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Banchi P, Bertolotti L, Spanoghe L, Ali Hassan H, Lannoo J, Domain G, Henzel KS, Gaillard V, Rota A, Van Soom A. Characterization of the semen microbiota of healthy stud dogs using 16S RNA sequencing. Theriogenology 2024; 216:1-7. [PMID: 38141548 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive microbiota of male dogs has never been investigated using culture-independent sequencing techniques. The purpose of the present study was to get seminal knowledge on the microbiota of the ejaculate. Specifically, factors as the fraction of the ejaculate, the sperm quality (normospermia, teratozoospermia), and the living environment were evaluated. The sperm-rich and the prostatic fractions of the ejaculate were collected from healthy stud dogs. Following the sperm analysis, samples from twenty animals (normospermic n = 10 and teratozoospermic n = 10) were stored at - 80 °C until further processing including DNA extraction and 16S rRNA sequencing. Alpha- (Shannon index) and beta- (Bray-Curtis, Unweighted UniFrac) diversities were assessed and compared (PERMANOVA) based on the group of samples (biological samples from the ejaculate and controls), the fraction of the ejaculate (sperm-rich and prostatic fractions), the animal group (normospermia and teratozoospermia), and the living environment of the animal (kennel or pet living in-house). The most abundant bacterial phyla in canine semen samples were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. Overall, the dominant bacterial family was that of Pasteurellaceae The genus Mycoplasma was never detected. No differences in terms of bacterial composition were found based on the fraction of the ejaculate and based on the animal group (P > 0.05). On the other hand, differences in alpha and beta diversities were highlighted based on the living environment (P = 0.001). Overall, the results of the present study provide preliminary insights on dog semen microbiota, opening a new chapter in the field of canine andrology. Our results suggest that the environment may play a role in influencing the reproductive microbiota of male dogs and that the prostatic fraction of the ejaculate can be used for further research as a representative of the semen microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Banchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - L Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - L Spanoghe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - H Ali Hassan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Lannoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G Domain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K S Henzel
- Royal Canin Research Center, 30470, Aimargues, France
| | - V Gaillard
- Royal Canin Research Center, 30470, Aimargues, France
| | - A Rota
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - A Van Soom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Sarchese V, Palombieri A, Prandi I, Robetto S, Bertolotti L, Capucchio MT, Orusa R, Mauthe von Degerfeld M, Quaranta G, Vacchetta M, Martella V, Di Martino B, Di Profio F. Molecular Surveillance for Bocaparvoviruses and Bufaviruses in the European Hedgehog ( Erinaceus europaeus). Microorganisms 2024; 12:189. [PMID: 38258015 PMCID: PMC10819369 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of bocaparvoviruses (BoVs) and bufaviruses (BuVs) in the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) was investigated by screening duodenal and liver samples collected from 183 carcasses, delivered to wildlife rescue centers located in northwestern Italy. BoV DNA was detected in 15 animals (8.2%), with prevalences of 7.1% (13/183) and 2.7% (5/183) in intestine and liver samples, respectively. Upon the sequence analyses of the NS1 gene, two highly divergent BoVs (65.5-67.8% nt identities) were identified. Fourteen strains showed the highest identity (98.3-99.4% nt) to the hedgehog BoV strains recently detected in China in Amur hedgehogs (Erinaceus amurensis), whilst four strains were genetically related (98.9-99.4% nt identities) to the porcine BoVs identified in pigs and classified in the species Bocaparvovirus ungulate 4, which included related viruses also found in rats, minks, shrews, and mice. BuV DNA was detected in the duodenal samples of two hedgehogs, with a prevalence rate of 1.1%. The nearly full-length genome of two BuV strains, Hedgehog/331DU-2022/ITA and Hedgehog/1278DU/2019/ITA, was reconstructed. Upon phylogenetic analysis based on the NS and VP aa sequences, the Italian hedgehog BuVs tightly clustered with the BuVs recently identified in the Chinese Amur hedgehogs, within a potential novel candidate species of the genus Protoparvovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Sarchese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy; (V.S.); (A.P.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Andrea Palombieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy; (V.S.); (A.P.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Ilaria Prandi
- Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C.), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.P.); (M.T.C.); (M.M.v.D.); (G.Q.)
| | - Serena Robetto
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali Selvatici (CeRMAS), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, della Liguria e della Valle d’Aosta, 11020 Quart, AO, Italy; (S.R.); (R.O.)
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C.), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.P.); (M.T.C.); (M.M.v.D.); (G.Q.)
| | - Riccardo Orusa
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali Selvatici (CeRMAS), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, della Liguria e della Valle d’Aosta, 11020 Quart, AO, Italy; (S.R.); (R.O.)
| | - Mitzy Mauthe von Degerfeld
- Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C.), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.P.); (M.T.C.); (M.M.v.D.); (G.Q.)
| | - Giuseppe Quaranta
- Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C.), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (I.P.); (M.T.C.); (M.M.v.D.); (G.Q.)
| | | | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy;
| | - Barbara Di Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy; (V.S.); (A.P.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy; (V.S.); (A.P.); (B.D.M.)
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Banchi P, Colitti B, Del Carro A, Corrò M, Bertero A, Ala U, Del Carro A, Van Soom A, Bertolotti L, Rota A. Challenging the Hypothesis of in Utero Microbiota Acquisition in Healthy Canine and Feline Pregnancies at Term: Preliminary Data. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050331. [PMID: 37235414 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, there are no data on the presence of bacteria in healthy canine and feline pregnancies at term. Here, we investigated the uterine microbiome in bitches (n = 5) and queens (n = 3) undergoing elective cesarean section in two facilities. Samples included swabs from the endometrium, amniotic fluid, and meconium, and environmental swabs of the surgical tray as controls. Culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used to investigate the presence of bacteria. Culture was positive for 34.3% of samples (uterus n = 3, amniotic fluid n = 2, meconium n = 4, controls n = 0), mostly with low growth of common contaminant bacteria. With sequencing techniques, the bacterial abundance was significantly lower than in environmental controls (p < 0.05). Sequencing results showed a species-specific pattern, and significant differences between canine and feline bacterial populations were found at order, family, and genus level. No differences were found in alpha and beta diversities between feto-maternal tissues and controls (p > 0.05). Dominant phyla were Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria in different proportions based on tissue and species. Culture and sequencing results suggest that the bacterial biomass is very low in healthy canine and feline pregnancies at term, that bacteria likely originate from contamination from the dam's skin, and that the presence of viable bacteria could not be confirmed most of the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Banchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Andrea Del Carro
- Iunovet-Clinique Vetérinaire Saint Hubert, 06240 Beausoleil, France
| | - Michela Corrò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessia Bertero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Angela Del Carro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ann Van Soom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ada Rota
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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Ala U, Bajardi P, Giacobini M, Bertolotti L. Potential Impact of Environmental Pollution by Human Antivirals on Avian Influenza Virus Evolution. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071127. [PMID: 37048383 PMCID: PMC10093092 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral (AV) drugs are the main line of defense against pandemic influenza. However, different administration policies are applied in countries with different stocks of AV drugs. These policies lead to different occurrences of drug metabolites in the aquatic environment, altering animal behavior with evolutionary consequences on viruses. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of environmental pollution by human antivirals, such as oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), on the evolutionary rate of avian influenza. We used NA, HA, NP, and MP viral segments from two groups of neighboring countries sharing migratory routes of wild birds and characterized by different AV stockpiles. BEAST analyses were performed using the uncorrelated lognormal clock evolutionary model and the Bayesian skyline tree prior model. The ratios between the rate of evolution of the NA gene and the HA, NP, and MP segments were considered. The two groups of countries were compared by analyzing the differences in the ratio distributions. Our analyses highlighted a possible different behavior in the evolution of H5N1 2.3 clade viral strains when OC environmental pollution is present. In conclusion, the widespread consumption of antivirals and their presence in wastewater could influence the selective pressure on viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Ala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Paolo Bajardi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Mario Giacobini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Oberto F, Carella E, Caruso C, Acutis PL, Lelli D, Bertolotti L, Masoero L, Peletto S. A Qualitative PCR Assay for the Discrimination of Bubaline Herpesvirus 1, Bovine Herpesvirus 1 and Bovine Herpesvirus 5. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030577. [PMID: 36985151 PMCID: PMC10056083 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bubaline herpesvirus 1 (BuHV-1), Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) are classified in the genus Varicellovirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. BoHV-1 is the causative agent of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, BoHV-5 induces moderate disease in adult cattle while BuHV-1 has instead been associated with a decline in livestock production of water buffaloes. The aim of this study was to develop a qualitative PCR assay that allows the discrimination of BuHV-1, BoHV-1 and BoHV-5. The alignment of homologous genes identified specific nucleotide sequences of BuHV- 1, BoHV-1 and BoHV-5. The design of the primers and the optimization of the PCR assay were focused on the target sequences located on the portions of gD, gE and gG genes. This assay involved the use of three different PCR end-points: the PCR of a portion of the gD gene identified only the presence of BoHV-1; the PCR of a portion of the gE gene confirmed the presence of both BoHV-5 and BuHV-1; the PCR of a portion of the gG gene discriminated between BoHV-5 and BuHV-1, as the amplification product was observed only for BoHV-5. This qualitative PCR assay allowed the differentiation of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 infections both in cattle and water buffaloes and heterologous BuHV-1 infections in bovine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Oberto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuele Carella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudio Caruso
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale CN1, Via Pier Carlo Boggio 12, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Loretta Masoero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
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Vercelli C, Bertolotti L, Gelsi E, Gazza C, Re G. Evaluation of Side Effects and Long-Term Protection of a Sustained-Release Injectable Moxidectin Formulation against Dirofilaria immitis Infection in Dogs: An Observational—In Field Multicentric Study. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080408. [PMID: 36006323 PMCID: PMC9415797 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The sustained-release moxidectin formulation of Afilaria SR is labelled to prevent Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs for a period of six months. An observational—in field multicentric study was design to evaluate the tolerability and the long-term prevention of Afilaria SR in Italy. A total of 583 dogs were recruited from 2018 to 2021, receiving the drug annually and monitored by veterinary practitioners after each administration. Antigenic tests were performed 210, 365, 730, and 1095 days after the administration of the drug. None of the enrolled dogs was detected as positive, since it was possible to establish that 100% of protection was achieved. Afilaria SR was well tolerated since only the 13% of dogs demonstrated mild reaction in the injection site and only two dogs out of 583 demonstrated anaphylactoid or angioneurotic reactions. These data support the high prevention rate against Dirofilaria immitis disease in all enrolled dogs and indicate the high safety profile of the product, considering the low number and the low grade of side effects. Abstract The sustained-release moxidectin formulation Afilaria SR is a relatively new product and has been labelled to prevent Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs for a six months-period. An observational, in field multicentric study was performed, aiming to evaluate the tolerability and the long-term prevention of Afilaria SR in Italy, a country where filariasis is endemic. The study was designed to include not less than 300 dogs, older than 6 months, of any breed. Side effects were recorded by veterinarians and antigenic tests were performed after 210, 365, 730, and 1095 days after the administration of the drug. A total of 583 dogs were recruited from 2018 to 2021 and all of them were negative with respect to antigenic tests at all time points, indicating that 100% of protection was achieved. Ranking of adverse reactions and correlation to patient features were analyzed using descriptive statistics and χ2 square test, respectively. Afilaria SR was well tolerated: 13% of dogs experienced mild reactions and only two dogs out of 583 (0.3%) demonstrated anaphylactoid/angioneurotic reactions, resolved administering corticosteroids. These data support that Afilaria SR prevented Dirofilaria immitis disease in all enrolled dogs and the low number and the low grade of side effects indicate the high safety profile of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vercelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-9710
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Elisa Gelsi
- Azienda Terapeutica Italiana A.T.I. s.r.l., Fatrogroup, Via Emilia, 285, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Carlo Gazza
- Azienda Terapeutica Italiana A.T.I. s.r.l., Fatrogroup, Via Emilia, 285, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Giovanni Re
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Garcia-Vozmediano A, Tomassone L, Fonville M, Bertolotti L, Heylen D, Fabri ND, Medlock JM, Nijhof AM, Hansford KM, Sprong H, Krawczyk AI. The Genetic Diversity of Rickettsiella Symbionts in Ixodes ricinus Throughout Europe. Microb Ecol 2022; 84:613-626. [PMID: 34580739 PMCID: PMC9436858 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rickettsiella species are bacterial symbionts that are present in a great variety of arthropod species, including ixodid ticks. However, little is known about their genetic diversity and distribution in Ixodes ricinus, as well as their relationship with other tick-associated bacteria. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and the genetic diversity of Rickettsiella spp. in I. ricinus throughout Europe and evaluated any preferential and antagonistic associations with Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii and the pathogens Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Borrelia miyamotoi. Rickettsiella spp. were detected in most I. ricinus populations investigated, encompassing a wide array of climate types and environments. The infection prevalence significantly differed between geographic locations and was significantly higher in adults than in immature life stages. Phylogenetic investigations and protein characterization disclosed four Rickettsiella clades (I-IV). Close phylogenetic relations were observed between Rickettsiella strains of I. ricinus and other arthropod species. Isolation patterns were detected for Clades II and IV, which were restricted to specific geographic areas. Lastly, although coinfections occurred, we did not detect significant associations between Rickettsiella spp. and the other tick-associated bacteria investigated. Our results suggest that Rickettsiella spp. are a genetically and biologically diverse facultative symbiont of I. ricinus and that their distribution among tick populations could be influenced by environmental components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Garcia-Vozmediano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L.go Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Laura Tomassone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L.go Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Manoj Fonville
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L.go Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Dieter Heylen
- Eco-Epidemiology Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nannet D. Fabri
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolyon M. Medlock
- Infections Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Ard M. Nijhof
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kayleigh M. Hansford
- Infections Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Hein Sprong
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra I. Krawczyk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Colitti B, Manassero L, Colombino E, Ferraris EI, Caccamo R, Bertolotti L, Bortolami A, Bonfante F, Papa V, Cenacchi G, Calabrese F, Bozzetta E, Varello K, Capucchio MT, Rosati S. Pulmonary fibrosis in a dog as a sequela of infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2? A case report. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:111. [PMID: 35317791 PMCID: PMC8938595 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interstitial lung disease is a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by severe radiographic changes and clinicopathological findings. However, in the vast majority of cases, the cause remains unknown. Case description In the present study, we reported the clinical case of a 3 years old female Bull Terrier presented in October 2020 to the Advanced Diagnostic Imaging Department of the Turin Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a progressive pulmonary illness characterized by dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and a diffuse and severe pulmonary interstitial pattern at imaging investigations. Considering the clinical findings, the dog was included in a serological survey for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in companion animals, showing positive results. Due to the further clinical worsening, the owners opted for euthanasia. At necroscopy, dog showed severe and chronic bronchopneumonia compatible with a Canine Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and with serological features linked to a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions The comparison of these lesions with those reported in humans affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) supports the hypothesis that these findings may be attributable to the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a dog with breed predisposition to Canine Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (CIPF), although direct evidence of SARS-CoV-2 by molecular or antigenic approaches remained unsolved. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03191-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Luca Manassero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Caccamo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Valentina Papa
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, "Alma Mater" University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cenacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, "Alma Mater" University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Katia Varello
- Istituto zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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9
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Del Carro A, Corrò M, Bertero A, Colitti B, Banchi P, Bertolotti L, Rota A. The evolution of dam-litter microbial flora from birth to 60 days of age. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:95. [PMID: 35277176 PMCID: PMC8915469 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Early bacterial colonization in puppies is still a poorly understood phenomenon. Although the topic is of considerable interest, a big gap in knowledge still exists on the understanding of timing and features of neonatal gut colonization. Thence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dam and litter microbial flora, in vaginally delivered puppies, from birth to two months of age. Bacteria were identified using MALDI-TOF, an accurate and sensitive method, and cluster analysis of data provided a new insight on the investigated topic.
Methods
Six dam-litter units of two medium size breeds were enrolled in the study. Vaginal and colostrum/milk samples were collected from dams after delivery and 48h post-partum, while rectal samples were taken from dams and puppies after delivery and at day 2, 30 and 60 (T2, T30 and T60, respectively) post-partum. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed following standard techniques, then the data were analyzed using a new approach based on bacterial genus population composition obtained using a wide MALDI-TOF screening and cluster analysis.
Results
Forty-eight bacteriological samples were collected from the dams and 145 from their 42 puppies. Colostrum/milk samples (n = 12) showed a bacterial growth mainly limited to few colonies. Staphylococci, Enterococci, E. coli, Proteus spp. were most frequently isolated. All vaginal swabs (n = 12) resulted in bacteria isolation (medium to high growth). Streptococci, Enterococci, E. coli were the most frequently detected. E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. were often obtained from dams’ and puppies’ rectal swabs. Clostridia, not isolated in any other sampling site, were rarely found (n = 3) in meconium while they were more frequently isolated at later times (T2: n = 30; T30: n = 17; T60: n = 27).
Analysis of the bacterial genus pattern over time showed a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.01) in the heterogeneity of microbial composition in all time points if compared to birth for each dam-litter unit. These results were confirmed with cluster analysis and two-dimensional scaling.
Conclusion
This novel data analysis suggests a fundamental role of the individual dam in seeding and shaping the microbiome of the litter. Thus, modulating the dam’s microbiota may positively impact the puppy microbiota and benefit their health.
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10
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Colitti B, Bonfante F, Grazioli S, Anfossi L, Nogarol C, Scalas D, Bertolotti L, Bortolami A, Pagliari M, Pezzoni G, Moreno A, Lelli D, Gennero MS, Dondo A, Brocchi E, Rosati S. Detailed epitope mapping of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein reveals specific immunoresponse in cats and dogs housed with COVID-19 patients. Res Vet Sci 2022; 143:81-87. [PMID: 34998208 PMCID: PMC8723757 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the initial emergence in December 2019, the novel Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been reported in over 200 countries, representing an unprecedented challenge related to disease control worldwide. In this context, cases of human to animal transmission have been reported, raising concern about the potential role of companion animals in the pandemic and stressing the need for reliable animal testing. In the study, a detailed epitope mapping of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein, using both human and pet sera, allowed the identification of the most antigenic region in the C-terminus domain of the protein, which was used to develop an experimental double antigen-based ELISA. A panel of pre-pandemic sera and sera of animals immunized against (or naturally infected with) related coronaviruses was used to assess assay specificity at 99.5%. Positive sera belonging to animals housed with COVID-19 patients were confirmed with the experimental double-antigen ELISA using Plaque Reduction Neutralization test (PRNT) test as gold standard. The availability of a serological assay that targets a highly specific viral antigen represents a valuable tool for multispecies monitoring of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in susceptible animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita' 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Santina Grazioli
- National Reference Centre for Vesicular Diseases, Dpt. Biotechnology, OIE/FAO reference laboratories for FMD and for SVD, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- In3Diagnostic s.r.l., Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Scalas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita' 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagliari
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita' 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giulia Pezzoni
- National Reference Centre for Vesicular Diseases, Dpt. Biotechnology, OIE/FAO reference laboratories for FMD and for SVD, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia Gennero
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- National Reference Centre for Vesicular Diseases, Dpt. Biotechnology, OIE/FAO reference laboratories for FMD and for SVD, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
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11
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Schibeci Natoli Scialli N, Colitti B, Bertolotti L, Pezzoni G, Martignani E, Melega M, Brocchi E, Rosati S. Genome editing of a hybridoma cell line via the CRISPR/Cas9 system: A new approach for constitutive high-level expression of heterologous proteins in eukaryotic system. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 238:110286. [PMID: 34171554 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The power of the CRISPR/Cas9 system has revolutionized genome editing in many fields of biology. These applications have expanded exponentially over recent years, including those regarding protein expression technologies. The CRISPR/Cas9 system avoids random integration of the gene of interest and due to this characteristic can be exploited to obtain a stable cell line for the high-yield expression of recombinant proteins. Here we propose a method to edit a hybridoma cell line for the constitutive expression of proteins of interest using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. First, with the scope of optimizing the method, we replaced part of the light chain of immunoglobulin with the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) gene, obtaining a precise knock-in in the hybridoma genome. We confirmed the expression and secretion of GFP into the culture medium via fluorimetric analysis, as well as correct genome editing by RNA sequencing. Then, using the same approach, we included the gene encoding a protein of diagnostic interest, the Bovine Herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein E, in the donor DNA. We obtained a stable clone able to secrete gE protein in fusion with GFP into the culture medium. This result was confirmed by ELISA and Western Blot analysis. This study confirms the suitability of this cell line for the production of proteins of diagnostic interest by stable gene expression in a mammalian system. These experiments will enable the technique to be developed from its proof of concept to more specific applications in the field of infectious disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martignani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Maverick Melega
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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12
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Brotto Rebuli K, Giacobini M, Bertolotti L. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus Disease Modelling Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051457. [PMID: 34069518 PMCID: PMC8161241 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mathematical modelling is used in disease studies to assess their economical impacts, as well as to better understand the epidemiological dynamics of the biological and environmental factors associated with disease spreading. For an incurable disease such as Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis, this knowledge is extremely valuable. However, the application of modelling techniques to study this disease has not been significantly explored in the literature. The purpose of the present work was to review the published studies, highlighting their scope, strengths and limitations, as well to provide ideas for future modelling approaches for this disease. The reviewed studies were divided into two major themes. The first is epidemiological modelling, which use mathematical models which equations describe the disease dynamics over time. Inside this group, the articles differ in considering or not considering the sexual transmission component. The second major theme is statistical modelling, which correlates the disease with biological and environmental factors to quantify its risks and impacts. Inside this group, the articles include models for dairy production, for risk factors of the disease and for Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis being a risk factor for other diseases. Finally, the present work concludes with further suggestions for modelling studies on Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis. Abstract Mathematical modelling is used in disease studies to assess the economical impacts of diseases, as well as to better understand the epidemiological dynamics of the biological and environmental factors that are associated with disease spreading. For an incurable disease such as Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE), this knowledge is extremely valuable. However, the application of modelling techniques to CAE disease studies has not been significantly explored in the literature. The purpose of the present work was to review the published studies, highlighting their scope, strengths and limitations, as well to provide ideas for future modelling approaches for studying CAE disease. The reviewed studies were divided into the following two major themes: Mathematical epidemiological modelling and statistical modelling. Regarding the epidemiological modelling studies, two groups of models have been addressed in the literature: With and without the sexual transmission component. Regarding the statistical modelling studies, the reviewed articles varied on modelling assumptions and goals. These studies modelled the dairy production, the CAE risk factors and the hypothesis of CAE being a risk factor for other diseases. Finally, the present work concludes with further suggestions for modelling studies on CAE.
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13
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Colitti B, Bertolotti L, Mannelli A, Ferrara G, Vercelli A, Grassi A, Trentin C, Paltrinieri S, Nogarol C, Decaro N, Brocchi E, Rosati S. Cross-Sectional Serosurvey of Companion Animals Housed with SARS-CoV-2-Infected Owners, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1919-1922. [PMID: 33974535 PMCID: PMC8237875 DOI: 10.3201/eid2707.203314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a serologic survey among dogs and cats in Italy to detect antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We found that SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was higher among cats (16.2%) than dogs (2.3%). In addition, seroprevalence was higher among animals living in close contact with SARS-CoV-2–positive owners.
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14
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Decaro N, Balboni A, Bertolotti L, Martino PA, Mazzei M, Mira F, Pagnini U. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Dogs and Cats: Facts and Speculations. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:619207. [PMID: 33644148 PMCID: PMC7902482 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.619207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Balboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Mazzei
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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15
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Cavalera S, Colitti B, Rosati S, Ferrara G, Bertolotti L, Nogarol C, Guiotto C, Cagnazzo C, Denina M, Fagioli F, Di Nardo F, Chiarello M, Baggiani C, Anfossi L. A multi-target lateral flow immunoassay enabling the specific and sensitive detection of total antibodies to SARS COV-2. Talanta 2020; 223:121737. [PMID: 33303174 PMCID: PMC7534878 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A rapid test for detecting total immunoglobulins directed towards the nucleocapsid protein (N) of severe acute syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) was developed, based on a multi-target lateral flow immunoassay comprising two test lines. Both test lines bound to several classes of immunoglobulins (G, M, and A). Specific anti-SARS immunoglobulins were revealed by a colorimetric probe formed by N and gold nanoparticles. Targeting the total antibodies response to infection enabled achieving 100% diagnostic specificity (95.75-100, C.I. 95%, n = 85 healthy and with other infections individuals) and 94.6% sensitivity (84.9-98.9, C.I. 95%, n = 62 SARS CoV-2 infected subjects) as early as 7 days post confirmation of positivity. Agreeing results with a reference serological ELISA were achieved, except for the earlier detection capability of the rapid test. Follow up of the three seroconverting patients endorsed the hypothesis of the random rise of the different immunoglobulins and strengthened the 'total antibodies' approach for the trustworthy detection of serological response to SARS CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine an Animal Productions, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- In3Diagnostic S.r.l., Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Cristina Guiotto
- A.O. Ordine Mauriziano, Ospedale Umberto I di Torino, Via Magellano 1, 10128, Torino, Italy
| | - Celeste Cagnazzo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Division, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Denina
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics. Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Franca Fagioli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Division, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
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16
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Torresi C, Fiori M, Bertolotti L, Floris M, Colitti B, Giammarioli M, Dei Giudici S, Oggiano A, Malmberg M, De Mia GM, Belák S, Granberg F. The evolution of African swine fever virus in Sardinia (1978-2014) as revealed by whole-genome sequencing and comparative analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1971-1980. [PMID: 32163673 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and lethal viral disease of pigs and wild boars, which is enzootic in many African countries and on the Italian island of Sardinia, where it has been present since 1978. Previous genetic analyses of Sardinian ASF virus (ASFV) isolates have revealed that they all belong to p72 genotype I, with only minor sequence variations. However, these studies examined only a few selected genes. To distinguish between these closely related isolates and better investigate ASFV evolution in Sardinia, we sequenced the complete genomes of 12 Sardinian ASFV isolates collected between 1978 and 2012, and compared them with 47/Ss/2008 and 26544/OG10. Most of the observed changes occurred in a time-dependent manner; however, their biological significance remains unclear. As a whole, our results demonstrate the remarkable genetic stability of these strains, supporting a single-source introduction of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Torresi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZS-UM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Fiori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna (IZS-SA), Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Floris
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Monica Giammarioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZS-UM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna (IZS-SA), Sassari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna (IZS-SA), Sassari, Italy
| | - Maja Malmberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gian Mario De Mia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZS-UM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Granberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Denina M, Pellegrino F, Morotti F, Coppo P, Bonsignori IM, Garazzino S, Ravanini P, Avolio M, Cavallo R, Bertolotti L, Felici E, Acucella G, Montin D, Rabbone I, Licciardi F. All that glisters is not COVID: Low prevalence of seroconversion against SARS-CoV-2 in a pediatric cohort of patients with chilblain-like lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 83:1751-1753. [PMID: 32781180 PMCID: PMC7414307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Denina
- Department of Pediatrics and Public Health, University of Turin, Turin (TO), Italy
| | - Francesco Pellegrino
- Department of Pediatrics and Public Health, University of Turin, Turin (TO), Italy
| | - Francesco Morotti
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara (NO), Italy
| | - Paola Coppo
- Unit of Chirurgia Plastica Pediatrica-Dermatologia, Città della salute e della Scienza, Regina Margherita, Children's Hospital, Turin (TO), Italy
| | - Ilaria Maria Bonsignori
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara (NO), Italy
| | - Silvia Garazzino
- Department of Pediatrics and Public Health, University of Turin, Turin (TO), Italy
| | - Paolo Ravanini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia e virologia-AOU Maggiore della Carità di Novara, Novara (NO), Italy
| | - Maria Avolio
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Microbiology and Virology Unit, Città della salute e della Scienza, Molinette Hospital, University of Turin, Turin (TO), Italy
| | - Rossana Cavallo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Microbiology and Virology Unit, Città della salute e della Scienza, Molinette Hospital, University of Turin, Turin (TO), Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Turin (TO), Italy
| | - Enrico Felici
- Pediatric and Pediatric Emergency Unit, Children's Hospital, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e C. Arrigo, Alessandria (AL), Italy
| | | | - Davide Montin
- Department of Pediatrics and Public Health, University of Turin, Turin (TO), Italy
| | - Ivana Rabbone
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara (NO), Italy
| | - Francesco Licciardi
- Department of Pediatrics and Public Health, University of Turin, Turin (TO), Italy.
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18
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Colitti B, Nogarol C, Giacobini M, Capucchio MT, Biasato I, Rosati S, Bertolotti L. Compartmentalized evolution of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus type 2 in an immunotolerant persistently infected cow. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15460. [PMID: 31664116 PMCID: PMC6827220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important pathogens of cattle worldwide. BVDV-1 is widely distributed in Italy, while BVDV-2 has been detected occasionally. BVDV can be classified in two biotypes, cytopathic (CP) or noncytopathic (NCP). The characteristic of the virus is linked with the infection of a pregnant dam with a NCP strain: due to viral establishment before maturation of the fetal immune system the calf remains persistently infected (PI) and immunotolerant to the infecting BVDV strain. Thanks to their immunotolerance, PI animals represent a unique model to study the viral distribution and compartmentalization in absence of immunoresponse in vivo. In the present study, NGS sequencing was used to characterize the BVDV2 viral strain infecting a PI calf and to describe the viral quasispecies in tissues. Even if the consensus sequences obtained by all the samples were highly similar, quasispecies was described evaluating the presence and the frequency of variants among all the sequencing reads in each tissue. The results suggest a high heterogeneity of the infecting viral strain suggesting viral compartmentalization. The quasispecies analysis highlights the complex dynamics of viral population structure and can increase the knowledge about viral evolution in BVDV-2 persistently infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Giacobini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
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Cacciolatti C, Meyer-Ficca ML, Southwood LL, Meyer RG, Bertolotti L, Zarucco L. In vitro effects of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors on the production of tumor necrosis factor-α by interferon- γ - and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of horses. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:663-669. [PMID: 31246122 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.7.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) inhibitors on the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by interferon-γ (IFN-γ)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of horses as an in vitro model of inflammation in horses. SAMPLE 1,440 samples of PBMCs from 6 healthy research horses. PROCEDURES From heparinized whole blood samples, PBMC cultures were obtained. An initial dose-response trial on 48 PBMC samples from 2 horses (24 samples each) was used to determine concentrations of IFN-γ and LPS for use as low- and high-level stimulation concentrations. Seventy-two PBMC samples from 6 horses were assigned equally to 1 of 4 PARP1 inhibition categories: no PARP1 inhibitor (PARP1 inhibition control); 2-((R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazole-4-carbozamide dihydrochloride (ABT888);4-(3-(1-(cyclopropanecarbonyl)piperazine-4-carbonyl)-4-fluorobenzyl)phthalazin-1(2H)-one (AZD2281); or N-(6-oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridin-2-yl) -N,N-dimethylacetamide hydrochloride (PJ34). Samples of PBMCs from each horse and each PARP1 inhibition category were then assigned to 1 of 3 levels of IFN-γ and LPS stimulation: none (control), low stimulation, or high stimulation. After a 24-hour incubation period, a TNF-α ELISA was used to measure TNF-α concentration in the supernatant. Results were compared across treatments and for each horse. Data were analyzed with repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS Median TNF-α concentration was significantly lower for PJ34-treated, high-level stimulated PBMCs than for PARP1 inhibition control, high-level stimulated PBMCs; however, no other meaningful differences in TNF-α concentration were detected among the inhibition and stimulation combinations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings suggested that PJ34 PARP1 inhibition may reduce TNF-α production in horses, a potential benefit in reducing inflammation and endotoxin-induced damage in horses.
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Torresi C, Granberg F, Bertolotti L, Oggiano A, Colitti B, Giammarioli M, De Mia GM. A50 Whole-genome sequencing of African swine fever isolates from Sardinia. Virus Evol 2019. [PMCID: PMC6736142 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez002.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to assess the molecular epidemiology of African swine fever (ASF) in Sardinia, we analyzed a wide range of isolates from wild and domestic pigs over a 31-year period (1978–2009) by genotyping sequence data from the genes encoding the p54 and the p72 proteins and the CVR. On this basis, the analysis of the B602L gene revealed a minor difference, placing the Sardinian isolates into two clusters according to their temporal distribution. As an extension of this study, in order to achieve a higher level of discrimination, three further variable genome regions, namely p30, CD2v, and I73R/I329L, of a large number of isolates collected from outbreaks in the years 2002–14 have been investigated. Sequence analysis of the CD2v region revealed a temporal subdivision of the viruses into two subgroups. These data, together with those from the B602L gene analysis, demonstrated that the viruses circulating in Sardinia belong to p72/genotype I, but since 1990 have undergone minor genetic variations in respect to its ancestor, thus making it impossible to trace isolates, enabling a more accurate assessment of the origin of outbreaks, and extending knowledge of virus evolution. To solve this problem, we have sequenced and annotated the complete genome of nine ASF isolates collected in Sardinia between 1978 and 2012. This was achieved using sequence data determined by next-generation sequencing. The results showed a very high identity with range of nucleotide similarity among isolates of 99.5 per cent to 99.9 per cent. The ASF virus (ASFV) genomes were composed of terminal inverted repeats and conserved and non-conserved ORFs. Among the conserved ORFs, B385R, H339R, and O61R-p12 showed 100 per cent amino acid identity. The same was true for the hypervariable ORFs, with regard to X69R, DP96R, DP60R, EP153R, B407L, I10L, and L60L genes. The EP402R and B602L genes showed, as expected, an amino acid identity range of 98.5 per cent to 100 per cent and 91 per cent to 100 per cent, respectively. In addition, all of the isolates displayed variable intergenic sequences. As a whole, the results from our studies confirmed a remarkable genetic stability of the ASFV/p72 genotype I viruses circulating in Sardinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Torresi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZS-UM), Perugia, Italy
| | - F Granberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Bertolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - A Oggiano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna (IZS-SA), Sassari, Italy
| | - B Colitti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - M Giammarioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZS-UM), Perugia, Italy
| | - G M De Mia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZS-UM), Perugia, Italy
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Colussi S, Desiato R, Beltramo C, Peletto S, Modesto P, Maniaci MG, Campia V, Quasso A, Rosati S, Bertolotti L, Ru G, Acutis PL. A single nucleotide variant in the promoter region of the CCR5 gene increases susceptibility to arthritis encephalitis virus in goats. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:230. [PMID: 31277645 PMCID: PMC6612200 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are a heterogeneous group of viruses that includes caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV). SRLVs affect the production and welfare of sheep and goats worldwide. There is currently no effective treatment. Their high mutation rate precludes vaccine development, making innovative control measures necessary. A variant of the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) gene is reportedly involved in resistance to human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection in humans and to SRLV in sheep. The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic structure and variability of the CCR5 gene in goats and to carry out a cross-sectional study to investigate the role of CCR5 genetic variants in controlling susceptibility/resistance to CAEV. Results The variant g.1059 T located in the promoter region revealed an interesting association with high proviral loads (a 2.8-fold increased risk). A possible explanation could be an alteration of the transcriptional level. Overexpression of the CCR5 receptor on the cell surface may increase virus internalization and proviral load as a consequence. Conclusions Our findings could be advantageously used to reduce the susceptibility of goat herds to CAEV by negatively selecting animals carrying the g.1059 T mutation. Eliminating animals predisposed to high proviral loads could also limit the development of clinical signs and the spread of the virus, since these animals are also highly efficient in shedding the virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1979-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Colussi
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Desiato
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (BEAR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta - Via Bologna 220, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Beltramo
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Peletto
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Modesto
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Maniaci
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Campia
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Quasso
- Department of Prevention ASL AT, Veterinary Services - Animal Health Unit, Via Conte Verde 125, 14100, Asti, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ru
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (BEAR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta - Via Bologna 220, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
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Nogarol C, Bertolotti L, Klevar S, Profiti M, Gjerset B, Rosati S. Serological characterization of small ruminant lentiviruses: A complete tool for serotyping lentivirus infection in goat. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gallamini A, Rossi A, Patti C, Picardi M, Romano A, Cantonetti M, Oppi S, Viviani S, Bolis S, Trentin L, Gini G, Battistini R, Chauvie S, Bertolotti L, Pavoni C, Parvis G, Zanotti R, Gavarotti P, Cimminiello M, Schiavotto C, Viero P, Avigdor A, Tarella C, Rambaldi A. CONSOLIDATION RADIOTHERAPY COULD BE OMITTED IN ADVANCED HODGKIN LYMPHOMA WITH LARGE NODAL MASS IN COMPLETE METABOLIC RESPONSE AFTER ABVD. FINAL ANALYSIS OF THE RANDOMIZED HD0607 TRIAL. Hematol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.105_2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gallamini
- Research & Clinical Innovation; Antoine Lacassagne Cancer Centre; Nice France
| | - A. Rossi
- Department of Oncology-Hematology; University of Milan and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - C. Patti
- Hematology; V. Cervello Hospital; Palermo Italy
| | - M. Picardi
- Hematology; Policlinico Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - A. Romano
- Hematology; Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele Hospital; Catania Italy
| | - M. Cantonetti
- Hematology; Policlinico Hospital Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - S. Oppi
- Hematology; Businco Oncology Hospital; Cagliari Italy
| | - S. Viviani
- Hematology; National Institute of tumors; Milan Italy
| | - S. Bolis
- Hematology; S. Gerardo University Hospital; Monza Italy
| | | | - G. Gini
- Hematology; Ospedali Riuniti Le Torrette; Ancona Italy
| | - R. Battistini
- Hematology; S. Camillo Forlanini Hospital; Rome Italy
| | - S. Chauvie
- Medical Physics; S. Croce Hospital; Cuneo Italy
| | | | - C. Pavoni
- Department of Oncology-Hematology; University of Milan and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
| | - G. Parvis
- Hematology; Mauriziano Hospital; Turin Italy
| | - R. Zanotti
- Hematology; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata; Verona Italy
| | - P. Gavarotti
- Hematology; University Hospital Città della salute; Turin Italy
| | | | | | - P. Viero
- Hematology; Dell'Angelo Hospital; Venice Italy
| | - A. Avigdor
- Hematolog and Bone Marrow Transplantation; Sheba Medical Center; Tel-Aviv Israel
| | - C. Tarella
- Hematology; European Institute of Oncology; Milan Italy
| | - A. Rambaldi
- Department of Oncology-Hematology; University of Milan and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII; Bergamo Italy
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Colitti B, Coradduzza E, Puggioni G, Capucchio MT, Reina R, Bertolotti L, Rosati S. A new approach for Small Ruminant Lentivirus full genome characterization revealed the circulation of divergent strains. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212585. [PMID: 30789950 PMCID: PMC6383919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) include at least 4 viral highly divergent genotypes. Genotypes A and B are widely distributed and genotypes C and E have been recognized in restricted geographic areas. New phylogroups have been identified targeting conserved regions. However, this approach suffers from the potential risk to misamplify highly divergent strains. Pathogenic strains are easily adapted to fibroblastic cells, but non-pathogenic strains isolation may require a different approach. We developed a fast and effective method for SRLV full genome characterization after cell culture isolation. Spleen samples were collected during regular slaughter from sheep and goats in northwestern Italy. Spleen-derived macrophage cultures were monitored for reverse transcriptase activity and RNA was extracted from the supernatant of positive cultures. Using Illumina MiSeq platform 22 new full genome sequences were obtained. The success of this approach is based on the following features: spleen is one of the main target for SRLV persistence; red pulp is a reserve of resident macrophages, the main target for SRLV replication in vivo; RTA is a sensitive assay for any replicating retrovirus; de novo sequencing do not require genetic knowledge in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colitti
- University of Turin, Dept. Veterinary Science, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ramsés Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarra), Navarra, Spain
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- University of Turin, Dept. Veterinary Science, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Sergio Rosati
- University of Turin, Dept. Veterinary Science, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
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25
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Colitti B, Muratore E, Careddu ME, Bertolotti L, Iotti B, Giacobini M, Profiti M, Nogarol C, Böttcher J, Ponzo A, Facelli R, Rosati S. Field application of an indirect gE ELISA on pooled milk samples for the control of IBR in free and marker vaccinated dairy herds. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:387. [PMID: 30518363 PMCID: PMC6282388 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to assess the reliability of a new strategy for monitoring the serological response against Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1), the causative agent of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). Bulk milk samples have already been identified as cost effective diagnostic matrices for monitoring purposes. Nevertheless, most eradication programs are still based on individual standard assays. In a region of northwestern Italy (Piedmont), the voluntary eradication program for IBR has become economically unsustainable. Being the prevalence of infection still high, glycoprotein E-deleted marker vaccines are commonly used but gE blocking ELISAs are less sensitive on bulk milk samples compared to blood serum. RESULTS A recently developed indirect gE ELISA showed high versatility when applied to a wide range of matrices. In this study, we applied a faster, cost effective system for the concentration of IgG from pooled milk samples. The IgG enriched fractions were tested using a gE indirect ELISA for monitoring purposes in IBR-positive and IBR-marker-vaccinated herds. Official diagnostic tests were used as gold standard. During a 3 years study, a total 250 herds were involved, including more than 34,500 lactating cows. The proposed method showed a very good agreement with official diagnostic protocols and very good diagnostic performances: only 37 positive animals were not detected across the entire study. CONCLUSIONS The results highlighted the ability of the proposed method to support the surveillance of IBR in the Piedmont region, reducing the costs without affecting the diagnostic performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Elvira Muratore
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Careddu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte della Liguria e della Valle D’Aosta (IZSPLV), 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Bryan Iotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Giacobini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Profiti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Jens Böttcher
- Tiergesundheitsdienst bayern e.V, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Andreino Ponzo
- Azienda sanitaria locale Cuneo (ASL CN1), 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Roberto Facelli
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori Piemonte (ARAP), 12020 Madonna dell’Olmo, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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Galitska G, Biolatti M, De Andrea M, Leone A, Coscia A, Bertolotti L, Ala U, Bertino E, Dell'Oste V, Landolfo S. Biological relevance of Cytomegalovirus genetic variability in congenitally and postnatally infected children. J Clin Virol 2018; 108:132-140. [PMID: 30312910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading cause of congenital infections resulting in severe morbidity and mortality among infected children. Although the virus is highly polymorphic, particularly in genes contributing to immune evasion, the mechanisms underlying its genetic variability and pathogenicity are only partially understood. OBJECTIVES We aimed to characterize different HCMV clinical strains isolated from 21 congenitally- or postnatally-infected children for in vitro growth properties and genetic polymorphisms. STUDY DESIGN The growth of various HCMV isolates was analyzed in different cell culture models. Genetic polymorphism was assessed by genetic and phylogenetic analysis of viral genes involved in virulence (UL144, US28, and UL18), latency (UL133-138), or drug resistance (UL54 and UL97). RESULTS Here, we report a high degree of genetic and phenotypic diversity in distinct HCMV clinical isolates, as shown by their in vitro growth properties. In particular, HCMV isolates displayed the highest degree of genetic variability in the UL144 gene, where we were able to define four distinct genotypes within the cohort based on UL144 heterogeneity. Lastly, among all isolates we were able to identify 36 mutations in UL54 and 2 in UL97. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that surprisingly high levels of genetic HCMV variability correlate with a high degree of phenotypic polymorphism, which in turn might differentially influence the growth, fitness, and drug susceptibility of HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Galitska
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Biolatti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy
| | - Agata Leone
- Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Neonatal Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Dell'Oste
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Santo Landolfo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Rizzo F, Edenborough KM, Toffoli R, Culasso P, Zoppi S, Dondo A, Robetto S, Rosati S, Lander A, Kurth A, Orusa R, Bertolotti L, Mandola ML. Coronavirus and paramyxovirus in bats from Northwest Italy. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:396. [PMID: 29273042 PMCID: PMC5741894 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bat-borne virus surveillance is necessary for determining inter-species transmission risks and is important due to the wide-range of bat species which may harbour potential pathogens. This study aimed to monitor coronaviruses (CoVs) and paramyxoviruses (PMVs) in bats roosting in northwest Italian regions. Our investigation was focused on CoVs and PMVs due to their proven ability to switch host and their zoonotic potential. Here we provide the phylogenetic characterization of the highly conserved polymerase gene fragments. Results Family-wide PCR screenings were used to test 302 bats belonging to 19 different bat species. Thirty-eight animals from 12 locations were confirmed as PCR positive, with an overall detection rate of 12.6% [95% CI: 9.3–16.8]. CoV RNA was found in 36 bats belonging to eight species, while PMV RNA in three Pipistrellus spp. Phylogenetic characterization have been obtained for 15 alpha- CoVs, 5 beta-CoVs and three PMVs; moreover one P. pipistrellus resulted co-infected with both CoV and PMV. A divergent alpha-CoV clade from Myotis nattereri SpA is also described. The compact cluster of beta-CoVs from R. ferrumequinum roosts expands the current viral sequence database, specifically for this species in Europe. To our knowledge this is the first report of CoVs in Plecotus auritus and M. oxygnathus, and of PMVs in P. kuhlii. Conclusions This study identified alpha and beta-CoVs in new bat species and in previously unsurveyed Italian regions. To our knowledge this represents the first and unique report of PMVs in Italy. The 23 new bat genetic sequences presented will expand the current molecular bat-borne virus databases. Considering the amount of novel bat-borne PMVs associated with the emergence of zoonotic infections in animals and humans in the last years, the definition of viral diversity within European bat species is needed. Performing surveillance studies within a specific geographic area can provide awareness of viral burden where bats roost in close proximity to spillover hosts, and form the basis for the appropriate control measures against potential threats for public health and optimal management of bats and their habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rizzo
- Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10148, Torino, Italy.
| | | | - Roberto Toffoli
- Chirosphera, via Tetti Barbiere 11, 10026, Santena, TO, Italy
| | - Paola Culasso
- Chirosphera, via Tetti Barbiere 11, 10026, Santena, TO, Italy
| | - Simona Zoppi
- Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10148, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10148, Torino, Italy
| | - Serena Robetto
- Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10148, Torino, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | | | - Andreas Kurth
- Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Riccardo Orusa
- Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10148, Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Mandola
- Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10148, Torino, Italy
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Bertolotti L, Giammarioli M, Rosati S. Genetic characterization of bovine respiratory syncytial virus strains isolated in Italy: evidence for the circulation of new divergent clades. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:300-304. [PMID: 29251553 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717746202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is circulating in cattle in Europe. Although vaccination helps control the disease, its prevalence within and among herds remains high. Previous genetic characterization studies revealed a strict geographic correlation between viral variants; on the other hand, they showed the emergence of new variants in northern Europe. Few studies have described BRSV distribution, and little is known about the genetic features of BRSV strains circulating in Italy. We studied sample-positive tests for BRSV, and sequenced the coding regions of the G and N proteins to determine the presence of divergent variants. Two different sets of sequences were found, including in samples from animals from vaccinated herds. The 2 groups of sequences correspond to 2 time periods and suggest an active role of herd immunity in preventing the spread of infection. Our findings that different strains of BRSV are circulating in Italy and that the virus is evolving rapidly highlight the importance of updating vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy (Bertolotti, Rosati).,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e Marche, Perugia, Italy (Giammarioli)
| | - Monica Giammarioli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy (Bertolotti, Rosati).,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e Marche, Perugia, Italy (Giammarioli)
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy (Bertolotti, Rosati).,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e Marche, Perugia, Italy (Giammarioli)
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Nogarol C, Decaro N, Bertolotti L, Colitti B, Iotti B, Petrini S, Lucente MS, Elia G, Perona G, Profiti M, Buonavoglia C, Rosati S. Pestivirus infection in cattle dairy farms: E2 glycoprotein ELISA reveals the presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in northwestern Italy. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:377. [PMID: 29202756 PMCID: PMC5715619 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 are members of the Pestivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family. This genus also includes the HoBi-like virus, tentatively classified as BVDV type 3. BVDV-1 is widely distributed in Italy despite the extensive use of BVDV-1-based vaccines, while BVDV-2 and HoBi-like Pestivirus have been detected occasionally. Monitoring the occurrence of sporadic or atypical pestiviruses is a useful approach to evaluate the need for additional vaccine strains that can be used in BVDV control programs. Results In this study we developed a multiwell antibody ELISA based on the recombinant E2 protein of the three bovine pestiviruses. We evaluated the assay’s applicability for surveillance purposes using pooled milk samples, each prepared from a maximum of 35 lactating cows and collected from 176 dairy herds. As expected, the majority of the pooled samples reacted to a greater extent against the BVDV-1 E2 antigen. All three milk pools from a single farm reacted to the BVDV-2 antigen, however. Further analysis using spot tests, antigen detection, and sequence analysis of the 5′-UTR region confirmed the presence of five persistently infected calves carrying a BVDV-2a strain. Conclusions This study highlights for the first time that sporadic circulation of BVDV-2 can be predicted by immunoenzymatic methods in the absence of specific vaccination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-017-1305-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Nogarol
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Bryan Iotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Petrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Perona
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. .,, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy.
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Bazzucchi M, Bertolotti L, Ceglie L, Giammarioli M, Rossi E, Rosati S, De Mia GM. Complete nucleotide sequence of a novel bovine viral diarrhea virus subtype 1 isolate from Italy. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3545-3548. [PMID: 28717858 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To gain further insight into the genomic features of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) subtypes, we sequenced the complete genome of the BVDV-1 isolate VE/245/12. This is an uncommon subtype that was isolated from a persistently infected animal. Here, we report the complete genome sequence, consisting of 12,295 nucleotides (nt) with an open reading frame of 11,694 nt encoding 3,898 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length genome, 5'-UTR, and Npro region confirmed that the BVDV-1 isolate differed significantly from all of the bovine pestiviruses identified so far, providing evidence for the presence of a distinct novel genetic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Bazzucchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Letizia Ceglie
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Monica Giammarioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Gian Mario De Mia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy.
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Ferreri L, Perazzo S, Venturino E, Giacobini M, Bertolotti L, Mannelli A. Modeling the effects of variable feeding patterns of larval ticks on the transmission of Borrelia lusitaniae and Borrelia afzelii. Theor Popul Biol 2017; 116:27-32. [PMID: 28690096 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia burgdoferi sensu lato (sl) group cause Lyme Borreliosis (LB), which is the most commonly reported vector-borne zoonosis in Europe. B. burgdorferi sl is maintained in nature in a complex cycle involving Ixodes ricinus ticks and several species of vertebrate hosts. The transmission dynamics of B. burgdorferi sl is complicated by the varying competence of animals for different genospecies of spirochetes that, in turn, vary in their capability of causing disease. In this study, a set of difference equations simplifying the complex interaction between vectors and their hosts (competent and not for Borrelia) is built to gain insights into conditions underlying the dominance of B. lusitaniae (transmitted by lizards to susceptible ticks) and the maintenance of B. afzelii (transmitted by wild rodents) observed in a study area in Tuscany, Italy. Findings, in agreement with field observations, highlight the existence of a threshold for the fraction of larvae feeding on rodents below which the persistence of B. afzelii is not possible. Furthermore, thresholds change as nonlinear functions of the expected number of nymph bites on mice, and the transmission and recovery probabilities. In conclusion, our model provided an insight into mechanisms underlying the relative frequency of different Borrelia genospecies, as observed in field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferreri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, largo Paolo Braccini 2, IT-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Silvia Perazzo
- Department of Mathematics "Giuseppe Peano", University of Torino, via Carlo Alberto 10, IT-10123 Torino (TO), Italy
| | - Ezio Venturino
- Department of Mathematics "Giuseppe Peano", University of Torino, via Carlo Alberto 10, IT-10123 Torino (TO), Italy
| | - Mario Giacobini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, largo Paolo Braccini 2, IT-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, IT-10126 Torino (TO), Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, largo Paolo Braccini 2, IT-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Alessandro Mannelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, largo Paolo Braccini 2, IT-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Muratore E, Bertolotti L, Nogarol C, Caruso C, Lucchese L, Iotti B, Ariello D, Moresco A, Masoero L, Nardelli S, Rosati S. Surveillance of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis in marker-vaccinated dairy herds: Application of a recombinant gE ELISA on bulk milk samples. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 185:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Costa A, Bertolotti L, Brito L, Civera T. Biofilm Formation and Disinfectant Susceptibility of Persistent and Nonpersistent Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Gorgonzola Cheese Processing Plants. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:602-609. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Luisa Brito
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food/Laboratório de Microbiologia, DRAT-Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiziana Civera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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Crespo H, Bertolotti L, Proffiti M, Cascio P, Cerruti F, Acutis PL, de Andrés D, Reina R, Rosati S. Low proviral small ruminant lentivirus load as biomarker of natural restriction in goats. Vet Microbiol 2016; 192:152-162. [PMID: 27527777 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) globally affect welfare and production of sheep and goats and are mainly controlled through elimination of infected animals, independently of the viral kinetics within the single animal. Control programs are based on highly sensitive serological tests, however the existence of low antibody responders leads to the permanent presence of seronegative infected animals in the flock, thus perpetuating the infection. On the other hand, long-term non-progressors show a detectable antibody response not indicative of a shedding animal, suggesting immune contention of infection. In this study, we analyse two goat populations within the same herd, harbouring low or high proviral SRLV loads respectively, both showing a robust antibody response. In vivo findings were confirmed in vitro since fibroblastic cell lines obtained from one high and one low proviral load representative goats, showed respectively a high and a faint production of virus upon infection with reference and field circulating SRLV strains. Differences in virus production were relieved when strain CAEV-Co was used for experimental infection. We analysed LTR promoter activity, proviral load, entry step and production of virus and viral proteins. Intriguingly, proteasomal activity was higher in fibroblasts from low proviral load animals and proteasome inhibition increased viral production in both cell lines, suggesting the implication of active proteasome-dependent restriction factors. Among them, we analysed relative expression and sequences of TRIM5α, APOBEC3 (Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z2-Z3) and BST-2 (Tetherin) and found a global antiviral status in low proviral carriers that may confer protection against viral shedding and disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Crespo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, UPNA-CSIC-Gob, de Navarra, Avda. Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, L.go P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Margherita Proffiti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, L.go P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Paolo Cascio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, L.go P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Fulvia Cerruti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, L.go P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, UPNA-CSIC-Gob, de Navarra, Avda. Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, UPNA-CSIC-Gob, de Navarra, Avda. Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain.
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, L.go P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Bertolotti L, Muratore E, Nogarol C, Caruso C, Lucchese L, Profiti M, Anfossi L, Masoero L, Nardelli S, Rosati S. Development and validation of an indirect ELISA as a confirmatory test for surveillance of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in vaccinated herds. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:300. [PMID: 26646170 PMCID: PMC4672570 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) is a member of the viral subfamily of Alphaherpesvirinae that infects various species, including cattle, sheep, and goats. The virus causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), which is included in a European list of diseases that may require control and eradication programs. The lack of confirmatory tests affects the validity of diagnostic tools, especially those used for vaccinated herds. In this study, we report the development and validation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on BoHV1 glycoprotein E, which was expressed as a secreted recombinant antigen in a mammalian cell system. The performance of the new rec-gE ELISA was compared with that of commercially available indirect and/or blocking ELISAs. RESULTS The sample set included blood sera from animals from IBR-positive farms, IBR-free farms, and marker-vaccinated farms. The indirect ELISA proposed in this study is based on antibody reactivity against BoHV1 gE, and showed high sensitivity and specificity (98.41 and 99.76 %, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The ELISA performed well, in terms of both its diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and as a confirmatory methodology, and therefore should improve the diagnostic protocols used for IBR surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy. .,, Present address: Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - Elvira Muratore
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Claudio Caruso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy.
| | - Laura Lucchese
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Loretta Masoero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy.
| | - Stefano Nardelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Rocha TS, Tramuta C, Catania S, Matucci A, Giuffrida MG, Baro C, Profiti M, Bertolotti L, Rosati S. Cloning, expression, and antigenic characterization of recombinant protein of Mycoplasma gallisepticum expressed in Escherichia coli. Poult Sci 2015; 94:621-7. [PMID: 25667423 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a member of the most important avian mycoplasmas, causing chronic respiratory disease in chickens and leading to important economic losses in the poultry industry. Recombinant technology represents a strategic approach used to achieve highly reliable and specific diagnostic tests in veterinary diseases control: in particular this aspect is crucial for confirming mycoplasma infection and for maintaining mycoplasma-free breeder flocks. In this study, we identified a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (i.e., E2) protein by 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), characterized it in immunoblotting assays, and analyzed its recombinant (r-E2) in a rec-ELISA test. For full-length protein expression in Escherichia coli (EC) a point mutation was introduced. A rabbit antiserum produced against r-E2 was tested in a Western Blot using different samples of Mycoplasma species. The results showed the applicability of site-directed mutagenesis, with a good yield of the r-E2 after purification. Also, anti-E2 serum reacted with all the tested MG strains showing no cross reaction with other mycoplasmas. The developed E2 ELISA test was capable of detecting MG antibodies in the sera examined. Those results demonstrate the antigenic stability of the E2 protein which could represent a recombinant antigen with potential diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Rocha
- University of Turin (UNITO), Department of Veterinary Science. 10100 Torino, Italy
| | - C Tramuta
- University of Turin (UNITO), Department of Veterinary Science. 10100 Torino, Italy
| | - S Catania
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Diagnostic Service Avian Medicine Laboratory-Mycoplasma Unit, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - A Matucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Diagnostic Service Avian Medicine Laboratory-Mycoplasma Unit, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - M G Giuffrida
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISPA-CNR), Bioindustry Park S. Fumero, 10100 Giacosa, Torino, Italy
| | - C Baro
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISPA-CNR), Bioindustry Park S. Fumero, 10100 Giacosa, Torino, Italy
| | - M Profiti
- University of Turin (UNITO), Department of Veterinary Science. 10100 Torino, Italy
| | - L Bertolotti
- University of Turin (UNITO), Department of Veterinary Science. 10100 Torino, Italy
| | - S Rosati
- University of Turin (UNITO), Department of Veterinary Science. 10100 Torino, Italy
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Ferreri L, Giacobini M, Bajardi P, Bertolotti L, Bolzoni L, Tagliapietra V, Rizzoli A, Rosà R. Pattern of tick aggregation on mice: larger than expected distribution tail enhances the spread of tick-borne pathogens. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003931. [PMID: 25393293 PMCID: PMC4230730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of tick-borne pathogens represents an important threat to human and animal health in many parts of Eurasia. Here, we analysed a 9-year time series of Ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on Apodemus flavicollis mice (main reservoir-competent host for tick-borne encephalitis, TBE) sampled in Trentino (Northern Italy). The tail of the distribution of the number of ticks per host was fitted by three theoretical distributions: Negative Binomial (NB), Poisson-LogNormal (PoiLN), and Power-Law (PL). The fit with theoretical distributions indicated that the tail of the tick infestation pattern on mice is better described by the PL distribution. Moreover, we found that the tail of the distribution significantly changes with seasonal variations in host abundance. In order to investigate the effect of different tails of tick distribution on the invasion of a non-systemically transmitted pathogen, we simulated the transmission of a TBE-like virus between susceptible and infective ticks using a stochastic model. Model simulations indicated different outcomes of disease spreading when considering different distribution laws of ticks among hosts. Specifically, we found that the epidemic threshold and the prevalence equilibria obtained in epidemiological simulations with PL distribution are a good approximation of those observed in simulations feed by the empirical distribution. Moreover, we also found that the epidemic threshold for disease invasion was lower when considering the seasonal variation of tick aggregation. Our work analyses a 9-year time series of tick co-feeding patterns on Yellow-necked mice. Our data shows a strong heterogeneity, where most mice are parasitised by a small number of ticks while few host a much larger number. We describe the number of ticks per host by the commonly used Negative Binomial model, by the Poisson-LogNormal model, and we propose the Power Law model as an alternative. In our data, the last model seems to better describe the strong heterogeneity. In order to understand the epidemiological consequences, we use a computational model to reproduce a peculiar way of transmission, observed in some cases in nature, where uninfected ticks acquire an infection by feeding on a host where infected ticks are present, without any remarkable epidemiological involvement of the host itself. In particular, we are interested in determining the conditions leading to pathogen spread. We observe that the effective transmission of this infection in nature is highly dependent on the capability of the implemented model to describe the tick burden. In addition, we also consider seasonal changes in tick aggregation on mice, showing its influence on the spread of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferreri
- Computational Epidemiology Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Applied Research on Computational Complex Systems Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Mario Giacobini
- Computational Epidemiology Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Applied Research on Computational Complex Systems Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Complex Systems Unit, Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Bajardi
- Computational Epidemiology Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Applied Research on Computational Complex Systems Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Computational Epidemiology Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Bolzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Parma, Italy
- Dipartimento Biodiversità ed Ecologia Molecolare, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Valentina Tagliapietra
- Dipartimento Biodiversità ed Ecologia Molecolare, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Dipartimento Biodiversità ed Ecologia Molecolare, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Roberto Rosà
- Dipartimento Biodiversità ed Ecologia Molecolare, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Nogarol C, Bertolotti L, De Carlo E, Masoero L, Caruso C, Profiti M, Martucciello A, Galiero G, Cordioli P, Lelli D, Nardelli S, Ingravalle F, Rosati S. Expression and antigenic characterization of bubaline herpesvirus 1 (BuHV1) glycoprotein E and its potential application in the epidemiology and control of alphaherpesvirus infections in Mediterranean water buffalo. J Virol Methods 2014; 207:16-21. [PMID: 24992670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bubaline herpesvirus 1 (BuHV1) is a member of ruminant alphaherpesviruses antigenically related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1). The impact of BuHV1 infection in infectious bovine rhinotracheitis control program is difficult to establish, due to the lack of specific diagnostic test. The ectodomain of glycoprotein E of BuHV1 was expressed as recombinant secreted protein and used in indirect ELISA as well as in a discriminatory test using the BoHV1 counterpart. A panel of monoclonal antibodies was produced against BuHV1; 6 out of 7 anti-gE monoclonal antibodies specifically recognized the BuHV1 gE. Results indicated BuHV1 gE as a sensitive marker of infection compared to seroneutralization (SN) test or blocking ELISA. When BoHV1 and BuHV1 gEs were immobilized in different wells of the same ELISA microplate, bovine and water buffalo sera were more reactive against the respective infecting virus. About one third of seropositive buffaloes with no history of contact with cattle and having higher SN titres, reacted in BoHV1 gE blocking ELISA, possibly because of steric hindrance. Since in two occasions BuHV1 was also isolated from water buffalo scoring gB+/gE+ BoHV1 blocking ELISA, we conclude that the combination of the two blocking ELISAs is not suitable to differentiate between BoHV1 and BuHV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nogarol
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - L Bertolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - E De Carlo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Centro di Referenza Nazionalesull'igiene e le tecnologie dell'allevamento e delle produzioni bufaline, Salerno, Italy
| | - L Masoero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - C Caruso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - M Profiti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - A Martucciello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Centro di Referenza Nazionalesull'igiene e le tecnologie dell'allevamento e delle produzioni bufaline, Salerno, Italy
| | - G Galiero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Centro di Referenza Nazionalesull'igiene e le tecnologie dell'allevamento e delle produzioni bufaline, Salerno, Italy
| | - P Cordioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - D Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - S Nardelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - F Ingravalle
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - S Rosati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy.
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Rosà R, Marini G, Bolzoni L, Neteler M, Metz M, Delucchi L, Chadwick EA, Balbo L, Mosca A, Giacobini M, Bertolotti L, Rizzoli A. Early warning of West Nile virus mosquito vector: climate and land use models successfully explain phenology and abundance of Culex pipiens mosquitoes in north-western Italy. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:269. [PMID: 24924622 PMCID: PMC4061321 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile Virus (WNV) is an emerging global health threat. Transmission risk is strongly related to the abundance of mosquito vectors, typically Culex pipiens in Europe. Early-warning predictors of mosquito population dynamics would therefore help guide entomological surveillance and thereby facilitate early warnings of transmission risk. METHODS We analysed an 11-year time series (2001 to 2011) of Cx. pipiens mosquito captures from the Piedmont region of north-western Italy to determine the principal drivers of mosquito population dynamics. Linear mixed models were implemented to examine the relationship between Cx. pipiens population dynamics and environmental predictors including temperature, precipitation, Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the proximity of mosquito traps to urban areas and rice fields. RESULTS Warm temperatures early in the year were associated with an earlier start to the mosquito season and increased season length, and later in the year, with decreased abundance. Early precipitation delayed the start and shortened the length of the mosquito season, but increased total abundance. Conversely, precipitation later in the year was associated with a longer season. Finally, higher NDWI early in the year was associated with an earlier start to the season and increased season length, but was not associated with abundance. Proximity to rice fields predicted higher total abundance when included in some models, but was not a significant predictor of phenology. Proximity to urban areas was not a significant predictor in any of our models. Predicted variations in start of the season and season length ranged from one to three weeks, across the measured range of variables. Predicted mosquito abundance was highly variable, with numbers in excess of 1000 per trap per year when late season temperatures were low (average 21°C) to only 150 when late season temperatures were high (average 30°C). CONCLUSIONS Climate data collected early in the year, in conjunction with local land use, can be used to provide early warning of both the timing and magnitude of mosquito outbreaks. This potentially allows targeted mosquito control measures to be implemented, with implications for prevention and control of West Nile Virus and other mosquito borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rosà
- Dipartimento di Biodiversità ed Ecologia Molecolare, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italia.
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40
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Crespo H, Bertolotti L, Juganaru M, Glaria I, de Andrés D, Amorena B, Rosati S, Reina R. Small ruminant macrophage polarization may play a pivotal role on lentiviral infection. Vet Res 2013; 44:83. [PMID: 24070317 PMCID: PMC3850683 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) infect the monocyte/macrophage lineage inducing a long-lasting infection affecting body condition, production and welfare of sheep and goats all over the world. Macrophages play a pivotal role on the host’s innate and adaptative immune responses against parasites by becoming differentially activated. Macrophage heterogeneity can tentatively be classified into classically differentiated macrophages (M1) through stimulation with IFN-γ displaying an inflammatory profile, or can be alternatively differentiated by stimulation with IL-4/IL-13 into M2 macrophages with homeostatic functions. Since infection by SRLV can modulate macrophage functions we explored here whether ovine and caprine macrophages can be segregated into M1 and M2 populations and whether this differential polarization represents differential susceptibility to SRLV infection. We found that like in human and mouse systems, ovine and caprine macrophages can be differentiated with particular stimuli into M1/M2 subpopulations displaying specific markers. In addition, small ruminant macrophages are plastic since M1 differentiated macrophages can express M2 markers when the stimulus changes from IFN-γ to IL-4. SRLV replication was restricted in M1 macrophages and increased in M2 differentiated macrophages respectively according to viral production. Identification of the infection pathways in macrophage populations may provide new targets for eliciting appropriate immune responses against SRLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Crespo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra, Mutilva Baja, Navarra, Spain.
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de Andrés X, Ramírez H, Bertolotti L, San Román B, Glaria I, Crespo H, Jáuregui P, Minguijón E, Juste R, Leginagoikoa I, Pérez M, Luján L, Badiola JJ, Polledo L, García-Marín JF, Riezu JI, Borrás-Cuesta F, de Andrés D, Rosati S, Reina R, Amorena B. An insight into a combination of ELISA strategies to diagnose small ruminant lentivirus infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 152:277-88. [PMID: 23375019 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A single broadly reactive standard ELISA is commonly applied to control small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) spread, but type specific ELISA strategies are gaining interest in areas with highly prevalent and heterogeneous SRLV infections. Short (15-residue) synthetic peptides (n=60) were designed in this study using deduced amino acid sequence profiles of SRLV circulating in sheep from North Central Spain and SRLV described previously. The corresponding ELISAs and two standard ELISAs were employed to analyze sera from sheep flocks either controlled or infected with different SRLV genotypes. Two outbreaks, showing SRLV-induced arthritis (genotype B2) and encephalitis (genotype A), were represented among the infected flocks. The ELISA results revealed that none of the assays detected all the infected animals in the global population analyzed, the assay performance varying according to the genetic type of the strain circulating in the area and the test antigen. Five of the six highly reactive (57-62%) single peptide ELISAs were further assessed, revealing that the ELISA based on peptide 98M (type A ENV-SU5, consensus from the neurological outbreak) detected positives in the majority of the type-A specific sera tested (Se: 86%; Sp: 98%) and not in the arthritic type B outbreak. ENV-TM ELISAs based on peptides 126M1 (Se: 82%; Sp: 95%) and 126M2 0,65 0.77 (Se: 68%; Sp: 88%) detected preferentially caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAEV, type B) and visna/maedi (VMV, type A) virus infections respectively, which may help to perform a preliminary CAEV vs. VMV-like typing of the flock. The use of particular peptide ELISAs and standard tests individually or combined may be useful in the different areas under study, to determine disease progression, diagnose/type infection and prevent its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- X de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Gobierno de Navarra), Navarre, Spain
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Fraccaro E, Coetzee JF, Odore R, Edwards-Callaway LN, Kukanich B, Badino P, Bertolotti L, Glynn H, Dockweiler J, Allen K, Bergamasco L. A study to compare circulating flunixin, meloxicam and gabapentin concentrations with prostaglandin E₂ levels in calves undergoing dehorning. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:204-11. [PMID: 23434065 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of intravenous flunixin (2.2 mg/kg b.w.), oral meloxicam (1mg/kg b.w.), oral gabapentin (15 mg/kg b.w.) alone or co-administrated with meloxicam as well as the effects of these compounds on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis in calves subjected to surgical dehorning. Plasma samples collected up to 24h after drug administration were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, whereas blood PGE2 levels were measured by immunoenzymatic assay. In plasma, the terminal half-live of flunixin, meloxicam and gabapentin were 6.0 h (range, 3.4-11.0 h), 16.7h (range, 13.7-21.3h) and 15.3h (range, 11-32.9h), respectively. The co-administration of single doses of gabapentin and meloxicam did not seem to affect the pharmacokinetic profile of the two drugs except for gabapentin that reached significantly (P<0.05) higher maximum serum concentration (Cmax) when co-administered with meloxicam, than when administered alone. At 5, 360 and 720 min after dehorning, a significant (P<0.01) decrease in PGE2 concentration was observed in flunixin-treated animals compared with control calves. Moreover, circulating log PGE2 concentrations were inversely proportional to log flunixin concentrations (R(2)=0.75; P<0.0001). None of the other drugs significantly affected blood PGE2 levels. Further assessment of oral meloxicam and gabapentin in established pain models is required to formulate science based analgesic recommendations to enhance animal well-being after dehorning.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fraccaro
- Department of Animal Pathology, Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Turin, Italy.
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Mannelli A, Bertolotti L, Gern L, Gray J. Ecology ofBorrelia burgdorferi sensu latoin Europe: transmission dynamics in multi-host systems, influence of molecular processes and effects of climate change. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:837-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Cerutti F, Giacobini M, Mosca A, Grasso I, Rambozzi L, Rossi L, Bertolotti L. Evidence of mosquito-transmitted flavivirus circulation in Piedmont, north-western Italy. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:99. [PMID: 22616748 PMCID: PMC3407742 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavivirus is a highly heterogeneous viral genus that includes important human pathogens and several viral strains with unknown zoonotic potential. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses have been isolated and characterized in Northern Italy: West Nile virus and Usutu virus were detected in mosquitoes and in different host species and recent studies provided evidence about the circulation of "insect Flavivirus" strains. METHODS In order to clarify the diffusion and the distribution of the mosquito-transmitted flaviviruses in Italy, we analyzed Culex and Ochlerotatus mosquitoes collected in 2009 and 2010 in an area divided evenly between hills and plains and where the landscape is dominated by mixed agricultural patches, rice fields, deciduous tree forests, and urban environments. Each mosquito pool was tested for the presence of Flavivirus strains and we characterized positive samples by genetic sequencing. RESULTS Positive mosquito pools revealed low infection prevalence, but suggested a continuous circulation of both Usutu virus and insect Flavivirus. Interestingly, phylogenetic analyses based on NS5 gene partial sequences showed a closer relationship among new Usutu virus strains from Piedmont and the reference sequences from the Eastern Europe, with respect to Italian samples characterized so far. Moreover, NS5 gene phylogeny suggested that mosquito flaviviruses found in Italy could belong to different lineages. CONCLUSIONS Our results contribute to a wider point of view on the heterogeneity of viruses infecting mosquitoes suggesting a taxonomical revision of the Mosquito-borne Flavivirus group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cerutti
- Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology and Ecology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Giacobini
- Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology and Ecology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Mosca
- Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l’Ambiente (IPLA), Regional Government-owned Corporation of Regione Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Ivan Grasso
- Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l’Ambiente (IPLA), Regional Government-owned Corporation of Regione Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Luisa Rambozzi
- Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology and Ecology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Rossi
- Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology and Ecology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology and Ecology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Current address: Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology and Ecology, University of Torino, Italy, Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
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Ramírez H, Reina R, Bertolotti L, Cenoz A, Hernández MM, San Román B, Glaria I, de Andrés X, Crespo H, Jáuregui P, Benavides J, Polledo L, Pérez V, García-Marín JF, Rosati S, Amorena B, de Andrés D. Study of compartmentalization in the visna clinical form of small ruminant lentivirus infection in sheep. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:8. [PMID: 22281181 PMCID: PMC3328241 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A central nervous system (CNS) disease outbreak caused by small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) has triggered interest in Spain due to the rapid onset of clinical signs and relevant production losses. In a previous study on this outbreak, the role of LTR in tropism was unclear and env encoded sequences, likely involved in tropism, were not investigated. This study aimed to analyze heterogeneity of SRLV Env regions - TM amino terminal and SU V4, C4 and V5 segments - in order to assess virus compartmentalization in CNS. Results Eight Visna (neurologically) affected sheep of the outbreak were used. Of the 350 clones obtained after PCR amplification, 142 corresponded to CNS samples (spinal cord and choroid plexus) and the remaining to mammary gland, blood cells, bronchoalveolar lavage cells and/or lung. The diversity of the env sequences from CNS was 11.1-16.1% between animals and 0.35-11.6% within each animal, except in one animal presenting two sequence types (30% diversity) in the CNS (one grouping with those of the outbreak), indicative of CNS virus sequence heterogeneity. Outbreak sequences were of genotype A, clustering per animal and compartmentalizing in the animal tissues. No CNS specific signature patterns were found. Conclusions Bayesian approach inferences suggested that proviruses from broncoalveolar lavage cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells represented the common ancestors (infecting viruses) in the animal and that neuroinvasion in the outbreak involved microevolution after initial infection with an A-type strain. This study demonstrates virus compartmentalization in the CNS and other body tissues in sheep presenting the neurological form of SRLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Ramírez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-UPNA-Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain
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Bisanzio D, Giacobini M, Bertolotti L, Mosca A, Balbo L, Kitron U, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. Spatio-temporal patterns of distribution of West Nile virus vectors in eastern Piedmont Region, Italy. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:230. [PMID: 22152822 PMCID: PMC3251540 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile Virus (WNV) transmission in Italy was first reported in 1998 as an equine outbreak near the swamps of Padule di Fucecchio, Tuscany. No other cases were identified during the following decade until 2008, when horse and human outbreaks were reported in Emilia Romagna, North Italy. Since then, WNV outbreaks have occurred annually, spreading from their initial northern foci throughout the country. Following the outbreak in 1998 the Italian public health authority defined a surveillance plan to detect WNV circulation in birds, horses and mosquitoes. By applying spatial statistical analysis (spatial point pattern analysis) and models (Bayesian GLMM models) to a longitudinal dataset on the abundance of the three putative WNV vectors [Ochlerotatus caspius (Pallas 1771), Culex pipiens (Linnaeus 1758) and Culex modestus (Ficalbi 1890)] in eastern Piedmont, we quantified their abundance and distribution in space and time and generated prediction maps outlining the areas with the highest vector productivity and potential for WNV introduction and amplification. RESULTS The highest abundance and significant spatial clusters of Oc. caspius and Cx. modestus were in proximity to rice fields, and for Cx. pipiens, in proximity to highly populated urban areas. The GLMM model showed the importance of weather conditions and environmental factors in predicting mosquito abundance. Distance from the preferential breeding sites and elevation were negatively associated with the number of collected mosquitoes. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was positively correlated with mosquito abundance in rice fields (Oc. caspius and Cx. modestus). Based on the best models, we developed prediction maps for the year 2010 outlining the areas where high abundance of vectors could favour the introduction and amplification of WNV. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide useful information for surveillance activities aiming to identify locations where the potential for WNV introduction and local transmission are highest. Such information can be used by vector control offices to stratify control interventions in areas prone to the invasion of WNV and other mosquito-transmitted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal Bisanzio
- Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology and Ecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Torino, Italy.
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Bertolotti L, Mazzei M, Puggioni G, Carrozza ML, Dei Giudici S, Muz D, Juganaru M, Patta C, Tolari F, Rosati S. Characterization of new small ruminant lentivirus subtype B3 suggests animal trade within the Mediterranean Basin. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1923-1929. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.032334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) represent a group of viruses infecting sheep and goats worldwide. Despite the high heterogeneity of genotype A strains, which cluster into as many as ten subtypes, genotype B was believed to be less complex and has, so far, been subdivided into only two subtypes. Here, we describe two novel full-length proviral sequences isolated from Sarda sheep in two Italian regions. Genome sequence as well as the main linear epitopes clearly placed this cluster into genotype B. However, owing to long-standing segregation of this sheep breed, the genetic distances that are clearly >15 % with respect to B1 and B2 subtypes suggest the designation of a novel subtype, B3. Moreover the close relationship with a gag sequence obtained from a Turkish sheep adds new evidence to historical data that suggest an anthropochorous dissemination of hosts (small ruminants) and their pathogens (SRLV) during the colonization of the Mediterranean from the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Bertolotti
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia, Ecologia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - M. Mazzei
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Profilassi ed Igiene degli Alimenti, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - G. Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - M. L. Carrozza
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Dei Giudici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - D. Muz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - M. Juganaru
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia, Ecologia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - C. Patta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - F. Tolari
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Profilassi ed Igiene degli Alimenti, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Rosati
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia, Ecologia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Cerutti F, Bertolotti L, Goldberg TL, Giacobini M. Taxon ordering in phylogenetic trees by means of evolutionary algorithms. BioData Min 2011; 4:20. [PMID: 21718550 PMCID: PMC3142222 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0381-4-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In in a typical "left-to-right" phylogenetic tree, the vertical order of taxa is meaningless, as only the branch path between them reflects their degree of similarity. To make unresolved trees more informative, here we propose an innovative Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) method to search the best graphical representation of unresolved trees, in order to give a biological meaning to the vertical order of taxa. METHODS Starting from a West Nile virus phylogenetic tree, in a (1 + 1)-EA we evolved it by randomly rotating the internal nodes and selecting the tree with better fitness every generation. The fitness is a sum of genetic distances between the considered taxon and the r (radius) next taxa. After having set the radius to the best performance, we evolved the trees with (λ + μ)-EAs to study the influence of population on the algorithm. RESULTS The (1 + 1)-EA consistently outperformed a random search, and better results were obtained setting the radius to 8. The (λ + μ)-EAs performed as well as the (1 + 1), except the larger population (1000 + 1000). CONCLUSIONS The trees after the evolution showed an improvement both of the fitness (based on a genetic distance matrix, then close taxa are actually genetically close), and of the biological interpretation. Samples collected in the same state or year moved close each other, making the tree easier to interpret. Biological relationships between samples are also easier to observe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cerutti
- Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology and Ecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology and Ecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Mario Giacobini
- Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology and Ecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
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Selmi M, Stefanelli S, Bilei S, Tolli R, Bertolotti L, Marconi P, Giurlani S, De Lucia PG, Ruggeri G, Pagani A. Contaminated commercial dehydrated food as source of multiple Salmonella serotypes outbreak in a municipal kennel in Tuscany. Vet Ital 2011; 47:183-190. [PMID: 21706471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe a large outbreak of canine salmonellosis in a municipal kennel in Tuscany. During the outbreak, 174 samples of 'diarrhetic' and 'normal' faeces and two batches of commercial dehydrated dog food were cultured for pathogenic bacteria. The results of 25, out of a total of 41 dogs (60.9%) revealed at least one faecal sample as being positive for Salmonella; incidence per sampling ranged from 12.5% to 34%. Nine of 10 samples of dehydrated food were positive. Ten totally different serotypes were isolated from dry food and faeces: the results of the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis referred to similarity between the Salmonella Montevideo, Muenster and Worthington isolates recovered from both the food and canine faecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Selmi
- U.F. Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Azienda Sanitaria Locale 2 di Lucca, Via di Tiglio, Carraia, 55061 Lucca, Italy.
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Driessen B, Zarucco L, Kalir B, Bertolotti L. Contemporary use of acepromazine in the anaesthetic management of male horses and ponies: a retrospective study and opinion poll. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:88-98. [PMID: 21143639 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY Current use of acepromazine in the anaesthetic management of male horses and ponies and associated risks are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES To explore anaesthetic acepromazine use and related adverse effects in the male horse. METHODS Of 8533 anaesthetised horses and ponies medical records of male animals treated perianaesthetically with acepromazine were reviewed. Demographic data, time and dose of acepromazine administration, co-administered drugs, quality of induction and recovery from anaesthesia, arterial blood pressures, and occurrence of penile dysfunction were recorded. Practising ACVA and ECVAA diplomates were polled on the use of acepromazine and its effects on blood pressure and penile dysfunction in the equine. RESULTS Of all animals, 12% females and 11% males (n=575 including 42% stallions) received perianaesthetic acepromazine, predominantly for premedication. Anaesthetic induction was smooth in 566 animals. Lowest mean arterial pressures averaged 65±9 mmHg. Recovery was good or very good in 70% of all animals and 74% stood after 1-2 attempts. In 14 horses (2.4%; 7 stallions, 7 geldings), penile prolapse occurred for 0.5-4 h and in one stallion (0.2%) for >12 but <18 h post recovery. Most surveyed anaesthesiologists use acepromazine in stallions (occasionally 63%; frequently 17%) but more frequently in geldings (occasionally 34%; frequently 59%) and mares (occasionally 38%; frequently 59%), primarily for premedication with other sedatives and analgesics. Persistent intraoperative hypotension was not frequently reported. Only 5% of surveyed anaesthesiologists recall penile prolapse post acepromazine administration lasting for >12 h and only one recalls 3 cases of irreversible penile prolapse in 20 years of anaesthesia practice. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The extremely low risk of permanent penile dysfunction (≤1 in 10,000 cases) does not justify more restricted use of acepromazine in the intact male vs. geldings and mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Driessen
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, PA, USA.
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