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Ma H, Adams LJ, Raju S, Sariol A, Kafai NM, Janova H, Klimstra WB, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. The low-density lipoprotein receptor promotes infection of multiple encephalitic alphaviruses. Nat Commun 2024; 15:246. [PMID: 38172096 PMCID: PMC10764363 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family, including LDLRAD3, VLDLR, and ApoER2, were recently described as entry factors for different alphaviruses. However, based on studies with gene edited cells and knockout mice, blockade or abrogation of these receptors does not fully inhibit alphavirus infection, indicating the existence of additional uncharacterized entry factors. Here, we perform a CRISPR-Cas9 genome-wide loss-of-function screen in mouse neuronal cells with a chimeric alphavirus expressing the Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) structural proteins and identify LDLR as a candidate receptor. Expression of LDLR on the surface of neuronal or non-neuronal cells facilitates binding and infection of EEEV, Western equine encephalitis virus, and Semliki Forest virus. Domain mapping and binding studies reveal a low-affinity interaction with LA domain 3 (LA3) that can be enhanced by concatenation of LA3 repeats. Soluble decoy proteins with multiple LA3 repeats inhibit EEEV infection in cell culture and in mice. Our results establish LDLR as a low-affinity receptor for multiple alphaviruses and highlight a possible path for developing inhibitors that could mitigate infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Ma
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alan Sariol
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hana Janova
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- The Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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2
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Kafai NM, Janova H, Cain MD, Alippe Y, Muraro S, Sariol A, Elam-Noll M, Klein RS, Diamond MS. Entry receptor LDLRAD3 is required for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus peripheral infection and neurotropism leading to pathogenesis in mice. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112946. [PMID: 37556325 PMCID: PMC10529316 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an encephalitic alphavirus responsible for epidemics of neurological disease across the Americas. Low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain-containing 3 (LDLRAD3) is a recently reported entry receptor for VEEV. Here, using wild-type and Ldlrad3-deficient mice, we define a critical role for LDLRAD3 in controlling steps in VEEV infection, pathogenesis, and neurotropism. Our analysis shows that LDLRAD3 is required for efficient VEEV infection and pathogenesis prior to and after central nervous system invasion. Ldlrad3-deficient mice survive intranasal and intracranial VEEV inoculation and show reduced infection of neurons in different brain regions. As LDLRAD3 is a determinant of pathogenesis and an entry receptor required for VEEV infection of neurons of the brain, receptor-targeted therapies may hold promise as countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hana Janova
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew D Cain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yael Alippe
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stefanie Muraro
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alan Sariol
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michelle Elam-Noll
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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3
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Abstract
Alphaviruses are enveloped, insect-transmitted, positive-sense RNA viruses that infect humans and other animals and cause a range of clinical manifestations, including arthritis, musculoskeletal disease, meningitis, encephalitis, and death. Over the past four years, aided by CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic screening approaches, intensive research efforts have focused on identifying entry receptors for alphaviruses to better understand the basis for cellular and species tropism. Herein, we review approaches to alphavirus receptor identification and how these were used for discovery. The identification of new receptors advances our understanding of viral pathogenesis, tropism, and evolution and is expected to contribute to the development of novel strategies for prevention and treatment of alphavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, and
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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4
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Hunt AC, Case JB, Park YJ, Cao L, Wu K, Walls AC, Liu Z, Bowen JE, Yeh HW, Saini S, Helms L, Zhao YT, Hsiang TY, Starr TN, Goreshnik I, Kozodoy L, Carter L, Ravichandran R, Green LB, Matochko WL, Thomson CA, Vögeli B, Krüger A, VanBlargan LA, Chen RE, Ying B, Bailey AL, Kafai NM, Boyken SE, Ljubetič A, Edman N, Ueda G, Chow CM, Johnson M, Addetia A, Navarro MJ, Panpradist N, Gale M, Freedman BS, Bloom JD, Ruohola-Baker H, Whelan SPJ, Stewart L, Diamond MS, Veesler D, Jewett MC, Baker D. Multivalent designed proteins neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and confer protection against infection in mice. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn1252. [PMID: 35412328 PMCID: PMC9258422 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
New variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to arise and prolong the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Here, we used a cell-free expression workflow to rapidly screen and optimize constructs containing multiple computationally designed miniprotein inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. We found the broadest efficacy was achieved with a homotrimeric version of the 75-residue angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) mimic AHB2 (TRI2-2) designed to geometrically match the trimeric spike architecture. Consistent with the design model, in the cryo-electron microscopy structure TRI2-2 forms a tripod at the apex of the spike protein that engaged all three receptor binding domains simultaneously. TRI2-2 neutralized Omicron (B.1.1.529), Delta (B.1.617.2), and all other variants tested with greater potency than the monoclonal antibodies used clinically for the treatment of COVID-19. TRI2-2 also conferred prophylactic and therapeutic protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge when administered intranasally in mice. Designed miniprotein receptor mimics geometrically arrayed to match pathogen receptor binding sites could be a widely applicable antiviral therapeutic strategy with advantages over antibodies in greater resistance to viral escape and antigenic drift, and advantages over native receptor traps in lower chances of autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Hunt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Longxing Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kejia Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alexandra C. Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John E. Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hsien-Wei Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shally Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Louisa Helms
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Yan Ting Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tien-Ying Hsiang
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tyler N. Starr
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Inna Goreshnik
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lisa Kozodoy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lydia B. Green
- Amgen Research, Biologic Discovery, Burnaby, V5A 1V7, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Bastian Vögeli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Invizyne Technologies Inc., Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Antje Krüger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Laura A. VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rita E. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Adam L. Bailey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Scott E. Boyken
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ajasja Ljubetič
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department for Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Natasha Edman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- USA Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - George Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Cameron M. Chow
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Neolukin Therapeutics Inc., Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Max Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Amin Addetia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- The Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Mary Jane Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nuttada Panpradist
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Freedman
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sean P. J. Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lance Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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5
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Kafai NM, Williamson LE, Binshtein E, Sukupolvi-Petty S, Gardner CL, Liu J, Mackin S, Kim AS, Kose N, Carnahan RH, Jung A, Droit L, Reed DS, Handley SA, Klimstra WB, Crowe JE, Diamond MS. Neutralizing antibodies protect mice against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus aerosol challenge. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20212532. [PMID: 35297953 PMCID: PMC9195047 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) remains a risk for epidemic emergence or use as an aerosolized bioweapon. To develop possible countermeasures, we isolated VEEV-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from mice and a human immunized with attenuated VEEV strains. Functional assays and epitope mapping established that potently inhibitory anti-VEEV mAbs bind distinct antigenic sites in the A or B domains of the E2 glycoprotein and block multiple steps in the viral replication cycle including attachment, fusion, and egress. A 3.2-Å cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of VEEV virus-like particles bound by a human Fab suggests that antibody engagement of the B domain may result in cross-linking of neighboring spikes to prevent conformational requirements for viral fusion. Prophylaxis or postexposure therapy with these mAbs protected mice against lethal aerosol challenge with VEEV. Our study defines functional and structural mechanisms of mAb protection and suggests that multiple antigenic determinants on VEEV can be targeted for vaccine or antibody-based therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lauren E. Williamson
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Christina L. Gardner
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Jaclyn Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Samantha Mackin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Arthur S. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Robert H. Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ana Jung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Douglas S. Reed
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Scott A. Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - William B. Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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6
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Abstract
Alphaviruses are emerging and reemerging viruses that cause disease syndromes ranging from incapacitating arthritis to potentially fatal encephalitis. While infection by arthritogenic and encephalitic alphaviruses results in distinct clinical manifestations, both virus groups induce robust innate and adaptive immune responses. However, differences in cellular tropism, type I interferon induction, immune cell recruitment, and B and T cell responses result in differential disease progression and outcome. In this review, we discuss aspects of immune responses that contribute to protective or pathogenic outcomes after alphavirus infection. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; , .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; , .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
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7
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Ying B, Whitener B, VanBlargan LA, Hassan AO, Shrihari S, Liang CY, Karl CE, Mackin S, Chen RE, Kafai NM, Wilks SH, Smith DJ, Carreño JM, Singh G, Krammer F, Carfi A, Elbashir SM, Edwards DK, Thackray LB, Diamond MS. Protective activity of mRNA vaccines against ancestral and variant SARS-CoV-2 strains. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabm3302. [PMID: 34846168 PMCID: PMC8817234 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abm3302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although mRNA vaccines encoding the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prevent COVID-19, the emergence of new viral variants jeopardizes their efficacy. Here, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective activity of historical (mRNA-1273, designed for Wuhan-1 spike protein) or modified (mRNA-1273.351, designed for B.1.351 spike protein) Moderna mRNA vaccines in 129S2 and K18-hACE2 mice. Mice were immunized with either high-dose or low-dose formulations of the mRNA vaccines, where low-dose vaccination modeled suboptimal immune responses. Immunization with formulations at either dose induced neutralizing antibodies in serum against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 and several virus variants, although serum titers were lower against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) virus. Protection against weight loss and lung pathology was observed with all high-dose vaccines against all viruses. However, low-dose formulations of the vaccines, which produced lower magnitude antibody and T cell responses, showed breakthrough lung infections with B.1.617.2 and development of pneumonia in K18-hACE2 mice. Thus, in individuals with reduced immunity after mRNA vaccination, breakthrough infection and disease may occur with some SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bradley Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura A. VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ahmed O. Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Courtney E. Karl
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samantha Mackin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rita E. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samuel H. Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK CB2 3EJ
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK CB2 3EJ
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | - Larissa B. Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine. St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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8
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Ying B, Whitener B, VanBlargan LA, Hassan AO, Shrihari S, Liang CY, Karl CE, Mackin S, Chen RE, Kafai NM, Wilks SH, Smith DJ, Carreño JM, Singh G, Krammer F, Carfi A, Elbashir S, Edwards DK, Thackray LB, Diamond MS. Protective activity of mRNA vaccines against ancestral and variant SARS-CoV-2 strains. bioRxiv 2021:2021.08.25.457693. [PMID: 34462745 PMCID: PMC8404887 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.25.457693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although mRNA vaccines prevent COVID-19, variants jeopardize their efficacy as immunity wanes. Here, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective activity of historical (mRNA-1273, designed for Wuhan-1 spike) or modified (mRNA-1273.351, designed for B.1.351 spike) preclinical Moderna mRNA vaccines in 129S2 and K18-hACE2 mice. Immunization with high or low dose formulations of mRNA vaccines induced neutralizing antibodies in serum against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and several variants, although levels were lower particularly against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) virus. Protection against weight loss and lung pathology was observed with all high-dose vaccines against all viruses. Nonetheless, low-dose formulations of the vaccines, which produced lower magnitude antibody and T cell responses, and serve as a possible model for waning immunity, showed breakthrough lung infection and pneumonia with B.1.617.2. Thus, as levels of immunity induced by mRNA vaccines decline, breakthrough infection and disease likely will occur with some SARS-CoV-2 variants, suggesting a need for additional booster regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bradley Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura A. VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ahmed O. Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Courtney E. Karl
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine. St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samantha Mackin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita E. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel H. Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Larissa B. Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine. St. Louis, MO, USA
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9
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Kim AS, Kafai NM, Winkler ES, Gilliland TC, Cottle EL, Earnest JT, Jethva PN, Kaplonek P, Shah AP, Fong RH, Davidson E, Malonis RJ, Quiroz JA, Williamson LE, Vang L, Mack M, Crowe JE, Doranz BJ, Lai JR, Alter G, Gross ML, Klimstra WB, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. Pan-protective anti-alphavirus human antibodies target a conserved E1 protein epitope. Cell 2021; 184:4414-4429.e19. [PMID: 34416146 PMCID: PMC8382027 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are emerging, mosquito-transmitted pathogens that cause musculoskeletal and neurological disease in humans. Although neutralizing antibodies that inhibit individual alphaviruses have been described, broadly reactive antibodies that protect against both arthritogenic and encephalitic alphaviruses have not been reported. Here, we identify DC2.112 and DC2.315, two pan-protective yet poorly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that avidly bind to viral antigen on the surface of cells infected with arthritogenic and encephalitic alphaviruses. These mAbs engage a conserved epitope in domain II of the E1 protein proximal to and within the fusion peptide. Treatment with DC2.112 or DC2.315 protects mice against infection by both arthritogenic (chikungunya and Mayaro) and encephalitic (Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western equine encephalitis) alphaviruses through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of viral egress and monocyte-dependent Fc effector functions. These findings define a conserved epitope recognized by weakly neutralizing yet protective antibodies that could be targeted for pan-alphavirus immunotherapy and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Theron C Gilliland
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Emily L Cottle
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - James T Earnest
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Prashant N Jethva
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Paulina Kaplonek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aadit P Shah
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachel H Fong
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Ryan J Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jose A Quiroz
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Lauren E Williamson
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center and Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lo Vang
- Emergent BioSolutions, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center and Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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10
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Hunt AC, Case JB, Park YJ, Cao L, Wu K, Walls AC, Liu Z, Bowen JE, Yeh HW, Saini S, Helms L, Zhao YT, Hsiang TY, Starr TN, Goreshnik I, Kozodoy L, Carter L, Ravichandran R, Green LB, Matochko WL, Thomson CA, Vögeli B, Krüger-Gericke A, VanBlargan LA, Chen RE, Ying B, Bailey AL, Kafai NM, Boyken S, Ljubetič A, Edman N, Ueda G, Chow C, Addetia A, Panpradist N, Gale M, Freedman BS, Lutz BR, Bloom JD, Ruohola-Baker H, Whelan SPJ, Stewart L, Diamond MS, Veesler D, Jewett MC, Baker D. Multivalent designed proteins protect against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. bioRxiv 2021:2021.07.07.451375. [PMID: 34268509 PMCID: PMC8282097 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.07.451375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Escape variants of SARS-CoV-2 are threatening to prolong the COVID-19 pandemic. To address this challenge, we developed multivalent protein-based minibinders as potential prophylactic and therapeutic agents. Homotrimers of single minibinders and fusions of three distinct minibinders were designed to geometrically match the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) trimer architecture and were optimized by cell-free expression and found to exhibit virtually no measurable dissociation upon binding. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) showed that these trivalent minibinders engage all three receptor binding domains on a single S trimer. The top candidates neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern with IC 50 values in the low pM range, resist viral escape, and provide protection in highly vulnerable human ACE2-expressing transgenic mice, both prophylactically and therapeutically. Our integrated workflow promises to accelerate the design of mutationally resilient therapeutics for pandemic preparedness. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY We designed, developed, and characterized potent, trivalent miniprotein binders that provide prophylactic and therapeutic protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Hunt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Longxing Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kejia Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alexandra C. Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John E. Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hsien-Wei Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shally Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Louisa Helms
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Yan Ting Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tien-Ying Hsiang
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tyler N. Starr
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Inna Goreshnik
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lisa Kozodoy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bastain Vögeli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antje Krüger-Gericke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Laura A. VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rita E. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Adam L. Bailey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Scott Boyken
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ajasja Ljubetič
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Natasha Edman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - George Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Cameron Chow
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Amin Addetia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- The Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nuttada Panpradist
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Freedman
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Barry R. Lutz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sean P. J. Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lance Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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11
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Case JB, Chen RE, Cao L, Ying B, Winkler ES, Johnson M, Goreshnik I, Pham MN, Shrihari S, Kafai NM, Bailey AL, Xie X, Shi PY, Ravichandran R, Carter L, Stewart L, Baker D, Diamond MS. Ultrapotent miniproteins targeting the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain protect against infection and disease. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1151-1161.e5. [PMID: 34192518 PMCID: PMC8221914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the introduction of public health measures and spike protein-based vaccines to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infections and deaths continue to have a global impact. Previously, we used a structural design approach to develop picomolar range miniproteins targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain. Here, we investigated the capacity of modified versions of one lead miniprotein, LCB1, to protect against SARS-CoV-2-mediated lung disease in mice. Systemic administration of LCB1-Fc reduced viral burden, diminished immune cell infiltration and inflammation, and completely prevented lung disease and pathology. A single intranasal dose of LCB1v1.3 reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung when given as many as 5 days before or 2 days after virus inoculation. Importantly, LCB1v1.3 protected in vivo against a historical strain (WA1/2020), an emerging B.1.1.7 strain, and a strain encoding key E484K and N501Y spike protein substitutions. These data support development of LCB1v1.3 for prevention or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Longxing Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Max Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Inna Goreshnik
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Minh N Pham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lance Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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12
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VanBlargan LA, Errico JM, Kafai NM, Burgomaster KE, Jethva PN, Broeckel RM, Meade-White K, Nelson CA, Himansu S, Wang D, Handley SA, Gross ML, Best SM, Pierson TC, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies protect against multiple tick-borne flaviviruses. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210174. [PMID: 33831142 PMCID: PMC8040518 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging tick-transmitted flavivirus that causes severe or fatal neuroinvasive disease in humans, medical countermeasures have not yet been developed. Here, we developed a panel of neutralizing anti-POWV mAbs recognizing six distinct antigenic sites. The most potent of these mAbs bind sites within domain II or III of the envelope (E) protein and inhibit postattachment viral entry steps. A subset of these mAbs cross-react with other flaviviruses. Both POWV type-specific and cross-reactive neutralizing mAbs confer protection in mice against POWV infection when given as prophylaxis or postexposure therapy. Several cross-reactive mAbs mapping to either domain II or III also protect in vivo against heterologous tick-transmitted flaviviruses including Langat and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Our experiments define structural and functional correlates of antibody protection against POWV infection and identify epitopes targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies with therapeutic potential against multiple tick-borne flaviviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/drug effects
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/physiology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/virology
- Epitopes/immunology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutation
- Vero Cells
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John M. Errico
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Katherine E. Burgomaster
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Rebecca M. Broeckel
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT
| | - Christopher A. Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Scott A. Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Sonja M. Best
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT
| | - Theodore C. Pierson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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13
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Dejnirattisai W, Zhou D, Ginn HM, Duyvesteyn HME, Supasa P, Case JB, Zhao Y, Walter TS, Mentzer AJ, Liu C, Wang B, Paesen GC, Slon-Campos J, López-Camacho C, Kafai NM, Bailey AL, Chen RE, Ying B, Thompson C, Bolton J, Fyfe A, Gupta S, Tan TK, Gilbert-Jaramillo J, James W, Knight M, Carroll MW, Skelly D, Dold C, Peng Y, Levin R, Dong T, Pollard AJ, Knight JC, Klenerman P, Temperton N, Hall DR, Williams MA, Paterson NG, Bertram FKR, Siebert CA, Clare DK, Howe A, Radecke J, Song Y, Townsend AR, Huang KYA, Fry EE, Mongkolsapaya J, Diamond MS, Ren J, Stuart DI, Screaton GR. The antigenic anatomy of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain. Cell 2021; 184:2183-2200.e22. [PMID: 33756110 PMCID: PMC7891125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are crucial to immune protection against SARS-CoV-2, with some in emergency use as therapeutics. Here, we identify 377 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing the virus spike and focus mainly on 80 that bind the receptor binding domain (RBD). We devise a competition data-driven method to map RBD binding sites. We find that although antibody binding sites are widely dispersed, neutralizing antibody binding is focused, with nearly all highly inhibitory mAbs (IC50 < 0.1 μg/mL) blocking receptor interaction, except for one that binds a unique epitope in the N-terminal domain. Many of these neutralizing mAbs use public V-genes and are close to germline. We dissect the structural basis of recognition for this large panel of antibodies through X-ray crystallography and cryoelectron microscopy of 19 Fab-antigen structures. We find novel binding modes for some potently inhibitory antibodies and demonstrate that strongly neutralizing mAbs protect, prophylactically or therapeutically, in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Daming Zhou
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Helen M Ginn
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Helen M E Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Thomas S Walter
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Chang Liu
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Beibei Wang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Guido C Paesen
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jose Slon-Campos
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - César López-Camacho
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Craig Thompson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Jai Bolton
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Alex Fyfe
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Michael Knight
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Donal Skelly
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Yanchun Peng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | - Tao Dong
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK
| | - David R Hall
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Mark A Williams
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Neil G Paterson
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Felicity K R Bertram
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - C Alistair Siebert
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Daniel K Clare
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Andrew Howe
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Julika Radecke
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Yun Song
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Alain R Townsend
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Kuan-Ying A Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Elizabeth E Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue & Emerging Pathogens, Dean Office for Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA.
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; Instruct-ERIC, Oxford House, Parkway Court, John Smith Drive, Oxford OX4 2JY, UK.
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
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14
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Case JB, Chen RE, Cao L, Ying B, Winkler ES, Goreshnik I, Shrihari S, Kafai NM, Bailey AL, Xie X, Shi PY, Ravichandran R, Carter L, Stewart L, Baker D, Diamond MS. Ultrapotent miniproteins targeting the receptor-binding domain protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease in mice. bioRxiv 2021:2021.03.01.433110. [PMID: 33688650 PMCID: PMC7941621 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.01.433110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the introduction of public health measures and spike protein-based vaccines to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infections and deaths continue to rise. Previously, we used a structural design approach to develop picomolar range miniproteins targeting the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain. Here, we investigated the capacity of modified versions of one lead binder, LCB1, to protect against SARS-CoV-2-mediated lung disease in human ACE2-expressing transgenic mice. Systemic administration of LCB1-Fc reduced viral burden, diminished immune cell infiltration and inflammation, and completely prevented lung disease and pathology. A single intranasal dose of LCB1v1.3 reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung even when given as many as five days before or two days after virus inoculation. Importantly, LCB1v1.3 protected in vivo against a historical strain (WA1/2020), an emerging B.1.1.7 strain, and a strain encoding key E484K and N501Y spike protein substitutions. These data support development of LCB1v1.3 for prevention or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita E. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Longxing Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emma S. Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Inna Goreshnik
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adam L. Bailey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lance Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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15
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Winkler ES, Bailey AL, Kafai NM, Nair S, McCune BT, Yu J, Fox JM, Chen RE, Earnest JT, Keeler SP, Ritter JH, Kang LI, Dort S, Robichaud A, Head R, Holtzman MJ, Diamond MS. SARS-CoV-2 infection of human ACE2-transgenic mice causes severe lung inflammation and impaired function. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1327-1335. [PMID: 32839612 PMCID: PMC7578095 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although animal models have been evaluated for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, none have fully recapitulated the lung disease phenotypes seen in humans who have been hospitalized. Here, we evaluate transgenic mice expressing the human angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor driven by the cytokeratin-18 (K18) gene promoter (K18-hACE2) as a model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intranasal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 in K18-hACE2 mice results in high levels of viral infection in lungs, with spread to other organs. A decline in pulmonary function occurs 4 days after peak viral titer and correlates with infiltration of monocytes, neutrophils and activated T cells. SARS-CoV-2-infected lung tissues show a massively upregulated innate immune response with signatures of nuclear factor-κB-dependent, type I and II interferon signaling, and leukocyte activation pathways. Thus, the K18-hACE2 model of SARS-CoV-2 infection shares many features of severe COVID-19 infection and can be used to define the basis of lung disease and test immune and antiviral-based countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharmila Nair
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jinsheng Yu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James T Earnest
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jon H Ritter
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Liang-I Kang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Dort
- SCIREQ Scientific Respiratory Equipment, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Richard Head
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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16
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Hassan AO, Kafai NM, Dmitriev IP, Fox JM, Smith BK, Harvey IB, Chen RE, Winkler ES, Wessel AW, Case JB, Kashentseva E, McCune BT, Bailey AL, Zhao H, VanBlargan LA, Dai YN, Ma M, Adams LJ, Shrihari S, Danis JE, Gralinski LE, Hou YJ, Schäfer A, Kim AS, Keeler SP, Weiskopf D, Baric RS, Holtzman MJ, Fremont DH, Curiel DT, Diamond MS. A Single-Dose Intranasal ChAd Vaccine Protects Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts against SARS-CoV-2. Cell 2020; 183:169-184.e13. [PMID: 32931734 PMCID: PMC7437481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has made deployment of an effective vaccine a global health priority. We evaluated the protective activity of a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine encoding a prefusion stabilized spike protein (ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S) in challenge studies with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and mice expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Intramuscular dosing of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S induces robust systemic humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and protects against lung infection, inflammation, and pathology but does not confer sterilizing immunity, as evidenced by detection of viral RNA and induction of anti-nucleoprotein antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 challenge. In contrast, a single intranasal dose of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies, promotes systemic and mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and T cell responses, and almost entirely prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Intranasal administration of ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S is a candidate for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission and curtailing pandemic spread.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- Respiratory Mucosa/virology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brittany K Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ian B Harvey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alex W Wessel
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elena Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura A VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ya-Nan Dai
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Meisheng Ma
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan E Danis
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yixuan J Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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17
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Case JB, Rothlauf PW, Chen RE, Kafai NM, Fox JM, Smith BK, Shrihari S, McCune BT, Harvey IB, Keeler SP, Bloyet LM, Zhao H, Ma M, Adams LJ, Winkler ES, Holtzman MJ, Fremont DH, Whelan SPJ, Diamond MS. Replication-Competent Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vaccine Vector Protects against SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Pathogenesis in Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:465-474.e4. [PMID: 32798445 PMCID: PMC7391951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused millions of human infections, and an effective vaccine is critical to mitigate coronavirus-induced disease 2019 (COVID-19). Previously, we developed a replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing a modified form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene in place of the native glycoprotein gene (VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2). Here, we show that vaccination with VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 generates neutralizing immune responses and protects mice from SARS-CoV-2. Immunization of mice with VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 elicits high antibody titers that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and target the receptor binding domain that engages human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). Upon challenge with a human isolate of SARS-CoV-2, mice that expressed human ACE2 and were immunized with VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 show profoundly reduced viral infection and inflammation in the lung, indicating protection against pneumonia. Passive transfer of sera from VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2-immunized animals also protects naive mice from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. These data support development of VSV-SARS-CoV-2 as an attenuated, replication-competent vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/genetics
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Vectors
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Host Microbial Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2
- Translational Research, Biomedical
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/pharmacology
- Vero Cells
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/genetics
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brittany K Smith
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ian B Harvey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Louis-Marie Bloyet
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meisheng Ma
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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18
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Alsoussi WB, Turner JS, Case JB, Zhao H, Schmitz AJ, Zhou JQ, Chen RE, Lei T, Rizk AA, McIntire KM, Winkler ES, Fox JM, Kafai NM, Thackray LB, Hassan AO, Amanat F, Krammer F, Watson CT, Kleinstein SH, Fremont DH, Diamond MS, Ellebedy AH. A Potently Neutralizing Antibody Protects Mice against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J Immunol 2020; 205:915-922. [PMID: 32591393 PMCID: PMC7566074 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths globally. There are no widely available licensed therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2, highlighting an urgent need for effective interventions. The virus enters host cells through binding of a receptor-binding domain within its trimeric spike glycoprotein to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. In this article, we describe the generation and characterization of a panel of murine mAbs directed against the receptor-binding domain. One mAb, 2B04, neutralized wild-type SARS-CoV-2 in vitro with remarkable potency (half-maximal inhibitory concentration of <2 ng/ml). In a murine model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 2B04 protected challenged animals from weight loss, reduced lung viral load, and blocked systemic dissemination. Thus, 2B04 is a promising candidate for an effective antiviral that can be used to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- COVID-19
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitope Mapping
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs/genetics
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Transfection
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa B Alsoussi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - James B Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Julian Q Zhou
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Amena A Rizk
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Katherine M McIntire
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Larissa B Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10024
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10024
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10024
| | - Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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19
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Hassan AO, Case JB, Winkler ES, Thackray LB, Kafai NM, Bailey AL, McCune BT, Fox JM, Chen RE, Alsoussi WB, Turner JS, Schmitz AJ, Lei T, Shrihari S, Keeler SP, Fremont DH, Greco S, McCray PB, Perlman S, Holtzman MJ, Ellebedy AH, Diamond MS. A SARS-CoV-2 Infection Model in Mice Demonstrates Protection by Neutralizing Antibodies. Cell 2020; 182:744-753.e4. [PMID: 32553273 PMCID: PMC7284254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic with millions of human infections. One limitation to the evaluation of potential therapies and vaccines to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and ameliorate disease is the lack of susceptible small animals in large numbers. Commercially available laboratory strains of mice are not readily infected by SARS-CoV-2 because of species-specific differences in their angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. Here, we transduced replication-defective adenoviruses encoding human ACE2 via intranasal administration into BALB/c mice and established receptor expression in lung tissues. hACE2-transduced mice were productively infected with SARS-CoV-2, and this resulted in high viral titers in the lung, lung pathology, and weight loss. Passive transfer of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody reduced viral burden in the lung and mitigated inflammation and weight loss. The development of an accessible mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis will expedite the testing and deployment of therapeutics and vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Transduction, Genetic
- Vero Cells
- Viral Load/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Larissa B Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wafaa B Alsoussi
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Suellen Greco
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul B McCray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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20
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Zost SJ, Gilchuk P, Case JB, Binshtein E, Chen RE, Nkolola JP, Schäfer A, Reidy JX, Trivette A, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Suryadevara N, Martinez DR, Williamson LE, Chen EC, Jones T, Day S, Myers L, Hassan AO, Kafai NM, Winkler ES, Fox JM, Shrihari S, Mueller BK, Meiler J, Chandrashekar A, Mercado NB, Steinhardt JJ, Ren K, Loo YM, Kallewaard NL, McCune BT, Keeler SP, Holtzman MJ, Barouch DH, Gralinski LE, Baric RS, Thackray LB, Diamond MS, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE. Potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Nature 2020; 584:443-449. [PMID: 32668443 PMCID: PMC7584396 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 790] [Impact Index Per Article: 197.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a major threat to global health1 and the medical countermeasures available so far are limited2,3. Moreover, we currently lack a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-24. Here we analyse a large panel of human monoclonal antibodies that target the spike (S) glycoprotein5, and identify several that exhibit potent neutralizing activity and fully block the receptor-binding domain of the S protein (SRBD) from interacting with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Using competition-binding, structural and functional studies, we show that the monoclonal antibodies can be clustered into classes that recognize distinct epitopes on the SRBD, as well as distinct conformational states of the S trimer. Two potently neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, COV2-2196 and COV2-2130, which recognize non-overlapping sites, bound simultaneously to the S protein and neutralized wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus in a synergistic manner. In two mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, passive transfer of COV2-2196, COV2-2130 or a combination of both of these antibodies protected mice from weight loss and reduced the viral burden and levels of inflammation in the lungs. In addition, passive transfer of either of two of the most potent ACE2-blocking monoclonal antibodies (COV2-2196 or COV2-2381) as monotherapy protected rhesus macaques from SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results identify protective epitopes on the SRBD and provide a structure-based framework for rational vaccine design and the selection of robust immunotherapeutic agents.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/chemistry
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Binding, Competitive
- COVID-19
- Cell Line
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Cross Reactions
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/chemistry
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph P Nkolola
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph X Reidy
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew Trivette
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lauren E Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elaine C Chen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Taylor Jones
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samuel Day
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Luke Myers
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Leipzig University Medical School, Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noe B Mercado
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James J Steinhardt
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kuishu Ren
- Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Nicole L Kallewaard
- Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shamus P Keeler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Larissa B Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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21
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Winkler ES, Bailey AL, Kafai NM, Nair S, McCune BT, Yu J, Fox JM, Chen RE, Earnest JT, Keeler SP, Ritter JH, Kang LI, Dort S, Robichaud A, Head R, Holtzman MJ, Diamond MS. SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lungs of human ACE2 transgenic mice causes severe inflammation, immune cell infiltration, and compromised respiratory function. bioRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32676600 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.09.196188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019 and has spread worldwide resulting in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although animal models have been evaluated for SARS-CoV-2 infection, none have recapitulated the severe lung disease phenotypes seen in hospitalized human cases. Here, we evaluate heterozygous transgenic mice expressing the human ACE2 receptor driven by the epithelial cell cytokeratin-18 gene promoter (K18-hACE2) as a model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intranasal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 in K18-hACE2 mice results in high levels of viral infection in lung tissues with additional spread to other organs. Remarkably, a decline in pulmonary function, as measured by static and dynamic tests of respiratory capacity, occurs 4 days after peak viral titer and correlates with an inflammatory response marked by infiltration into the lung of monocytes, neutrophils, and activated T cells resulting in pneumonia. Cytokine profiling and RNA sequencing analysis of SARS-CoV-2-infected lung tissues show a massively upregulated innate immune response with prominent signatures of NF-kB-dependent, type I and II interferon signaling, and leukocyte activation pathways. Thus, the K18-hACE2 model of SARS-CoV-2 infection recapitulates many features of severe COVID-19 infection in humans and can be used to define the mechanistic basis of lung disease and test immune and antiviral-based countermeasures.
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22
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Case JB, Rothlauf PW, Chen RE, Kafai NM, Fox JM, Shrihari S, McCune BT, Harvey IB, Smith B, Keeler SP, Bloyet LM, Winkler ES, Holtzman MJ, Fremont DH, Whelan SP, Diamond MS. Replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine vector protects against SARS-CoV-2-mediated pathogenesis. bioRxiv 2020:2020.07.09.196386. [PMID: 32676597 PMCID: PMC7359519 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.09.196386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused millions of human infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths. Accordingly, an effective vaccine is of critical importance in mitigating coronavirus induced disease 2019 (COVID-19) and curtailing the pandemic. We developed a replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccine by introducing a modified form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene in place of the native glycoprotein gene (VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2). Immunization of mice with VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 elicits high titers of antibodies that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection and target the receptor binding domain that engages human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). Upon challenge with a human isolate of SARS-CoV-2, mice expressing human ACE2 and immunized with VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 show profoundly reduced viral infection and inflammation in the lung indicating protection against pneumonia. Finally, passive transfer of sera from VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2-immunized animals protects naïve mice from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. These data support development of VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2 as an attenuated, replication-competent vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul W. Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rita E. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie M. Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Broc T. McCune
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ian B. Harvey
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brittany Smith
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shamus P. Keeler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Louis-Marie Bloyet
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emma S. Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J. Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P.J. Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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23
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Zost SJ, Gilchuk P, Case JB, Binshtein E, Chen RE, Reidy JX, Trivette A, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Suryadevara N, Williamson LE, Chen EC, Jones T, Day S, Myers L, Hassan AO, Kafai NM, Winkler ES, Fox JM, Steinhardt JJ, Ren K, Loo YM, Kallewaard NL, Martinez DR, Schäfer A, Gralinski LE, Baric RS, Thackray LB, Diamond MS, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE. Potently neutralizing human antibodies that block SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding and protect animals. bioRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32511409 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.22.111005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a major threat to global health for which there are only limited medical countermeasures, and we lack a thorough understanding of mechanisms of humoral immunity 1,2 . From a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the spike (S) glycoprotein isolated from the B cells of infected subjects, we identified several mAbs that exhibited potent neutralizing activity with IC 50 values as low as 0.9 or 15 ng/mL in pseudovirus or wild-type ( wt ) SARS-CoV-2 neutralization tests, respectively. The most potent mAbs fully block the receptor-binding domain of S (S RBD ) from interacting with human ACE2. Competition-binding, structural, and functional studies allowed clustering of the mAbs into defined classes recognizing distinct epitopes within major antigenic sites on the S RBD . Electron microscopy studies revealed that these mAbs recognize distinct conformational states of trimeric S protein. Potent neutralizing mAbs recognizing unique sites, COV2-2196 and COV2-2130, bound simultaneously to S and synergistically neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus. In two murine models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, passive transfer of either COV2-2916 or COV2-2130 alone or a combination of both mAbs protected mice from severe weight loss and reduced viral burden and inflammation in the lung. These results identify protective epitopes on the S RBD and provide a structure-based framework for rational vaccine design and the selection of robust immunotherapeutic cocktails.
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24
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Kafai NM, Sukupolvi S, Gardner CL, Klimstra WB, Diamond MS. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus envelope glycoprotein E2 protect from lethal encephalitis. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.167.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a mosquito-borne New World alphavirus responsible for severe morbidity and mortality in humans and equines. The development of therapeutics against VEEV is critical due to its potential for outbreak and aerosolization as a bioterrorist agent. However, effective and widely accessible antiviral agents for VEEV do not exist. Humoral immunity is an important defense against many alphavirus infections, and we thus generated a panel of 17 highly neutralizing murine VEEV-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using the VEEV vaccine TC-83 and attenuated chimeric SINV-VEEV Trinidad donkey (TRD) subtype IAB. Nine of these mAbs demonstrate 50% effective inhibitory concentrations (EC50) values below 100 ng/ml when tested against enzootic subtype ID and epizootic VEEV subtypes IAB and IC virion envelope glycoproteins. To define specific viral epitopes important for mAb binding, mapping studies including competition assays, HDX, alanine-scanning mutagenesis, and viral escape mutants are ongoing. Preliminary data suggests the epitopes for these mAbs are found in both the A and B domains of the surface virion envelope 2 glycoprotein. Additionally, several of these mAbs confer prophylactic and therapeutic protection in mice aerosol challenged with virulent TRD VEEV. Mechanism of action studies are underway to define the steps in the virus life cycle (viral attachment, entry, fusion, and egress) at which our most potent protective antibodies act. Identification of specific epitopes targeted by these protective mAbs will better inform the development of targeted immunotherapeutics and vaccines against VEEV and related encephalitic alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M. Kafai
- 1Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Soila Sukupolvi
- 3Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christina L. Gardner
- 4Department of Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 1561, USA
- 5U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William B. Klimstra
- 4Department of Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 1561, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- 3Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- 6Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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25
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Ebertz DP, Hong HY, Kafai NM, Evie HP, Salles A. Written Evaluations of Surgical Residents: Are They Biased? J Am Coll Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2019.08.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Guggisberg AM, Frasse PM, Jezewski AJ, Kafai NM, Gandhi AY, Erlinger SJ, Odom John AR. Suppression of Drug Resistance Reveals a Genetic Mechanism of Metabolic Plasticity in Malaria Parasites. mBio 2018; 9:e01193-18. [PMID: 30425143 PMCID: PMC6234871 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01193-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, synthesis of isoprenoids from glycolytic intermediates is essential for survival. The antimalarial fosmidomycin (FSM) inhibits isoprenoid synthesis. In P. falciparum, we identified a loss-of-function mutation in HAD2 (P. falciparum 3D7_1226300 [PF3D7_1226300]) as necessary for FSM resistance. Enzymatic characterization revealed that HAD2, a member of the haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolase (HAD) superfamily, is a phosphatase. Harnessing a growth defect in resistant parasites, we selected for suppression of HAD2-mediated FSM resistance and uncovered hypomorphic suppressor mutations in the locus encoding the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase 9 (PFK9). Metabolic profiling demonstrated that FSM resistance is achieved via increased steady-state levels of methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and glycolytic intermediates and confirmed reduced PFK9 function in the suppressed strains. We identified HAD2 as a novel regulator of malaria parasite metabolism and drug sensitivity and uncovered PFK9 as a novel site of genetic metabolic plasticity in the parasite. Our report informs the biological functions of an evolutionarily conserved family of metabolic regulators and reveals a previously undescribed strategy by which malaria parasites adapt to cellular metabolic dysregulation.IMPORTANCE Unique and essential aspects of parasite metabolism are excellent targets for development of new antimalarials. An improved understanding of parasite metabolism and drug resistance mechanisms is urgently needed. The antibiotic fosmidomycin targets the synthesis of essential isoprenoid compounds from glucose and is a candidate for antimalarial development. Our report identifies a novel mechanism of drug resistance and further describes a family of metabolic regulators in the parasite. Using a novel forward genetic approach, we also uncovered mutations that suppress drug resistance in the glycolytic enzyme PFK9. Thus, we identify an unexpected genetic mechanism of adaptation to metabolic insult that influences parasite fitness and tolerance of antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Guggisberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Philip M Frasse
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew J Jezewski
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aakash Y Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Samuel J Erlinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Audrey R Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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27
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Lamason RL, Kafai NM, Welch MD. A streamlined method for transposon mutagenesis of Rickettsia parkeri yields numerous mutations that impact infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197012. [PMID: 29723287 PMCID: PMC5933787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rickettsiae are obligate intracellular alphaproteobacteria that exhibit a complex infectious life cycle in both arthropod and mammalian hosts. As obligate intracellular bacteria, rickettsiae are highly adapted to living inside a variety of host cells, including vascular endothelial cells during mammalian infection. Although it is assumed that the rickettsiae produce numerous virulence factors that usurp or disrupt various host cell pathways, they have been challenging to genetically manipulate to identify the key bacterial factors that contribute to infection. Motivated to overcome this challenge, we sought to expand the repertoire of available rickettsial loss-of-function mutants, using an improved mariner-based transposon mutagenesis scheme. Here, we present the isolation of over 100 transposon mutants in the spotted fever group species Rickettsia parkeri. Transposon insertions disrupted genes whose products are implicated in a variety of pathways, including bacterial replication and metabolism, the type IV secretion system, factors with previously established roles in host cell interactions and pathogenesis, or are of unknown function. Given the need to identify critical virulence factors, forward genetic screens such as this will provide an excellent platform to more directly investigate rickettsial biology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Lamason
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RLL); (MDW)
| | - Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Welch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RLL); (MDW)
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M Kafai
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8226, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Audrey R Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8208, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8208, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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29
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Lamason RL, Bastounis E, Kafai NM, Serrano R, Del Álamo JC, Theriot JA, Welch MD. Rickettsia Sca4 Reduces Vinculin-Mediated Intercellular Tension to Promote Spread. Cell 2016; 167:670-683.e10. [PMID: 27768890 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae are human pathogens that infect cells in the vasculature. They disseminate through host tissues by a process of cell-to-cell spread that involves protrusion formation, engulfment, and vacuolar escape. Other bacterial pathogens rely on actin-based motility to provide a physical force for spread. Here, we show that SFG species Rickettsia parkeri typically lack actin tails during spread and instead manipulate host intercellular tension and mechanotransduction to promote spread. Using transposon mutagenesis, we identified surface cell antigen 4 (Sca4) as a secreted effector of spread that specifically promotes protrusion engulfment. Sca4 interacts with the cell-adhesion protein vinculin and blocks association with vinculin's binding partner, α-catenin. Using traction and monolayer stress microscopy, we show that Sca4 reduces vinculin-dependent mechanotransduction at cell-cell junctions. Our results suggest that Sca4 relieves intercellular tension to promote protrusion engulfment, which represents a distinctive strategy for manipulating cytoskeletal force generation to enable spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Lamason
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Effie Bastounis
- Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ricardo Serrano
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Juan C Del Álamo
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew D Welch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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