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Parker M, Zheng Z, Lasarev MR, Larsen MC, Vande Loo A, Alexandridis RA, Newton MA, Shelef MA, McCoy SS. Novel autoantibodies help diagnose anti-SSA antibody negative Sjögren disease and predict abnormal labial salivary gland pathology. Ann Rheum Dis 2024:ard-2023-224936. [PMID: 38702176 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-224936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sjögren disease (SjD) diagnosis often requires either positive anti-SSA antibodies or a labial salivary gland biopsy with a positive focus score (FS). One-third of patients with SjD lack anti-SSA antibodies (SSA-), requiring a positive FS for diagnosis. Our objective was to identify novel autoantibodies to diagnose 'seronegative' SjD. METHODS IgG binding to a high-density whole human peptidome array was quantified using sera from SSA- SjD cases and matched non-autoimmune controls. We identified the highest bound peptides using empirical Bayesian statistical filters, which we confirmed in an independent cohort comprising SSA- SjD (n=76), sicca-controls without autoimmunity (n=75) and autoimmune-feature controls (SjD features but not meeting SjD criteria; n=41). In this external validation, we used non-parametric methods for binding abundance and controlled false discovery rate in group comparisons. For predictive modelling, we used logistic regression, model selection methods and cross-validation to identify clinical and peptide variables that predict SSA- SjD and FS positivity. RESULTS IgG against a peptide from D-aminoacyl-tRNA deacylase (DTD2) bound more in SSA- SjD than sicca-controls (p=0.004) and combined controls (sicca-controls and autoimmune-feature controls combined; p=0.003). IgG against peptides from retroelement silencing factor-1 and DTD2 were bound more in FS-positive than FS-negative participants (p=0.010; p=0.012). A predictive model incorporating clinical variables showed good discrimination between SjD versus control (area under the curve (AUC) 74%) and between FS-positive versus FS-negative (AUC 72%). CONCLUSION We present novel autoantibodies in SSA- SjD that have good predictive value for SSA- SjD and FS positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Parker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zihao Zheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael R Lasarev
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michele C Larsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Addie Vande Loo
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Roxana A Alexandridis
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael A Newton
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sara S McCoy
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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2
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Bashar SJ, Holmes CL, Shelef MA. Macrophage extracellular traps require peptidylarginine deiminase 2 and 4 and are a source of citrullinated antigens bound by rheumatoid arthritis autoantibodies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1167362. [PMID: 38476240 PMCID: PMC10927735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1167362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis, but the sources of citrullinated antigens as well as which peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are required for their production remain incompletely defined. Here, we investigated if macrophage extracellular traps (METs) could be a source of citrullinated proteins bound by APCAs, and if their formation requires PAD2 or PAD4. Methods Thioglycolate-induced peritoneal macrophages from wild-type, PAD2-/-, and PAD4-/- mice or human peripheral blood-derived M1 macrophages were activated with a variety of stimulants, then fixed and stained with DAPI and either anti-citrullinated histone H4 (citH4) antibody or sera from ACPA+ or ACPA- rheumatoid arthritis subjects. METs were visualized by immunofluorescence, confirmed to be extracellular using DNase, and quantified. Results We found that ionomycin and monosodium urate crystals reliably induced murine citH4+ METs, which were reduced in the absence of PAD2 and lost in the absence of PAD4. Also, IgG from ACPA+, but not ACPA-, rheumatoid arthritis sera bound to murine METs, and in the absence of PAD2 or PAD4, ACPA-bound METs were lost. Finally, ionomycin induced human METs that are citH4+ and ACPA-bound. Discussion Thus, METs may contribute to the pool of citrullinated antigens bound by ACPAs in a PAD2- and PAD4-dependent manner, providing new insights into the targets of immune tolerance loss in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Janna Bashar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Caitlyn L. Holmes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Madison, WI, United States
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Wang B, Li Z, Shi Y, Zhu Z, Fields L, Shelef MA, Li L. Mass Spectrometry-Based Precise Identification of Citrullinated Histones via Limited Digestion and Biotin Derivative Tag Enrichment. Anal Chem 2024; 96:2309-2317. [PMID: 38285917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Histone citrullination is an essential epigenetic post-translational modification (PTM) that affects many important physiological and pathological processes, but effective tools to study histone citrullination are greatly limited due to several challenges, including the small mass shift caused by this PTM and its low abundance in biological systems. Although previous studies have reported frequent occurrences of histone citrullination, these methods failed to provide a high-throughput and site-specific strategy to detect histone citrullination. Recently, we developed a biotin thiol tag that enabled precise identification of protein citrullination coupled with mass spectrometry. However, very few histone citrullination sites were identified, likely due to the highly basic nature of these proteins. In this study, we develop a novel method utilizing limited digestion and biotin derivative tag enrichment to facilitate direct in vivo identification of citrullination sites on histones. We achieve improved coverage of histone identification via partial enzymatic digestion and lysine block by dimethylation. With biotin tag-assisted chemical derivatization and enrichment, we also achieve precise annotation of histone citrullination sites with high confidence. We further compare different fragmentation methods and find that the electron-transfer-dissociation-based approach enables the most in-depth analysis and characterization. In total, we unambiguously identify 18 unique citrullination sites on histones in human astrocytoma U87 cells, including 15 citrullinated sites being detected for the first time. Some of these citrullination sites are observed to exhibit noticeable alterations in response to DNA damage, which demonstrates the superiority of our strategy in understanding the roles of histone citrullination in critical biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zihui Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yatao Shi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zexin Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Lauren Fields
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Amjadi MF, Parker MH, Adyniec RR, Zheng Z, Robbins AM, Bashar SJ, Denny MF, McCoy SS, Ong IM, Shelef MA. Novel and unique rheumatoid factors cross-react with viral epitopes in COVID-19. J Autoimmun 2024; 142:103132. [PMID: 37956528 PMCID: PMC10957334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid factors (RFs), polyreactive antibodies canonically known to bind two conformational epitopes of IgG Fc, are a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis but also can arise in other inflammatory conditions and infections. Also, infections may contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. Recently, RFs only in rheumatoid arthritis were found to bind novel linear IgG epitopes as well as thousands of other rheumatoid arthritis autoantigens. Specific epitopes recognized by infection-induced polyreactive RFs remain undefined but could provide insights into loss of immune tolerance. Here, we identified novel linear IgG epitopes bound by RFs in COVID-19 but not rheumatoid arthritis or other conditions. The main COVID-19 RF was polyreactive, binding two IgG and multiple viral peptides with a tripeptide motif, as well as IgG Fc and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. In contrast, a rheumatoid arthritis-specific RF recognized IgG Fc, but not tripeptide motif-containing peptides or spike. Thus, RFs have disease-specific IgG reactivity and distinct polyreactivities that reflect the broader immune response. Moreover, the polyreactivity of a virus-induced RF appears to be attributable to a very short peptide motif. These findings refine our understanding of RFs and provide new insights into how viral infections may contribute to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya F Amjadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maxwell H Parker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan R Adyniec
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zihao Zheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alex M Robbins
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S Janna Bashar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael F Denny
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sara S McCoy
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Irene M Ong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Liu C, Yalavarthi S, Tambralli A, Zeng L, Rysenga CE, Alizadeh N, Hudgins L, Liang W, NaveenKumar SK, Shi H, Shelef MA, Atkins KB, Pennathur S, Knight JS. Inhibition of neutrophil extracellular trap formation alleviates vascular dysfunction in type 1 diabetic mice. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadj1019. [PMID: 37878711 PMCID: PMC10599623 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
While neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have previously been linked to some diabetes-associated complications, such as dysfunctional wound healing, their potential role in diabetic vascular dysfunction has not been studied. Diabetic Akita mice were crossed with either Elane-/- or Pad4-/- mice to generate NET-deficient diabetic mice. By 24 weeks of age, Akita aortae showed markedly impaired relaxation in response to acetylcholine, indicative of vascular dysfunction. Both Akita-Elane-/- mice and Akita-Pad4-/- mice had reduced levels of circulating NETs and improved acetylcholine-mediated aortic relaxation. Compared with wild-type aortae, the thromboxane metabolite TXB2 was roughly 10-fold higher in both intact and endothelium-denuded aortae of Akita mice. In contrast, Akita-Elane-/- and Akita-Pad4-/- aortae had TXB2 levels similar to wild type. In summary, inhibition of NETosis by two independent strategies prevented the development of vascular dysfunction in diabetic Akita mice. Thromboxane was up-regulated in the vessel walls of NETosis-competent diabetic mice, suggesting a role for neutrophils in driving the production of this vasoconstrictive and atherogenic prostanoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Srilakshmi Yalavarthi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ajay Tambralli
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lixia Zeng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christine E. Rysenga
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nikoo Alizadeh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lucas Hudgins
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wenying Liang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Hui Shi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin B. Atkins
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason S. Knight
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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6
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Parker M, Zheng Z, Lasarev M, Alexandridis RA, Newton MA, Shelef MA, McCoy SS. Novel autoantibodies help diagnose anti-SSA antibody negative Sjögren's disease and predict abnormal labial salivary gland pathology. medRxiv 2023:2023.08.29.23294775. [PMID: 37693588 PMCID: PMC10491389 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.23294775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Sj□gren's disease (SjD) diagnosis requires either positive anti-SSA antibodies or a labial salivary gland biopsy with a positive focus score (FS). One-third of SjD patients lack anti-SSA antibodies (SSA-), requiring a positive FS for diagnosis. Our objective was to identify novel autoantibodies to diagnose 'seronegative' SjD. Methods IgG binding to a high density whole human peptidome array was quantified using sera from SSA- SjD cases and matched non-autoimmune controls. We identified the highest bound peptides using empirical Bayesian statistical filters, which we confirmed in an independent cohort comprising SSA- SjD (n=76), sicca controls without autoimmunity (n=75), and autoimmune controls (SjD features but not meeting SjD criteria; n=41). In this external validation, we used non-parametric methods for peptide abundance and controlled false discovery rate in group comparisons. For predictive modeling, we used logistic regression, model selection methods, and cross-validation to identify clinical and peptide variables that predict SSA- SjD and FS positivity. Results IgG against a peptide from D-aminoacyl-tRNA deacylase (DTD2) was bound more in SSA- SjD than sicca controls (p=.004) and more than combined controls (sicca and autoimmune controls combined; p=0.003). IgG against peptides from retroelement silencing factor-1 (RESF1) and DTD2, were bound more in FS-positive than FS-negative participants (p=.010; p=0.012). A predictive model incorporating clinical variables showed good discrimination between SjD versus control (AUC 74%) and between FS-positive versus FS-negative (AUC 72%). Conclusion We present novel autoantibodies in SSA- SjD that have good predictive value for SSA- SjD and FS-positivity. KEY MESSAGES What is already known on this topic - Seronegative (anti-SSA antibody negative [SSA-]) Sjögren's disease (SjD) requires a labial salivary gland biopsy for diagnosis, which is challenging to obtain and interpret. What this study adds - We identified novel autoantibodies in SSA- SjD that, when combined with readily available clinical variables, provide good predictive ability to discriminate 1) SSA- SjD from control participants and 2) abnormal salivary gland biopsies from normal salivary gland biopsies. How this study might affect research, practice or policy - This study provides novel diagnostic antibodies addressing the critical need for improvement of SSA- SjD diagnostic tools.
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7
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Cîrciumaru A, Afonso MG, Wähämaa H, Krishnamurthy A, Hansson M, Mathsson-Alm L, Keszei M, Stålesen R, Ottosson L, de Vries C, Shelef MA, Malmström V, Klareskog L, Catrina AI, Grönwall C, Hensvold A, Réthi B. Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibody Reactivity towards Neutrophil-Derived Antigens: Clonal Diversity and Inter-Individual Variation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040630. [PMID: 37189377 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Why the adaptive immune system turns against citrullinated antigens in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and whether anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) contribute to pathogenesis are questions that have triggered intense research, but still are not fully answered. Neutrophils may be crucial in this context, both as sources of citrullinated antigens and also as targets of ACPAs. To better understand how ACPAs and neutrophils contribute to RA, we studied the reactivity of a broad spectrum of RA patient-derived ACPA clones to activated or resting neutrophils, and we also compared neutrophil binding using polyclonal ACPAs from different patients. Methods: Neutrophils were activated by Ca2+ ionophore, PMA, nigericin, zymosan or IL-8, and ACPA binding was studied using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The roles of PAD2 and PAD4 were studied using PAD-deficient mice or the PAD4 inhibitor BMS-P5. Results: ACPAs broadly targeted NET-like structures, but did not bind to intact cells or influence NETosis. We observed high clonal diversity in ACPA binding to neutrophil-derived antigens. PAD2 was dispensable, but most ACPA clones required PAD4 for neutrophil binding. Using ACPA preparations from different patients, we observed high patient-to-patient variability in targeting neutrophil-derived antigens and similarly in another cellular effect of ACPAs, the stimulation of osteoclast differentiation. Conclusions: Neutrophils can be important sources of citrullinated antigens under conditions that lead to PAD4 activation, NETosis and the extrusion of intracellular material. A substantial clonal diversity in targeting neutrophils and a high variability among individuals in neutrophil binding and osteoclast stimulation suggest that ACPAs may influence RA-related symptoms with high patient-to-patient variability.
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8
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Amjadi MF, Adyniec RR, Gupta S, Bashar SJ, Mergaert AM, Braun KM, Moreno GK, O’Connor DH, Friedrich TC, Safdar N, McCoy SS, Shelef MA. Anti-membrane Antibodies Persist at Least One Year and Discriminate Between Past Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Vaccination. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1897-1902. [PMID: 35758987 PMCID: PMC9278254 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consequences of past coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection for personal and population health are emerging, but accurately identifying distant infection is a challenge. Anti-spike antibodies rise after both vaccination and infection and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies rapidly decline. METHODS We evaluated anti-membrane antibodies in COVID-19 naive, vaccinated, and convalescent subjects to determine if they persist and accurately detect distant infection. RESULTS We found that anti-membrane antibodies persist for at least 1 year and are a sensitive and specific marker of past COVID-19 infection. CONCLUSIONS Thus, anti-membrane and anti-spike antibodies together can differentiate between COVID-19 convalescent, vaccinated, and naive states to advance public health and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya F Amjadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - Ryan R Adyniec
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - Srishti Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - S Janna Bashar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - Aisha M Mergaert
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - Katarina M Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, UW-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - Gage K Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - David H O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | | | - Nasia Safdar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - Sara S McCoy
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, 53705USA
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9
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Deng H, Lin C, Garcia-Gerique L, Fu S, Cruz Z, Bonner EE, Rosenwasser M, Rajagopal S, Sadhu MN, Gajendran C, Zainuddin M, Gosu R, Sivanandhan D, Shelef MA, Nam B, Vogl DT, Gabrilovich DI, Nefedova Y. A novel selective inhibitor JBI-589 targets PAD4-mediated neutrophil migration to suppress tumor progression. Cancer Res 2022; 82:3561-3572. [PMID: 36069973 PMCID: PMC9532374 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are closely involved in the regulation of tumor progression and formation of pre-metastatic niches. However, the mechanisms of their involvement and therapeutic regulation of these processes remain elusive. Here, we report a critical role of neutrophil peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) in neutrophil migration in cancer. In several transplantable and genetically engineered mouse models, tumor growth was accompanied by significantly elevated enzymatic activity of neutrophil PAD4. Targeted deletion of PAD4 in neutrophils markedly decreased the intratumoral abundance of neutrophils and led to delayed growth of primary tumors and dramatically reduced lung metastases. PAD4 mediated neutrophil accumulation by regulating the expression of the major chemokine receptor CXCR2. PAD4 expression and activity as well as CXCR2 expression were significantly upregulated in neutrophils from patients with lung and colon cancers compared to healthy donors, and PAD4 and CXCR2 expression were positively correlated in neutrophils from cancer patients. In tumor-bearing mice, pharmacological inhibition of PAD4 with the novel PAD4 isoform-selective small molecule inhibitor JBI-589 resulted in reduced CXCR2 expression and blocked neutrophil chemotaxis. In mouse tumor models, targeted deletion of PAD4 in neutrophils or pharmacological inhibition of PAD4 with JBI-589 reduced both primary tumor growth and lung metastases and substantially enhanced the effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Taken together, these results suggest a therapeutic potential of targeting PAD4 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Deng
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cindy Lin
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Shuyu Fu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Erin E Bonner
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | | | - M Naveen Sadhu
- Jubilant Therapeutics Inc, Bedminster, New Jersey, United States
| | | | - Mohd Zainuddin
- Jubilant Therapeutics Inc, Bedminster, New Jersey, United States
| | | | | | | | - Brian Nam
- The Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Dan T Vogl
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Yulia Nefedova
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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10
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Adi W, Biswas D, Shelef MA, Yesilkoy F. Multiplexed COVID-19 antibody quantification from human sera using label-free nanoplasmonic biosensors. Biomed Opt Express 2022; 13:2130-2143. [PMID: 35519285 PMCID: PMC9045896 DOI: 10.1364/boe.454919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Serological assays that can reveal immune status against COVID-19 play a critical role in informing individual and public healthcare decisions. Currently, antibody tests are performed in central clinical laboratories, limiting broad access to diverse populations. Here we report a multiplexed and label-free nanoplasmonic biosensor that can be deployed for point-of-care antibody profiling. Our optical imaging-based approach can simultaneously quantify antigen-specific antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins from 50 µL of human sera. To enhance the dynamic range, we employed multivariate data processing and multi-color imaging and achieved a quantification range of 0.1-100 µg/mL. We measured sera from a COVID-19 acute and convalescent (N = 24) patient cohort and negative controls (N = 5) and showed highly sensitive and specific past-infection diagnosis. Our results were benchmarked against an electrochemiluminescence assay and showed good concordance (R∼0.87). Our integrated nanoplasmonic biosensor has the potential to be used in epidemiological sero-profiling and vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wihan Adi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dhruv Biswas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Filiz Yesilkoy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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11
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Mergaert AM, Warner TF, Shelef MA. Rheumatoid arthritis: Methods for two murine models. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 168:125-137. [PMID: 35366979 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an incurable chronic inflammatory disease for which the pathophysiology is not fully understood, and treatment options are flawed. Thus, animal models are used to dissect disease pathogenesis and to develop improved therapeutics. However, accurately modeling all aspects of human rheumatoid arthritis in mice is not possible, and each model has pros and cons. Two useful murine models of rheumatoid arthritis are collagen induced arthritis and TNF induced arthritis. Both recapitulate the chronic inflammatory, erosive arthritis of human rheumatoid arthritis. Collagen induced arthritis has the added similarity to human rheumatoid arthritis of pathogenic autoantibodies, but can have variable degrees of arthritis severity, a challenge for experiments. In contrast, TNF induced arthritis tends to be uniform, but primarily models the innate arm of the immune response. Here we describe the benefits, limitations, and details for both models to help investigators select and implement an appropriate model to achieve the goals of their experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha M Mergaert
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Thomas F Warner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, United States.
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12
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Mergaert AM, Denny MF, Kingstad-Bakke B, Bawadekar M, Bashar SJ, Warner TF, Suresh M, Shelef MA. Peptidylarginine Deiminase 2 in Murine Antiviral and Autoimmune Antibody Responses. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:5258221. [PMID: 35083342 PMCID: PMC8786467 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5258221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) and the citrullinated proteins that they generate have key roles in innate immunity and rheumatoid arthritis, an inflammatory arthritis with antibodies that target citrullinated proteins. However, the importance of PADs, particularly PAD2, in the adaptive immune response, both normal and pathogenic, is newly emerging. In this study, we evaluated a requirement for PAD2 in the antibody response in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a T and B cell-driven murine model of rheumatoid arthritis, and in the protective antibody response to murine influenza infection. Using PAD2-/- and PAD2+/+ mice on the DBA/1J background, we found that PAD2 is required for maximal anti-collagen antibody levels, but not collagen-specific plasma cell numbers, T cell activation or polarization, or arthritis severity in CIA. Also, we found that PAD2 is required not just for normal levels of persistent hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies but also for full protection from lethal influenza rechallenge. Together, these data provide evidence for a novel modest requirement for PAD2 in a normal antiviral antibody response and in an abnormal autoantibody response in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha M. Mergaert
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael F. Denny
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brock Kingstad-Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S. Janna Bashar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas F. Warner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marulasiddappa Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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13
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Mergaert AM, Zheng Z, Denny MF, Amjadi MF, Bashar SJ, Newton MA, Malmström V, Grönwall C, McCoy SS, Shelef MA. Rheumatoid factor and anti-modified protein antibody reactivities converge on IgG epitopes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:984-991. [PMID: 35001558 DOI: 10.1002/art.42064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients often develop rheumatoid factors (RFs), antibodies that bind IgG Fc, and anti-modified protein antibodies (AMPAs), multi-reactive autoantibodies that commonly bind citrullinated, homocitrullinated, and acetylated antigens. Recently, antibodies that bind citrulline-containing IgG epitopes were discovered in RA, suggesting that additional undiscovered IgG epitopes could exist and that IgG could be a shared antigen for RFs and AMPAs. The objective of this study was to reveal new IgG epitopes in rheumatic disease and to determine if multi-reactive AMPAs bind IgG. METHODS Using RA, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's disease, and spondyloarthropathy sera, IgG binding to native, citrulline-containing, and homocitrulline-containing linear epitopes of the IgG constant region were evaluated by peptide array with highly bound epitopes further evaluated by ELISA. Monoclonal AMPA binding to IgG-derived peptides and IgG Fc was evaluated by ELISA. RESULTS Seropositive RA sera had high IgG binding to multiple citrulline- and homocitrulline-containing IgG-derived peptides, whereas anti-SSA+ Sjögren's disease sera had consistent binding to a single linear native epitope of IgG in the hinge region. Monoclonal AMPAs bound citrulline- and homocitrulline-containing IgG peptides and modified IgG Fc. CONCLUSION The repertoire of epitopes bound by AMPAs includes modified IgG epitopes, positioning IgG as a common antigen that connects the otherwise divergent reactivities of RFs and AMPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha M Mergaert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Zihao Zheng
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Michael F Denny
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Maya F Amjadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - S Janna Bashar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Michael A Newton
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Grönwall
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara S McCoy
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, USA
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14
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Amjadi MF, Adyniec RR, Gupta S, Bashar SJ, Mergaert AM, Braun KM, Moreno GK, O'Connor DH, Friedrich TC, Safdar N, McCoy SS, Shelef MA. Anti-membrane and anti-spike antibodies are long-lasting and together discriminate between past COVID-19 infection and vaccination. medRxiv 2021:2021.11.02.21265750. [PMID: 34790984 PMCID: PMC8597887 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.02.21265750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of past COVID-19 infection for personal health and long-term population immunity are only starting to be revealed. Unfortunately, detecting past infection is currently a challenge, limiting clinical and research endeavors. Widely available anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests cannot differentiate between past infection and vaccination given vaccine-induced anti-spike antibodies and the rapid loss of infection-induced anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. Anti-membrane antibodies develop after COVID-19, but their long-term persistence is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that anti-membrane IgG is a sensitive and specific marker of past COVID-19 infection and persists at least one year. We also confirm that anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) Ig is a long-lasting, sensitive, and specific marker of past infection and vaccination, while anti-nucleocapsid IgG lacks specificity and quickly declines after COVID-19. Thus, a combination of anti-membrane and anti-RBD antibodies can accurately differentiate between distant COVID-19 infection, vaccination, and naïve states to advance public health, individual healthcare, and research goals.
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15
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Massarenti L, Enevold C, Damgaard D, Ødum N, Garred P, Frisch M, Shelef MA, Jacobsen S, Nielsen CH. PADI4 Polymorphisms Confer Risk of Anti-CCP-Positive Rheumatoid Arthritis in Synergy With HLA-DRB1*04 and Smoking. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707690. [PMID: 34733271 PMCID: PMC8558474 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze citrullination, a post-translational modification playing a pathogenic role in anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The interplay between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PADI genes and known risk factors for ACPA-positive RA, including smoking, HLA-DR4 and -1, and the PTPN22 R620W polymorphism, was investigated. We typed four PADI2 SNPs, four PADI4 SNPs, and the PTPN22 R620W SNP in 445 Danish RA patients and 533 age-matched healthy controls, as well as in 200 North American RA patients and 100 age- and sex-matched controls. The HLA-DRB1 locus was typed in the Danish cohort. Logistic regression analyses, adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, and PTPN22 R620W, revealed increased risk of anti-CCP-positive RA in carriers of rs11203367(T) (OR: 1.22, p=0.03) and reduced risk in carriers of rs2240335(A) in PADI4 (OR: 0.82, p=0.04). rs74058715(T) in PADI4 conferred reduced risk of anti-CCP-negative RA (OR: 0.38, p=0.003). In HLA-DRB1*04-positive individuals, specifically, the risk of anti-CCP-positive RA was increased by carriage of PADI4 rs1748033(T) (OR: 1.54, p=0.007) and decreased by carriage of PADI4 rs74058715(T) (OR: 0.44, p=0.01), and we observed an interaction between these SNPs and HLA-DRB1*04 (p=0.004 and p=0.008, respectively) Thus, PADI4 polymorphisms associate with ACPA-positive RA, particularly in HLA-DRB1*04-positive individuals, and with ACPA-negative RA independently of HLA-DRB1*04.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Massarenti
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Section 7521, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Enevold
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Section 7521, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Section 7521, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Frisch
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Søren Jacobsen
- Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Section 4242, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Section 7521, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Zheng Z, Mergaert AM, Ong IM, Shelef MA, Newton MA. MixTwice: large-scale hypothesis testing for peptide arrays by variance mixing. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:2637-2643. [PMID: 33693483 PMCID: PMC8428605 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Peptide microarrays have emerged as a powerful technology in immunoproteomics as they provide a tool to measure the abundance of different antibodies in patient serum samples. The high dimensionality and small sample size of many experiments challenge conventional statistical approaches, including those aiming to control the false discovery rate (FDR). Motivated by limitations in reproducibility and power of current methods, we advance an empirical Bayesian tool that computes local FDR statistics and local false sign rate statistics when provided with data on estimated effects and estimated standard errors from all the measured peptides. As the name suggests, the MixTwice tool involves the estimation of two mixing distributions, one on underlying effects and one on underlying variance parameters. Constrained optimization techniques provide for model fitting of mixing distributions under weak shape constraints (unimodality of the effect distribution). Numerical experiments show that MixTwice can accurately estimate generative parameters and powerfully identify non-null peptides. In a peptide array study of rheumatoid arthritis, MixTwice recovers meaningful peptide markers in one case where the signal is weak, and has strong reproducibility properties in one case where the signal is strong. AVAILABILITYAND IMPLEMENTATION MixTwice is available as an R software package https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MixTwice/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Zheng
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Aisha M. Mergaert
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705-2281, USA
| | - Irene M. Ong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michael A. Newton
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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17
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Amjadi MF, O'Connell SE, Armbrust T, Mergaert AM, Narpala SR, Halfmann PJ, Bashar SJ, Glover CR, Heffron AS, Taylor A, Flach B, O'Connor DH, Kawaoka Y, McDermott AB, Sethi AK, Shelef MA. Specific COVID-19 Symptoms Correlate with High Antibody Levels against SARS-CoV-2. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:466-476. [PMID: 34398806 PMCID: PMC8452279 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lasting immunity will be critical for overcoming COVID-19. However, the factors associated with the development of high titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs and how long those Abs persist remain incompletely defined. In particular, an understanding of the relationship between COVID-19 symptoms and anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs is limited. To address these unknowns, we quantified serum anti-SARS- CoV-2 Abs in clinically diverse COVID-19 convalescent human subjects 5 wk (n = 113) and 3 mo (n = 79) after symptom resolution with three methods: a novel multiplex assay to quantify IgG against four SARS-CoV-2 Ags, a new SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain-angiotensin converting enzyme 2 inhibition assay, and a SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing assay. We then identified clinical and demographic factors, including never-before-assessed COVID-19 symptoms, that consistently correlate with high anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab levels. We detected anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs in 98% of COVID-19 convalescent subjects 5 wk after symptom resolution, and Ab levels did not decline at 3 mo. Greater disease severity, older age, male sex, higher body mass index, and higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score correlated with increased anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab levels. Moreover, we report for the first time (to our knowledge) that COVID-19 symptoms, most consistently fever, body aches, and low appetite, correlate with higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab levels. Our results provide robust and new insights into the development and persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya F Amjadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Sarah E O'Connell
- Vaccine Immunology Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tammy Armbrust
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Aisha M Mergaert
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Sandeep R Narpala
- Vaccine Immunology Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - S Janna Bashar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Anna S Heffron
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Alison Taylor
- Vaccine Immunology Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Britta Flach
- Vaccine Immunology Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Immunology Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ajay K Sethi
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI;
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
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18
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Heffron AS, McIlwain SJ, Amjadi MF, Baker DA, Khullar S, Armbrust T, Halfmann PJ, Kawaoka Y, Sethi AK, Palmenberg AC, Shelef MA, O’Connor DH, Ong IM. The landscape of antibody binding in SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001265. [PMID: 34143766 PMCID: PMC8245122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for potential antibody-based diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics for pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has focused almost exclusively on the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. Coronavirus membrane (M), ORF3a, and ORF8 proteins are humoral immunogens in other coronaviruses (CoVs) but remain largely uninvestigated for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we use ultradense peptide microarray mapping to show that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces robust antibody responses to epitopes throughout the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, particularly in M, in which 1 epitope achieved excellent diagnostic accuracy. We map 79 B cell epitopes throughout the SARS-CoV-2 proteome and demonstrate that antibodies that develop in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection bind homologous peptide sequences in the 6 other known human CoVs. We also confirm reactivity against 4 of our top-ranking epitopes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Illness severity correlated with increased reactivity to 9 SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in S, M, N, and ORF3a in our population. Our results demonstrate previously unknown, highly reactive B cell epitopes throughout the full proteome of SARS-CoV-2 and other CoV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Heffron
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sean J. McIlwain
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Maya F. Amjadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David A. Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Saniya Khullar
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tammy Armbrust
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ajay K. Sethi
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ann C. Palmenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Irene M. Ong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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19
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Heffron AS, McIlwain SJ, Amjadi MF, Baker DA, Khullar S, Sethi AK, Palmenberg AC, Shelef MA, O'Connor DH, Ong IM. The landscape of antibody binding in SARS-CoV-2 infection. bioRxiv 2021:2020.10.10.334292. [PMID: 33052349 PMCID: PMC7553183 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.10.334292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The search for potential antibody-based diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics for pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has focused almost exclusively on the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. Coronavirus membrane (M), ORF3a, and ORF8 proteins are humoral immunogens in other coronaviruses (CoVs) but remain largely uninvestigated for SARS-CoV-2. Here we use ultradense peptide microarray mapping to show that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces robust antibody responses to epitopes throughout the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, particularly in M, in which one epitope achieved excellent diagnostic accuracy. We map 79 B cell epitopes throughout the SARS-CoV-2 proteome and demonstrate that antibodies that develop in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection bind homologous peptide sequences in the six other known human CoVs. We also confirm reactivity against four of our top-ranking epitopes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Illness severity correlated with increased reactivity to nine SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in S, M, N, and ORF3a in our population. Our results demonstrate previously unknown, highly reactive B cell epitopes throughout the full proteome of SARS-CoV-2 and other CoV proteins.
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20
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Amjadi MF, O'Connell SE, Armbrust T, Mergaert AM, Narpala SR, Halfmann PJ, Bashar SJ, Glover CR, Heffron AS, Taylor A, Flach B, O'Connor DH, Kawaoka Y, McDermott AB, Sethi AK, Shelef MA. Fever, Diarrhea, and Severe Disease Correlate with High Persistent Antibody Levels against SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv 2021:2021.01.05.21249240. [PMID: 33442707 PMCID: PMC7805469 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.05.21249240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Lasting immunity will be critical for overcoming the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, factors that drive the development of high titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and how long those antibodies persist remain unclear. Our objective was to comprehensively evaluate anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a clinically diverse COVID-19 convalescent cohort at defined time points to determine if anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies persist and to identify clinical and demographic factors that correlate with high titers. Using a novel multiplex assay to quantify IgG against four SARS-CoV-2 antigens, a receptor binding domain-angiotensin converting enzyme 2 inhibition assay, and a SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay, we found that 98% of COVID-19 convalescent subjects had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies five weeks after symptom resolution (n=113). Further, antibody levels did not decline three months after symptom resolution (n=79). As expected, greater disease severity, older age, male sex, obesity, and higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score correlated with increased anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. We demonstrated for the first time that COVID-19 symptoms, namely fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea and low appetite, correlated consistently with higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. Our results provide new insights into the development and persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
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21
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Golenberg N, Squirrell JM, Bennin DA, Rindy J, Pistono PE, Eliceiri KW, Shelef MA, Kang J, Huttenlocher A. Citrullination regulates wound responses and tissue regeneration in zebrafish. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133858. [PMID: 32328635 PMCID: PMC7147109 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201908164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is an important early signal in wound healing, yet how these early signals promote regeneration remains unclear. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a family of calcium-dependent enzymes, catalyze citrullination, a post-translational modification that alters protein function and has been implicated in autoimmune diseases. We generated a mutation in the single zebrafish ancestral pad gene, padi2, that results in a loss of detectable calcium-dependent citrullination. The mutants exhibit impaired resolution of inflammation and regeneration after caudal fin transection. We identified a new subpopulation of cells displaying citrullinated histones within the notochord bead following tissue injury. Citrullination of histones in this region was absent, and wound-induced proliferation was perturbed in Padi2-deficient larvae. Taken together, our results show that Padi2 is required for the citrullination of histones within a group of cells in the notochord bead and for promoting wound-induced proliferation required for efficient regeneration. These findings identify Padi2 as a potential intermediary between early calcium signaling and subsequent tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Golenberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Cell and Molecular Biology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jayne M Squirrell
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - David A Bennin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Julie Rindy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Paige E Pistono
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Junsu Kang
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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22
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Edwards NJ, Hwang C, Marini S, Pagani CA, Spreadborough PJ, Rowe CJ, Yu P, Mei A, Visser N, Li S, Hespe GE, Huber AK, Strong AL, Shelef MA, Knight JS, Davis TA, Levi B. The role of neutrophil extracellular traps and TLR signaling in skeletal muscle ischemia reperfusion injury. FASEB J 2020; 34:15753-15770. [PMID: 33089917 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000994rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury results in devastating skeletal muscle fibrosis. Here, we recapitulate this injury with a mouse model of hindlimb IR injury which leads to skeletal muscle fibrosis. Injury resulted in extensive immune infiltration with robust neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in the skeletal muscle, however, direct targeting of NETs via the peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) mechanism was insufficient to reduce muscle fibrosis. Circulating levels of IL-10 and TNFα were significantly elevated post injury, indicating toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling may be involved in muscle injury. Administration of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a small molecule inhibitor of TLR7/8/9, following injury reduced NET formation, IL-10, and TNFα levels and ultimately mitigated muscle fibrosis and improved myofiber regeneration following IR injury. HCQ treatment decreased fibroadipogenic progenitor cell proliferation and partially inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the injured tissue, suggesting it may act through a combination of TLR7/8/9 and ERK signaling mechanisms. We demonstrate that treatment with FDA-approved HCQ leads to decreased muscle fibrosis and increased myofiber regeneration following IR injury, suggesting short-term HCQ treatment may be a viable treatment to prevent muscle fibrosis in ischemia reperfusion and traumatic extremity injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Edwards
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charles Hwang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Simone Marini
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chase A Pagani
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Philip J Spreadborough
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cassie J Rowe
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pauline Yu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Annie Mei
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Noelle Visser
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shuli Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Geoffrey E Hespe
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amanda K Huber
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amy L Strong
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Wisconsin and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jason S Knight
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas A Davis
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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23
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Zheng Z, Mergaert AM, Fahmy LM, Bawadekar M, Holmes CL, Ong IM, Bridges AJ, Newton MA, Shelef MA. Disordered Antigens and Epitope Overlap Between Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies and Rheumatoid Factor in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 72:262-272. [PMID: 31397047 DOI: 10.1002/art.41074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) and rheumatoid factor (RF) are commonly present in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) without a clear rationale for their coexistence. Moreover, autoantibodies develop against proteins with different posttranslational modifications and native proteins without obvious unifying characteristics of the antigens. We undertook this study to broadly evaluate autoantibody binding in seronegative and seropositive RA to identify novel features of reactivity. METHODS An array was created using a total of 172,828 native peptides, citrulline-containing peptides, and homocitrulline-containing peptides derived primarily from proteins citrullinated in the rheumatoid joint. IgG and IgM binding to peptides were compared between cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP)-positive RF+, CCP+RF-, CCP-RF+, and CCP-RF- serum from RA patients (n = 48) and controls (n = 12). IgG-bound and endogenously citrullinated peptides were analyzed for amino acid patterns and predictors of intrinsic disorder, i.e., unstable 3-dimensional structure. Binding to IgG-derived peptides was specifically evaluated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed key results. RESULTS Broadly, CCP+RF+ patients had high citrulline-specific IgG binding to array peptides and CCP+RF- and CCP-RF+ patients had modest citrulline-specific IgG binding (median Z scores 3.02, 1.42, and 0.75, respectively; P < 0.0001). All RA groups had low homocitrulline-specific binding. CCP+RF+ patients had moderate IgG binding to native peptides (median Z score 2.38; P < 0.0001). The highest IgG binding was to citrulline-containing peptides, irrespective of protein identity, especially if citrulline was adjacent to glycine or serine, motifs also seen in endogenous citrullination in the rheumatoid joint. Highly bound peptides had multiple features predictive of disorder. IgG from CCP+RF+ patients targeted citrulline-containing IgG-derived peptides. CONCLUSION Disordered antigens, which are frequently citrullinated, and common epitopes for ACPAs and RF are potentially unifying features for RA autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Irene M Ong
- University of Wisconsin-Madison and University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Alan J Bridges
- University of Wisconsin-Madison and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital
| | | | - Miriam A Shelef
- University of Wisconsin-Madison and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital
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24
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Sun B, Chang HH, Salinger A, Tomita B, Bawadekar M, Holmes CL, Shelef MA, Weerapana E, Thompson PR, Ho IC. Reciprocal regulation of Th2 and Th17 cells by PAD2-mediated citrullination. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129687. [PMID: 31723060 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated citrullination, a unique form of posttranslational modification catalyzed by the peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), has been observed in several human diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. However, the physiological roles of PADs in the immune system are still poorly understood. Here, we report that global inhibition of citrullination enhances the differentiation of type 2 helper T (Th2) cells but attenuates the differentiation of Th17 cells, thereby increasing the susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation. This effect on Th cells is due to inhibition of PAD2 but not PAD4. Mechanistically, PAD2 directly citrullinates GATA3 and RORγt, 2 key transcription factors determining the fate of differentiating Th cells. Citrullination of R330 of GATA3 weakens its DNA binding ability, whereas citrullination of 4 arginine residues of RORγt strengthens its DNA binding. Finally, PAD2-deficient mice also display altered Th2/Th17 immune response and heightened sensitivity to allergic airway inflammation. Thus, our data highlight the potential and caveat of PAD2 as a therapeutic target of Th cell-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hui-Hsin Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ari Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Beverly Tomita
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Caitlyn L Holmes
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine and.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Shelef MA. New Relationships for Old Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:1396-1399. [PMID: 30861623 DOI: 10.1002/art.40879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Shelef
- University of Wisconsin-Madison and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
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26
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Mergaert AM, Bawadekar M, Nguyen TQ, Massarenti L, Holmes CL, Rebernick R, Schrodi SJ, Shelef MA. Reduced Anti-Histone Antibodies and Increased Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis Associated with a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in PADI4 in North Americans. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123093. [PMID: 31242568 PMCID: PMC6627847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against citrullinated proteins are a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis, a destructive inflammatory arthritis. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) has been hypothesized to contribute to rheumatoid arthritis by citrullinating histones to induce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which display citrullinated proteins that are targeted by autoantibodies to drive inflammation and arthritis. Consistent with this theory, PAD4-deficient mice have reduced NETs, autoantibodies, and arthritis. However, PAD4′s role in human rheumatoid arthritis is less clear. Here, we determine if single nucleotide polymorphism rs2240335 in PADI4, whose G allele is associated with reduced PAD4 in neutrophils, correlates with NETs, anti-histone antibodies, and rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility in North Americans. Control and rheumatoid arthritis subjects, divided into anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody positive and negative groups, were genotyped at rs2240335. In homozygotes, in vitro NETosis was quantified in immunofluorescent images and circulating NET and anti-histone antibody levels by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results were compared by t-test and correlation of rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis with rs2240335 by Armitage trend test. NET levels did not significantly correlate with genotype. G allele homozygotes in the CCP− rheumatoid arthritis group had reduced anti-native and anti-citrullinated histone antibodies. However, the G allele conferred increased risk for rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis, suggesting a complex role for PAD4 in human rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha M Mergaert
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Thai Q Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Laura Massarenti
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Caitlyn L Holmes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Ryan Rebernick
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Steven J Schrodi
- Center for Precision Medicine Research, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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27
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Sun B, Chang HH, Salinger A, Tomita B, Bawadekar M, Shelef MA, Weerapana E, Thompson PT, Ho IC. Reciprocal regulation of Th2 and Th17 cells by PAD2-mediated citrullination. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.124.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Dysregulated citrullination, a unique form of post-translational modification catalyzed by the peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), is associated with several major risk factors of rheumatoid arthritis, a disease characterized by the presence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. While PADs have been identified decades ago, their physiological roles in the immune system are still poorly understood. Hereby we report that PAD2 is the dominant PAD in Th cells. Its expression is induced by anti-CD3 stimulation. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of PAD2 augments Th2 differentiation but attenuates Th17 differentiation of human and mouse primary Th cells. This effect is due to alterations in the activity of GATA3 and RORgt. Mechanistically, both GATA3 and RORgt interact with and are citrullinated by PAD2 in primary Th cells. Citrullination of R330 of GATA3 weakens its DNA binding ability, whereas citrullination of four arginine residues of RORgt enhances its DNA binding. Furthermore, PAD2-deficient mice are more susceptible to allergic airway inflammation. Taken together, PAD2-mediated citrullination reciprocally regulates the differentiation of Th2 and Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- 1Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- 2Harvard Medical School
| | - Hui-Hsin Chang
- 1Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- 2Harvard Medical School
| | - Ari Salinger
- 3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Beverly Tomita
- 1Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- 2Harvard Medical School
| | | | - Miriam A. Shelef
- 4Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- 5William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital
| | | | - Paul T. Thompson
- 3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- 1Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- 2Harvard Medical School
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28
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Damgaard D, Bawadekar M, Senolt L, Stensballe A, Shelef MA, Nielsen CH. Relative efficiencies of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 and 4 in generating target sites for anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in fibrinogen, alpha-enolase and histone H3. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203214. [PMID: 30161253 PMCID: PMC6117052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) and PAD4 are expressed in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and catalyze citrullination of arginine residues in proteins targeted by anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). Little is known about the relative importance of PAD2 and PAD4 in generating citrullinated self-antigens. Here we investigate the ability of PAD2 and PAD4 to generate citrullinated targets for ACPAs in four human proteins. METHODS Synovial fluid (SF) and plasma were collected from 42 RA patients. Human fibrinogen, human alpha-enolase (ENO1), human histone H3, and human serum albumin (HSA) were citrullinated in vitro by PAD2 or PAD4. The total degree of citrullination was determined using the anti-modified citrulline approach. Antibody binding to native and citrullinated proteins was measured by ELISA. RESULTS ACPAs within pooled SF from multiple RA patients reacted equally well with, and cross-reacted with, PAD2- and PAD4-citrullinated fibrinogen. ACPAs from most individual patient SF and plasma samples bound equally well to PAD2- and PAD4-citrullinated fibrinogen or ENO1. When histone H3 was used as target, PAD4 was generally superior in generating epitopes recognized by ACPAs. No binding to citrullinated HSA was observed. CONCLUSION In most patients, PAD2 and PAD4 are equally efficient in generating citrullinated target sites for ACPAs in fibrinogen and ENO1. The binding of autoantibodies to histone H3 was generally higher after citrullination with PAD4 than with PAD2. Citrullinated HSA is not a target for ACPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ladislav Senolt
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Claus H. Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Rebernick R, Fahmy L, Glover C, Bawadekar M, Shim D, Holmes CL, Rademacher N, Potluri H, Bartels CM, Shelef MA. DNA Area and NETosis Analysis (DANA): a High-Throughput Method to Quantify Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Fluorescent Microscope Images. Biol Proced Online 2018; 20:7. [PMID: 29618953 PMCID: PMC5878938 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-018-0072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), extracellular structures composed of decondensed chromatin and antimicrobial molecules, are released in a process called NETosis. NETs, which are part of normal host defense, have also been implicated in multiple human diseases. Unfortunately, methods for quantifying NETs have limitations which constrain the study of NETs in disease. Establishing optimal methods for NET quantification holds the potential to further elucidate the role of NETs in normal and pathologic processes. RESULTS To better quantify NETs and NET-like structures, we created DNA Area and NETosis Analysis (DANA), a novel ImageJ/Java based program which provides a simple, semi-automated approach to quantify NET-like structures and DNA area. DANA can analyze many fluorescent microscope images at once and provides data on a per cell, per image, and per sample basis. Using fluorescent microscope images of Sytox-stained human neutrophils, DANA quantified a similar frequency of NET-like structures to the frequency determined by two different individuals counting by eye, and in a fraction of the time. As expected, DANA also detected increased DNA area and frequency of NET-like structures in neutrophils from subjects with rheumatoid arthritis as compared to control subjects. Using images of DAPI-stained murine neutrophils, DANA (installed by an individual with no programming background) gave similar frequencies of NET-like structures as the frequency of NETs determined by two individuals counting by eye. Further, DANA quantified more NETs in stimulated murine neutrophils compared to unstimulated, as expected. CONCLUSIONS DANA provides a means to quantify DNA decondensation and the frequency of NET-like structures using a variety of different fluorescent markers in a rapid, reliable, simple, high-throughput, and cost-effective manner making it optimal to assess NETosis in a variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Rebernick
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Lauren Fahmy
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | | | - Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Daeun Shim
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Caitlyn L. Holmes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | | | - Hemanth Potluri
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | | | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI USA
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30
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Sun B, Dwivedi N, Bechtel TJ, Paulsen JL, Muth A, Bawadekar M, Li G, Thompson PR, Shelef MA, Schiffer CA, Weerapana E, Ho IC. Citrullination of NF-κB p65 promotes its nuclear localization and TLR-induced expression of IL-1β and TNFα. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/12/eaal3062. [PMID: 28783661 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aal3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many citrullinated proteins are known autoantigens in rheumatoid arthritis, a disease mediated by inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Citrullinated proteins are generated by converting peptidylarginine to peptidylcitrulline, a process catalyzed by the peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), including PAD1 to PAD4 and PAD6. Several major risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis are associated with heightened citrullination. However, the physiological role of citrullination in immune cells is poorly understood. We report that suppression of PAD activity attenuates Toll-like receptor-induced expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and TNFα by neutrophils in vivo and in vitro but not their global transcription activity. Mechanistically, PAD4 directly citrullinates nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 and enhances the interaction of p65 with importin α3, which brings p65 into the nucleus. The citrullination-enhanced interaction of p65 with importin α3 and its nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity can be attributed to citrullination of four arginine residues located in the Rel homology domain of p65. Furthermore, a rheumatoid arthritis-prone variant of PAD4, carrying three missense mutations, is more efficient in interacting with p65 and enhancing NF-κB activity. Together, these data not only demonstrate a critical role of citrullination in an NF-κB-dependent expression of IL-1β and TNFα but also provide a molecular mechanism by which heightened citrullination propagates inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Accordingly, attenuating p65-mediated production of IL-1β and TNFα by blocking the citrullination of p65 has great therapeutic potential in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nishant Dwivedi
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tyler J Bechtel
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Janet L Paulsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Bawadekar M, Shim D, Johnson CJ, Warner TF, Rebernick R, Damgaard D, Nielsen CH, Pruijn GJM, Nett JE, Shelef MA. Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 is required for tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced citrullination and arthritis, but not neutrophil extracellular trap formation. J Autoimmun 2017; 80:39-47. [PMID: 28188029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination, the post-translational conversion of arginines to citrullines, may contribute to rheumatoid arthritis development given the generation of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). However, it is not known which peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) catalyzes the citrullination seen in inflammation. PAD4 exacerbates inflammatory arthritis and is critical for neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs display citrullinated antigens targeted by ACPAs and thus may be a source of citrullinated protein. However, PAD4 is not required for citrullination in inflamed lungs. PAD2 is important for citrullination in healthy tissues and is present in NETs, but its role in citrullination in the inflamed joint, NETosis and inflammatory arthritis is unknown. Here we use mice with TNFα-induced inflammatory arthritis, a model of rheumatoid arthritis, to identify the roles of PAD2 and PAD4 in citrullination, NETosis, and arthritis. In mice with TNFα-induced arthritis, citrullination in the inflamed ankle was increased as determined by western blot. This increase was unchanged in the ankles of mice that lack PAD4. In contrast, citrullination was nearly absent in the ankles of PAD2-deficient mice. Interestingly, PAD2 was not required for NET formation as assessed by immunofluorescence or for killing of Candida albicans as determined by viability assay. Finally, plasma cell numbers as assessed by flow cytometry, IgG levels quantified by ELISA, and inflammatory arthritis as determined by clinical and pathological scoring were all reduced in the absence of PAD2. Thus, PAD2 contributes to TNFα-induced citrullination and arthritis, but is not required for NETosis. In contrast, PAD4, which is critical for NETosis, is dispensable for generalized citrullination supporting the possibility that NETs may not be a major source of citrullinated protein in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daeun Shim
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chad J Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas F Warner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan Rebernick
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ger J M Pruijn
- Institute for Molecules and Materials and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeniel E Nett
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Bawadekar M, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A, Rebernick R, Shim D, Warner TF, Nicholas AP, Lundblad LKA, Thompson PR, Shelef MA. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, citrullination, and peptidylarginine deiminase 4 in lung and joint inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:173. [PMID: 27450561 PMCID: PMC4957385 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between lung and joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis is poorly understood. Lung inflammation with resultant protein citrullination may trigger anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, inflammation, and arthritis. Alternatively, lung and joint inflammation may be two manifestations of a single underlying pathology. The lung has increased citrullination and TNF-α levels are high in rheumatoid arthritis; however, it is unknown if TNF-α can induce lung protein citrullination. The citrullinating enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) exacerbates TNF-α-induced arthritis, but a role for PAD4 in lung citrullination and TNF-α-induced lung inflammation has not been explored. Our aim was to use TNF-α-overexpressing mice to clarify the intersection of TNF-α, citrullination, PAD4, arthritis, and lung inflammation. Methods Lung protein citrullination in wild-type mice, mice that overexpress TNF-α systemically (TNF+), TNF+PAD4+/+, and TNF+PAD4-/- mice was quantified by both gel electrophoresis using a citrulline probe and western blot. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained lung sections from TNF+PAD4+/+ and TNF+PAD4-/- mice were scored for lung inflammation. H&E-stained ankle joint sections from mice that overexpress TNF-α only in the lungs were assessed for arthritis. Results TNF+ mice have increased lung protein citrullination. TNF+PAD4-/- mice do not have significantly reduced lung protein citrullination, but do have decreased lung inflammation compared to TNF+PAD4+/+ mice. Mice that overexpress TNF-α only in the lungs do not develop arthritis. Conclusions PAD4 exacerbates lung inflammation downstream of TNF-α without having a major role in generalized protein citrullination in inflamed lungs. Also, TNF-α-induced lung inflammation is not sufficient to drive murine arthritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-1068-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Annette Gendron-Fitzpatrick
- Research Animal Resource Center Comparative Pathology Lab and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan Rebernick
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daeun Shim
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas F Warner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anthony P Nicholas
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Paul R Thompson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Moussavi-Harami SF, Mladinich KM, Sackmann EK, Shelef MA, Starnes TW, Guckenberger DJ, Huttenlocher A, Beebe DJ. Microfluidic device for simultaneous analysis of neutrophil extracellular traps and production of reactive oxygen species. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:243-52. [PMID: 26805445 PMCID: PMC4776335 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00225g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were first reported in 2004, and since their discovery, there has been an increasing interest in NETs, how they are formed, their role in controlling infections, and their contribution to disease pathogenesis. Despite this rapid expansion of our understanding of NETs, many details remain unclear including the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the formation of NETs. Further, to study NETs, investigators typically require a large number of cells purified via a lengthy purification regimen. Here, we report a microfluidic device used to quantify both ROS and NET production over time in response to various stimulants, including live bacteria. This device enables ROS and NET analysis using a process that purifies primary human neutrophils in less than 10 minutes and requires only a few microliters of whole blood. Using this device we demonstrate the ability to identify distinct capabilities of neutrophil subsets (including ROS production and NET formation), the ability to use different stimulants/inhibitors, and the ability to effectively use samples stored for up to 8 hours. This device permits the study of ROS and NETs in a user-friendly format and has potential for widespread applications in the study of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Moussavi-Harami
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Shelef MA, Bennin DA, Yasmin N, Warner TF, Ludwig T, Beggs HE, Huttenlocher A. Focal adhesion kinase is required for synovial fibroblast invasion, but not murine inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:464. [PMID: 25280866 PMCID: PMC4203874 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synovial fibroblasts invade cartilage and bone, leading to joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. However, the mechanisms that regulate synovial fibroblast invasion are not well understood. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been implicated in cellular invasion in several cell types, and FAK inhibitors are in clinical trials for cancer treatment. Little is known about the role of FAK in inflammatory arthritis, but, given its expression in synovial tissue, its known role in invasion in other cells and the potential clinical availability of FAK inhibitors, it is important to determine if FAK contributes to synovial fibroblast invasion and inflammatory arthritis. METHODS After treatment with FAK inhibitors, invasiveness of human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts was determined with Matrigel invasion chambers. Migration and focal matrix degradation, two components of cellular invasion, were assessed in FAK-inhibited rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts by transwell assay and microscopic examination of fluorescent gelatin degradation, respectively. Using mice with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced arthritis in which fak could be inducibly deleted, invasion and migration by FAK-deficient murine arthritic synovial fibroblasts were determined as described above and arthritis was clinically and pathologically scored in FAK-deficient mice. RESULTS Inhibition of FAK in human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts impaired cellular invasion and migration. Focal matrix degradation occurred both centrally and at focal adhesions, the latter being a novel site for matrix degradation in synovial fibroblasts, but degradation was unaltered with FAK inhibitors. Loss of FAK reduced invasion in murine arthritic synovial fibroblasts, but not migration or TNFα-induced arthritis severity and joint erosions. CONCLUSIONS FAK inhibitors reduce synovial fibroblast invasion and migration, but synovial fibroblast migration and TNFα-induced arthritis do not rely on FAK itself. Thus, inhibition of FAK alone is unlikely to be sufficient to treat inflammatory arthritis, but current drugs that inhibit FAK may inhibit multiple factors, which could increase their efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Shelef
- />Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison and William S Middleton Memorial VA Medical Center, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - David A Bennin
- />Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Nihad Yasmin
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Aurora Healthcare, 945 N 12th street, Milwaukee, WI 53233 USA
| | - Thomas F Warner
- />Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Thomas Ludwig
- />Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Hilary E Beggs
- />Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 10 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- />Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Shelef
- University of Wisconsin-Madison and William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison, WI
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Shelef MA, Sokolove J, Lahey LJ, Wagner CA, Sackmann EK, Warner TF, Wang Y, Beebe DJ, Robinson WH, Huttenlocher A. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 contributes to tumor necrosis factor α-induced inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1482-91. [PMID: 24497204 PMCID: PMC4148484 DOI: 10.1002/art.38393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is a citrullinating enzyme that has multiple associations with inflammation. In rheumatoid arthritis, PAD4 and protein citrullination are increased in inflamed joints, and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) form against citrullinated antigens are formed. ACPA immune complexes can deposit in the joint and induce the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), a critical inflammatory cytokine in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Further, in other settings, TNFα has been shown to induce PAD4 activity and modulate antibody formation. We undertook this study to investigate whether TNFα and PAD4 may synergistically exacerbate autoantibody production and inflammatory arthritis. METHODS To determine whether TNFα and PAD4 augment autoantibody production and inflammatory arthritis, we first used a multiplex assay to determine whether mice with chronic inflammatory arthritis due to overexpression of TNFα develop autoantibodies against native and citrullinated antigens. With TNF(+) PAD4(+/+) and TNF(+) PAD4(-/-) mice, we then compared serum autoantibody levels by multiplex array, lymphocyte activation by flow cytometry, total serum IgG levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, arthritis by clinical and histologic scoring, and systemic inflammation using microfluidic devices. RESULTS TNFα-overexpressing mice had increased levels of autoantibodies reactive against native and citrullinated antigens. PAD4(-/-) mice with TNFα-induced arthritis had lower levels of autoantibodies reactive against native and citrullinated antigens, decreased T cell activation and total IgG levels, and reduced inflammation and arthritis compared to PAD4(+/+) TNFα-overexpressing mice. CONCLUSION PAD4 mediates autoantibody production and inflammatory arthritis downstream of TNFα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A. Shelef
- University of Wisconsin–Madison and William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jeremy Sokolove
- Stanford University and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lauren J. Lahey
- Stanford University and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Catriona A. Wagner
- Stanford University and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | | | | | | | | | - William H. Robinson
- Stanford University and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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Abstract
There has been a resurgence of interest in the neutrophil's role in autoimmune disease. Classically considered an early responder that dies at the site of inflammation, new findings using live imaging of embryonic zebrafish and other modalities suggest that neutrophils can reverse migrate away from sites of inflammation. These 'inflammation-sensitized' neutrophils, as well as the neutrophil extracellular traps and other products made by neutrophils in general, may have many implications for autoimmunity. Here, we review what is known about the role of neutrophils in three different autoimmune diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and small vessel vasculitis. We then highlight recent findings related to several cytoskeletal regulators that guide neutrophil recruitment including Lyn, Rac2, and SHIP. Finally, we discuss how our improved understanding of the molecules that control neutrophil chemotaxis may impact our knowledge of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A. Shelef
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Sebastien Tauzin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI
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Shelef MA, Bennin DA, Mosher DF, Huttenlocher A. Citrullination of fibronectin modulates synovial fibroblast behavior. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R240. [PMID: 23127210 PMCID: PMC3674601 DOI: 10.1186/ar4083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune arthritis characterized by joint destruction. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies are pathologic in rheumatoid arthritis, but the role of the citrullinated proteins themselves is much less clear. Citrullination is the conversion of the arginine residues of a protein to citrulline. In the inflamed rheumatoid joint there is increased protein citrullination. Several proteins are citrullinated in rheumatoid arthritis, including collagen type II, fibrinogen, and fibronectin. Fibronectin is thought to mediate the adhesion of joint-invading synovial fibroblasts to the rheumatoid cartilage in addition to regulating other synovial fibroblast functions. However, the effect of citrullinated fibronectin on synovial fibroblasts is unknown. METHODS To investigate the effect of citrullinated fibronectin on synovial fibroblast behavior, we cultured normal murine, arthritic murine, and human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. We then compared several synovial fibroblast functions in the presence of fibronectin versus citrullinated fibronectin. We assessed adhesion with time-lapse microscopy, migration with transwell assays, focal adhesion kinase and paxillin phosphorylation by western blot, and focal matrix degradation by fluorescent gelatin degradation. RESULTS Normal synovial fibroblasts have impaired adhesion, spreading, migration, and integrin-mediated phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin on citrullinated fibronectin. Murine arthritic and human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts also have impaired adhesion and spreading on citrullinated fibronectin, but focal matrix degradation is unaffected by citrullinated fibronectin. CONCLUSION Citrullination of fibronectin alters synovial fibroblast behavior and may affect how these cells adhere to and invade the joint and travel through the bloodstream. This work suggests an important role for the interaction of synovial fibroblasts with citrullinated matrix in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - David A Bennin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Deane F Mosher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Sackmann EK, Berthier E, Young EWK, Shelef MA, Wernimont SA, Huttenlocher A, Beebe DJ. Microfluidic kit-on-a-lid: a versatile platform for neutrophil chemotaxis assays. Blood 2012; 120:e45-53. [PMID: 22915642 PMCID: PMC3466974 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-03-416453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in neutrophil chemotaxis assays have advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment; however, traditional methods limit biologic inquiry in important areas. We report a microfluidic technology that enables neutrophil purification and chemotaxis on-chip within minutes, using nanoliters of whole blood, and only requires a micropipette to operate. The low sample volume requirements and novel lid-based method for initiating the gradient of chemoattractant enabled the measurement of human neutrophil migration on a cell monolayer to probe the adherent and migratory states of neutrophils under inflammatory conditions; mouse neutrophil chemotaxis without sacrificing the animal; and both 2D and 3D neutrophil chemotaxis. First, the neutrophil chemotaxis on endothelial cells revealed 2 distinct neutrophil phenotypes, showing that endothelial cell-neutrophil interactions influence neutrophil chemotactic behavior. Second, we validated the mouse neutrophil chemotaxis assay by comparing the adhesion and chemotaxis of neutrophils from chronically inflamed and wild-type mice; we observed significantly higher neutrophil adhesion in blood obtained from chronically inflamed mice. Third, we show that 2D and 3D neutrophil chemotaxis can be directly compared using our technique. These methods allow for new avenues of research while reducing the complexity, time, and sample volume requirements to perform neutrophil chemotaxis assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Sackmann
- Materials Science Program, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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