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Barisic D, Stadler MB, Iurlaro M, Schübeler D. Mammalian ISWI and SWI/SNF selectively mediate binding of distinct transcription factors. Nature 2019; 569:136-140. [PMID: 30996347 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin remodelling complexes evict, slide, insert or replace nucleosomes, which represent an intrinsic barrier for access to DNA. These remodellers function in most aspects of genome utilization including transcription-factor binding, DNA replication and repair1,2. Although they are frequently mutated in cancer3, it remains largely unclear how the four mammalian remodeller families (SWI/SNF, ISWI, CHD and INO80) orchestrate the global organization of nucleosomes. Here we generated viable embryonic stem cells that lack SNF2H, the ATPase of ISWI complexes, enabling study of SNF2H cellular function, and contrast it to BRG1, the ATPase of SWI/SNF. Loss of SNF2H decreases nucleosomal phasing and increases linker lengths, providing in vivo evidence for an ISWI function in ruling nucleosomal spacing in mammals. Systematic analysis of transcription-factor binding reveals that these remodelling activities have specific effects on binding of different transcription factors. One group critically depends on BRG1 and contains the transcriptional repressor REST, whereas a non-overlapping set of transcription factors, including the insulator protein CTCF, relies on SNF2H. This selectivity readily explains why chromosomal folding and insulation of topologically associated domains requires SNF2H, but not BRG1. Collectively, this study shows that mammalian ISWI is critical for nucleosomal periodicity and nuclear organization and that transcription factors rely on specific remodelling pathways for correct genomic binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Barisic
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael B Stadler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario Iurlaro
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Schübeler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Raiber EA, Portella G, Martínez Cuesta S, Hardisty R, Murat P, Li Z, Iurlaro M, Dean W, Spindel J, Beraldi D, Liu Z, Dawson MA, Reik W, Balasubramanian S. 5-Formylcytosine organizes nucleosomes and forms Schiff base interactions with histones in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Chem 2018; 10:1258-1266. [PMID: 30349137 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosomes are the basic unit of chromatin that help the packaging of genetic material while controlling access to the genetic information. The underlying DNA sequence, together with transcription-associated proteins and chromatin remodelling complexes, are important factors that influence the organization of nucleosomes. Here, we show that the naturally occurring DNA modification, 5-formylcytosine (5fC) is linked to tissue-specific nucleosome organization. Our study reveals that 5fC is associated with increased nucleosome occupancy in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that 5fC-associated nucleosomes at enhancers in the mammalian hindbrain and heart are linked to elevated gene expression. Our study also reveals the formation of a reversible-covalent Schiff base linkage between lysines of histone proteins and 5fC within nucleosomes in a cellular environment. We define their specific genomic loci in mouse embryonic stem cells and look into the biological consequences of these DNA-histone Schiff base sites. Collectively, our findings show that 5fC is a determinant of nucleosome organization and plays a role in establishing distinct regulatory regions that control transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ang Raiber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sergio Martínez Cuesta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robyn Hardisty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierre Murat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mario Iurlaro
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wendy Dean
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia Spindel
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dario Beraldi
- Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Wolf Reik
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shankar Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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3
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Iurlaro M, von Meyenn F, Reik W. DNA methylation homeostasis in human and mouse development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 43:101-109. [PMID: 28260631 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The molecular pathways that regulate gain and loss of DNA methylation during mammalian development need to be tightly balanced to maintain a physiological equilibrium. Here we explore the relative contributions of the different pathways and enzymatic activities involved in methylation homeostasis in the context of genome-wide and locus-specific epigenetic reprogramming in mammals. An adaptable epigenetic machinery allows global epigenetic reprogramming to concur with local maintenance of critical epigenetic memory in the genome, and appears to regulate the tempo of global reprogramming in different cell lineages and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Iurlaro
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | - Wolf Reik
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
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4
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Iurlaro M, McInroy GR, Burgess HE, Dean W, Raiber EA, Bachman M, Beraldi D, Balasubramanian S, Reik W. In vivo genome-wide profiling reveals a tissue-specific role for 5-formylcytosine. Genome Biol 2016; 17:141. [PMID: 27356509 PMCID: PMC4928330 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide methylation of cytosine can be modulated in the presence of TET and thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) enzymes. TET is able to oxidise 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). TDG can excise the oxidative products 5fC and 5caC, initiating base excision repair. These modified bases are stable and detectable in the genome, suggesting that they could have epigenetic functions in their own right. However, functional investigation of the genome-wide distribution of 5fC has been restricted to cell culture-based systems, while its in vivo profile remains unknown. RESULTS Here, we describe the first analysis of the in vivo genome-wide profile of 5fC across a range of tissues from both wild-type and Tdg-deficient E11.5 mouse embryos. Changes in the formylation profile of cytosine upon depletion of TDG suggest TET/TDG-mediated active demethylation occurs preferentially at intron-exon boundaries and reveals a major role for TDG in shaping 5fC distribution at CpG islands. Moreover, we find that active enhancer regions specifically exhibit high levels of 5fC, resulting in characteristic tissue-diagnostic patterns, which suggest a role in embryonic development. CONCLUSIONS The tissue-specific distribution of 5fC can be regulated by the collective contribution of TET-mediated oxidation and excision by TDG. The in vivo profile of 5fC during embryonic development resembles that of embryonic stem cells, sharing key features including enrichment of 5fC in enhancer and intragenic regions. Additionally, by investigating mouse embryo 5fC profiles in a tissue-specific manner, we identify targeted enrichment at active enhancers involved in tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Iurlaro
- The Babraham Institute, Epigenetics Programme, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Gordon R McInroy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Heather E Burgess
- The Babraham Institute, Epigenetics Programme, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Wendy Dean
- The Babraham Institute, Epigenetics Programme, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Eun-Ang Raiber
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Martin Bachman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Present Address: Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Dario Beraldi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Shankar Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.
| | - Wolf Reik
- The Babraham Institute, Epigenetics Programme, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.
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5
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von Meyenn F, Iurlaro M, Habibi E, Liu NQ, Salehzadeh-Yazdi A, Santos F, Petrini E, Milagre I, Yu M, Xie Z, Kroeze LI, Nesterova TB, Jansen JH, Xie H, He C, Reik W, Stunnenberg HG. Impairment of DNA Methylation Maintenance Is the Main Cause of Global Demethylation in Naive Embryonic Stem Cells. Mol Cell 2016; 62:983. [PMID: 27315559 PMCID: PMC4914604 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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von Meyenn F, Iurlaro M, Habibi E, Liu NQ, Salehzadeh-Yazdi A, Santos F, Petrini E, Milagre I, Yu M, Xie Z, Kroeze LI, Nesterova TB, Jansen JH, Xie H, He C, Reik W, Stunnenberg HG. Impairment of DNA Methylation Maintenance Is the Main Cause of Global Demethylation in Naive Embryonic Stem Cells. Mol Cell 2016; 62:848-861. [PMID: 27237052 PMCID: PMC4914828 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Global demethylation is part of a conserved program of epigenetic reprogramming to naive pluripotency. The transition from primed hypermethylated embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to naive hypomethylated ones (serum-to-2i) is a valuable model system for epigenetic reprogramming. We present a mathematical model, which accurately predicts global DNA demethylation kinetics. Experimentally, we show that the main drivers of global demethylation are neither active mechanisms (Aicda, Tdg, and Tet1-3) nor the reduction of de novo methylation. UHRF1 protein, the essential targeting factor for DNMT1, is reduced upon transition to 2i, and so is recruitment of the maintenance methylation machinery to replication foci. Concurrently, there is global loss of H3K9me2, which is needed for chromatin binding of UHRF1. These mechanisms synergistically enforce global DNA hypomethylation in a replication-coupled fashion. Our observations establish the molecular mechanism for global demethylation in naive ESCs, which has key parallels with those operating in primordial germ cells and early embryos. Impaired DNA methylation maintenance is the cause of global demethylation in naive ESCs Loss of H3K9me2 and UHRF1 lead to impaired maintenance targeting to replication foci TET enzymes are not required for global demethylation Mathematical model accurately predicts global 5mC and 5hmC during epigenetic resetting
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Iurlaro
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Ehsan Habibi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ning Qing Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ali Salehzadeh-Yazdi
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fátima Santos
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Edoardo Petrini
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Inês Milagre
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhenqing Xie
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Leonie I Kroeze
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tatyana B Nesterova
- Developmental Epigenetics Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Joop H Jansen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hehuang Xie
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wolf Reik
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Hendrik G Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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7
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Bachman M, Uribe-Lewis S, Yang X, Burgess HE, Iurlaro M, Reik W, Murrell A, Balasubramanian S. 5-Formylcytosine can be a stable DNA modification in mammals. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:555-7. [PMID: 26098680 PMCID: PMC5486442 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
5-Formylcytosine (5fC) is a rare base found in mammalian DNA and thought to be involved in active DNA demethylation. Here, we show that developmental dynamics of 5fC levels in mouse DNA differ from those of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), and using stable isotope labeling in vivo, we show that 5fC can be a stable DNA modification. These results suggest that 5fC has functional roles in DNA that go beyond being a demethylation intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bachman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Xiaoping Yang
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Wolf Reik
- Babraham Institute, Babraham, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Adele Murrell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shankar Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Agriesti F, Roncarati D, Musiani F, Del Campo C, Iurlaro M, Sparla F, Ciurli S, Danielli A, Scarlato V. FeON-FeOFF: the Helicobacter pylori Fur regulator commutates iron-responsive transcription by discriminative readout of opposed DNA grooves. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:3138-51. [PMID: 24322295 PMCID: PMC3950669 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Most transcriptional regulators bind nucleotide motifs in the major groove, although some are able to recognize molecular determinants conferred by the minor groove of DNA. Here we report a transcriptional commutator switch that exploits the alternative readout of grooves to mediate opposite output regulation for the same input signal. This mechanism accounts for the ability of the Helicobacter pylori Fur regulator to repress the expression of both iron-inducible and iron-repressible genes. When iron is scarce, Fur binds to DNA as a dimer, through the readout of thymine pairs in the major groove, repressing iron-inducible transcription (FeON). Conversely, on iron-repressible elements the metal ion acts as corepressor, inducing Fur multimerization with consequent minor groove readout of AT-rich inverted repeats (FeOFF). Our results provide first evidence for a novel regulatory paradigm, in which the discriminative readout of DNA grooves enables to toggle between the repression of genes in a mutually exclusive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Agriesti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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9
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Iurlaro M, Ficz G, Oxley D, Raiber EA, Bachman M, Booth MJ, Andrews S, Balasubramanian S, Reik W. A screen for hydroxymethylcytosine and formylcytosine binding proteins suggests functions in transcription and chromatin regulation. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R119. [PMID: 24156278 PMCID: PMC4014808 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation (5mC) plays important roles in epigenetic regulation of genome function. Recently, TET hydroxylases have been found to oxidise 5mC to hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), formylcytosine (5fC) and carboxylcytosine (5caC) in DNA. These derivatives have a role in demethylation of DNA but in addition may have epigenetic signaling functions in their own right. A recent study identified proteins which showed preferential binding to 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and its oxidised forms, where readers for 5mC and 5hmC showed little overlap, and proteins bound to further oxidation forms were enriched for repair proteins and transcription regulators. We extend this study by using promoter sequences as baits and compare protein binding patterns to unmodified or modified cytosine using DNA from mouse embryonic stem cell extracts. RESULTS We compared protein enrichments from two DNA probes with different CpG composition and show that, whereas some of the enriched proteins show specificity to cytosine modifications, others are selective for both modification and target sequences. Only a few proteins were identified with a preference for 5hmC (such as RPL26, PRP8 and the DNA mismatch repair protein MHS6), but proteins with a strong preference for 5fC were more numerous, including transcriptional regulators (FOXK1, FOXK2, FOXP1, FOXP4 and FOXI3), DNA repair factors (TDG and MPG) and chromatin regulators (EHMT1, L3MBTL2 and all components of the NuRD complex). CONCLUSIONS Our screen has identified novel proteins that bind to 5fC in genomic sequences with different CpG composition and suggests they regulate transcription and chromatin, hence opening up functional investigations of 5fC readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Iurlaro
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Gabriella Ficz
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - David Oxley
- Proteomics Research Group, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Eun-Ang Raiber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Martin Bachman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Michael J Booth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Simon Andrews
- Bioinformatics Group, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Shankar Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Wolf Reik
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
- 1Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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10
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Abstract
Biomaterial polymers have been proposed as scaffolds for cell assembly in vascular bioengineering. We describe here a new method for the neovascularization of polyurethane meshes from explants of rat aorta. Aortic rings embedded in collagen-permeated polyurethane meshes and cultured in medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum and vascular endothelial growth factor generated florid microvascular outgrowths that efficiently vascularized the available spaces between polyurethane fibers. The neovessels could be identified in the live cultures by phase-contrast microscopy, and in formalin-fixed preparations by the ABC peroxidase procedure, using the endothelial-specific Griffonia isolectin B4. The aortic outgrowths were successfully labeled with the intravital fluorescent dyes Calcein AM or SPDiOC(18), which are nontoxic and can be used for tracking studies. This study shows that artificial biomaterial meshes can be colonized ex vivo with histotypic microvascular networks, and provides the proof of concept for the future development of stably vascularized devices for in vivo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iurlaro
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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11
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Vacca A, Ria R, Presta M, Ribatti D, Iurlaro M, Merchionne F, Tanghetti E, Dammacco F. alpha(v)beta(3) integrin engagement modulates cell adhesion, proliferation, and protease secretion in human lymphoid tumor cells. Exp Hematol 2001; 29:993-1003. [PMID: 11495705 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms used by human lymphoproliferative diseases to invade locally and metastasize are thought to be similar to those developed by solid tumors, including cell proliferation and secretion of extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes following adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins. Hence, the ability of Namalwa (Burkitt's lymphoma), U266 (multiple myeloma), and CEM (T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia) cells to interact with the extracellular matrix components vitronectin and fibronectin was determined. Fresh bone marrow plasma cells from patients with multiple myeloma also were studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Engagement of alpha(v)beta(3) integrin, formation and protein composition of focal adhesion contacts on the cell surface, phosphorylation of several signal transduction proteins in the contacts, cell proliferation, and enzyme secretion were studied following adhesion to vitronectin and fibronectin. RESULTS All three lines adhered to immobilized vitronectin and fibronectin. Adhesion was fully prevented by neutralizing monoclonal anti-alpha(v)beta(3) integrin antibody. Integrin engagement caused the formation of phosphorylated pp60(src)/focal adhesion kinase complexes and the aggregation of focal adhesion plaques containing the beta(3) integrin subunit, the cytoskeletal proteins vinculin, cortactin, and paxillin, the tyrosine kinases focal adhesion kinase and pp60(src), the adapter protein Grb-2, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK-2. Free and immobilized vitronectin and fibronectin stimulated the proliferation of cells under serum-free conditions and the production and release of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, and increased the release of the activated forms of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in an alpha(v)beta(3) integrin-dependent manner. Similar results were obtained in myeloma plasma cells. CONCLUSIONS The demonstrated ability of lymphoid tumor cells to interact with the extracellular matrix components vitronectin and fibronectin via alpha(v)beta(3) integrin can be interpreted as evidence of a novel mechanism for their invasion and spreading. This interaction allows them to adhere to the substratum and enhances their proliferation and protease secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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12
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Minischetti M, Vacca A, Ribatti D, Iurlaro M, Ria R, Pellegrino A, Gasparini G, Dammacco AF. TNP-470 and recombinant human interferon-alpha2a inhibit angiogenesis synergistically. Br J Haematol 2000; 109:829-37. [PMID: 10929037 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that the combination of two known antiangiogenic agents TNP-470 and interferon (IFN)-alpha exerts synergistic effects has been investigated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, TNP-470 and recombinant human IFN-alpha2a (rhIFN-alpha2a) resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Compared with the two agents used singly at their lowest or ineffective doses, combined treatment with the same doses inhibited more intensely in the absence of cytotoxicity and displayed similar behaviour on cell chemotaxis and capillary morphogenesis on Matrigel. However, the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 was not influenced by the two agents, either alone or in combination, even when they were applied at their lowest efficacious doses or at higher cytotoxic doses. Experiments in vivo with the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM)-sponge assay revealed the same dose-dependent inhibition and synergy. As the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced angiogenesis in the CAM-sponge model was strongly inhibited by the combined treatment, TNP-470 and rhIFN-alpha2a would appear to exert antiangiogenesis synergistically, perhaps by interfering with the bFGF-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Minischetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Institute of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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13
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Abstract
Type IV collagen is a major basement membrane component that has been implicated in the regulation of angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of type IV collagen on the angiogenic response of native endothelial cells in three-dimensional vascular organ culture. Rings of rat aorta were cultured under serum-free conditions in gels of type I collagen with or without type IV collagen. In the absence of type IV collagen, aortic rings generated neovessels, which proliferated until day 9 and gradually regressed during the second and third weeks of culture. Type IV collagen promoted neovessel elongation and survival in a dose-dependent manner. Microvascular length increased by 43, 57, and 119% over control values in cultures treated with 3, 30, and 300 microg/ml type IV collagen, respectively. When used at high concentrations (300 microg/ml) type IV collagen stabilized the neovascular outgrowths and prevented vascular regression. Type IV collagen also promoted the formation of neovessels, but significant stimulatory effects were observed only at an intermediate concentration (30 microg/ml) and were no longer significant at the high concentration (300 microg/ml). The observation that type IV collagen has dose-dependent effects on vascular elongation, proliferation, and stabilization, supports the concept that the developing basement membrane of neovessels acts as a solid-phase regulator of angiogenesis, whose function varies depending on the concentration of its molecular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bonanno
- Department of Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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14
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Vacca A, Iurlaro M, Ribatti D, Minischetti M, Nico B, Ria R, Pellegrino A, Dammacco F. Antiangiogenesis is produced by nontoxic doses of vinblastine. Blood 1999; 94:4143-55. [PMID: 10590059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of vinblastine (VBL) on endothelial cell functions involved in angiogenesis, namely proliferation, chemotaxis, spreading on fibronectin (FN), secretion of matrix-metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, and morphogenesis on Matrigel were tested in vitro, whereas its effects on angiogenesis were studied in vivo by using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. In vitro, at noncytotoxic doses (0.1, 0.25, 0. 5, 0.75, and 1 pmol/L), VBL impacted all these functions, except secretion of MMPs, in a dose-dependent fashion. By contrast, proliferation of other primary cells such as fibroblasts and lymphoid tumor cells was not impacted. In vivo, VBL at 0.5, 0.75, and 1 pmol/L again displayed a dose-dependent antiangiogenic activity. Lack of cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo was shown both morphologically, and also because the antiangiogenic effects were rapidly abolished when VBL was removed. Apoptosis was not induced. At the ultrastructural level, impairment of cell functions in vitro was associated with thin disturbance of the cytoskeleton, in the form of slight depolymerization and accumulation of microfilaments, which was equally reversible. Results suggest that VBL has an antiangiogenic component at very low, noncytotoxic doses, and that antiangiogenesis by VBL could be used to treat a wide spectrum of angiogenesis-dependent diseases, including certain chronic inflammatory diseases, Kaposi's sarcoma, and cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chick Embryo
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Fibronectins/physiology
- Humans
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Microscopy, Electron
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Vinblastine/pharmacology
- Vinblastine/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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15
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Iurlaro M, Loverro G, Vacca A, Cormio G, Ribatti D, Minischetti M, Ria R, Bruno M, Selvaggi L. Angiogenesis extent and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 correlate with upgrading and myometrial invasion in endometrial carcinoma. Eur J Clin Invest 1999; 29:793-801. [PMID: 10469168 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1999.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in angiogenesis and expression of extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes have been substantiated during tumour changeover and progression. METHODS Tissues from 64 biopsies of endometrial carcinoma (EC) and 15 biopsies of normal (control) endometrium were investigated immunohistochemically to determine their microvessel number, and by in situ hybridisation to determine the expression of mRNA of the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2, gelatinase A) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9 gelatinase B). EC were grouped according to both histological grade (G) G1 to G3 and depth of myometrial (M) invasion M1 to M3. RESULTS EC as a whole gave significantly higher counts over control endometria. Counts of the G1 group overlapped those of the control group, increased significantly in the G2 and even more in the G3 group. G3 biopsies in particular also displayed most microvessels widely scattered in the tumour tissue, in close association with tumour cells, and as winding and arborized tubes, often dilated in microaneurysmatic segments. Counts also increased in M2 and M3. Expression of the MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA, evaluated as percentages of positive biopsies and intensity of expression, were upregulated with the transition from control and G1 groups to G2 and G3, and in relation to advancing depth of invasion. In EC, MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA were also expressed by host stromal cells, including microvascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts and macrophages. In the control biopsies, poor expression of MMP-2 mRNA in few endothelial cells and no expression of MMP-9 mRNA were detected. CONCLUSION These in situ data suggest that angiogenesis and degradation of extracellular matrix occur simultaneously with EC upgrading and advancing depth of invasion, and that EC cells and some host stromal cell populations cooperate in tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iurlaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Italy
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16
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Ribatti D, Nico B, Vacca A, Iurlaro M, Roncali L. Temporal expression of the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 correlates with fibronectin immunoreactivity during the development of the vascular system in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. J Anat 1999; 195 ( Pt 1):39-44. [PMID: 10473291 PMCID: PMC1467963 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.1999.19510039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have examined in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (ChAM) the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and have correlated this parameter with the expansion of the ChAM vasculature and with the expression of 3 extracellular matrix components (fibronectin, laminin and type IV collagen), which differentially modulate angiogenesis. In the early phases of ChAM development, between d 6 and d 8 of incubation, when the increase of the ChAM vasculature is maximal, higher values of MMP-2 and, respectively, of fibronectin immunoreactive area, are detectable. These results indicate that MMP-2 activity and fibronectin expression are 2 strictly related components of angiogenesis occurring in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ribatti
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Bari Medical School, Italy.
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17
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Vacca A, Ribatti D, Presta M, Minischetti M, Iurlaro M, Ria R, Albini A, Bussolino F, Dammacco F. Bone marrow neovascularization, plasma cell angiogenic potential, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 secretion parallel progression of human multiple myeloma. Blood 1999; 93:3064-73. [PMID: 10216103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess whether the progression of plasma cell tumors is accompanied by angiogenesis and secretion of matrix-degrading enzymes, bone marrow biopsy specimens from 20 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), 18 patients with nonactive multiple myeloma (MM), and 26 patients with active MM were evaluated for their angiogenic potential and matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) production. A fivefold increase of the factor VIII+ microvessel area was measured by a planimetric method of point counting in the bone marrow of patients with active MM as compared with nonactive MM and MGUS patients (P <.01). When serum-free conditioned media (CM) of plasma cells isolated from the bone marrow of each patient were tested in vivo for their angiogenic activity in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, the incidence of angiogenic samples was significantly higher (P <. 01) in the active MM group (76%) compared with nonactive MM (33%) and MGUS (20%) groups. Moreover, a linear correlation (P <.01) was found between the extent of vascularization of the bone marrow of a given patient and the angiogenic activity exerted in the CAM assay by the plasma cells isolated from the same bone marrow. In vitro, a significantly higher fraction of the plasma cell CM samples from the active MM group stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation (53%, P <.01), migration (42%, P <.05), and/or monocyte chemotaxis (38%, P <.05) when compared with nonactive MM and MGUS groups (ranging between 5% and 15% of the samples). Also, immunoassay of plasma cell extracts showed significantly higher (P <. 01) levels of the angiogenic basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 in the active MM patients than in nonactive MM and MGUS patients (153 +/- 59, 23 +/- 17, and 31 +/- 18 pg FGF-2/100 micrograms of protein, respectively). Accordingly, neutralizing anti-FGF-2 antibody caused a significant inhibition (ranging from 54% to 68%) of the biological activity exerted on cultured endothelial cells and in the CAM assay by plasma cell CM samples from active MM patients. Finally, in situ hybridization of bone marrow plasma cells and gelatin-zymography of their CM showed that active MM patients express significantly higher (P <.01) levels of MMP-2 mRNA and protein when compared with nonactive MM and MGUS patients, whereas MMP-9 expression was similar in all groups. Taken together, these findings indicate that the progression of plasma cell tumors is accompanied by an increase of bone marrow neovascularization. This is paralleled by an increased angiogenic and invasive potential of bone marrow plasma cells, which is dependent, at least in part, by FGF-2 and MMP-2 production. Induction of angiogenesis and secretion of MMPs by plasma cells in active disease may play a role in their medullary and extramedullary dissemination, raising the hypothesis that angiostatic/anti-MMP agents may be used for therapy of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, and the Institute of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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18
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Vacca A, Ribatti D, Ruco L, Giacchetta F, Nico B, Quondamatteo F, Ria R, Iurlaro M, Dammacco F. Angiogenesis extent and macrophage density increase simultaneously with pathological progression in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:965-70. [PMID: 10070898 PMCID: PMC2362651 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Node biopsies of 30 benign lymphadenopathies and 71 B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHLs) were investigated for microvessel and macrophage counts using immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis. Both counts were significantly higher in B-NHL. Moreover, when these were grouped into low-grade and high-grade lymphomas, according to the Kiel classification and Working Formulation (WF), statistically significant higher counts were found in the high-grade tumours. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy revealed a close spatial association between microvessels and macrophages. Overall, the results suggest that, in analogy to what has already been shown in solid tumours, angiogenesis occurring in B-NHLs increases with tumour progression, and that macrophages promote the induction of angiogenesis via the release of their angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Italy
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19
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Iurlaro M, Vacca A, Minischetti M, Ribatti D, Pellegrino A, Sardanelli A, Giacchetta F, Dammacco F. Antiangiogenesis by cyclosporine. Exp Hematol 1998; 26:1215-22. [PMID: 9845377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cyclosporine on certain endothelial cell functions, namely matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 secretion, proliferation, chemotaxis, and morphogenesis, were investigated in vitro, and its effects on angiogenesis were studied in vivo by using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. In vitro, at low noncytotoxic doses (2, 4, 8, and 16 microg/mL), cyclosporine inhibited all these functions in a dose-dependent manner, although MMP-2 secretion was inhibited only at 16 microg/mL. The absence of cytotoxicity was confirmed morphologically and also because inhibition was rapidly reversed as soon as cyclosporine was removed. In vivo, cyclosporine at 0.012 and 0.024 microg per CAM displayed noncytotoxic, dose-dependent antiangiogenic activity. Biochemically, the drug inhibited the activity of the endothelial cell respiratory chain enzymes succinate oxidase and cytochrome-c oxidase, again in a dose-dependent manner. This finding could explain the effects observed in vitro and in vivo. These antiangiogenic properties of low-dose cyclosporine warrant further investigation in certain autoimmune and neoplastic diseases characterized by enhanced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iurlaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Italy
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20
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Ribatti D, Alessandri G, Vacca A, Iurlaro M, Ponzoni M. Human neuroblastoma cells produce extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes, induce endothelial cell proliferation and are angiogenic in vivo. Int J Cancer 1998; 77:449-54. [PMID: 9663609 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980729)77:3<449::aid-ijc22>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Direct experimental evidence shows that tumor growth and metastases are angiogenesis-dependent. Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial malignant solid tumor of childhood. In this study, we investigated 2 human NB cell lines, LAN-5 and GI-LI-N, for their capacity to secrete 2 extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes, MMP-2 and MMP-9, and to induce in vitro human microvascular endothelial cells (EC) to proliferate and in vivo angiogenesis in the chick embryo chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Conditioned medium (CM) from both cell lines stimulated in vitro EC proliferation and the effect of LAN-5 CM was higher than that of GI-LI-N cells. Moreover, anti-VEGF, but not anti-FGF2 antibodies, prevented growth increment of EC. NB cell lines secreted the active form of MMP-2 almost exclusively, LAN-5 cells more than GI-LI-N cells. Both cell lines, LAN-5 cells more than GI-LI-N ones, induced angiogenesis in the CAM assay. Our data suggest that the 2 NB cell lines are angiogenic, to LAN-5 cells more than GI-LI-N ones. LAN-5 cells are indeed endowed with a more aggressive and invasive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ribatti
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Bari Medical School, Italy.
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21
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Vacca A, Ribatti D, Iurlaro M, Albini A, Minischetti M, Bussolino F, Pellegrino A, Ria R, Rusnati M, Presta M, Vincenti V, Persico MG, Dammacco F. Human lymphoblastoid cells produce extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes and induce endothelial cell proliferation, migration, morphogenesis, and angiogenesis. Int J Clin Lab Res 1998; 28:55-68. [PMID: 9594364 DOI: 10.1007/s005990050018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human lymphoproliferative diseases can be hypothesized to invade locally and to metastatize via mechanisms similar to those developed by a variety of solid tumors, i.e., the secretion of extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes and stimulation of angiogenesis. To assess this hypothesis, Namalwa, Raji, and Daudi cell lines (Burkitt's lymphoma), LIK and SB cell lines (B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia), CEM and Jurkat cell lines (T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia), and U266 cell line (multiple myeloma) were evaluated for their capacity to produce matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator. These cell lines were also assessed for their ability: (1) to produce the angiogenic basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor; (2) to induce an angiogenic phenotype in cultured endothelial cells, represented by cell proliferation, chemotaxis, and morphogenesis; (3) to stimulate angiogenesis in different in vivo experimental models. All cell lines expressed the mRNA for one or both metalloproteinases. Namalwa, Raji, LIK, SB, and U266 cells secreted the active form of both metalloproteinases, while Daudi, CEM, and Jurkat cells produced metalloproteinase-2 but not-9. In contrast, urokinase-type plasminogen activator was secreted only by SB cells. While Raji, LIK, SB, CEM, and Jurkat cells secreted both basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, Daudi and U266 cells produced only the former, and Namalwa cells only the latter. Accordingly, the conditioned medium of all cell lines stimulated cell proliferation and/or chemotaxis in cultured endothelial cells, with the exception of that of Namalwa cells which was ineffective. The conditioned medium of CEM and Jurkat cells induced morphogenesis in cultured endothelial cells grown on a reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel). Lastly, Namalwa, Raji, LIK, SB, U266, CEM, and Jurkat cells induced angiogenesis and mononuclear cell recruitment in the murine Matrigel sponge model and in a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay. The extent of angiogenesis in both models was strictly correlated with the density of the mononuclear cell infiltrate. The results indicate that human lymphoproliferative disease cells possess both local and remote invasive ability via the secretion of matrix-degrading enzymes and the induction of angiogenesis which is fostered by host inflammatory cells and by an intervening ensemble of angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Policlinico, Bari, Italy
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22
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Iurlaro M, Benelli R, Masiello L, Rosso M, Santi L, Albini A. beta Interferon inhibits HIV-1 Tat-induced angiogenesis: synergism with 13-cis retinoic acid. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34:570-6. [PMID: 9713311 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(97)10082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a highly angiogenic lesion which frequently presents as an aggressive form in HIV-infected male patients. We have previously shown that the HIV-1 Tat protein induces endothelial cell migration and invasion in vitro and a rapid angiogenic response in vivo, suggesting that it acts as a cofactor in epidemic KS. In this study we tested beta interferon (IFN beta) and retinoic acid (RA) for the inhibition of Tat-induced angiogenesis using in vivo and in vitro models. IFN beta, at a concentration above 2500 U/ml, was an effective inhibitor of Tat-stimulated growth, migration and morphogenesis of an endothelial cell line in vitro and of angiogenesis in vivo. A strong reduction of properties associated with neovascularisation was induced by 10,000 U/ml. In vivo, RA alone was on ineffective inhibitor of angiogenesis, and in vitro gave only a limited inhibition of endothelial cell growth. However, 13-cis RA used in combination with IFN beta impressively potentiated its effects. A combination of lower doses of IFN beta (2500 U/ml) and 13-cis RA induced a virtually complete inhibition of the Tat-related angiogenic phenotype both in vivo and in vitro. The potentiation of the anti-angiogenic activity of IFN beta by 13-cis RA suggests that this combination could be a useful approach for the therapy of epidemic KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iurlaro
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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23
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Ribatti D, Gualandris A, Bastaki M, Vacca A, Iurlaro M, Roncali L, Presta M. New model for the study of angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane: the gelatin sponge/chorioallantoic membrane assay. J Vasc Res 1997; 34:455-63. [PMID: 9425998 DOI: 10.1159/000159256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several methods for the in vivo study of angiogenesis are available, and each angiogenic assay presents distinct advantages and disadvantages. In this study, we present a new method for the quantitation of angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), based on the implantation of gelatin sponges on the top of growing CAM, on day 8 of incubation. After implantation, the sponges were treated with a stimulator (recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor, FGF2) or an inhibitor (a rabbit polyclonal anti-FGF2 antibody) of blood vessel formation. Blood vessels growing vertically into the sponge and at the boundary between sponge and surrounding CAM mesenchyme were counted by a morphometric method on day 12. In addition, to assess whether the gelatin sponge is an appropriate vehicle to deliver cultured cells and evaluate their angiogenic potential, mouse aortic endothelial cells were cotransfected with human FGF2 and the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (beta-GAL) reporter gene. Stable transfectants were absorbed by the sponge, and evaluation of the angiogenic response was paralleled by beta-GAL staining to visualize implanted cells. This technique may facilitate the discovery and development of agonists or antagonists of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ribatti
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Bari School of Medicine, Italy
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24
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Ribatti D, Vacca A, Iurlaro M, Ria R, Roncali L, Dammacco F. Human recombinant interferon alpha-2a inhibits angiogenesis of chick area vasculosa in shell-less culture. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1996; 16:165-9. [PMID: 8923148 DOI: 10.1159/000179169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In vivo suppression of neovascularization by in situ administration of human recombinant interferon alpha 2a (hrIFN-alpha 2a) was tested on the chick embryo area vasculosa (AV). Methylcellulose discs, each containing 5 IU of hrIFN-alpha 2a were implanted onto the AV at Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) stage 13, and inhibition of blood vessel growth was morphometrically evaluated between HH stages 20 and 27. Our results show: (i) a decreased extent of the AV; (ii) a decreased AV total vessel length; (iii) modified percent ratios of different classes of AV vessels having a definite length. The observed effects of treating with hrIFN-alpha 2a are likely attributable to inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ribatti
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Bari, Italy
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25
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Ribatti D, Vacca A, Gasparini G, Loverro G, DiVagno G, Iurlaro M, Lotesoriere C, Roncali L, Selvaggi L. Endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma induce a vasoproliferative response in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Int J Oncol 1996; 8:1149-53. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.8.6.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Ribatti
- UNIV BARI,SCH MED,DEPT BIOMED SCI & HUMAN ONCOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY. ST BORTOLO HOSP,DEPT ONCOL,I-36100 VICENZA,ITALY. UNIV BARI,SCH MED,INST OBSTET & GYNECOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY
| | - A Vacca
- UNIV BARI,SCH MED,DEPT BIOMED SCI & HUMAN ONCOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY. ST BORTOLO HOSP,DEPT ONCOL,I-36100 VICENZA,ITALY. UNIV BARI,SCH MED,INST OBSTET & GYNECOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY
| | - G Gasparini
- UNIV BARI,SCH MED,DEPT BIOMED SCI & HUMAN ONCOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY. ST BORTOLO HOSP,DEPT ONCOL,I-36100 VICENZA,ITALY. UNIV BARI,SCH MED,INST OBSTET & GYNECOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY
| | - G Loverro
- UNIV BARI,SCH MED,DEPT BIOMED SCI & HUMAN ONCOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY. ST BORTOLO HOSP,DEPT ONCOL,I-36100 VICENZA,ITALY. UNIV BARI,SCH MED,INST OBSTET & GYNECOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY
| | - G DiVagno
- UNIV BARI,SCH MED,DEPT BIOMED SCI & HUMAN ONCOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY. ST BORTOLO HOSP,DEPT ONCOL,I-36100 VICENZA,ITALY. UNIV BARI,SCH MED,INST OBSTET & GYNECOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY
| | - M Iurlaro
- UNIV BARI,SCH MED,DEPT BIOMED SCI & HUMAN ONCOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY. ST BORTOLO HOSP,DEPT ONCOL,I-36100 VICENZA,ITALY. UNIV BARI,SCH MED,INST OBSTET & GYNECOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY
| | - C Lotesoriere
- UNIV BARI,SCH MED,DEPT BIOMED SCI & HUMAN ONCOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY. ST BORTOLO HOSP,DEPT ONCOL,I-36100 VICENZA,ITALY. UNIV BARI,SCH MED,INST OBSTET & GYNECOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY
| | - L Roncali
- UNIV BARI,SCH MED,DEPT BIOMED SCI & HUMAN ONCOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY. ST BORTOLO HOSP,DEPT ONCOL,I-36100 VICENZA,ITALY. UNIV BARI,SCH MED,INST OBSTET & GYNECOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY
| | - L Selvaggi
- UNIV BARI,SCH MED,DEPT BIOMED SCI & HUMAN ONCOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY. ST BORTOLO HOSP,DEPT ONCOL,I-36100 VICENZA,ITALY. UNIV BARI,SCH MED,INST OBSTET & GYNECOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY
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26
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Vacca A, Ribatti D, Gasparini G, Fanelli M, Minischetti M, Ritelli G, Costantino F, Iurlaro M, Bonoldi E, Dammacco F. Determination of vascularization of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with four markers. Int J Oncol 1996; 8:561-6. [PMID: 21544397 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.8.3.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the microvessel area (an index of angiogenesis) by using the factor VIII-related antigen (factor VIII-RA), and the expression of three components of the subendothelial basement membrane, namely: tenascin, laminin and type IV collagen. The four markers were assessed by immunohistochemical methods in 57 B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHL) and 28 benign lymphadenopathies. We found that microvessel area and the basement membrane markers had a different distribution pattern in relation to the histological type and degree of malignancy. In reactive and atypical lymphoid hyperplasias and in follicular low- and intermediate-grade B-NHL, microvessels were distributed within the interfollicular zones. By contrast, diffuse intermediate-grade and high-grade B-NHL were highly vascularized and microvessels were closely related to the neoplastic cells. Microvessel area was significantly associated with tenascin expression in all histological grades. Conversely, it was not correlated to laminin and type IV collagen expression, especially in diffuse intermediate-grade and high-grade B-NHL, where the expression of these markers was poor and fragmented. Our study suggests that angiogenesis and tenascin expression are associated phenomena in B-NHL, and that both increase with the malignancy grade. The prognostic value of angiogenesis and tenascin in B-NHL warrants further assessment in follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vacca
- UNIV BARI,SCH MED,INST HUMAN ANAT HISTOL & EMBRYOL,I-70124 BARI,ITALY. ST BORTOLO HOSP,DEPT ONCOL,I-36100 VICENZA,ITALY. ST BORTOLO HOSP,INST PATHOL,I-36100 VICENZA,ITALY
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