortality are also enhanced in BET inhibitor-treated mice overexpressing ACE2. BET inactivation suppresses interferon production induced by SARS-CoV-2, a process phenocopied by the envelope (E) protein previously identified as a possible “histone mimetic.” E protein, in an acetylated form, directly binds the second bromodomain of BRD4. Our data support a model where SARS-CoV-2 E protein evolved to antagonize interferon responses via BET protein inhibition; this neutralization should not be further enhanced with BET inhibitor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene P Chen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - James E Longbotham
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sarah McMahon
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Mir M Khalid
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Taha Y Taha
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Meghna Gupta
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Meng Yao Zhang
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Victor L Lam
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zanlin Yu
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Erron W Titus
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Amy Diallo
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer Oki
- Synthego Corporation, 3696 Haven Avenue, Suite A, Menlo Park, CA 94063, USA
| | - Kevin Holden
- Synthego Corporation, 3696 Haven Avenue, Suite A, Menlo Park, CA 94063, USA
| | - Nevan Krogan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Danica Galonić Fujimori
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Conant D, Hsiau T, Rossi N, Oki J, Maures T, Waite K, Yang J, Joshi S, Kelso R, Holden K, Enzmann BL, Stoner R. Inference of CRISPR Edits from Sanger Trace Data. CRISPR J 2022. [PMID: 35119294 DOI: 10.1101/251082v1.abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient and precise genome editing requires a fast, quantitative, and inexpensive assay to assess genotype following editing. Here, we present ICE (Inference of CRISPR Edits), which enables robust analysis of CRISPR edits using Sanger data. ICE proposes potential outcomes for editing with guide RNAs, and then determines which are supported by the data via regression. The ICE algorithm is robust and reproducible, and it can be used to analyze CRISPR experiments within days after transfection. We also confirm that ICE produces accurate estimates of editing outcomes across a variety of benchmarks, and within the context of other existing Sanger analysis tools. The ICE tool is free to use and open source, and offers several improvements over current analysis tools, such as batch analysis and support for a variety of editing conditions. It is available online at ice.synthego.com, and the source code is available at github.com/synthego-open/ice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Hsiau
- Synthego, Redwood City, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Conant D, Hsiau T, Rossi N, Oki J, Maures T, Waite K, Yang J, Joshi S, Kelso R, Holden K, Enzmann BL, Stoner R. Inference of CRISPR Edits from Sanger Trace Data. CRISPR J 2022; 5:123-130. [PMID: 35119294 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient and precise genome editing requires a fast, quantitative, and inexpensive assay to assess genotype following editing. Here, we present ICE (Inference of CRISPR Edits), which enables robust analysis of CRISPR edits using Sanger data. ICE proposes potential outcomes for editing with guide RNAs, and then determines which are supported by the data via regression. The ICE algorithm is robust and reproducible, and it can be used to analyze CRISPR experiments within days after transfection. We also confirm that ICE produces accurate estimates of editing outcomes across a variety of benchmarks, and within the context of other existing Sanger analysis tools. The ICE tool is free to use and open source, and offers several improvements over current analysis tools, such as batch analysis and support for a variety of editing conditions. It is available online at ice.synthego.com, and the source code is available at github.com/synthego-open/ice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Hsiau
- Synthego, Redwood City, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Conant D, Hsiau T, Rossi N, Oki J, Maures T, Waite K, Yang J, Joshi S, Kelso R, Holden K, Enzmann BL, Stoner R. Inference of CRISPR Edits from Sanger Trace Data. CRISPR J 2022; 5:123-130. [PMID: 35119294 DOI: 10.1101/251082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient and precise genome editing requires a fast, quantitative, and inexpensive assay to assess genotype following editing. Here, we present ICE (Inference of CRISPR Edits), which enables robust analysis of CRISPR edits using Sanger data. ICE proposes potential outcomes for editing with guide RNAs, and then determines which are supported by the data via regression. The ICE algorithm is robust and reproducible, and it can be used to analyze CRISPR experiments within days after transfection. We also confirm that ICE produces accurate estimates of editing outcomes across a variety of benchmarks, and within the context of other existing Sanger analysis tools. The ICE tool is free to use and open source, and offers several improvements over current analysis tools, such as batch analysis and support for a variety of editing conditions. It is available online at ice.synthego.com, and the source code is available at github.com/synthego-open/ice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Hsiau
- Synthego, Redwood City, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Samelson AJ, Tran QD, Robinot R, Carrau L, Rezelj VV, Kain AM, Chen M, Ramadoss GN, Guo X, Lim SA, Lui I, Nuñez JK, Rockwood SJ, Wang J, Liu N, Carlson-Stevermer J, Oki J, Maures T, Holden K, Weissman JS, Wells JA, Conklin BR, TenOever BR, Chakrabarti LA, Vignuzzi M, Tian R, Kampmann M. BRD2 inhibition blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing transcription of the host cell receptor ACE2. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:24-34. [PMID: 35027731 PMCID: PMC8820466 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection of human cells is initiated by the binding of the viral Spike protein to its cell-surface receptor ACE2. We conducted a targeted CRISPRi screen to uncover druggable pathways controlling Spike protein binding to human cells. Here we show that the protein BRD2 is required for ACE2 transcription in human lung epithelial cells and cardiomyocytes, and BRD2 inhibitors currently evaluated in clinical trials potently block endogenous ACE2 expression and SARS-CoV-2 infection of human cells, including those of human nasal epithelia. Moreover, pharmacological BRD2 inhibition with the drug ABBV-744 inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in Syrian hamsters. We also found that BRD2 controls transcription of several other genes induced upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the interferon response, which in turn regulates the antiviral response. Together, our results pinpoint BRD2 as a potent and essential regulator of the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlight the potential of BRD2 as a therapeutic target for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avi J Samelson
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Quang Dinh Tran
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- École Doctorale BioSPC, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rémy Robinot
- Institut Pasteur, CIVIC Group, Virus and Immunity Unit, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lucia Carrau
- Microbiology Department, NYU-Langone, New York, NY, USA
| | - Veronica V Rezelj
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alice Mac Kain
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- École Doctorale BioSPC, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Merissa Chen
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gokul N Ramadoss
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shion A Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Irene Lui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James K Nuñez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jianhui Wang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - James A Wells
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce R Conklin
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- Institut Pasteur, CIVIC Group, Virus and Immunity Unit, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ruilin Tian
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen IP, Longbotham JE, McMahon S, Suryawanshi RK, Carlson-Stevermer J, Gupta M, Zhang MY, Soveg FW, Hayashi JM, Taha TY, Lam VL, Li Y, Yu Z, Titus EW, Diallo A, Oki J, Holden K, Krogan N, Galonić Fujimori D, Ott M. Viral E Protein Neutralizes BET Protein-Mediated Post-Entry Antagonism of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 34816261 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.14.468537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of Bromodomain and Extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins are possible anti-SARS-CoV-2 prophylactics as they downregulate angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Here, we show that BET proteins should not be inactivated therapeutically as they are critical antiviral factors at the post-entry level. Knockouts of BRD3 or BRD4 in cells overexpressing ACE2 exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 infection; the same is observed when cells with endogenous ACE2 expression are treated with BET inhibitors during infection, and not before. Viral replication and mortality are also enhanced in BET inhibitor-treated mice overexpressing ACE2. BET inactivation suppresses interferon production induced by SARS-CoV-2, a process phenocopied by the envelope (E) protein previously identified as a possible "histone mimetic." E protein, in an acetylated form, directly binds the second bromodomain of BRD4. Our data support a model where SARS-CoV-2 E protein evolved to antagonize interferon responses via BET protein inhibition; this neutralization should not be further enhanced with BET inhibitor treatment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Samelson AJ, Tran QD, Robinot R, Carrau L, Rezelj VV, Mac Kain A, Chen M, Ramadoss GN, Guo X, Lim SA, Lui I, Nunez J, Rockwood SJ, Wang J, Liu N, Carlson-Stevermer J, Oki J, Maures T, Holden K, Weissman JS, Wells JA, Conklin BR, TenOever BR, Chakrabarti LA, Vignuzzi M, Tian R, Kampmann M. BRD2 inhibition blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing transcription of the host cell receptor ACE2. bioRxiv 2021:2021.01.19.427194. [PMID: 33501440 PMCID: PMC7836110 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.19.427194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection of human cells is initiated by the binding of the viral Spike protein to its cell-surface receptor ACE2. We conducted a targeted CRISPRi screen to uncover druggable pathways controlling Spike protein binding to human cells. We found that the protein BRD2 is required for ACE2 transcription in human lung epithelial cells and cardiomyocytes, and BRD2 inhibitors currently evaluated in clinical trials potently block endogenous ACE2 expression and SARS-CoV-2 infection of human cells, including those of human nasal epithelia. Moreover, pharmacological BRD2 inhibition with the drug ABBV-744 inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in Syrian hamsters. We also found that BRD2 controls transcription of several other genes induced upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the interferon response, which in turn regulates the antiviral response. Together, our results pinpoint BRD2 as a potent and essential regulator of the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlight the potential of BRD2 as a novel therapeutic target for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avi J Samelson
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Quang Dinh Tran
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, 75015 Paris, France
- École Doctorale BioSPC, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Rémy Robinot
- Institut Pasteur, CIVIC Group, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lucia Carrau
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Veronica V Rezelj
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alice Mac Kain
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, 75015 Paris, France
- École Doctorale BioSPC, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Merissa Chen
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gokul N Ramadoss
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, 94158, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences PhD Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Shion A Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Present address: Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Irene Lui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - James Nunez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Jianhui Wang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China 518055
| | - Na Liu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China 518055
| | - Jared Carlson-Stevermer
- Synthego Corporation, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142, USA
| | - Jennifer Oki
- Synthego Corporation, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142, USA
| | - Travis Maures
- Synthego Corporation, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142, USA
| | - Kevin Holden
- Synthego Corporation, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142, USA
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, 02142, USA, Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
| | - James A Wells
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bruce R Conklin
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, 94158, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA. 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | | | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- Institut Pasteur, CIVIC Group, Virus and Immunity Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ruilin Tian
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China 518055
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Williams CG, Jureka AS, Silvas JA, Nicolini AM, Chvatal SA, Carlson-Stevermer J, Oki J, Holden K, Basler CF. Inhibitors of VPS34 and fatty-acid metabolism suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109479. [PMID: 34320401 PMCID: PMC8289695 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses rely on host membranes for entry, establishment of replication centers, and egress. Compounds targeting cellular membrane biology and lipid biosynthetic pathways have previously shown promise as antivirals and are actively being pursued as treatments for other conditions. Here, we test small molecule inhibitors that target the PI3 kinase VPS34 or fatty acid metabolism for anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) activity. Our studies determine that compounds targeting VPS34 are potent SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. Mechanistic studies with compounds targeting multiple steps up- and downstream of fatty acid synthase (FASN) identify the importance of triacylglycerol production and protein palmitoylation as requirements for efficient viral RNA synthesis and infectious virus production. Further, FASN knockout results in significantly impaired SARS-CoV-2 replication that can be rescued with fatty acid supplementation. Together, these studies clarify roles for VPS34 and fatty acid metabolism in SARS-CoV-2 replication and identify promising avenues for the development of countermeasures against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline G Williams
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Alexander S Jureka
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jesus A Silvas
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gordon DE, Hiatt J, Bouhaddou M, Rezelj VV, Ulferts S, Braberg H, Jureka AS, Obernier K, Guo JZ, Batra J, Kaake RM, Weckstein AR, Owens TW, Gupta M, Pourmal S, Titus EW, Cakir M, Soucheray M, McGregor M, Cakir Z, Jang G, O'Meara MJ, Tummino TA, Zhang Z, Foussard H, Rojc A, Zhou Y, Kuchenov D, Hüttenhain R, Xu J, Eckhardt M, Swaney DL, Fabius JM, Ummadi M, Tutuncuoglu B, Rathore U, Modak M, Haas P, Haas KM, Naing ZZC, Pulido EH, Shi Y, Barrio-Hernandez I, Memon D, Petsalaki E, Dunham A, Marrero MC, Burke D, Koh C, Vallet T, Silvas JA, Azumaya CM, Billesbølle C, Brilot AF, Campbell MG, Diallo A, Dickinson MS, Diwanji D, Herrera N, Hoppe N, Kratochvil HT, Liu Y, Merz GE, Moritz M, Nguyen HC, Nowotny C, Puchades C, Rizo AN, Schulze-Gahmen U, Smith AM, Sun M, Young ID, Zhao J, Asarnow D, Biel J, Bowen A, Braxton JR, Chen J, Chio CM, Chio US, Deshpande I, Doan L, Faust B, Flores S, Jin M, Kim K, Lam VL, Li F, Li J, Li YL, Li Y, Liu X, Lo M, Lopez KE, Melo AA, Moss FR, Nguyen P, Paulino J, Pawar KI, Peters JK, Pospiech TH, Safari M, Sangwan S, Schaefer K, Thomas PV, Thwin AC, Trenker R, Tse E, Tsui TKM, Wang F, Whitis N, Yu Z, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Zhou F, Saltzberg D, Hodder AJ, Shun-Shion AS, Williams DM, White KM, Rosales R, Kehrer T, Miorin L, Moreno E, Patel AH, Rihn S, Khalid MM, Vallejo-Gracia A, Fozouni P, Simoneau CR, Roth TL, Wu D, Karim MA, Ghoussaini M, Dunham I, Berardi F, Weigang S, Chazal M, Park J, Logue J, McGrath M, Weston S, Haupt R, Hastie CJ, Elliott M, Brown F, Burness KA, Reid E, Dorward M, Johnson C, Wilkinson SG, Geyer A, Giesel DM, Baillie C, Raggett S, Leech H, Toth R, Goodman N, Keough KC, Lind AL, Klesh RJ, Hemphill KR, Carlson-Stevermer J, Oki J, Holden K, Maures T, Pollard KS, Sali A, Agard DA, Cheng Y, Fraser JS, Frost A, Jura N, Kortemme T, Manglik A, Southworth DR, Stroud RM, Alessi DR, Davies P, Frieman MB, Ideker T, Abate C, Jouvenet N, Kochs G, Shoichet B, Ott M, Palmarini M, Shokat KM, García-Sastre A, Rassen JA, Grosse R, Rosenberg OS, Verba KA, Basler CF, Vignuzzi M, Peden AA, Beltrao P, Krogan NJ. Comparative host-coronavirus protein interaction networks reveal pan-viral disease mechanisms. Science 2020; 370:eabe9403. [PMID: 33060197 PMCID: PMC7808408 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a grave threat to public health and the global economy. SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to the more lethal but less transmissible coronaviruses SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Here, we have carried out comparative viral-human protein-protein interaction and viral protein localization analyses for all three viruses. Subsequent functional genetic screening identified host factors that functionally impinge on coronavirus proliferation, including Tom70, a mitochondrial chaperone protein that interacts with both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 ORF9b, an interaction we structurally characterized using cryo-electron microscopy. Combining genetically validated host factors with both COVID-19 patient genetic data and medical billing records identified molecular mechanisms and potential drug treatments that merit further molecular and clinical study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Gordon
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mehdi Bouhaddou
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Veronica V Rezelj
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724, Paris, cedex 15, France
| | - Svenja Ulferts
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Braberg
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexander S Jureka
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffrey Z Guo
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jyoti Batra
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Robyn M Kaake
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Tristan W Owens
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Meghna Gupta
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sergei Pourmal
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Erron W Titus
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Merve Cakir
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Margaret Soucheray
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael McGregor
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zeynep Cakir
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Jang
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Matthew J O'Meara
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tia A Tummino
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Helene Foussard
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ajda Rojc
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dmitry Kuchenov
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jiewei Xu
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Manon Eckhardt
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Fabius
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Manisha Ummadi
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Beril Tutuncuoglu
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ujjwal Rathore
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Maya Modak
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Paige Haas
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kelsey M Haas
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zun Zar Chi Naing
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ernst H Pulido
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ying Shi
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Inigo Barrio-Hernandez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Danish Memon
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Eirini Petsalaki
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Alistair Dunham
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Miguel Correa Marrero
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - David Burke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Cassandra Koh
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724, Paris, cedex 15, France
| | - Thomas Vallet
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724, Paris, cedex 15, France
| | - Jesus A Silvas
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Caleigh M Azumaya
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christian Billesbølle
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Axel F Brilot
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Melody G Campbell
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Amy Diallo
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Miles Sasha Dickinson
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Devan Diwanji
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nadia Herrera
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nick Hoppe
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Huong T Kratochvil
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yanxin Liu
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gregory E Merz
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michelle Moritz
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Henry C Nguyen
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Carlos Nowotny
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Cristina Puchades
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexandrea N Rizo
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ursula Schulze-Gahmen
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Amber M Smith
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ming Sun
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Beam Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Iris D Young
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Asarnow
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Justin Biel
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alisa Bowen
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Julian R Braxton
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jen Chen
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Cynthia M Chio
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Un Seng Chio
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ishan Deshpande
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Loan Doan
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bryan Faust
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sebastian Flores
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mingliang Jin
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kate Kim
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Victor L Lam
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fei Li
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Junrui Li
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yen-Li Li
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yang Li
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xi Liu
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Megan Lo
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kyle E Lopez
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Arthur A Melo
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Frank R Moss
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joana Paulino
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Komal Ishwar Pawar
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jessica K Peters
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Thomas H Pospiech
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Maliheh Safari
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Smriti Sangwan
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kaitlin Schaefer
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Paul V Thomas
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Aye C Thwin
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Raphael Trenker
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric Tse
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tsz Kin Martin Tsui
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Natalie Whitis
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zanlin Yu
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kaihua Zhang
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fengbo Zhou
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Saltzberg
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anthony J Hodder
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Amber S Shun-Shion
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Daniel M Williams
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kris M White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Romel Rosales
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Thomas Kehrer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elena Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Suzannah Rihn
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Mir M Khalid
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Parinaz Fozouni
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Camille R Simoneau
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Theodore L Roth
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David Wu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mohd Anisul Karim
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Maya Ghoussaini
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Ian Dunham
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Francesco Berardi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari 'ALDO MORO', Via Orabona, 4 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Sebastian Weigang
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maxime Chazal
- Département de Virologie, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marisa McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Robert Haupt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - C James Hastie
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Matthew Elliott
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Fiona Brown
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kerry A Burness
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Elaine Reid
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Mark Dorward
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Clare Johnson
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Stuart G Wilkinson
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anna Geyer
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Daniel M Giesel
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Carla Baillie
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Samantha Raggett
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Hannah Leech
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Rachel Toth
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Nicola Goodman
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | | | - Abigail L Lind
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Kafi R Hemphill
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Oki
- Synthego Corporation, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Kevin Holden
- Synthego Corporation, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | | | - Katherine S Pollard
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Andrej Sali
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David A Agard
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - James S Fraser
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adam Frost
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tanja Kortemme
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- The University of California, Berkeley-University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel R Southworth
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Robert M Stroud
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dario R Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Paul Davies
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department to Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari 'ALDO MORO', Via Orabona, 4 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Département de Virologie, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brian Shoichet
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Robert Grosse
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oren S Rosenberg
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kliment A Verba
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724, Paris, cedex 15, France.
| | - Andrew A Peden
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Pedro Beltrao
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang R, Simoneau CR, Kulsuptrakul J, Bouhaddou M, Travisano K, Hayashi JM, Carlson-Stevermer J, Oki J, Holden K, Krogan NJ, Ott M, Puschnik AS. Functional genomic screens identify human host factors for SARS-CoV-2 and common cold coronaviruses. bioRxiv 2020:2020.09.24.312298. [PMID: 32995787 PMCID: PMC7523113 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.24.312298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Coronaviridae are a family of viruses that causes disease in humans ranging from mild respiratory infection to potentially lethal acute respiratory distress syndrome. Finding host factors that are common to multiple coronaviruses could facilitate the development of therapies to combat current and future coronavirus pandemics. Here, we conducted parallel genome-wide CRISPR screens in cells infected by SARS-CoV-2 as well as two seasonally circulating common cold coronaviruses, OC43 and 229E. This approach correctly identified the distinct viral entry factors ACE2 (for SARS-CoV-2), aminopeptidase N (for 229E) and glycosaminoglycans (for OC43). Additionally, we discovered phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthesis and cholesterol homeostasis as critical host pathways supporting infection by all three coronaviruses. By contrast, the lysosomal protein TMEM106B appeared unique to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pharmacological inhibition of phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthesis and cholesterol homeostasis reduced replication of all three coronaviruses. These findings offer important insights for the understanding of the coronavirus life cycle as well as the potential development of host-directed therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruofan Wang
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | | | | | - Mehdi Bouhaddou
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- University of California San Francisco, Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- University of California San Francisco, Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Konermann S, Lotfy P, Brideau NJ, Oki J, Shokhirev MN, Hsu PD. Transcriptome Engineering with RNA-Targeting Type VI-D CRISPR Effectors. Cell 2018; 173:665-676.e14. [PMID: 29551272 PMCID: PMC5910255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 633] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems endow microbes with diverse mechanisms for adaptive immunity. Here, we analyzed prokaryotic genome and metagenome sequences to identify an uncharacterized family of RNA-guided, RNA-targeting CRISPR systems that we classify as type VI-D. Biochemical characterization and protein engineering of seven distinct orthologs generated a ribonuclease effector derived from Ruminococcus flavefaciens XPD3002 (CasRx) with robust activity in human cells. CasRx-mediated knockdown exhibits high efficiency and specificity relative to RNA interference across diverse endogenous transcripts. As one of the most compact single-effector Cas enzymes, CasRx can also be flexibly packaged into adeno-associated virus. We target virally encoded, catalytically inactive CasRx to cis elements of pre-mRNA to manipulate alternative splicing, alleviating dysregulated tau isoform ratios in a neuronal model of frontotemporal dementia. Our results present CasRx as a programmable RNA-binding module for efficient targeting of cellular RNA, enabling a general platform for transcriptome engineering and future therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Konermann
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter Lotfy
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas J Brideau
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer Oki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Patrick D Hsu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sato K, Inoue Y, Umeda M, Ishigamori I, Igarashi A, Togashi S, Harada K, Miyashita M, Sakuma Y, Oki J, Yoshihara R, Eguchi K. A Japanese Region-wide Survey of the Knowledge, Difficulties and Self-reported Palliative Care Practices Among Nurses. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014; 44:718-28. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyu075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
15
|
Igarashi K, Kajino M, Shirai M, Oki J, Seki K. [A case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection]. No To Hattatsu 2011; 43:59-61. [PMID: 21400935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
|
16
|
Ishii T, Makita Y, Ogawa A, Amamiya S, Yamamoto M, Miyamoto A, Oki J. The role of different X-inactivation pattern on the variable clinical phenotype with Rett syndrome. Brain Dev 2001; 23 Suppl 1:S161-4. [PMID: 11738865 DOI: 10.1016/s0387-7604(01)00344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A gene for Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2), which locates Xq28, was recently found to be responsible for Rett syndrome. Although mutational analyses of MECP2 in Rett syndrome have been extensively analyzed, the mechanism(s) by which variable clinical phenotype occurred between affected monozygotic twins or sisters have not been clarified. We hypothesized that the difference of X-inactivation pattern might explain this phenomenon. With the method based on methylation-specific PCR, we analyzed polymorphic trinucleotide repeat in the human andorogen receptor gene mapped on Xq11.2-12, using DNA samples derived from previously described monozygotic twins and sisters together with their parents. Their clinical phenotypes were reported to be significantly different between siblings. We found that (1) maternally derived allele is predominantly active than paternally derived one in three out of four patients analyzed, (2) remaining one twin patient, whose ratio of active paternal allele is almost the same level as maternal allele, showed far much severe phenotype when compared with her counterpart. Together with the finding that most of the alleles with de novo mutation are from paternal X chromosome in sporadic cases, the existence of a mechanism that suppresses mutated paternal allele activation, resulting skewed X-inactivation to make clinical phenotype milder, might be speculated. Thus, when this mechanism fails to work sufficiently by an unknown reason, severer clinical phenotype could occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, 2-1-1-1, Midorigaoka-higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- P Cuddy
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yoneda A, Asada M, Yamamoto S, Oki J, Oda Y, Ota K, Ogi Y, Fujishima S, Imamura T. Engineering neoglycoproteins with multiple O-glycans using repetitive pentapeptide glycosylation units. Glycoconj J 2001; 18:291-9. [PMID: 11788797 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013608930759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Controlled protein remodeling with O-linked glycans has been limited by our incomplete understanding of the process of glycosylation. Here we describe a secretable fibroblast growth factor (FGF) with multiple mucin-type O-glycans produced by introducing a minimum pentapeptide glycosylation unit in a decarepeat format at its N- or C-terminus. Expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, chemical and biochemical analyses of the resultant proteins (Nm10-FGF and Cm10-FGF, respectively) demonstrated that all O-glycosylation units were glycosylated and the dominant structure was sialylated Gal[beta1-3]GalNAc. This indicates that minimum O-glycosylation unit in multirepeat format serves as a remarkably efficient acceptor in CHO cells. The Nm10-FGF and Cm10-FGF proteins maintained the mitogenic activity to vascular endothelial cells. In addition, intact Cm10-FGF and its desialylated form interacted with several lectins in the same way as mucin-type glycoproteins. The intact Cm10-FGF with multiple sialylated O-glycans exhibited a longer lifetime in circulating blood, whereas the Cm10-FGF with desialylated O-glycans exhibited a shorter lifetime than the deglycosylated form of Cm10-FGF. Our approach would thus appear to be highly effective for engineering neoglycoproteins, the characteristics of which are determined by their multiple mucin-type O-glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Yoneda
- Gene Discovery Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Miyamoto A, Sugai R, Okamoto T, Shirai M, Oki J. Urine stone formation during treatment with zonisamide. Brain Dev 2000; 22:460. [PMID: 11221704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
|
20
|
Miyamoto A, Sugai R, Okamoto T, Shirai M, Oki J. Urine stone formation during treatment with zonisamide. Brain Dev 2000; 22:460. [PMID: 11195083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
|
21
|
Tanaka H, Takahashi S, Oki J. Developmental regulation of spinal motoneurons by monoaminergic nerve fibers. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2000; 2:323-32. [PMID: 10975741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
1. In rats, both diameter and area of the cell bodies of spinal MNs increase rapidly during the first few postnatal weeks and slowly thereafter. The total dendritic length, radial extent and arbor area of spinal MNs also increase significantly throughout the first few postnatal weeks. This development is coincident with motor development in rat, which progresses rapidly during the first two to four weeks of life. The dendritic length and radial extent of spinal MNs increase more significantly in the cervical cord than in the lumbar cord throughout the first three postnatal days, and are possibly related to the motor development, with a rostro-caudal gradient. 2. All monoaminergic neurons projecting their axons to the spinal cord are located in the brainstem. namely in the locus coeruleus, the subcoeruleus and the medulla raphe nuclei in rats. The NA neurons of the locus coeruleus begin to be detected at ED 10-13, slightly earlier than the 5HT neurons in the raphe nuclei, which are first detected at ED 13. At ED 16, the NA fibers are seen in the ventral funiculus only at the cervical level, and many NA fibers are seen in the ventral horns at all levels at ED 18. The 5HT fibers reach the caudalmost levels of spinal cord by ED 16-17, which is earlier than NA fibers; this occurs in spite of the earlier ontogeny of NA neurons in the locus coeruleus than that of 5HT neurons in the raphe nuclei. 3. The monoamine system is thought to exert a variety of modulatory effects on target neurons during both pre- and postnatal periods, and many reports support the idea that monoamine systems have a "neurotrophic effect." On the other hand, important roles of NA and 5HT in MN activity and/or motor behavior have also been reported. It is suggested, therefore, that monoaminergic systems play important roles in motor development through a two-step mechanism: during early developmental stage. monoaminergic systems mainly act as neurotrophic agents on spinal MNs, which are the final motor output neurons; thereafter, they mainly play neuromodulatory roles on MN activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Habilitation Center for Disabled Children, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Oki J, Miyamoto A, Takahashi S. [Longitudinal study of cognitive function in two patients with focal cortical dysplasia]. No To Hattatsu 2000; 32:408-14. [PMID: 11004834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the relationship between epileptic attacks and cognitive dysfunction, we examined the serial findings of 123I-IMP single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in relation to the intelligence quotient (IQ), assessed by Wechsler Intelligence Scale of Children-Revised, in two female patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) over a 10-year period. The age of patient 1 at the initial assessment was 2 years, and the age of patient 2 was 9 months. They developed complex partial epilepsy in infancy, and were treated with antiepileptic drugs, which remained effective until 11 years of age, when their epileptic attacks recurred. Patient 1, a 14-year-old girl with FCD of the left parietal lobe suffered from dyscalculia, right-left disorientation, and finger agnosia even when she was free of epileptic attacks. Following the recurrence of seizures which occurred every night, she became unable to understand what was said to her. A hypoperfusion area detected by 123I-IMP SPECT was restricted to the left parietal lobe during the seizure-free period, but spread to the temporo-parietal lobes following the recurrence. Her verbal IQ declined from 94 (at 9 years of age) to 63 (at 11 years and 8 months). After her seizures were controlled again (at 14 years and 4 months), the 123I-IMP SPECT findings improved. Patient 2, a 12-year-old girl with FCD of the left frontal lobe, showed cognitive dysfunction. Her verbal IQ declined from 91 (at 7 years and 5 months) to 76 (at 11 years and 8 months) following a recurrence of epileptic attacks. 123I-IMP SPECT showed hypoperfusion in the left frontal lobe, where the accumulation count ratio (left/right ratio) declined from 0.86 (at 3 years) to 0.64 (at 11 years). These findings suggest that epileptic attacks are related to cognitive dysfunction in FCD patients. This cognitive dysfunction appears to correlate with the appearance of hypoperfusion areas, as detected by 123I-IMP SPECT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Oki
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
A male with developmental dysphasia is documented with fine motor dysfunction whose improvement in expressive language was associated with increased cerebellar perfusion, as detected by serial N-isopropyl-p-[iodine-123] iodoamphetamine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). His expressive language has been improving since 6 years, 8 months of age, and his verbal intelligence quotient improved from less than 45 at 5 years of age to 80 at 8 years of age. Compared with the SPECT findings at 4 years of age, the ratio of the average pixel values of the cerebellum to the frontal cortices increased at 9 years of age (from 0.81 to 1.03-1.09 in the hemisphere and from 0.66 to 0.98 in the vermis). However, he was not able to understand stories presented orally even at 9 years, 4 months of age. These results suggest that developmental dysphasia, which mostly involves expressive impairment, in this patient could have been the result of delayed maturation of cerebellar function, mainly that of the vermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Oki
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
To determine the developmental changes of cervical and lumbar motoneurons (MNs) during normal development and after a neonatal hypoxic insult, cervical and lumbar MNs were studied in rats of various postnatal ages using a retrograde neurotracing technique combined with immunohistochemistry. The results regarding normal development could be summarized as follows: (1) the dendrites elongated mainly during the first 5 postnatal days (PNDs), being longer and more extensive in cervical MNs than in lumbar MNs; (2) the average cell body area increased from PND 5 to 14; and (3) the distribution of cell body areas changed from a unimodal to a bimodal pattern between PND 5 and 14. The temporal differences in morphologic development between cervical and lumbar MNs may influence the motor development in a rostrocaudal manner. The dendrites of lumbar MNs were shorter and less extensive in rats with a neonatal hypoxic insult than in rats without one; no significant difference was observed in cervical MNs between the two groups. The developmental difference between cervical and lumbar MNs after a neonatal hypoxic insult may contribute to motor deficits, with greater effect on the lower than the upper limbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Miyamoto A, Takahashi S, Oki J. [A successful treatment with intravenous lidocaine followed by oral mexiletine in a patient with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome]. No To Hattatsu 1999; 31:459-64. [PMID: 10487072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Clusters of atypical absence, myoclonic seizures and tonic seizures developed in a thirteen-year-old boy with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. As conventional antiepileptic drugs failed to eliminate the seizures, we treated the patient with continuous intravenous lidocaine (4 mg/kg/hr). The treatment reduced the duration of paroxysmal discharges (spike-wave complexes and rapid rhythm) from 3 sec/min to 0.7 sec/min, monitored by EEG. Oral mexiletine (5.4 mg/kg/day) following the lidocaine treatment has maintained good seizure control for two years with no adverse effects, and improved his behavioral problem. The treatment with lidocaine followed by mexiletine was useful for controlling clusters of intractable seizures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was performed to study the metabolic changes in the brain of a patient with Leigh syndrome, who had a T-->G point mutation at nt 8993 of mitochondrial DNA. In this patient, sodium dichloroacetate therapy normalized the lactate and pyruvate levels in both blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, his psychomotor retardation did not improve and magnetic resonance imaging showed progressive cerebral atrophy. In the patient's spectra, elevation of brain lactate was observed throughout the brain with regional variations, predominantly in the basal ganglia and brainstem with an abnormal MRI appearance. Although the lactate/creatine ratio observed on proton-MRS was related to the CSF lactate level, the ratio did not completely parallel the CSF lactate level, i.e. brain lactate was detected even when the CSF lactate level had become normalized. Furthermore, proton-MRS revealed a decrease in the N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratio and an increase in the choline/creatine ratio, representing neuronal loss and breakdown of membrane phospholipids. The clinical and MRI findings were well related to the changes in spectroscopically determined brain metabolites. These results indicate that the brain metabolites observed on proton-MRS are useful indicators of a response to therapy and prognosis in Leigh syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Takahashi S, Oki J, Miyamoto A, Moriyama T, Asano A, Inyaku F, Okuno A. Beta-2-microglobulin and ferritin in cerebrospinal fluid for evaluation of patients with meningitis of different etiologies. Brain Dev 1999; 21:192-9. [PMID: 10372906 DOI: 10.1016/s0387-7604(99)00017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether or not the beta-2-microglobulin (beta2-m) and/or ferritin levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can be used as markers for the differential diagnosis of meningitis and determination of the response to treatment, 122 subjects with etiologically well-characterized diagnoses were classified into three groups: bacterial meningitis (n = 5; mean age +/- SD. 1.0+/-1.0 year), viral meningitis (n = 39; 5.9+/-3.8 years), and a non-meningitis group (n = 78; 5.2+/-4.9 years). The levels of beta2-m and ferritin in CSF were determined by means of a latex photometric immunoassay. The statistical significance of the data was analyzed with the Mann Whitney U-test. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of each prediction marker. This study indicated that (1) the levels of beta2-m and ferritin in CSF were related with age in the non-meningitis group: subjects of up to 5 months of age exhibited higher concentrations of these proteins than ones of above 6 months of age (beta2-m, 1.89+/-1.13 vs. 0.84+/-0.65 mg/l. P < 0.01; ferritin, 2.97+/-2.04 vs. 1.81+/-1.34 microg/l, P = 0.09); (2) the beta2-m level was significantly higher in the CSF of patients with viral meningitis than in ones without meningitis (2.41+/-1.23 vs. 0.84+/-0.65 mg/l, P < 0.01): the best cut-off value was 1.2 mg/l (3) the ferritin level was significantly higher in the CSF of patients with bacterial meningitis than in ones with viral meningitis (43.24+/-39.49 vs. 6.81+/-7.41 microg/l, P < (.01): the best cut-off value was 7.5 microg/l; and (4) sequential measurement of the CSF ferritin level was of value for determination of the response to antibiotic treatment for bacterial meningitis. These results only apply to patients of greater than 6 months of age. beta2-m and ferritin in the CSF can be used as an ancillary tool for diagnostic guidance in the acute phase of meningitis and determination of the response to treatment for bacterial meningitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Takahashi S, Oki J, Miyamoto A, Koyano S, Ito K, Azuma H, Okuno A. Encephalopathy associated with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis following rotavirus infection. Eur J Pediatr 1999; 158:133-7. [PMID: 10048610 DOI: 10.1007/s004310051033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A 2-year-old Japanese boy with a haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) associated encephalopathy which developed after rotavirus infection is described. The neurological symptoms consisted of coma, seizures and spastic quadriplegia. On therapy with steroids, etoposide and cyclosporin A, the patient recovered without any neurological deficits. The interferon-gamma levels in serum and CSF were elevated at onset of the disease but had returned to normal at the time of clinical remission. Brain MRI revealed diffuse white matter abnormalities and parenchymal volume loss. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed elevated lactate in the abnormal lesions observed on MRI, indicating that macrophages not exhibiting aerobic metabolism had infiltrated the CNS. At the time of clinical remission, the white matter abnormalities and brain lactate had disappeared. These findings suggested that the neurological symptoms resulted from the overproduction of cytokines by activated T-cells and macrophages. The pathophysiology of a HLH associated encephalopathy was considered to be a local immune response within the CNS, because interferon-gamma can induce the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and II antigens on glial cells in the CNS. CONCLUSION Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated encephalopathy should be considered early in the differential diagnosis of cases with acute onset neuropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Takahashi
- Department of Paediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Simpson IA, Appel NM, Hokari M, Oki J, Holman GD, Maher F, Koehler-Stec EM, Vannucci SJ, Smith QR. Blood-brain barrier glucose transporter: effects of hypo- and hyperglycemia revisited. J Neurochem 1999; 72:238-47. [PMID: 9886075 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0720238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The transport of glucose across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is mediated by the high molecular mass (55-kDa) isoform of the GLUT1 glucose transporter protein. In this study we have utilized the tritiated, impermeant photolabel 2-N-[4-(1 -azi-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[2-3H]propyl]-1,3-bis(D-mannose-4-ylo xy)-2-propylamine to develop a technique to specifically measure the concentration of GLUT1 glucose transporters on the luminal surface of the endothelial cells of the BBB. We have combined this methodology with measurements of BBB glucose transport and immunoblot analysis of isolated brain microvessels for labeled luminal GLUT1 and total GLUT1 to reevaluate the effects of chronic hypoglycemia and diabetic hyperglycemia on transendothelial glucose transport in the rat. Hypoglycemia was induced with continuous-release insulin pellets (6 U/day) for a 12- to 14-day duration; diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (65 mg/kg i.p.) for a 14- to 21-day duration. Hypoglycemia resulted in 25-45% increases in regional BBB permeability-surface area (PA) values for D-[14C]glucose uptake, when measured at identical glucose concentration using the in situ brain perfusion technique. Similarly, there was a 23+/-4% increase in total GLUT1/mg of microvessel protein and a 52+/-13% increase in luminal GLUT1 in hypoglycemic animals, suggesting that both increased GLUT1 synthesis and a redistribution to favor luminal transporters account for the enhanced uptake. A corresponding (twofold) increase in cortical GLUT1 mRNA was observed by in situ hybridization. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in regional brain glucose uptake PA, total microvessel 55-kDa GLUT1, or luminal GLUT1 concentrations in hyperglycemic rats. There was, however, a 30-40% increase in total cortical GLUT1 mRNA expression, with a 96% increase in the microvessels. Neither condition altered the levels of GLUT3 mRNA or protein expression. These results show that hypoglycemia, but not hyperglycemia, alters glucose transport activity at the BBB and that these changes in transport activity result from both an overall increase in total BBB GLUT1 and an increased transporter concentration at the luminal surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I A Simpson
- Experimental Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition Section, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Surgery for an area of focal cortical dysplasia in a critical region is reported in a right-handed female manifesting intractable focal epilepsy and verbal cognitive deterioration. She developed the first seizure at 2 years of age and was treated with phenytoin and zonisamide, with good control until 10 years of age. Although seizures did not occur at 9 years of age, she manifested dyscalculia, right-left disorientation, and finger agnosia, and N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) revealed focal hypoperfusion in the left parietal lobe. At 11 years of age, she developed regular nocturnal seizures and gradually lost the ability to understand the meaning of sentences. Verbal IQ declined from 94 to 63, and the area of hypoperfusion detected by interictal N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine SPECT spread over the left parietotemporal lobes. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed focal cortical dysplasia mainly in the left parietal lobe, and ictal technetium-99m-ethyl cysteinate dimer SPECT images demonstrated an area of hyperperfusion around the focal cortical dysplasia, including the left precentral gyrus. Because of the overlap between the epileptogenic and functional cortex, the authors concluded that cortical resection, including focal cortical dysplasia, was inappropriate in this patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Oki
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
We studied the circadian rhythm of serum melatonin levels in two patients with classical Rett syndrome having severe sleep disorders; serum melatonin levels were measured before and during melatonin treatment using radioimmunoassay. Patient 1 had a free-running rhythm of sleep-wake cycle from 3 years of age. At the age of 4 years, the peak time of melatonin was delayed 6 h compared to normal control and the peak value was at the lower limit. Patient 2 had a fragmented sleep pattern accompanied by night screaming from 1 year and 6 months of age. At the age of 10 years, the peak time of melatonin secretion was normal but the peak value was at the lower limit. These patients were given 5 mg melatonin orally prior to bedtime. Exogenous melatonin dramatically improved the sleep-wake cycle in patient 1. In patient 2, exogenous melatonin showed a hypnotic effect but early morning awakenings occurred occasionally. When melatonin treatment was stopped, the sleep disorders recurred and re-administration of 3 mg melatonin was effective in both patients. The effect was maintained over 2 years without any adverse effects. These findings suggests that sleep disorders in patients with Rett syndrome may relate with an impaired secretion of melatonin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Uruno T, Oki J, Ozawa K, Miyakawa K, Ueno H, Imamura T. Distinct regulation of myoblast differentiation by intracellular and extracellular fibroblast growth factor-1. Growth Factors 1999; 17:93-113. [PMID: 10595310 DOI: 10.3109/08977199909103519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We studied the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 in the physiology of myoblast differentiation. We found that, while endogenous FGF-1 in L6-10 rat myoblasts did not suppress the progress of differentiation, the addition of FGF-1 to the culture medium suppressed it. Moreover, L6-10 cells stably transfected with full length FGF-1 undergo enhanced differentiation. The latter was well correlated with myogenin expression and myotube formation. Constitutive expression of a mutant FGF-1 (FGF-1U) that lacked a nuclear localization signal, promoted the differentiation of the myoblasts even more strongly. Furthermore, the expression of FGF-1U in an inducible expression system enhanced myogenin expression promptly. In L6-10 transfectants expressing a dominant-negative mutant of FGF receptor, stable transfection of FGF-1 promoted differentiation as it did in parent cells. Studies with FGF receptors and MAP kinase suggest that both are involved in the effect of FGF-1 when it is supplemented to culture medium but not during the effect of endogenous FGF-1 synthesized in cells. We conclude that intracellular (endogenous) and extracellular (exogenous) FGF-1 have differential effects on the regulation of myogenic differentiation of L6-10 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Uruno
- Biosignaling Department, National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tanaka H, Araki H, Tazaki T, Oka R, Tsukasa K, Oki J. [A case of progressive dystonia with serum anti-neuronal antibodies against to the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons]. No To Hattatsu 1998; 30:433-5. [PMID: 9935298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
|
34
|
Abstract
Hypoxic changes in the medulla-spinal cord descending neurons were studied morphologically using a retrograde neurotracer, choleratoxin B subunit (CTb). On postnatal day 7, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a hypoxic load of 8% oxygen for 5 hours. In the rats that survived, CTb was injected into the lumbar enlargement at postnatal day 26, and they were killed at postnatal day 28 for histologic analysis. Retrograde transported CTb was visualized by immunohistochemistry. The results were compared with those obtained from control rats. In the control rats, CTb-positive cells were observed in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, nucleus reticularis magnocellularis, nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus raphe obscurus, and nucleus raphe pallidus. In the hypoxic rats, although CTb-positive cells were detected in the same areas as the control rats, there was a noteworthy decrease in the number of CTb-positive cells in all areas, and there were many cells with hypoxic degeneration. In all of the nuclei a marked decrease in the number of CTb-positive cells was observed. Because medulla-spinal cord descending neurons have important roles in the regulation of postural muscle tone, these results may account for the pathophysiology of abnormal muscle tonus accompanying hypoxic brain damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Habilitation Center for Disabled Children, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Takahashi S, Oki J, Miyamoto A, Okuno A. Hemidystonia, hemichorea, and motor aphasia associated with bilateral ischemic lesions in the striatum: regional cerebral blood flow studies to clarify the pathophysiology. J Child Neurol 1998; 13:408-11. [PMID: 9721899 DOI: 10.1177/088307389801300810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Oki J, Miyamoto A, Takahashi S, Itoh J, Sakata Y, Okuno A. Cyclic vomiting and elevation of creatine kinase associated with bitemporal hypoperfusion and EEG abnormalities: a migraine equivalent? Brain Dev 1998; 20:186-9. [PMID: 9628197 DOI: 10.1016/s0387-7604(98)00017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A 13-year-old mentally retarded boy suffered from repeated vomiting attacks since infancy. Each episode lasted 2 to 10 days, and was precipitated by respiratory infection, exercise or stress. During an attack he became irritated, agitated and amnesic, but did not have headaches or seizures. Associated findings were transient elevation of serum creatine kinase (CK) (331-3381 IU/l), and of plasma ACTH and cortisol. The raised CK level was the result of muscle hypertonicity. Ictal EEGs showed delta activity in the front-temporal areas, and inter-ictal IMP-SPECT revealed hypoperfusion in both temporal regions. Unlike the periodic ACTH-ADH discharge syndrome, neither hypertension nor depression developed. These attacks were diagnosed as a migraine equivalent and were suppressed with phenytoin. From the EEG and SPECT findings, we concluded that the vomiting and behavioural changes were related to the paroxysmal vascular abnormality in the temporal regions, but it was not easy to make the distinction between migraine and focal epilepsy. Before a diagnosis of the periodic ACTH-ADH discharge syndrome is made, the possibility of migraine equivalent should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Oki
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Takahashi S, Makita Y, Oki J, Miyamoto A, Yanagawa J, Naito E, Goto Y, Okuno A. De novo mtDNA nt 8993 (T-->G) mutation resulting in Leigh syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62:717-9. [PMID: 9556461 PMCID: PMC1376970 DOI: 10.1086/301751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
38
|
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding neural cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM) are involved in X-linked hydrocephalus (HSAS, hydrocephalus due to stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius), MASA syndrome (mental retardation, aphasia, shuffling gait, and adducted thumbs), and spastic paraplegia type 1. We examined the L1CAM mutation in a Japanese family with HSAS for the purpose of DNA-based genetic counseling. The proband was a 9-year-old boy who had a 1-bp deletion in exon 22 of the L1CAM gene. This resulted in a shift of the reading frame, and introduction of a premature stop codon. Translation of this mRNA will create a truncated protein without the transmembrane domain, which cannot be expressed on the cell surface. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) revealed markedly enlarged lateral ventricles, hypoplastic white matter, thin cortical mantle, agenesis of the corpus callosum and septum pellucidum, and a fused thalamus. These findings represented impaired L1CAM function during development of the nervous system with resultant adhesion between neurons, neurites outgrowth and fasciculation, and neural cell migration. Screening by Apa I digestion of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products identified the mother and the younger sister as heterozygous carriers. The carriers were asymptomatic. The father and the other sister did not have the mutation. The identification of L1CAM mutation in families with HSAS will give them the opportunity for DNA-based counseling and prenatal diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Nishikagura, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Takahashi S, Oki J, Miyamoto A, Tokumitsu A, Obata M, Ogawa K, Tokusashi Y, Saijo H, Okuno A. Autopsy findings in pyruvate dehydrogenase E1alpha deficiency: case report. J Child Neurol 1997; 12:519-24. [PMID: 9430319 DOI: 10.1177/088307389701200812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Familial cases of Rett syndrome (RS) are rare. No significant differences have been reported in the clinical courses of concordant monozygotic twins with RS. We present the variability of clinical expression in two Japanese sisters with classic RS. The younger sister, currently 6 years and 6 months old, never stood or walked alone, showed severe spasticity, growth retardation, and microcephaly and developed sleep-wake rhythm disturbance from age 4 years and seizures from age 5 years. The elder, currently 7 years and 9 months old, walked alone and had mild spasticity, no growth retardation, normal sleep-wakefulness rhythm and no seizures. RS is most likely to be transmitted as an X-linked dominant, male-lethal (XDML) disorder, although this is still contested. If RS is an XDML disorder, lyonization may account for variability of expression in the sisters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tanaka H, Takakusaki K, Oki J. [Effects of melatonin and diazepam on the eye movement and postural muscle tone in decerebrate cats]. No To Shinkei 1997; 49:893-7. [PMID: 9368886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of melatonin and diazepam on eye movement and muscle activity in decerebrate cats, and results were compared with those obtained from carbachol injection into the pontine reticular formation which was supposed to be a model of REM sleep. In precollicular postmammillary decerebrate cats, the horizontal eye movement and the activity of bilateral triceps surae muscles were recorded under three conditions: (1) microinjection of carbachol into the rostral pontine reticular formation; (2) intravenous administration melatonin; and (3) diazepam. Both rapid eye movement and reduction of muscle activity were induced by carbachol injection, while only reduction of muscle activity was induced by diazepam administration. Neither rapid eye movement nor reduction of muscle activity was induced by melatonin administration in this animal preparation. From these results, we speculated that the inhibitory effect of diazepam on muscle tonus was not manifested through activation of the brainstem REM generating system. It is known that the melatonin receptors are located in several sites of central nervous system, such as suprachiasmatic nucleus, and not in the brainstem and spinal cord. The present results of melatonin administration may support this fact in view of behavioral aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Habilitation Center for Disabled Children, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
We report two patients with fatal mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with 123I-N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine was more sensitive to the lesions than CT or MRI. SPECT showed focal hyperperfusion before or during the stroke and diffuse hypoperfusion of the brain, sparing the basal ganglia in the terminal stages. These findings support the theory that metabolic disturbance in the brain causes the "stroke" in MELAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Saijo H, Tanaka H, Ito J, Tasaki T, Cho K, Tokumitsu A, Takahashi S, Miyamoto A, Oki J. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency with multiple minor anomalies. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1997; 39:230-2. [PMID: 9141261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.1997.tb03588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) deficiency is known to cause congenital lactic acidosis. The case of a 9-month-old female infant with PDHC deficiency caused by a mutation in exon 11 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) E1 alpha gene is described. Her facial features were as follows: frontal bossing, upslanting palpebral fissures, a short upturned nose, a long philtrum and low set ears. These anomalies are characteristic not only of a malformation syndrome or chromosomal aberration, but also of PDHC deficiency. Because PDHC deficiency requires early treatment, metabolic disorders should be kept in mind in a patient with dysmorphic features. Further, she had multiple minor anomalies including bilateral inguinal herniae, an umbilical hernia and small hands and feet, which have not been described in previous reports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Saijo
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Habilitation Center for Disabled Children, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Affiliation(s)
- W L Isley
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Oki J, Cho K. [A longitudinal study of three-year-old children with delayed development of language]. Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi 1996; 71:637-50. [PMID: 8934207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED From January 1982 to December 1986, 113 three-year-old children (100 boys and 13 girls) visited the department of pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, because of delayed development of language (their expressive language age less than two-year-old). Of these children, 102 children (90%) have visited until they graduated from junior high school for the evaluation of intelligence quotient (IQ), diagnosis, the type of attended school and complications. The mean follow-up period was 10.8 years. The 113 children ware classified as 32 cases of developmental language disorder (DLD), 38 of autistic disorder (Au), 39 of mental retardation (MR), and 4 of deafness based on the results of clinical examination (DSM-III-R), ABR and WPPSI/WISC-R. The purpose of this study is to compare the assessment of language development at the age 3 with the prognosis for intelligence, academic achievement and behavioral adjustment. At the age of three, we divided them into three groups using the Enjoji shiki hattatsu kensa-hyo. Group A including 31 children (29 boys and 2 girls) means delayed development in verbal expression only. Group B including 23 children (17 boys and 6 girls) means delayed development in verbal expression and comprehension. Group C including 59 children (54 boys and 5 girls) means delayed development not only in verbal expression and comprehension but also in communication skills. RESULTS ABR: Four (2 boys and 2 girls) of 113 children did not show any significant waves on ABR at aged 3, and were also diagnosed as deafness by another audiometry. Comparison between the assessment of verbal expression at aged 3 and full scale IQ (FSIQ): FSIQs in 77% of group A were more than 70, while FSIQs in 79% of groups B and C were 70 or below. The assessment of verbal comprehension at aged 3 was significantly related with FSIQ (x2 = 23.88, p < 0.01). Classification of disorders and type of schools according to the assessment at aged 3: [Group A] Thirty one children were classified as 25 cases of DLD and 6 of MR. Before a graduation from junior high school, 20 children attended regular classes and 8 attended special classes for MR. [Group B] Twenty three children were classified as 4 cases of DLD, 10 of MR, 5 of Au and 4 of deafness. Before a graduation from junior high school, 4 children attended regular classes, 8 attended special classes for MR, 6 attended special schools for MR and 4 attended schools for deafness. [Group C] Fifty nine children were classified as 3 cases of DLD, 23 of MR and 33 of Au. Before graduating from junior high school, 10 children attended regular classes, 18 attended special classes for MR, 19 attended special schools for MR and 2 entered educational facilities. CONCLUSION 1. Poor mental outcome could be predicted by delayed development of both expressive and comprehensive language, particularly associated with dysfunction of communication skills at the age of three. 2. ABR is a useful method for detecting of hearing loss in non-cooperative young children with delayed development of language.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Oki
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tanaka T, Hashizume K, Kunimoto M, Yonemasu Y, Chiba S, Oki J. Intraoperative electrocorticography in children with medically intractable epilepsy. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1996; 36:440-6. [PMID: 8741373 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.36.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) was performed to localize epileptic foci in 20 children undergoing temporal and extratemporal surgery for intractable epilepsy under modified neuroleptanalgesia. Nitrous oxide gas was discontinued at least 15 minutes before and during preresection ECoG recording, which lasted for 30 minutes. Seventeen patients showed epileptiform discharges on preresection ECoG. Hyperventilation loading, monitored by electroencephalography or ECoG in all patients, induced enhanced or induced epileptiform activities in 17 patients and provoked electroencephalographic seizures in 10 patients. All foci in non-eloquent areas were resected. Fifteen patients have been seizure-free with reduced medication, and two patients have achieved worthwhile improvement. Habitual seizures have remained in three patients. Two of these patients had foci in eloquent areas which could not be resected. Intraoperative ECoG can improve the outcome of surgery for intractable epilepsy by localizing epileptic foci for resection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asahikawa Medical College, Hokkaido
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Unstable expansion of the CTG repeats in the 3' untranslated region encoding a member of the protein kinase family in the q13.3 band on chromosome 19 is a mutation specific for myotonic dystrophy. To examine the correlation between clinical expression and CTG trinucleotide repeat length, we carried out Southern blot analysis in a family with myotonic dystrophy. In this pedigree, the expanded CTG repeats were transmitted maternally. The mother had three female children. The mother had about 200 CTG repeats, and the number of repeats for each child was about 800, 1500 and 1600 in birth order. The mother and the patient with 800 repeats were unaware of muscle weakness or myotonia. Symptoms were present from age 3 years in the patient with 1500 repeats and from birth in the one with 1600 repeats. Although the mother menstruated regularly, the patients with 800 and 1500 repeats both menstruated irregularly, and the one with 1600 repeats has never menstruated. The age of onset and severity of the disease were correlated with the size of the expanded repeats. Endocrinological studies revealed that the basal levels of the gonadotropins, PRL and E2 were within normal range, and a pituitary response to LHRH was observed. These data suggest that the amenorrhea and menstrual irregularities were caused by a suprahypophyseal dysfunction. When expanded CTG repeats are transmitted maternally, abnormal products resulting from the metabolic disturbance in the affected mother may harm the fetus in utero. A heterozygous fetus, who has more CTG repeats, may be unable to metabolize the pathologic products sufficiently and therefore may become more severely affected. This may explain the exclusive maternal transmission of congenital myotonic dystrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Developmental changes in the noradrenergic innervations of spinal motoneurons in both the cervical and lumbar cords were studied in neonatal rats. The labeling of motoneurons was done using choleratoxin B subunit as a retrograde neurotracer. The noradrenergic fibers were detected by immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase. At postnatal day 1, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers were evident in the entire ventral horn, including the triceps brachii motoneuron pools at the cervical level. In contrast, they were observed only in that portion of the ventral horn medial to the quadriceps femoris motoneuron pools at the lumbar level. Subsequently, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers increased at both levels, and they were distributed in most of the gray matter at postnatal day 14. At this age, the distribution pattern of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers in the lumbar level was almost identical to that of the cervical level. The number of closely apposed tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive varicosities on motoneurons (close appositions) increased continuously from postnatal day 1 to 14 at both the cervical and lumbar levels. At postnatal day 1, triceps brachii motoneurons had more close appositions than quadriceps femoris motoneurons in number and, after postnatal day 7, there was no difference in the number of close appositions between triceps brachii motoneurons and quadriceps femoris motoneurons. Based on these results, we discuss the significance of monoaminergic influences on the postnatal development of spinal motoneurons and of motor behavior with a rostrocaudal gradient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics; Asahikawa Habilitation Center for Disabled Children, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Reading epilepsy is rare. We report a 14-year-old right-handed Japanese boy who had had jaw jerking only while reading since age 12 years. The episodes occurred every time he read an English textbook and sometimes during prolonged reading of a Japanese textbook. The jaw jerking evolved to generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) on only two occasions during prolonged reading aloud. Routine EEGs showed no abnormality. After a few minutes of reading, however, the EEG showed bilateral 2-Hz, 150-microV spike-wave complexes with left frontotemporal accentuation, accompanied by jaw jerking. Ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with [99Tc]hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (HMPAO) showed focal hyperperfusion of the frontal lobes bilaterally and of the left temporal area. Interictal SPECT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were normal. The combination of valproate (VPA) and clonazepam (CZP) almost eliminated his symptoms. Ictal SPECT is a useful technique for seizure localization in reading epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Oki J, Yoshida H, Tokumitsu A, Takahashi S, Miyamoto A, Yoda M, Miura J. Serial neuroimages of acute necrotizing encephalopathy associated with human herpesvirus 6 infection. Brain Dev 1995; 17:356-9. [PMID: 8579224 DOI: 10.1016/0387-7604(95)00077-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A previously healthy 8-month-old girl developed exanthem subitum and acute encephalopathy with status epilepticus, quadriplegia and bilateral abducens nerve palsies. Human herpesvirus-6 DNA was found in the cerebrospinal fluid by the polymerase chain reaction at the acute stage. Cranial computed tomography showed low density areas in the thalami and in the cerebellar and abducens nuclei. The distribution of the lesions was consistent with acute necrotizing encephalopathy. As for the thalamic lesions, a T2 weighted magnetic resonance image on the 24th day of the illness demonstrated low signal intensity surrounded by high intensity; 99mTc-ECD SPECT showed hypoperfusion, which suggested irreversible tissue damage. The patient is now 1 year 6 months old and has spastic quadriparesis with mental retardation and abducens nerve palsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Oki
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|