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Fan Y, Lou J, Tam CC, Wen W, Conrad F, Leal da Silva Alves P, Cheng LW, Garcia-Rodriguez C, Farr-Jones S, Marks JD. A Three-Monoclonal Antibody Combination Potently Neutralizes BoNT/G Toxin in Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050316. [PMID: 37235351 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine-derived antitoxin (BAT®) is the only treatment for botulism from botulinum neurotoxin serotype G (BoNT/G). BAT® is a foreign protein with potentially severe adverse effects and is not renewable. To develop a safe, more potent, and renewable antitoxin, humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated. Yeast displayed single chain Fv (scFv) libraries were prepared from mice immunized with BoNT/G and BoNT/G domains and screened with BoNT/G using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Fourteen scFv-binding BoNT/G were isolated with KD values ranging from 3.86 nM to 103 nM (median KD 20.9 nM). Five mAb-binding non-overlapping epitopes were humanized and affinity matured to create antibodies hu6G6.2, hu6G7.2, hu6G9.1, hu6G10, and hu6G11.2, with IgG KD values ranging from 51 pM to 8 pM. Three IgG combinations completely protected mice challenged with 10,000 LD50s of BoNT/G at a total mAb dose of 6.25 μg per mouse. The mAb combinations have the potential for use in the diagnosis and treatment of botulism due to serotype G and, along with antibody combinations to BoNT/A, B, C, D, E, and F, provide the basis for a fully recombinant heptavalent botulinum antitoxin to replace the legacy equine product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Fan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave., San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Jianlong Lou
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave., San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Christina C Tam
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Weihua Wen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave., San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Fraser Conrad
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave., San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Priscila Leal da Silva Alves
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Consuelo Garcia-Rodriguez
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave., San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Shauna Farr-Jones
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave., San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - James D Marks
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave., San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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Beteck RM, Isaacs M, Legoabe LJ, Hoppe HC, Tam CC, Kim JH, Petzer JP, Cheng LW, Quiambao Q, Land KM, Khanye SD. Synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal evaluation of novel metronidazole-Schiff base hybrids. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200409. [PMID: 36446720 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of 21 novel small molecules inspired by metronidazole and Schiff base compounds. The compounds were evaluated against Trichomonas vaginalis and cross-screened against other pathogenic protozoans of clinical relevance. Most of these compounds were potent against T. vaginalis, exhibiting IC50 values < 5 µM. Compound 20, the most active compound against T. vaginalis, exhibited an IC50 value of 3.4 µM. A few compounds also exhibited activity against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosomal brucei brucei, with compound 6 exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.7 µM against P. falciparum and compound 22 exhibiting an IC50 value of 1.4 µM against T.b. brucei. Compound 22 is a broad-spectrum antiprotozoal agent, showing activities against all three pathogenic protozoans under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Beteck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.,Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Christina C Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Jong H Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Jacobus P Petzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Quincel Quiambao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA
| | - Setshaba D Khanye
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.,Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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3
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Liang Y, Zhou A, Bever CS, Cheng LW, Yoon JY. Smartphone-based paper microfluidic competitive immunoassay for the detection of α-amanitin from mushrooms. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:322. [PMID: 35932340 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
α-Amanitin is often considered the most poisonous mushroom toxin produced by various mushroom species, which are hard to identify from edible, non-toxic mushrooms. Conventional detection methods require expensive and bulky equipment or fail to meet high analytical sensitivity. We developed a smartphone-based fluorescence microscope platform to detect α-amanitin from dry mushroom tissues. Antibody-nanoparticle conjugates were captured by immobilized antigen-hapten conjugates while competing with the free analytes in the sample. Captured fluorescent nanoparticles were excited at 460 nm and imaged at 500 nm. The pixel numbers of such nanoparticles in the test zone were counted, showing a decreasing trend with increasing analyte concentration. The detection method exhibited a low detection limit (1 pg/mL), high specificity, and selectivity, allowing us to utilize a simple rinsing for toxin extraction and avoiding the need for high-speed centrifugation. In addition, this assay's short response time and portable features enable field detection of α-amanitin from amanitin-producing mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Avory Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Candace S Bever
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Jeong-Yeol Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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4
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Kim JH, Cheng LW, Land KM, Gruhlke MCH. Editorial: Redox-Active Molecules as Antimicrobials: Mechanisms and Resistance. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:758750. [PMID: 34566946 PMCID: PMC8461237 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.758750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jong H Kim
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | - Martin C H Gruhlke
- Department of Plant Physiology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,GENAWIF e.V. - Society for Natural Compound and Active Substance Research, Aachen, Germany
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5
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Tam CC, Nguyen K, Nguyen D, Hamada S, Kwon O, Kuang I, Gong S, Escobar S, Liu M, Kim J, Hou T, Tam J, Cheng LW, Kim JH, Land KM, Friedman M. Antimicrobial properties of tomato leaves, stems, and fruit and their relationship to chemical composition. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:229. [PMID: 34517859 PMCID: PMC8436577 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that the tomato glycoalkaloid tomatine inhibited the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis strain G3, Tritrichomonas foetus strain D1, and Tritrichomonas foetus-like strain C1 that cause disease in humans and farm and domesticated animals. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance requires development of new tools to enhance or replace medicinal antibiotics. METHODS Wild tomato plants were harvested and divided into leaves, stems, and fruit of different colors: green, yellow, and red. Samples were freeze dried and ground with a handheld mill. The resulting powders were evaluated for their potential anti-microbial effects on protozoan parasites, bacteria, and fungi. A concentration of 0.02% (w/v) was used for the inhibition of protozoan parasites. A high concentration of 10% (w/v) solution was tested for bacteria and fungi as an initial screen to evaluate potential anti-microbial activity and results using this high concentration limits its clinical relevance. RESULTS Natural powders derived from various parts of tomato plants were all effective in inhibiting the growth of the three trichomonads to varying degrees. Test samples from leaves, stems, and immature 'green' tomato peels and fruit, all containing tomatine, were more effective as an inhibitor of the D1 strain than those prepared from yellow and red tomato peels which lack tomatine. Chlorogenic acid and quercetin glycosides were present in all parts of the plant and fruit, while caffeic acid was only found in the fruit peels. Any correlation between plant components and inhibition of the G3 and C1 strains was not apparent, although all the powders were variably effective. Tomato leaf was the most effective powder in all strains, and was also the highest in tomatine. S. enterica showed a minor susceptibility while B. cereus and C. albicans fungi both showed a significant growth inhibition with some of the test powders. The powders inhibited growth of the pathogens without affecting beneficial lactobacilli found in the normal flora of the vagina. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that powders prepared from tomato leaves, stems, and green tomato peels and to a lesser extent from peels from yellow and red tomatoes offer potential multiple health benefits against infections caused by pathogenic protozoa, bacteria, and fungi, without affecting beneficial lactobacilli that also reside in the normal flora of the vagina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Sabrina Hamada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Okhun Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Irene Kuang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Steven Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Sydney Escobar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Max Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Jihwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Tiffany Hou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Justin Tam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Jong H Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, 94710, USA.
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6
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Martchenko Shilman M, Bartolo G, Alameh S, Peterson JW, Lawrence WS, Peel JE, Sivasubramani SK, Beasley DWC, Cote CK, Demons ST, Halasahoris SA, Miller LL, Klimko CP, Shoe JL, Fetterer DP, McComb R, Ho CLC, Bradley KA, Hartmann S, Cheng LW, Chugunova M, Kao CY, Tran JK, Derbedrossian A, Zilbermintz L, Amali-Adekwu E, Levitin A, West J. In Vivo Activity of Repurposed Amodiaquine as a Host-Targeting Therapy for the Treatment of Anthrax. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2176-2191. [PMID: 34218660 PMCID: PMC8369491 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis and can result in nearly 100% mortality due in part to anthrax toxin. Antimalarial amodiaquine (AQ) acts as a host-oriented inhibitor of anthrax toxin endocytosis. Here, we determined the pharmacokinetics and safety of AQ in mice, rabbits, and humans as well as the efficacy in the fly, mouse, and rabbit models of anthrax infection. In the therapeutic-intervention studies, AQ nearly doubled the survival of mice infected subcutaneously with a B. anthracis dose lethal to 60% of the animals (LD60). In rabbits challenged with 200 LD50 of aerosolized B. anthracis, AQ as a monotherapy delayed death, doubled the survival rate of infected animals that received a suboptimal amount of antibacterial levofloxacin, and reduced bacteremia and toxemia in tissues. Surprisingly, the anthrax efficacy of AQ relies on an additional host macrophage-directed antibacterial mechanism, which was validated in the toxin-independent Drosophila model of Bacillus infection. Lastly, a systematic literature review of the safety and pharmacokinetics of AQ in humans from over 2 000 published articles revealed that AQ is likely safe when taken as prescribed, and its pharmacokinetics predicts anthrax efficacy in humans. Our results support the future examination of AQ as adjunctive therapy for the prophylactic anthrax treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Martchenko Shilman
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute (KGI), 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
- Shield Pharma LLC, 1420 North Claremont Boulevard, Suite 102A, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Gloria Bartolo
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute (KGI), 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Saleem Alameh
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute (KGI), 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Johnny W. Peterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - William S. Lawrence
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Peel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Satheesh K. Sivasubramani
- Directorate of Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 2728 Q Street, Building 837, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - David W. C. Beasley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Samandra T. Demons
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Halasahoris
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Lynda L. Miller
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - David P. Fetterer
- Biostatistics Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ryan McComb
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute (KGI), 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Chi-Lee C. Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 609 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Bradley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 609 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Stella Hartmann
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute (KGI), 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Marina Chugunova
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Claremont Graduate University (CGU), 150 East 10th Street, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Chiu-Yen Kao
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Claremont McKenna College (CMC), 888 North Columbia Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Jennifer K. Tran
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute (KGI), 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Aram Derbedrossian
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute (KGI), 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Leeor Zilbermintz
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute (KGI), 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Emiene Amali-Adekwu
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute (KGI), 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Anastasia Levitin
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute (KGI), 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Joel West
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute (KGI), 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
- Shield Pharma LLC, 1420 North Claremont Boulevard, Suite 102A, Claremont, California 91711, United States
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Chellan P, Avery VM, Duffy S, Land KM, Tam CC, Kim JH, Cheng LW, Romero-Canelón I, Sadler PJ. Bioactive half-sandwich Rh and Ir bipyridyl complexes containing artemisinin. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 219:111408. [PMID: 33826972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) with 4-methyl-4'-carboxy-2,2'-bipyridine yielded the new ester derivative L1. Six novel organometallic half-sandwich chlorido Rh(III) and Ir(III) complexes (1-6) containing pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, (Cp*), tetramethylphenylcyclopentadienyl (Cpxph), or tetramethylbiphenylcyclopentadienyl (Cpxbiph), and N,N-chelated bipyridyl group of L1, have been synthesized and characterized. The complexes were screened for inhibitory activity against the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (sensitive), Dd2 (multi-drug resistant) and NF54 late stage gametocytes (LSGNF54), the parasite strain Trichomonas vaginalis G3, as well as A2780 (human ovarian carcinoma), A549 (human alveolar adenocarcinoma), HCT116 (human colorectal carcinoma), MCF7 (human breast cancer) and PC3 (human prostate cancer) cancer cell lines. They show nanomolar antiplasmodial activity, outperforming chloroquine and artemisinin. Their activities were also comparable to dihydroartemisinin. As anticancer agents, several of the complexes showed high inhibitory effects, with Ir(III) complex 3, containing the tetramethylbiphenylcyclopentadienyl ligand, having similar IC50 values (concentration for 50% of maximum inhibition of cell growth) as the clinical drug cisplatin (1.06-9.23 μM versus 0.24-7.2 μM, respectively). Overall, the iridium complexes (1-3) are more potent compared to the rhodium derivatives (4-6), and complex 3 emerges as the most promising candidate for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinessa Chellan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Sandra Duffy
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States of America
| | - Christina C Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, United States of America
| | - Jong H Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, United States of America
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, United States of America
| | | | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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8
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Friedman M, Tam CC, Kim JH, Escobar S, Gong S, Liu M, Mao XY, Do C, Kuang I, Boateng K, Ha J, Tran M, Alluri S, Le T, Leong R, Cheng LW, Land KM. Anti-Parasitic Activity of Cherry Tomato Peel Powders. Foods 2021; 10:230. [PMID: 33498638 PMCID: PMC7912415 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis in humans, caused by the protozoal parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease, while Tritrichomonas foetus causes trichomonosis, an infection of the gastrointestinal tract and diarrhea in farm animals and domesticated cats. As part of an effort to determine the inhibitory effects of plant-based extracts and pure compounds, seven commercially available cherry tomato varieties were hand-peeled, freeze-dried, and pounded into powders. The anti-trichomonad inhibitory activities of these peel powders at 0.02% concentration determined using an in vitro cell assay varied widely from 0.0% to 66.7% against T. vaginalis G3 (human); from 0.9% to 66.8% for T. foetus C1 (feline); and from 0.0% to 81.3% for T. foetus D1 (bovine). The organic Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (D) peels were the most active against all three trichomonads, inhibiting 52.2% (G3), 66.8% (C1), and 81.3% (D1). Additional assays showed that none of the powders inhibited the growth of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, pathogenic fungi, or non-pathogenic lactobacilli. Tomato peel and pomace powders with high content of described biologically active compounds could serve as functional food and feed additives that might help overcome adverse effects of wide-ranging diseases and complement the treatment of parasites with the anti-trichomonad drug metronidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Christina C. Tam
- Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.C.T.); (J.H.K.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Jong H. Kim
- Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.C.T.); (J.H.K.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Sydney Escobar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Steven Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Max Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Xuan Yu Mao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Cindy Do
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Irene Kuang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Kelvin Boateng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Janica Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Megan Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Srimanth Alluri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Tam Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Ryan Leong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.C.T.); (J.H.K.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (S.E.); (S.G.); (M.L.); (X.Y.M.); (C.D.); (I.K.); (K.B.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (S.A.); (T.L.); (R.L.); (K.M.L.)
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9
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Almonds rejected as inedible are often used for production of almond oil. However, low-quality almonds are frequently contaminated with aflatoxins, and little is known regarding transfer of aflatoxins to almond oil during processing. In this study, oil was produced from reject almonds by hexane extraction. Of 19 almond samples that were naturally contaminated with aflatoxins, 17 oil samples contained measurable amounts of aflatoxins, and aflatoxin content of contaminated oil was correlated with aflatoxin content of the nuts. However, oil aflatoxin levels were not correlated with the oxidation level of the oil as measured by percent free fatty acids and peroxide value. Adsorbents used in oil refining were tested for their ability to remove aflatoxins from contaminated oil. Fuller's earth and bentonite were the most effective, removing 96 and 86% of total aflatoxins from contaminated oil samples, respectively. Treatment with diatomaceous earth, in contrast, had no effect on aflatoxin levels in oil. These results show that oil refining steps using mineral clay adsorbents may also function to remove aflatoxins from contaminated oil. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen E Mahoney
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Palumbo
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2668-7950 [J.D.P.])
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10
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Mahoney NE, Cheng LW, Palumbo JD. Effect of Blanching on Aflatoxin Contamination and Cross-Contamination of Almonds. J Food Prot 2020; 83:2187-2192. [PMID: 32692817 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Blanching of almonds was examined for reducing the aflatoxin content of contaminated nuts. Almonds with intact pellicles were spiked with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and blanched at 85°C. Following blanching, almond kernels and pellicles contained 20 and 19% of the spiked AFB1, respectively. The blanching water contained an additional 41% of the spiked AFB1. In a separate study, postblanching water was spiked with AFB1 and used for subsequent blanching of uncontaminated almonds. The resulting blanched kernels acquired 3.3% of the AFB1 from the spiked water, demonstrating a low level of cross-contamination from reused contaminated blanching water. The effect of the blanching temperature on partitioning of AFB1 from almonds to blanching water was significant at a 20-ppb spiking level, but not at 100 ppb. AFB1 levels that were unaccounted for in the mass balance of blanching components were presumed to be lost due to binding to water-solubilized almond components and were independent of pH and blanching time. Blanching reduced total aflatoxins in naturally contaminated almonds by 13 to 76%, depending on almond quality, as well as blanching time and temperature. These results indicate that the association between almond components and aflatoxin generated through mold contamination is more complex than in spiking experiments. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen E Mahoney
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Palumbo
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
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11
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Kim JH, Cheng LW, Chan KL, Tam CC, Mahoney N, Friedman M, Shilman MM, Land KM. Antifungal Drug Repurposing. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110812. [PMID: 33203147 PMCID: PMC7697925 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of fungal pathogens is increasingly problematic due to the limited number of effective drugs available for antifungal therapy. Conventional antifungal drugs could also trigger human cytotoxicity associated with the kidneys and liver, including the generation of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, increased incidences of fungal resistance to the classes of azoles, such as fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, or posaconazole, or echinocandins, including caspofungin, anidulafungin, or micafungin, have been documented. Of note, certain azole fungicides such as propiconazole or tebuconazole that are applied to agricultural fields have the same mechanism of antifungal action as clinical azole drugs. Such long-term application of azole fungicides to crop fields provides environmental selection pressure for the emergence of pan-azole-resistant fungal strains such as Aspergillus fumigatus having TR34/L98H mutations, specifically, a 34 bp insertion into the cytochrome P450 51A (CYP51A) gene promoter region and a leucine-to-histidine substitution at codon 98 of CYP51A. Altogether, the emerging resistance of pathogens to currently available antifungal drugs and insufficiency in the discovery of new therapeutics engender the urgent need for the development of new antifungals and/or alternative therapies for effective control of fungal pathogens. We discuss the current needs for the discovery of new clinical antifungal drugs and the recent drug repurposing endeavors as alternative methods for fungal pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H. Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (L.W.C.); (K.L.C.); (C.C.T.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-510-559-5841
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (L.W.C.); (K.L.C.); (C.C.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Kathleen L. Chan
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (L.W.C.); (K.L.C.); (C.C.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Christina C. Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (L.W.C.); (K.L.C.); (C.C.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Noreen Mahoney
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (L.W.C.); (K.L.C.); (C.C.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA;
| | | | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
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12
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Friedman M, Tam CC, Cheng LW, Land KM. Anti-trichomonad activities of different compounds from foods, marine products, and medicinal plants: a review. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:271. [PMID: 32907567 PMCID: PMC7479404 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human trichomoniasis, caused by the pathogenic parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease that contributes to reproductive morbidity in affected women and possibly to prostate cancer in men. Tritrichomonas foetus strains cause the disease trichomoniasis in farm animals (cattle, bulls, pigs) and diarrhea in domestic animals (cats and dogs). Because some T. vaginalis strains have become resistant to the widely used drug metronidazole, there is a need to develop alternative treatments, based on safe natural products that have the potential to replace and/or enhance the activity of lower doses of metronidazole. To help meet this need, this overview collates and interprets worldwide reported studies on the efficacy of structurally different classes of food, marine, and medicinal plant extracts and some of their bioactive pure compounds against T. vaginalis and T. foetus in vitro and in infected mice and women. Active food extracts include potato peels and their glycoalkaloids α-chaconine and α-solanine, caffeic and chlorogenic acids, and quercetin; the tomato glycoalkaloid α-tomatine; theaflavin-rich black tea extracts and bioactive theaflavins; plant essential oils and their compounds (+)-α-bisabolol and eugenol; the grape skin compound resveratrol; the kidney bean lectin, marine extracts from algae, seaweeds, and fungi and compounds that are derived from fungi; medicinal extracts and about 30 isolated pure compounds. Also covered are the inactivation of drug-resistant T. vaginalis and T. foetus strains by sensitized light; anti-trichomonad effects in mice and women; beneficial effects of probiotics in women; and mechanisms that govern cell death. The summarized findings will hopefully stimulate additional research, including molecular-mechanism-guided inactivations and human clinical studies, that will help ameliorate adverse effects of pathogenic protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, 94710, USA.
| | - Christina C Tam
- United States Department of Agriculture, Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- United States Department of Agriculture, Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
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13
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Friedman M, Xu A, Lee R, N. Nguyen D, A. Phan T, M. Hamada S, Panchel R, C. Tam C, H. Kim J, W. Cheng L, M. Land K. The Inhibitory Activity of Anthraquinones against Pathogenic Protozoa, Bacteria, and Fungi and the Relationship to Structure. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133101. [PMID: 32646028 PMCID: PMC7411742 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived anthraquinones were evaluated in cell assays for their inhibitory activities against the parasitic protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis human strain G3 that causes the sexually transmitted disease trichomoniasis in women, Tritrichomonas foetus bovine strain D1 that causes sexually transmitted diseases in farm animals (bulls, cows, and pigs), Tritrichomonas foetus-like strain C1 that causes diarrhea in domestic animals (cats and dogs), and bacteria and fungi. The anthraquinones assessed for their inhibitory activity were anthraquinone, aloe-emodin (1,8-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethylanthraquinone), anthrarufin (1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone), chrysazin (1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone), emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone), purpurin (1,2,4-trihydroxyanthraquinone), and rhein (1,8-dihydroxy-3-carboxyanthraquinone). Their activities were determined in terms of IC50 values, defined as the concentration that inhibits 50% of the cells under the test conditions and calculated from linear dose response plots for the parasitic protozoa, and zone of inhibition for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The results show that the different substituents on the anthraquinone ring seem to influence the relative potency. Analysis of the structure–activity relationships in protozoa indicates that the aloe-emodin and chrysazin with the highest biological activities merit further study for their potential to help treat the diseases in women and domestic and farm animals. Emodin also exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The suggested mechanism of action and the additional reported beneficial biological properties of anthraquinones suggest that they have the potential to ameliorate a broad spectrum of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-510-559-5615
| | - Alexander Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (A.X.); (R.L.); (D.N.N.); (T.A.P.); (S.M.H.); (R.P.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Rani Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (A.X.); (R.L.); (D.N.N.); (T.A.P.); (S.M.H.); (R.P.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Daniel N. Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (A.X.); (R.L.); (D.N.N.); (T.A.P.); (S.M.H.); (R.P.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Tina A. Phan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (A.X.); (R.L.); (D.N.N.); (T.A.P.); (S.M.H.); (R.P.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Sabrina M. Hamada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (A.X.); (R.L.); (D.N.N.); (T.A.P.); (S.M.H.); (R.P.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Rima Panchel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (A.X.); (R.L.); (D.N.N.); (T.A.P.); (S.M.H.); (R.P.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Christina C. Tam
- Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.C.T.); (J.H.K.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Jong H. Kim
- Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.C.T.); (J.H.K.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.C.T.); (J.H.K.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (A.X.); (R.L.); (D.N.N.); (T.A.P.); (S.M.H.); (R.P.); (K.M.L.)
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14
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Kim JH, Chan KL, Mahoney N, Cheng LW, Tautges N, Scow K. Rapid elimination of foodborne and environmental fungal contaminants by benzo analogs. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:2800-2806. [PMID: 31975411 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contamination of food or the environment by fungi, especially those resistant to conventional fungicides or drugs, represents a hazard to human health. The objective of this study is to identify safe, natural antifungal agents that can remove fungal pathogens or contaminants rapidly from food and / or environmental sources. RESULTS Fifteen antifungal compounds (nine benzo derivatives as candidates; six conventional fungicides as references) were investigated. Three benzo analogs, namely octyl gallate (OG), trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA), and 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (2H5M), at 1 g L-1 (3.54 mmol), 1 mL L-1 (7.21 mmol), 1 mL L-1 (5.39 mmol), respectively, achieved ≥99.9% fungal death after 0.5, 2.5 or 24 h of treatments, respectively, in in vitro phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) bioassay. However, when OG, CA, and 2H5M were examined in commercial food matrices, organic apple, or grape juices, only CA maintained a similar level of antifungal activity, compared with a PBS bioassay. trans-Cinnamaldehyde showed higher antifungal activity at pH 3.5, equivalent to that of commercial fruit juices, than at pH 5.6. In soil sample tests, the application of 1 mL L-1 (7.21 mmol) CA to conventional maize / tomato soil samples (pH 6.8) for 2.5 h resulted in ≥99.9% fungal death, indicating CA could also eliminate fungal contaminants in soil. While the conventional fungicide thiabendazole exerted antifungal activity comparable to CA, thiabendazole enhanced the production of carcinogenic aflatoxins by Aspergillus flavus, an undesirable side effect. CONCLUSION trans-Cinnamaldehyde could be developed as a potent antifungal agent in food processing or soil sanitation by reducing the time / cost necessary for fungal removal. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen L Chan
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Noreen Mahoney
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Tautges
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kate Scow
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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15
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Henderson EA, Tam CC, Cheng LW, Ngono AE, Nguyen AV, Shresta S, McGee M, Padgett H, Grill LK, Martchenko Shilman M. Investigation of the immunogenicity of Zika glycan loop. Virol J 2020; 17:43. [PMID: 32234060 PMCID: PMC7110905 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zika virus (ZIKV) is a major human pathogen and member of the Flavivirus genus. Previous studies have identified neutralizing antibodies from Zika patients that bind to quaternary epitopes across neighboring envelope (E) proteins, called E dimer epitopes (EDE). An asparagine-linked glycan on the “glycan loop” (GL) of the ZIKV envelope protein protects the functionally important “fusion loop” on the opposite E subunit in the dimer, and EDE antibodies have been shown to bind to both of these loops. Human EDE antibodies have been divided into two subclasses based on how they bind to the glycan loop region: EDE1 antibodies do not require glycosylation for binding, while EDE2 antibodies strongly rely on the glycan for binding. Methods ZIKV GL was expressed on tobacco mosaic virus nanoparticles. Mice were immunized with GL or full-length monomeric E and the immune response was analyzed by testing the ability of sera and monoclonal antibodies to bind to GL and to neutralize ZIKV in in vitro cellular assay. Results We report here the existence of ZIKV moderately neutralizing antibodies that bind to E monomers through epitopes that include the glycan loop. We show that sera from human Zika patients contain antibodies capable of binding to the unglycosylated glycan loop in the absence of the rest of the envelope protein. Furthermore, mice were inoculated with recombinant E monomers and produced neutralizing antibodies that either recognize unglycosylated glycan loop or require glycan for their binding to monomeric E. We demonstrate that both types of antibodies neutralize ZIKV to some extent in a cellular virus neutralization assay. Conclusions Analogous to the existing EDE antibody nomenclature, we propose a new classification for antibodies that bind to E monomer epitopes (EME): EME1 and EME2 for those that do not require and those that do require glycan for binding to E, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Henderson
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Christina C Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Annie Elong Ngono
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Anh-Viet Nguyen
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Matt McGee
- Novici Biotech LLC, Vacaville, CA, 95688, USA
| | - Hal Padgett
- Novici Biotech LLC, Vacaville, CA, 95688, USA
| | - Laurence K Grill
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA.
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16
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Bever CS, Swanson KD, Hamelin EI, Filigenzi M, Poppenga RH, Kaae J, Cheng LW, Stanker LH. Rapid, Sensitive, and Accurate Point-of-Care Detection of Lethal Amatoxins in Urine. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E123. [PMID: 32075251 PMCID: PMC7076753 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, mushroom poisonings cause about 100 human deaths each year, with thousands of people requiring medical assistance. Dogs are also susceptible to mushroom poisonings and require medical assistance. Cyclopeptides, and more specifically amanitins (or amatoxins, here), are the mushroom poison that causes the majority of these deaths. Current methods (predominantly chromatographic, as well as antibody-based) of detecting amatoxins are time-consuming and require expensive equipment. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the rapid detection of amatoxins in urine samples. The LFIA detects as little as 10 ng/mL of α-amanitin (α-AMA) or γ-AMA, and 100 ng/mL of β-AMA in urine matrices. To demonstrate application of this LFIA for urine analysis, this study examined fortified human urine samples and urine collected from exposed dogs. Urine is sampled directly without the need for any pretreatment, detection from urine is completed in 10 min, and the results are read by eye, without the need for specialized equipment. Analysis of both fortified human urine samples and urine samples collected from intoxicated dogs using the LFIA correlated well with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace S. Bever
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.S.B.); (L.H.S.)
| | - Kenneth D. Swanson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (K.D.S.); (E.I.H.)
| | - Elizabeth I. Hamelin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (K.D.S.); (E.I.H.)
| | - Michael Filigenzi
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, 620 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
| | - Robert H. Poppenga
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, 620 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
| | - Jennifer Kaae
- Pet Emergency and Specialty Center of Marin, 901 E. Francisco Blvd, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA;
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.S.B.); (L.H.S.)
| | - Larry H. Stanker
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.S.B.); (L.H.S.)
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Bever CS, Hnasko RM, Cheng LW, Stanker LH. A Rapid Extraction Method Combined with a Monoclonal Antibody-Based Immunoassay for the Detection of Amatoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120724. [PMID: 31835792 PMCID: PMC6950293 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amatoxins (AMAs) are lethal toxins found in a variety of mushroom species. Detection methods are needed to determine the occurrence of AMAs in mushroom species suspected in mushroom poisonings. In this manuscript, we report the generation of novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, AMA9G3 and AMA9C12) and the development of a competitive, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) that is sensitive at 1 ng mL−1 and shows selectivity for α-amanitin (α-AMA) and γ-amanitin (γ-AMA), and less for β-amanitin (β-AMA). In order to decrease the overall time needed for analysis, the extraction procedure for mushrooms was also simplified. A rapid (1 min) extraction procedure of AMAs using solvents as simple as water alone was successfully demonstrated using Amanita mushrooms. Together, the extraction method and the mAb-based ELISA represent a simple and rapid method that readily detects AMAs extracted from mushroom samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace S. Bever
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Robert M. Hnasko
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-510-559-6337
| | - Larry H. Stanker
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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18
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Singh A, Zhang D, Tam CC, Cheng LW, Land KM, Kumar V. Click-chemistry approach to synthesis of functionalized isatin-ferrocenes and their biological evaluation against the human pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Bever CS, Scotcher M, Cheng LW, Hnasko RM, Stanker LH. Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E407. [PMID: 31337022 PMCID: PMC6669634 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a devastating disease caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) secreted primarily by Clostridium botulinum. Mouse bioassays without co-inoculation with antibodies are the standard method for the detection of BoNTs, but are not capable of distinguishing between the different serotypes (A-G). Most foodborne intoxications are caused by serotypes BoNT/A and BoNT/B. BoNT/E outbreaks are most often observed in northern coastal regions and are associated with eating contaminated marine animals and other fishery products. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed for the detection of BoNT/E3. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated against BoNT/E3 by immunizing with recombinant peptide fragments of the light and heavy chains of BoNT/E3. In all, 12 mAbs where characterized for binding to both the recombinant peptides and holotoxin, as well as their performance in Western blots and sandwich ELISAs. The most sensitive sandwich assay, using different mAbs for capture and detection, exhibited a limit of detection of 0.2 ng/ml in standard buffer matrix and 10 ng/mL in fish product matrices. By employing two different mAbs for capture and detection, a more standardized sandwich assay was constructed. Development of sensitive and selective mAbs to BoNT/E would help in the initial screening of potential food contamination, speeding diagnosis and reducing use of laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace S Bever
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Miles Scotcher
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Robert M Hnasko
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Larry H Stanker
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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20
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Kim JH, Chan KL, Cheng LW, Tell LA, Byrne BA, Clothier K, Land KM. High Efficiency Drug Repurposing Design for New Antifungal Agents. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:mps2020031. [PMID: 31164611 PMCID: PMC6632159 DOI: 10.3390/mps2020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Current antifungal interventions have often limited efficiency in treating fungal pathogens, particularly those resistant to commercial drugs or fungicides. Antifungal drug repurposing is an alternative intervention strategy, whereby new utility of various marketed, non-antifungal drugs could be repositioned as novel antifungal agents. In this study, we investigated “chemosensitization” as a method to improve the efficiency of antifungal drug repurposing, wherein combined application of a second compound (viz., chemosensitizer) with a conventional, non-antifungal drug could greatly enhance the antifungal activity of the co-applied drug. Redox-active natural compounds or structural derivatives, such as thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol), 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenol, or 3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, could serve as potent chemosensitizers to enhance antifungal activity of the repurposed drug bithionol. Of note, inclusion of fungal mutants, such as antioxidant mutants, could also facilitate drug repurposing efficiency, which is reflected in the enhancement of antifungal efficacy of bithionol. Bithionol overcame antifungal (viz., fludioxonil) tolerance of the antioxidant mutants of the human/animal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Altogether, our strategy can lead to the development of a high efficiency drug repurposing design, which enhances the susceptibility of pathogens to drugs, reduces time and costs for new antifungal development, and abates drug or fungicide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Kathleen L Chan
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Lisa A Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Barbara A Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Kristin Clothier
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA 95211, USA.
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21
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Tam CC, Flannery AR, Cheng LW. A Rapid, Sensitive, and Portable Biosensor Assay for the Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A in Complex Food Matrices. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110476. [PMID: 30445734 PMCID: PMC6266793 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) intoxication can lead to the disease botulism, characterized by flaccid muscle paralysis that can cause respiratory failure and death. Due to the significant morbidity and mortality costs associated with BoNTs high toxicity, developing highly sensitive, rapid, and field-deployable assays are critically important to protect the nation’s food supply against either accidental or intentional contamination. We report here that the B-cell based biosensor assay CANARY® (Cellular Analysis and Notification of Antigen Risks and Yields) Zephyr detects BoNT/A holotoxin at limits of detection (LOD) of 10.0 ± 2.5 ng/mL in assay buffer. Milk matrices (whole milk, 2% milk and non-fat milk) with BoNT/A holotoxin were detected at similar levels (7.4–7.9 ng/mL). BoNT/A complex was positive in carrot, orange, and apple juices at LODs of 32.5–75.0 ng/mL. The detection of BoNT/A complex in solid complex foods (ground beef, smoked salmon, green bean baby puree) ranged from 14.8 ng/mL to 62.5 ng/mL. Detection of BoNT/A complex in the viscous liquid egg matrix required dilution in assay buffer and gave a LOD of 171.9 ± 64.7 ng/mL. These results show that the CANARY® Zephyr assay can be a highly useful qualitative tool in environmental and food safety surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | | | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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22
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Kumar S, Bains T, Won Kim AS, Tam C, Kim J, Cheng LW, Land KM, Debnath A, Kumar V. Highly Potent 1 H-1,2,3-Triazole-Tethered Isatin-Metronidazole Conjugates Against Anaerobic Foodborne, Waterborne, and Sexually-Transmitted Protozoal Parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:380. [PMID: 30425970 PMCID: PMC6218680 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections like amebiasis, trichomoniasis, and giardiasis are major health threats in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the current drug of choice for amebiasis, giardiasis, and trichomoniasis but it has several adverse effects and potential resistance is a concern. In order to develop alternative antimicrobials, a library of 1H-1,2,3-triazole-tethered metronidazole-isatin conjugates was synthesized using Huisgen's azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction and evaluated for their amebicidal, anti-trichomonal, and anti-giardial potential. Most of the synthesized conjugates exhibited activities against Trichomonas vaginalis, Tritrichomonas foetus, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia. While activities against T. vaginalis and T. foetus were comparable to that of the standard drug MTZ, better activities were observed against E. histolytica and G. lamblia. Conjugates 9d and 10a were found to be 2–3-folds more potent than MTZ against E. histolytica and 8–16-folds more potent than MTZ against G. lamblia. Further analysis of these compounds on fungi and bacteria did not show inhibitory activity, demonstrating their specific anti-protozoal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Trpta Bains
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ashley Sae Won Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | - Christina Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Jong Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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23
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Gumbo M, Beteck RM, Mandizvo T, Seldon R, Warner DF, Hoppe HC, Isaacs M, Laming D, Tam CC, Cheng LW, Liu N, Land KM, Khanye SD. Cinnamoyl-Oxaborole Amides: Synthesis and Their in Vitro Biological Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:E2038. [PMID: 30111695 PMCID: PMC6222898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increased interest in their application in the treatment of infectious diseases, boron-containing compounds have received a significant coverage in the literature. Herein, a small set of novel cinnamoly-oxaborole amides were synthesized and screened against nagana Trypanosoma brucei brucei for antitrypanosomal activity. Compound 5g emerged as a new hit with an in vitro IC50 value of 0.086 μM against T. b. brucei without obvious inhibitory activity against HeLa cell lines. The same series was also screened against other human pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), for which moderate to weak activity (10 to >125 μM) was observed. Similarly, these compounds exhibited moderate activity against the human protozoal pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis with no observed effect on common microbiome bacterial species. The cross-species inhibitory activity presents the possibility of these compounds serving as broad-spectrum antibiotics for these prevalent three human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Gumbo
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Tawanda Mandizvo
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Ronnett Seldon
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3-D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Digby F Warner
- MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Dustin Laming
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Christina C Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Nicole Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA.
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA.
| | - Setshaba D Khanye
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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24
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Friedman M, Huang V, Quiambao Q, Noritake S, Liu J, Kwon O, Chintalapati S, Young J, Levin CE, Tam C, Cheng LW, Land KM. Potato Peels and Their Bioactive Glycoalkaloids and Phenolic Compounds Inhibit the Growth of Pathogenic Trichomonads. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:7942-7947. [PMID: 30039703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Potato peel, a waste product of the potato processing industry, is high in bioactive compounds. We investigated the in vitro antitrichomonad activity of potato peel powders prepared from commercial Russet, red, purple, and fingerling varieties as well as several known potato components, alkaloids and phenolic compounds, against three pathogenic strains of trichomonads. Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted protozoan parasite that causes the human disease trichomoniasis. Two distinct strains of the related Tritrichomonas fetus infect cattle and cats. The glycoalkaloids α-chaconine and α-solanine were highly active against all parasite lines, while their common aglycone solanidine was only mildly inhibitory. α-Solanine was several times more active than α-chaconine. The phenolic compounds caffeic and chlorogenic acids and quercetin were mildly active against the parasites. Most of the potato peel samples were at least somewhat active against all three trichomonad species, but their activities were wide-ranging and did not correspond to their glycoalkaloid and phenolic content determined by HPLC. The two Russet samples were the most active against all three parasites. The purple potato peel sample was highly active against bovine and mostly inactive against feline trichomonads. None of the test substances were inhibitory toward several normal microflora species, suggesting the potential use of the peels for targeted therapeutic treatments against trichomonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Albany , California 94556 , United States
| | - Vincent Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of the Pacific , Stockton , California 95211 , United States
| | - Quincel Quiambao
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of the Pacific , Stockton , California 95211 , United States
| | - Sabrina Noritake
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of the Pacific , Stockton , California 95211 , United States
| | - Jenny Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of the Pacific , Stockton , California 95211 , United States
| | - Ohkun Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of the Pacific , Stockton , California 95211 , United States
| | - Sirisha Chintalapati
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of the Pacific , Stockton , California 95211 , United States
| | - Joseph Young
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of the Pacific , Stockton , California 95211 , United States
| | - Carol E Levin
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Albany , California 94556 , United States
| | - Christina Tam
- Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Albany , California 94556 , United States
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Albany , California 94556 , United States
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of the Pacific , Stockton , California 95211 , United States
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25
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Chellan P, Avery VM, Duffy S, Triccas JA, Nagalingam G, Tam C, Cheng LW, Liu J, Land KM, Clarkson GJ, Romero-Canelón I, Sadler PJ. Organometallic Conjugates of the Drug Sulfadoxine for Combatting Antimicrobial Resistance. Chemistry 2018; 24:10078-10090. [PMID: 29653033 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen novel arene RuII , and cyclopentadienyl (Cpx ) RhIII and IrIII complexes containing an N,N'-chelated pyridylimino- or quinolylimino ligand functionalized with the antimalarial drug sulfadoxine have been synthesized and characterized, including three by X-ray crystallography. The rhodium and iridium complexes exhibited potent antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 0.10-2.0 μm in either all, or one of the three Plasmodium falciparum assays (3D7 chloroquine sensitive, Dd2 chloroquine resistant and NF54 sexual late stage gametocytes) but were only moderately active towards Trichomonas vaginalis. They were active in both the asexual blood stage and the sexual late stage gametocyte assays, whereas the clinical parent drug, sulfadoxine, was inactive. Five complexes were moderately active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (IC50 <6.3 μm), while sulfadoxine showed no antitubercular activity. An increase in the size of both the Cpx ligand and the aromatic imino substituent increased hydrophobicity, which resulted in an increase in antiplasmodial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinessa Chellan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Current address: Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Sandra Duffy
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- Microbial Immunity and Pathogenesis Group, Department of, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Gayathri Nagalingam
- Microbial Immunity and Pathogenesis Group, Department of, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Christina Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Jenny Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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26
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Chellan P, Avery VM, Duffy S, Triccas JA, Nagalingam G, Tam C, Cheng LW, Liu J, Land KM, Clarkson GJ, Romero‐Canelón I, Sadler PJ. Frontispiece: Organometallic Conjugates of the Drug Sulfadoxine for Combatting Antimicrobial Resistance. Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201884064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prinessa Chellan
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Current address: Stellenbosch University Matieland Western Cape South Africa
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Nathan Queensland 4111 Australia
| | - Sandra Duffy
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Nathan Queensland 4111 Australia
| | - James A. Triccas
- Microbial Immunity and Pathogenesis Group, Department of, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Gayathri Nagalingam
- Microbial Immunity and Pathogenesis Group, Department of, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Christina Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Albany CA 94710 USA
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Albany CA 94710 USA
| | - Jenny Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences University of the Pacific Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department of Biological Sciences University of the Pacific Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Isolda Romero‐Canelón
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- School of Pharmacy University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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27
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Bever CS, Barnych B, Hnasko R, Cheng LW, Stanker LH. A New Conjugation Method Used for the Development of an Immunoassay for the Detection of Amanitin, a Deadly Mushroom Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070265. [PMID: 29958410 PMCID: PMC6070930 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the deadliest mushrooms is the death cap mushroom, Amanita phalloides. The most toxic constituent is α-amanitin, a bicyclic octapeptide, which damages the liver and kidneys. To develop a new tool for detecting this toxin, polyclonal antibodies were generated and characterized. Both α- and β-amanitin were coupled to carrier proteins through four different linking chemistries, one of which has never before been described. These conjugates were evaluated for their effectiveness in generating antibodies specific for the free toxin, as well as their utility in formatting heterogeneous assays with high sensitivity. Ultimately, these efforts yielded a newly described conjugation procedure utilizing periodate oxidation followed by reductive amination that successfully resulted in generating sensitive immunoassays (limit of detection (LOD), ~1.0 µg/L). The assays were characterized for their selectivity and were found to equally detect α-, β-, and γ-amanitin, and not cross-react with other toxins tested. Toxin detection in mushrooms was possible using a simple sample preparation method. This enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a simple and fast test, and readily detects amatoxins extracted from A. phalloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace S Bever
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Bogdan Barnych
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Robert Hnasko
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Larry H Stanker
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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Singh A, Fong G, Liu J, Wu YH, Chang K, Park W, Kim J, Tam C, Cheng LW, Land KM, Kumar V. Synthesis and Preliminary Antimicrobial Analysis of Isatin-Ferrocene and Isatin-Ferrocenyl Chalcone Conjugates. ACS Omega 2018; 3:5808-5813. [PMID: 30023926 PMCID: PMC6045481 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we outline the synthesis of isatin-ferrocenyl chalcone and 1H-1,2,3-triazole-tethered isatin-ferrocene conjugates along with their antimicrobial evaluation against the human mucosal pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis. The introduction of a triazole ring among the synthesized conjugates improved the activity profiles with most of the compounds in the library, exhibiting 100% growth inhibition in a preliminary susceptibility screen at 100 μM. IC50 determination of the most potent compounds in the set revealed an inhibitory range between 2 and 13 μM. Normal flora microbiome are unaffected by these compounds, suggesting that these may be new chemical scaffolds for the discovery of new drugs against trichomonad infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Grant Fong
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of the
Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Jenny Liu
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of the
Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Yun-Hsuan Wu
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of the
Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Kevin Chang
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of the
Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - William Park
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of the
Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Jihwan Kim
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of the
Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Christina Tam
- Foodborne
Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research
Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne
Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research
Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of the
Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
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He X, Patfield S, Cheng LW, Stanker LH, Rasooly R, McKeon TA, Zhang Y, Brandon DL. Detection of Abrin Holotoxin Using Novel Monoclonal Antibodies. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E386. [PMID: 29182545 PMCID: PMC5744106 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abrin, a member of the ribosome-inactivating protein family, is produced by the Abrus precatorius plant. Having the potential to pose a severe threat to both human and animal health, abrin is classified as a Select Agent by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. However, an immunoassay that is specific for intact abrin holotoxin has not yet been reported. In this study, seven new monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), designated as Abrin-1 through Abrin-7 have been developed. Isotyping analyses indicate these mAbs have IgG1, IgG2a, or IgG2b heavy-chains and kappa light-chains. Western blot analyses identified two abrin A-chain specific mAbs, Abrin-1 and Abrin-2, and four B-chain specific mAbs (Abrin-3, -5, -6, and -7). A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), capable of detecting a mixture of abrin isoforms and agglutinins was developed using B-chain specific Abrin-3 for capture and A-chain specific Abrin-2 as detector. The ELISA is highly sensitive and detects 1 ng/mL of the abrin holotoxin in phosphate-buffered saline, nonfat milk, and whole milk, significantly below concentrations that would pose a health concern for consumers. This ELISA also detects native abrin in plant extracts with a very low background signal. The new abrin mAbs and ELISA should be useful for detecting this potent toxin in the milk supply chain and other complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua He
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Stephanie Patfield
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Larry H Stanker
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Reuven Rasooly
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Thomas A McKeon
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Yuzhu Zhang
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - David L Brandon
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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Singh A, Nisha, Bains T, Hahn HJ, Liu N, Tam C, Cheng LW, Kim J, Debnath A, Land KM, Kumar V. Design, Synthesis and Preliminary Antimicrobial Evaluation of N-Alkyl Chain Tethered C-5 Functionalized Bis-Isatins. Medchemcomm 2017; 8:1982-1992. [PMID: 29449910 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00434f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of N-alkyl tethered C-5 functionalized bis-isatins were synthesized and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The preliminary evaluation studies revealed the compound 4t, with an optimal combination of bromo-substituent at the C-5 position of isatin ring along with propyl chain linker being most active among the synthesized series exhibiting an IC50 value of 3.72 μM against Trichomonas vaginalis while 4j exhibited an IC50 value of 14.8 μM against Naegleria fowleri, more effective than the standard drug Miltefosine. The compound 3f with an octyl spacer length was the most potent among the series against Giardia lamblia with an IC50 of 18.4 μM while 3d exhibited an IC50 of 23 μM against Entamoeba histolytica. This library was also screened against the fungal pathogen Aspergillus parasiticus. A number of the compounds demonstrated potency against this fungus, illustrating a possible broad-spectrum activity. Furthermore, an evaluation of these synthesized compounds against a panel of normal flora bacteria revealed them to be non-cytotoxic, demonstrating the selectivity of these compounds. This observation, in combination with previous studies that isatin is non-toxic to humans, presents a new possible scaffold for drug discovery against these important protozoal pathogens of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Nisha
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Trpta Bains
- Centre for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hye Jee Hahn
- Centre for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - Christina Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Jong Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Centre for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
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Noritake SM, Liu J, Kanetake S, Levin CE, Tam C, Cheng LW, Land KM, Friedman M. Phytochemical-rich foods inhibit the growth of pathogenic trichomonads. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:461. [PMID: 28903731 PMCID: PMC5598040 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Plants produce secondary metabolites that often possess widespread bioactivity, and are then known as phytochemicals. We previously determined that several phytochemical-rich food-derived preparations were active against pathogenic foodborne bacteria. Trichomonads produce disease (trichomoniasis) in humans and in certain animals. Trichomonads are increasingly becoming resistant to conventional modes of treatment. It is of interest to test bioactive, natural compounds for efficacy against these pathogens. Methods Using a cell assay, black tea, green tea, grape, pomegranate, and jujube extracts, as well as whole dried jujube were tested against three trichomonads: Trichomonas vaginalis strain G3 (found in humans), Tritrichomonas foetus strain D1 (found in cattle), and Tritrichomonas foetus-like organism strain C1 (found in cats). The most effective of the test substances was subsequently tested against two metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis strains, and on normal mucosal flora. Results Black tea extract inhibited all the tested trichomonads, but was most effective against the T. vaginalis organisms. Inhibition by black tea was correlated with the total and individual theaflavin content of the two tea extracts determined by HPLC. Metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis strains were also inhibited by the black tea extract. The response of the organisms to the remaining preparations was variable and unique. We observed no effect of the black tea extract on common normal flora bacteria. Conclusions The results suggest that the black tea, and to a lesser degree green tea, grape seed, and pomegranate extracts might present possible natural alternative therapeutic agents to treat Trichomonas vaginalis infections in humans and the related trichomonad infections in animals, without negatively affecting the normal flora.
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Peck MW, Smith TJ, Anniballi F, Austin JW, Bano L, Bradshaw M, Cuervo P, Cheng LW, Derman Y, Dorner BG, Fisher A, Hill KK, Kalb SR, Korkeala H, Lindström M, Lista F, Lúquez C, Mazuet C, Pirazzini M, Popoff MR, Rossetto O, Rummel A, Sesardic D, Singh BR, Stringer SC. Historical Perspectives and Guidelines for Botulinum Neurotoxin Subtype Nomenclature. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9010038. [PMID: 28106761 PMCID: PMC5308270 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins are diverse proteins. They are currently represented by at least seven serotypes and more than 40 subtypes. New clostridial strains that produce novel neurotoxin variants are being identified with increasing frequency, which presents challenges when organizing the nomenclature surrounding these neurotoxins. Worldwide, researchers are faced with the possibility that toxins having identical sequences may be given different designations or novel toxins having unique sequences may be given the same designations on publication. In order to minimize these problems, an ad hoc committee consisting of over 20 researchers in the field of botulinum neurotoxin research was convened to discuss the clarification of the issues involved in botulinum neurotoxin nomenclature. This publication presents a historical overview of the issues and provides guidelines for botulinum neurotoxin subtype nomenclature in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa J Smith
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Fabrizio Anniballi
- National Reference Centre for Botulism, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome 299-00161, Italy.
| | - John W Austin
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Luca Bano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Treviso 31020, Italy.
| | - Marite Bradshaw
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Paula Cuervo
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Patología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 450001, Argentina.
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Yagmur Derman
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | | | - Audrey Fisher
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Karen K Hill
- Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Suzanne R Kalb
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Miia Lindström
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Florigio Lista
- Army Medical and Veterinary Research Center, Rome 00184, Italy.
| | - Carolina Lúquez
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Christelle Mazuet
- Institut Pasteur, Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Ornella Rossetto
- Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover 30623, Germany.
| | - Dorothea Sesardic
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Bal Ram Singh
- Botulinum Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA.
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Stringer T, Seldon R, Liu N, Warner DF, Tam C, Cheng LW, Land KM, Smith PJ, Chibale K, Smith GS. Antimicrobial activity of organometallic isonicotinyl and pyrazinyl ferrocenyl-derived complexes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:9875-9885. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Isonicotinyl and pyrazinyl ferrocenyl-derived complexes were evaluatedin vitrofor antimycobacterial and antiparasitic activity.
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Lam TI, Tam CC, Stanker LH, Cheng LW. Probiotic Microorganisms Inhibit Epithelial Cell Internalization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8120377. [PMID: 27999281 PMCID: PMC5198571 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are some of the most poisonous natural toxins known to man and are threats to public health and safety. Previous work from our laboratory showed that both BoNT serotype A complex and holotoxin can bind and transit through the intestinal epithelia to disseminate in the blood. The timing of BoNT/A toxin internalization was shown to be comparable in both the Caco-2 in vitro cell culture and in the oral mouse intoxication models. Probiotic microorganisms have been extensively studied for their beneficial effects in not only maintaining the normal gut mucosa but also protection from allergens, pathogens, and toxins. In this study, we evaluate whether probiotic microorganisms will block BoNT/A uptake in the in vitro cell culture system using Caco-2 cells. Several probiotics tested (Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG, and Lactobacillus reuteri) blocked BoNT/A uptake in a dose-dependent manner whereas a non-probiotic strain of Escherichia coli did not. We also showed that inhibition of BoNT/A uptake was not due to the degradation of BoNT/A nor by sequestration of toxin via binding to probiotics. These results show for the first time that probiotic treatment can inhibit BoNT/A binding and internalization in vitro and may lead to the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina I Lam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Christina C Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Larry H Stanker
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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Cheng LW, Tam CC, Lam TI, Stanker LH, Martchenko M. Identification of botulinum neurotoxin serotype a inhibitors using in vitro cell and oral models of intoxication. Toxicon 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Liu J, Kanetake S, Wu YH, Tam C, Cheng LW, Land KM, Friedman M. Antiprotozoal Effects of the Tomato Tetrasaccharide Glycoalkaloid Tomatine and the Aglycone Tomatidine on Mucosal Trichomonads. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:8806-8810. [PMID: 27934291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the inhibitory effects of the commercial tetrasaccharide tomato glycoalkaloid tomatine and the aglycone tomatidine on three mucosal pathogenic protozoa that are reported to infect humans, cattle, and cats, respectively: Trichomonas vaginalis strain G3, Tritrichomonas foetus strain D1, and Tritrichomonas foetus strain C1. A preliminary screen showed that tomatine at 100 μM concentration completely inhibited the growth of all three trichomonads. In contrast, the inhibition of all three pathogens by tomatidine was much lower, suggesting the involvement of the lycotetraose carbohydrate side chain in the mechanism of inhibition. Midpoints of concentration-response sigmoid plots of tomatine on the three strains correspond to IC50 values, the concentration that inhibits 50% of growth of the pathogenic protozoa. The concentration data were used to calculate the IC50 values for G3, D1, and C1 of 7.9, 1.9, and 2.2 μM, respectively. The results show an approximately 4-fold variation from the lowest to the highest value (lowest activity). Although the inhibition by tomatine was not as effective as that of the medicinal drug metronidazole, the relatively low IC50 values for both T. vaginalis and T. foetus indicated tomatine as a possible natural alternative therapeutic for trichomoniasis in humans and food-producing (cattle and pigs) and domestic (cats) animals. Because tomatine has the potential to serve as a new antiprotozoan functional (medical) food, the distribution of this glycoalkaloid in tomatoes and suggestions for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific , Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Sierra Kanetake
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific , Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Yun-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific , Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Christina Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94556, United States
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94556, United States
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific , Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94556, United States
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37
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Adams M, Stringer T, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Land KM, Liu N, Tam C, Cheng LW, Njoroge M, Chibale K, Smith GS. Bioisosteric ferrocenyl-containing quinolines with antiplasmodial and antitrichomonal properties. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:19086-19095. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03175g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioisosteric (C, Si) ferrocenyl-containing quinolines and ferrocenylamines were prepared and evaluated as antiplasmodial and antitrichomonal agents.
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38
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Stringer T, De Kock C, Guzgay H, Okombo J, Liu J, Kanetake S, Kim J, Tam C, Cheng LW, Smith PJ, Hendricks DT, Land KM, Egan TJ, Smith GS. Mono- and multimeric ferrocene congeners of quinoline-based polyamines as potential antiparasitics. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13415-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02685k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of mono- and multimeric polyamine-containing ferrocenyl complexes bearing a quinoline motif were prepared.
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39
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Cheng LW, Henderson TD, Lam TI, Stanker LH. Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Sensitive Detection and Neutralization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype B. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5068-78. [PMID: 26633496 PMCID: PMC4690113 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are some of nature’s most potent toxins. Due to potential food contamination, and bioterrorism concerns, the development of detection reagents, therapeutics and countermeasures are of urgent interest. Recently, we have developed a sensitive electrochemiluminescent (ECL) immunoassay for BoNT/B, using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) MCS6-27 and anti-BoNT/B rabbit polyclonal antibodies as the capture and detector. The ECL assay detected as little as 1 pg/mL BoNT/B in the buffer matrix, surpassing the detection sensitivities of the gold standard mouse bioassays. The ECL assay also allowed detection of BoNT/B in sera matrices of up to 100% sera with negligible matrix effects. This highly-sensitive assay allowed the determination of the biological half-lives of BoNT/B holotoxin in vivo. We further tested the toxin neutralization potential of our monoclonal antibodies using the mouse systemic and oral intoxication models. A combination of mAbs protected mice in both pre- and post-exposure models to lethal doses of BoNT/B. MAbs were capable of increasing survival of animals when administered even 10 h post-intoxication in an oral model, suggesting a likely time for BoNT/B complexes to reach the blood stream. More sensitive detection assays and treatments against BoNT intoxication will greatly enhance efforts to combat botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Thomas D Henderson
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Tina I Lam
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
| | - Larry H Stanker
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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Lam TI, Stanker LH, Lee K, Jin R, Cheng LW. Translocation of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A and associated proteins across the intestinal epithelia. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1133-43. [PMID: 25640773 PMCID: PMC4610714 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are some of the most poisonous natural toxins. Botulinum neurotoxins associate with neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs) forming large complexes that are protected from the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract. However, it is still unclear how BoNT complexes as large as 900 kDa traverse the epithelial barrier and what role NAPs play in toxin translocation. In this study, we examined the transit of BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A) holotoxin, complex and recombinantly purified NAP complex through cultured and polarized Caco-2 cells and, for the first time, in the small mouse intestine. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A and NAPs in the toxin complex were detectable inside intestinal cells beginning at 2 h post intoxication. Appearance of the BoNT/A holotoxin signal was slower, with detection starting at 4-6 h. This indicated that the holotoxin alone was sufficient for entry but the presence of NAPs enhanced the rate of entry. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A detection peaked at approximately 6 and 8 h for complex and holotoxin, respectively, and thereafter began to disperse with some toxin remaining in the epithelia after 24 h. Purified HA complexes alone were also internalized and followed a similar time course to that of BoNT/A complex internalization. However, recombinant HA complexes did not enhance BoNT/A holotoxin entry in the absence of a physical link with BoNT/A. We propose a model for BoNT/A toxin complex translocation whereby toxin complex entry is facilitated by NAPs in a receptor-mediated mechanism. Understanding the intestinal uptake of BoNT complexes will aid the development of new measures to prevent or treat oral intoxications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina I Lam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit, Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Larry H Stanker
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit, Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Kwangkook Lee
- Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Unit, Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture -Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
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41
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Koh CY, Schaff UY, Piccini M, Stanker L, Cheng LW, Ravichandran E, Singh BR, Sommer GJ, Singh AK. Centrifugal microfluidic platform for ultrasensitive detection of botulinum toxin. Anal Chem 2015; 87:922-8. [PMID: 25521812 PMCID: PMC4303339 DOI: 10.1021/ac504054u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We present an innovative centrifugal microfluidic immunoassay platform (SpinDx) to address the urgent biodefense and public health need for ultrasensitive point-of-care/incident detection of botulinum toxin. The simple, sample-to-answer centrifugal microfluidic immunoassay approach is based on binding of toxins to antibody-laden capture particles followed by sedimentation of the particles through a density-media in a microfluidic disk and quantification by laser-induced fluorescence. A blind, head-to-head comparison study of SpinDx versus the gold-standard mouse bioassay demonstrates 100-fold improvement in sensitivity (limit of detection = 0.09 pg/mL), while achieving total sample-to-answer time of <30 min with 2-μL required volume of the unprocessed sample. We further demonstrate quantification of botulinum toxin in both exogeneous (human blood and serum spiked with toxins) and endogeneous (serum from mice intoxicated via oral, intranasal, and intravenous routes) samples. SpinDx can analyze, without any sample preparation, multiple sample types including whole blood, serum, and food. It is readily expandable to additional analytes as the assay reagents (i.e., the capture beads and detection antibodies) are disconnected from the disk architecture and the reader, facilitating rapid development of new assays. SpinDx can also serve as a general-purpose immunoassay platform applicable to diagnosis of other conditions and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yan Koh
- Sandia National
Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Ulrich Y. Schaff
- Sandia National
Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Matthew
E. Piccini
- Sandia National
Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Larry
H. Stanker
- Western Regional
Research Center, Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, U.S. Department
of Agriculture − Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Western Regional
Research Center, Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, U.S. Department
of Agriculture − Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Easwaran Ravichandran
- University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North
Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Bal-Ram Singh
- University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North
Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Greg J. Sommer
- Sandia National
Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Anup K. Singh
- Sandia National
Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, United States
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Yi J, Lam TI, Yokoyama W, Cheng LW, Zhong F. Beta-carotene encapsulated in food protein nanoparticles reduces peroxyl radical oxidation in Caco-2 cells. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Yi J, Lam TI, Yokoyama W, Cheng LW, Zhong F. Controlled release of β-carotene in β-lactoglobulin-dextran-conjugated nanoparticles' in vitro digestion and transport with Caco-2 monolayers. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:8900-8907. [PMID: 25131216 DOI: 10.1021/jf502639k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Undesirable aggregation of nanoparticles stabilized by proteins may occur at the protein's isoelectric point when the particle has zero net charge. Stability against aggregation of nanoparticles may be improved by reacting free amino groups with reducing sugars by the Maillard reaction. β-Lactoglobulin (BLG)-dextran conjugates were characterized by SDS-PAGE and CD. Nanoparticles (60-70 nm diameter) of β-carotene (BC) encapsulated by BLG or BLG-dextran were prepared by the homogenization-evaporation method. Both BLG and BLG-dextran nanoparticles appeared to be spherically shaped and uniformly dispersed by TEM. The stability and release of BC from the nanoparticles under simulated gastrointestinal conditions were evaluated. Dextran conjugation prevented the flocculation or aggregation of BLG-dextran particles at pH ∼4-5 compared to very large sized aggregates of BLG nanoparticles. The released contents of BC from BLG and BLG-dextran nanoparticles under acidic gastric conditions were 6.2 ± 0.9 and 5.4 ± 0.3%, respectively. The release of BC from BLG-dextran nanoparticles by trypsin digestion was 51.8 ± 4.3% of total encapsulated BC, and that from BLG nanoparticles was 60.9 ± 2.9%. Neither BLG-BC nanoparticles nor the Maillard-reacted BLG-dextran conjugates were cytotoxic to Caco-2 cells, even at 10 mg/mL. The apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of Caco-2 cells to BC was improved by nanoencapsulation, compared to free BC suspension. The results indicate that BC-encapsulated β-lactoglobulin-dextran-conjugated nanoparticles are more stable to aggregation under gastric pH conditions with good release and permeability properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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Yi J, Lam TI, Yokoyama W, Cheng LW, Zhong F. Cellular uptake of β-carotene from protein stabilized solid lipid nanoparticles prepared by homogenization-evaporation method. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:1096-1104. [PMID: 24422504 DOI: 10.1021/jf404073c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With a homogenization-evaporation method, β-carotene (BC) loaded nanoparticles were prepared with different ratios of food-grade sodium caseinate (SC), whey protein isolate (WPI), or soy protein isolate (SPI) to BC and evaluated for their physiochemical stability, in vitro cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake by Caco-2 cells. The particle diameters of the BC loaded nanoparticles with 0.75% SC or 1.0% WPI emulsifiers were 75 and 90 nm, respectively. Mean particle diameters of three BC loaded nanoparticle nanoemulsions increased less than 10% at 4 °C while they increased more at 25 °C (10-76%) during 30 days of storage. The oxidative stability of BC loaded nanoparticles encapsulated by proteins decreased in the following order: SC > WPI > SPI. The retention rates of BC in nanoparticles were 63.5%, 60.5%, and 41.8% for SC, WPI, and SPI, respectively, after 30 days of storage at 25 °C. The BC's chemical stability was improved by increasing the concentration of protein. Both the rate of particle growth and the total BC loss at 25 °C were larger than at 4 °C. The color of BC loaded nanoparticles decreased with increasing storage in the dark without oxygen, similar to the decrease in BC content of nanoparticles at 4 and 25 °C. Almost no cytotoxicity due to BC loaded nanoparticles cellular uptake was observed, especially when diluted 10 times or more. The uptake of BC was significantly improved through nanoparticle delivery systems by 2.6-, 3.4-, and 1.7-fold increase, respectively, for SC, WPI, and SPI, as compared to the free BC. The results of this study indicate that protein stabilized, BC loaded nanoparticles can improve stability and uptake of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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Scotcher MC, Cheng LW, Ching K, McGarvey J, Hnasko R, Stanker L. Development and characterization of six monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin-70 of Clostridium botulinum and their application in a sandwich ELISA. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2013; 32:6-15. [PMID: 23600499 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2012.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are produced by Clostridium botulinum and cause severe neuroparalytic disease that if not treated quickly is often fatal. The toxin is produced as a 150 kDa precursor protein (holotoxin) that is enzymatically cleaved to form two subunits, heavy and light chains, linked by a single disulfide bond. Seven toxin serotypes are known. BoNT serotypes A1 and B1 are secreted as precursor toxic complexes (PTC) containing of the toxin and non-toxic associated proteins (NAPs) consisting of non-toxic hemagglutinin proteins (HA), designated HA17, HA34, and HA70, and a 120 kDa non-toxin non-hemagglutinin (NTNH) protein. The exact contribution of the NAPs in disease is not known, but it is thought that they protect the toxin as it passes through the harsh environment of the stomach. The structure of the complex is also poorly understood, although recent models suggest that for each molecule of toxin the PTC contains one molecule of the NTNH and multiple copies of each HA. In this paper we describe six monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind the HA70 protein found in the PTC of BoNT/A1 and /B1. Based on these antibodies, we demonstrate a rapid sandwich ELISA assay for detecting HA70.
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Cheng LW, Henderson TD, Patfield S, Stanker LH, He X. Mouse in vivo neutralization of Escherichia coli Shiga toxin 2 with monoclonal antibodies. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1845-58. [PMID: 24152988 PMCID: PMC3813915 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5101845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) food contaminations pose serious health concerns, and have been the subject of massive food recalls. STEC has been identified as the major cause of the life-threatening complication of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Besides supportive care, there currently are no therapeutics available. The use of antibiotics for combating pathogenic E. coli is not recommended because they have been shown to stimulate toxin production. Clearing Stx2 from the circulation could potentially lessen disease severity. In this study, we tested the in vivo neutralization of Stx2 in mice using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We measured the biologic half-life of Stx2 in mice and determined the distribution phase or t1/2 α to be 3 min and the clearance phase or t1/2 β to be 40 min. Neutralizing mAbs were capable of clearing Stx2 completely from intoxicated mouse blood within minutes. We also examined the persistence of these mAbs over time and showed that complete protection could be passively conferred to mice 4 weeks before exposure to Stx2. The advent of better diagnositic methods and the availability of a greater arsenal of therapeutic mAbs against Stx2 would greatly enhance treatment outcomes of life threatening E. coli infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa W Cheng
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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Lee K, Gu S, Jin L, Le TTN, Cheng LW, Strotmeier J, Kruel AM, Yao G, Perry K, Rummel A, Jin R. Structure of a bimodular botulinum neurotoxin complex provides insights into its oral toxicity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003690. [PMID: 24130488 PMCID: PMC3795040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by Clostridium botulinum and cause the fatal disease botulism, a flaccid paralysis of the muscle. BoNTs are released together with several auxiliary proteins as progenitor toxin complexes (PTCs) to become highly potent oral poisons. Here, we report the structure of a ∼760 kDa 14-subunit large PTC of serotype A (L-PTC/A) and reveal insight into its absorption mechanism. Using a combination of X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and functional studies, we found that L-PTC/A consists of two structurally and functionally independent sub-complexes. A hetero-dimeric 290 kDa complex protects BoNT, while a hetero-dodecameric 470 kDa complex facilitates its absorption in the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract. BoNT absorption is mediated by nine glycan-binding sites on the dodecameric sub-complex that forms multivalent interactions with carbohydrate receptors on intestinal epithelial cells. We identified monosaccharides that blocked oral BoNT intoxication in mice, which suggests a new strategy for the development of preventive countermeasures for BoNTs based on carbohydrate receptor mimicry. Food-borne botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) poisoning results in fatal muscle paralysis. But how can BoNT–a large protein released by the bacteria clostridia–survive the hostile gastrointestinal (GI) tract to gain access to neurons that control muscle contraction? Here, we report the complete structure of a bimodular ∼760 kDa BoNT/A large progenitor toxin complex (L-PTC), which is composed of BoNT and four non-toxic bacterial proteins. The architecture of this bacterial machinery mimics an Apollo lunar module, whereby the “ascent stage” (a ∼290 kDa module) protects BoNT from destruction in the GI tract and the 3-arm “descent stage” (a ∼470 kDa module) mediates absorption of BoNT by binding to host carbohydrate receptors in the small intestine. This new finding has helped us identify the carbohydrate-binding sites and the monosaccharide IPTG as a prototypical oral inhibitor, which extends survival following lethal BoNT/A intoxication of mice. Hence, pre-treatment with small molecule inhibitors based on carbohydrate receptor mimicry can provide temporary protection against BoNT entry into the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangkook Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Shenyan Gu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Lei Jin
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thi Tuc Nghi Le
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Jasmin Strotmeier
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Guorui Yao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kay Perry
- NE-CAT and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (AR); (RJ)
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AR); (RJ)
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48
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Bagramyan K, Kaplan BE, Cheng LW, Strotmeier J, Rummel A, Kalkum M. Substrates and controls for the quantitative detection of active botulinum neurotoxin in protease-containing samples. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5569-76. [PMID: 23656526 DOI: 10.1021/ac4008418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are used in a wide variety of medical applications, but there is limited pharmacokinetic data on active BoNT. Monitoring BoNT activity in the circulation is challenging because BoNTs are highly toxic and are rapidly taken up by neurons and removed from the bloodstream. Previously we reported a sensitive BoNT "Assay with a Large Immunosorbent Surface Area" that uses conversion of fluorogenic peptide substrates to measure the intrinsic endopeptidase activity of bead-captured BoNT. However, in complex biological samples, protease contaminants can also cleave the substrates, reducing sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Here, we present a novel set of fluorogenic peptides that serve as BoNT-specific substrates and protease-sensitive controls. BoNT-cleavable substrates contain a C-terminal Nle, while BoNT-noncleavable controls contain its isomer ε-Ahx. The substrates are cleaved by BoNT subtypes A1-A3 and A5. Substrates and control peptides can be cleaved by non-BoNT proteases (e.g., trypsin, proteinase K, and thermolysin) while obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Using this novel substrate/control set, we studied BoNT/A1 activity in two mouse models of botulism. We detected BoNT/A serum activities ranging from ~3600 to 10 amol/L in blood of mice that had been intravenously injected 1 h prior with BoNT/A1 complex (100 to 4 pg/mouse). We also detected the endopeptidase activity of orally administered BoNT/A1 complex (1 μg) in blood 5 h after administration; activity was greatest 7 h after administration. Redistribution and elevation rates for active toxin were measured and are comparable to those reported for inactive toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bagramyan
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Department of Immunology, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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49
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Cheng LW, Stanker LH. Detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A and B using a chemiluminescent versus electrochemiluminescent immunoassay in food and serum. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:755-60. [PMID: 23265581 PMCID: PMC3598631 DOI: 10.1021/jf3041963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are some of the most potent biological toxins. High-affinity monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been developed for the detection of BoNT serotypes A and B using a chemiluminescent capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In an effort to improve toxin detection levels in complex matrices such as food and sera, we evaluated the performance of existing antitoxin mAbs using a new electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay platform developed by Meso Scale Discovery. In side-by-side comparisons, the limits of detection (LODs) observed for ELISA and the ECL immunoassay for BoNT/A were 12 and 3 pg/mL, and for BoNT/B, they were 17 and 13 pg/mL, respectively. Both the ELISA and the ECL method were more sensitive than the "gold standard" mouse bioassay. The ECL assay outperformed ELISA in detection sensitivity in most of the food matrices fortified with BoNT/A and in some foods spiked with BoNT/B. Both the ELISA and the ECL immunoassay platforms are fast, simple alternatives for use in the routine detection of BoNTs in food and animal sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa W. Cheng
- Corresponding author (L.W.C.) Tel: 510-559-6337; Fax: 510-559-5880; ; (L.H.S)
| | - Larry H. Stanker
- Corresponding author (L.W.C.) Tel: 510-559-6337; Fax: 510-559-5880; ; (L.H.S)
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50
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He SM, Luo XD, Zhang B, Fu L, Cheng LW, Wang JB, Lu W. Junction temperature measurement of light emitting diode by electroluminescence. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:123101. [PMID: 22225193 DOI: 10.1063/1.3664619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Junction temperature (JT) is a key parameter of the performance and lifetime of light emitting diodes (LEDs). In this paper, a mobile instrument system has been developed for the non-contact measurement of JTs of LED under LabVIEW control. The electroluminescence (EL) peak shift of the LED is explored to measure the JT. Commercially available high power blue LEDs are measured. A linear relation between emission peak shift and JT is found. The accuracy of the JT is about 1 °C determined by the precision of the emission peak shift, ±0.03 nm, at 3σ standard deviation for blue LED. Using this system, on-line temperature rise curves of LED lamps are determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M He
- Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Hunan, Xiangtan 411105, China
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