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Ribas A, Gonzalez R, Drabick J, Kummar S, Agarwala S, Nemunaitis J, Coffman R, Berman C, Schmidt E, Chartash E, Guiducci C, Candia A, Janssen R. Phase 1b/2, open-label, multicenter, dose escalation and expansion trial of intratumoral SD 101 in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw378.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Pardo A, Smith KM, Abrams J, Coffman R, Bustos M, McClanahan TK, Grein J, Murphy EE, Zlotnik A, Selman M. CCL18/DC-CK-1/PARC up-regulation in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J Leukoc Biol 2001; 70:610-6. [PMID: 11590198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a lung inflammatory disorder characterized by accumulation of T lymphocytes. However, the mechanisms implicated in this process remain undefined. We examined the expression of dendritic cell (DC)-derived CC chemokine 1 (CK1)/CCL18, a chemokine putatively involved in naive T cell recruitment, in lungs from 10 patients with HP, 9 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and 20 healthy lungs. CCL18 was measured by real-time quantitative PCR and localized in lungs by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. CCL18 expression was significantly increased in lungs affected by HP in comparison with lungs affected by IPF (2,085+/-393 vs. 1,023+/-110; P<0.05) and controls (2,085+/-393 vs. 467+/-94; P<0.01). Macrophages, DCs, and alveolar epithelial cells were the main sources of CCL18. There was a direct correlation between the levels of tissue CCL18 and the number of lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. High levels of CCL18 were detected in the subacute rather than the chronic phase of HP. These findings suggest a role for CCL18 in the pathogenesis of HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pardo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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Mencacci A, Perruccio K, Bacci A, Cenci E, Benedetti R, Martelli MF, Bistoni F, Coffman R, Velardi A, Romani L. Defective antifungal T-helper 1 (TH1) immunity in a murine model of allogeneic T-cell-depleted bone marrow transplantation and its restoration by treatment with TH2 cytokine antagonists. Blood 2001; 97:1483-90. [PMID: 11222397 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.5.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients undergoing full haplotype-mismatched hematopoietic transplantations may experience severe intractable invasive fungal infections. To verify whether an imbalanced production of T-helper 1 (TH1) and TH2 cytokines may be responsible for susceptibility to fungal infections, C3H/HeJ (H-2(k)) recipient mice were lethally irradiated, received transplantations with T-cell-depleted allogeneic bone marrow (BM) cells from mice of H-2(d) haplotype, and were infected with Candida albicans. At different time-points after transplantation, mice were assessed for pattern of TH cytokine production and susceptibility to infection. The results show that a long-term, donor-type chimerism was achieved as early as 2 weeks after BM transplantation (BMT), at the time when high-level production of TH2 cytokines (interleukin-4 [IL-4] and IL-10) and impaired production of TH1 cytokines (interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma] and IL-12] were observed. At this time, mice were highly susceptible to both disseminated and mucosal infections, as indicated by decreased survival, uncontrolled fungal growth, and failure to develop protective TH1 immunity. However, a predominant production of TH1 cytokines was observed by week 5 after BMT, at the time when mice developed donor-type protective TH1 responses and were resistant to infections. Therapeutic ablation of IL-4 or IL-10 greatly increased resistance to candidiasis. These results indicate that a dysregulated production of TH cytokines occurs in mice undergoing T-cell-depleted allogeneic BMT. The transient predominant production of TH2 cytokines over that of IL-12 impaired the ability of mice to develop antifungal TH1 resistance, an activity that could be efficiently restored upon treatment with TH2 cytokine antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mencacci
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Abstract
An antibody reactive with CD38 revealed both phenotypic and functional heterogeneity amongst CD45RB(low) cells. Functional analysis of the CD38+ and CD38- fractions showed that the latter contained T cells which responded to recall antigens and produced high levels of cytokine in response to polyclonal stimulation. In contrast, the CD38+ population failed to proliferate or to produce detectable levels of cytokines. Despite appearing unresponsive, the CD38+ population significantly inhibited anti-CD3-induced proliferation and cytokine secretion by the reciprocal CD38- population. Immune suppression required stimulation through the TCR and was dependent on a physical interaction between regulatory and responding CD4+ populations. It did not involve killing of the responding T cells or secretion of IL-10 or TGF-beta. Despite some similarities there is no direct correlation between the in vitro suppression characteristic of the CD38+ CD45RB(low) subset and in vivo suppression which has been shown to be mediated by unseparated CD45RB(low) CD4+ T cells. However, these results demonstrate that two functionally distinct subsets of T cells reside within the antigen-exposed or CD45RB(low) CD4+ T cell population and are thus generated in vivo: (1) conventional memory T cells which proliferate and secrete cytokines in response to activation and (2) a population of regulatory T cells which inhibit T cell activation in vitro. Antibodies reactive with CD38 may provide a useful tool with which to study the role of these T cell subsets in the induction and regulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Read
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, GB
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Abstract
To examine the region critical for differentiation in the human IL-4 receptor (hIL-4R), we transfected the Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV)-transformed murine pre-B cell line A20 with plasmid DNA encoding the hIL-4R. Transfectants expressed high affinity hIL-4Rs on the cell surface. Treatment with LPS and hIL-4 induced germline C epsilon transcripts in hIL-4R expressing A20 cells. Several hIL-4R mutant plasmids were then transfected into A20 cells and the transfectants were examined for hIL-4R expression and the ability to induce germline C epsilon transcripts upon stimulation with LPS and hIL-4. Although all A20 transfectants tested expressed the high-affinity hIL-4R, A20 transfectants expressing the mutant hIL-4R, which contains only 8 amino acids in the cytoplasmic domain, did not respond to LPS and hIL-4 with germline C epsilon transcripts. In addition, A20 transfectants expressing an internally deleted hIL-4R, in which the deleted region has been identified as the critical region for growth signal transduction in the previous study, failed to induce germline C epsilon transcripts with LPS and hIL-4. These results indicate that the critical region for the differentiation signal in the hIL-4R is identical to that for the growth signal, suggesting that IL-4 may share, at least partly, a common signal pathway for both growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schultz
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104, USA
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Morawetz RA, Doherty TM, Giese NA, Hartley JW, Müller W, Kühn R, Rajewsky K, Coffman R, Morse HC. Resistance to murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS). Science 1994; 265:264-6; author reply 267. [PMID: 8023146 DOI: 10.1126/science.8023146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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Minoprio P, el Cheikh MC, Murphy E, Hontebeyrie-Joskowicz M, Coffman R, Coutinho A, O'Garra A. Xid-associated resistance to experimental Chagas' disease is IFN-gamma dependent. The Journal of Immunology 1993. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.151.8.4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In contrast to normal Balb/c, Balb.Xid immunodeficient mice are naturally resistant to Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Thus, Balb.Xid mice control parasitemia, do not show the characteristic wasting in the acute infection and develop no tissue pathology in the skeletal or cardiac muscles in the chronic phase of disease. By in situ hybridization and semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction, the expression of IL genes in spleen cells from Balb/c and Balb.Xid mice were compared after T. cruzi infection. The results showed that Balb.Xid mice produce considerably higher levels of IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-4, but lower levels of IL-10, from as early as 4 days after parasite injection. By day 12 of the infection, although IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-4 expression was now comparable in both groups, IL-10 levels continue to be lower in Balb.Xid than in control Balb/c animals. The central role of IFN-gamma in the resistance to T. cruzi was confirmed by treatment of Balb.Xid mice with anti-IFN-gamma antibodies that reestablished susceptibility and lead to increased parasitemia and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Minoprio
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - M C el Cheikh
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - E Murphy
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - R Coffman
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - A Coutinho
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - A O'Garra
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
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8
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Minoprio P, el Cheikh MC, Murphy E, Hontebeyrie-Joskowicz M, Coffman R, Coutinho A, O'Garra A. Xid-associated resistance to experimental Chagas' disease is IFN-gamma dependent. J Immunol 1993; 151:4200-8. [PMID: 8409396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to normal Balb/c, Balb.Xid immunodeficient mice are naturally resistant to Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Thus, Balb.Xid mice control parasitemia, do not show the characteristic wasting in the acute infection and develop no tissue pathology in the skeletal or cardiac muscles in the chronic phase of disease. By in situ hybridization and semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction, the expression of IL genes in spleen cells from Balb/c and Balb.Xid mice were compared after T. cruzi infection. The results showed that Balb.Xid mice produce considerably higher levels of IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-4, but lower levels of IL-10, from as early as 4 days after parasite injection. By day 12 of the infection, although IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-4 expression was now comparable in both groups, IL-10 levels continue to be lower in Balb.Xid than in control Balb/c animals. The central role of IFN-gamma in the resistance to T. cruzi was confirmed by treatment of Balb.Xid mice with anti-IFN-gamma antibodies that reestablished susceptibility and lead to increased parasitemia and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Minoprio
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
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Rothman P, Chen YY, Lutzker S, Li SC, Stewart V, Coffman R, Alt FW. Structure and expression of germ line immunoglobulin heavy-chain epsilon transcripts: interleukin-4 plus lipopolysaccharide-directed switching to C epsilon. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10:1672-9. [PMID: 2157139 PMCID: PMC362272 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.4.1672-1679.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated cDNA clones complementary to a truncated immunoglobulin heavy-chain C epsilon RNA transcript previously found to be induced in B lymphoid cells by treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with interleukin-4 (IL-4). We demonstrate that this transcript initiates from a promoter upstream of the germ line epsilon class-switch recombination region (S epsilon region). The major germ line C epsilon transcript contains a small 5' exon contributed by sequences upstream of the S epsilon region spliced to the normal C epsilon exons. Treatment of splenic B lymphoid cells with LPS plus IL-4 induces the expression of transcripts from the germ line epsilon transcription unit followed by expression of normal immunoglobulin epsilon heavy-chain mRNA. Furthermore, we demonstrate that similar treatment of transformed precursor B cell lines induces the expression of germ line epsilon transcripts followed by class switching to epsilon expression in these lines. This is the first demonstration of switching to epsilon in cells of the pre-B stage. The general structure of the germ line epsilon transcript and transcription unit is similar to that previously characterized for germ line gamma 2b transcripts. However, expression of these two germ line transcription units in B-lineage cells is inversely regulated by IL-4 (plus LPS) treatment, correlating with the effects of these treatments on switching to these loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rothman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York
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Rothman P, Lutzker S, Gorham B, Stewart V, Coffman R, Alt FW. Structure and expression of germline immunoglobulin gamma 3 heavy chain gene transcripts: implications for mitogen and lymphokine directed class-switching. Int Immunol 1990; 2:621-7. [PMID: 2126196 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/2.7.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have characterized the structure and expression of transcripts synthesized from the murine germline immunoglobulin gamma 3 heavy chain gene in certain B-lineage cells. The transcripts initiate upstream of the switch gamma 3 region, generating a 5' exon that is spliced to C gamma 3 exons. Expression of this germline transcript is induced when splenic B cells or A-MuLV-transformed pre-B cell lines are cultured in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Addition of interleukin-4 (IL-4) to these lipopolysaccharide (LPS) cultures dramatically inhibits induction of the germline gamma 3 transcript. Induction of germline gamma 3 transcripts occurs before the increased accumulation of gamma 3-producing cells and VDJ-gamma 3 mRNA in cultures of splenic B cells. These data provide further evidence that germline CH transcriptional units are important components in the regulation of heavy chain class-switching. In addition, the pre-B cell lines that we describe represent the first example of permanent cell lines that regulate expression of the germline gamma locus in response to LPS plus IL-4 treatment in a manner analogous to normal B cells; therefore these lines should represent an excellent model system to further study the molecular mechanisms by which germline expression is regulated by these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rothman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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11
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Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism of IL-4-induced enhancement of IgE and IgG1 production, murine splenic B cells and A-MuLV-transformed cells were cultured with LPS and IL-4 and assayed for epsilon and gamma 1 transcripts. Concomitant treatment with IL-4 and LPS induced expression of C epsilon transcripts in both normal and transformed cells. Expression of these truncated C epsilon transcripts preceded accumulation of normal epsilon mRNA in treated cells. Consistent data were obtained with respect to gamma 1 RNA expression. These results suggest that IL-4 can direct class switching in the context of a mechanism associated with differential expression of germline constant region genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rothman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York
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Lee F, Yokota T, Chiu CP, De Vries J, Banchereau J, Arai N, Coffman R, Rennick D, Arai K. The molecular cloning of interleukins 4, 5 and 6: multifunctional hemopoietic growth factors. Behring Inst Mitt 1988:8-14. [PMID: 3266465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We summarize here our recent studies on the cloning and characterization of three lymphokines which are produced by activated T cells. Interleukins 4, 5 and 6 are involved in the regulation of B cell activation, proliferation and differentiation. IL-4 can activate resting B cells, while IL-5 stimulates the proliferation of activated B cells. Both of these factors also have a role in regulating the isotype of immunoglobulin produced by cultures of D cells. IL-6 appears to induce the differentiation of B cells to secrete high levels of immunoglobulin. In addition, each of these factors is involved in the regulation of other lineages of hemopoietic cells. Thus, T cells control multiple lineages of myeloid and lymphoid cells through the diverse actions of multiple lymphokines. IL-6 is exceptional because it is produced by a variety of cell types, and its action is not restricted to hemopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lee
- DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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Lutzker S, Rothman P, Pollock R, Coffman R, Alt FW. Mitogen- and IL-4-regulated expression of germ-line Ig gamma 2b transcripts: evidence for directed heavy chain class switching. Cell 1988; 53:177-84. [PMID: 2834063 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of murine B cells with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of different lymphokines results in cell populations that differentially express particular immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region (CH) genes. This class switch involves recombination between switch regions located upstream of the germ-line CH genes. We have treated Abelson murine leukemia virus-transformed pre-B cells and normal splenic B cells with LPS or LPS plus the lymphokine IL-4 and examined the effect on the germ-line gamma 2b locus and gamma 2b class switching. In both cell types, LPS induces transcription specifically through the germ-line gamma 2b locus before gamma 2b class switching. Furthermore, IL-4 inhibits LPS induction of germ-line gamma 2b transcripts in spleen cells and correspondingly abrogates switching to this CH gene. Thus treatment with mitogens and lymphokines can alter transcription of germ-line CH genes in B lineage cells and thereby directly regulate class switching in the context of a recombinase accessibility mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lutzker
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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Ennist DL, Greenblatt D, Coffman R, Sharma S, Maizel A, Howard M. Activity of a partially purified human BCGF on murine assays for B-cell stimulatory factors. I. BCGF II-like activity of human BCGF. Cell Immunol 1987; 110:77-94. [PMID: 3499989 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(87)90103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To further characterize a human B-cell growth factor (BCGF) produced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) P-stimulated peripheral blood T cells, a partially purified preparation of this material was tested in a number of murine assays for B-cell stimulatory factors (BSF). Human BCGF lacked murine BSF-1 activity as assessed via the induction of polyclonal proliferation of anti-IgM-stimulated murine B cells; however, this material consistently augmented the proliferative response of murine B cells to anti-IgM and a saturating dose of murine BSF-1. Human BCGF also induced proliferation in unstimulated murine B cells, and augmented the proliferative response of dextran sulfate activated murine B cells. Human BCGF is therefore capable of causing proliferation of unstimulated and activated murine B cells, and by these criteria closely resembles murine BCGF II. In contrast to murine BCGF II, however, human BCGF failed to stimulate proliferation or immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion by murine BCL1 B lymphoma cells. A murine analog of this human BCGF showing the same pattern of biological responses was found in concanavalin A-stimulated supernatants of the murine MB2.1 T-cell line and D9-Cl T-cell hybridoma. The active component of the human BCGF preparation was not due to contaminating PHA, interleukin 1, interleukin 2; interferon-gamma, or endotoxin. Comparison between the above human BCGF and a commonly used source of murine BCGF II, i.e., supernatant from antigen-stimulated D10.G4.1 T cells, provided information suggestive of BCGF II heterogeneity. Both human BCGF and D10.G4.1 supernatant caused proliferation of unstimulated and dextran sulfate-stimulated murine B cells; however, only the human BCGF preparation augmented the proliferative response of murine B cells to anti-IgM and a saturating dose of murine BSF-1, and only the D10.G4.1 supernatant stimulated BCL1 cell proliferation and immunoglobulin secretion. The data therefore indicate that the different assays for BCGF II used in this study respond to different factors, and suggest the existence of two BCGF II-like activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Ennist
- Laboratory of Microbial Immunity, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Lee F, Yokota T, Otsuka T, Meyerson P, Villaret D, Coffman R, Mosmann T, Rennick D, Roehm N, Smith C. Isolation and characterization of a mouse interleukin cDNA clone that expresses B-cell stimulatory factor 1 activities and T-cell- and mast-cell-stimulating activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:2061-5. [PMID: 3083412 PMCID: PMC323230 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.7.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A cDNA sequence coding for a unique mouse interleukin that expresses B-cell-, T-cell, and mast-cell-stimulating activities has been isolated from a mouse helper T-cell cDNA library. The library, constructed in the pcD expression vector, was screened by transfecting COS monkey cells with DNA pools to express the products encoded by full-length cDNA inserts. By assaying the transfected cell supernatants, we identified clones encoding a factor that stimulates T-cell and mast cell lines. This factor also induces Ia expression on resting B cells and enhances IgG1 and IgE production by B cells, two properties of B-cell-stimulatory factor 1. The DNA sequence codes for a polypeptide of 140 amino acid residues including a putative signal peptide. These results demonstrate that a single cDNA clone distinct from interleukin 2 and interleukin 3 encodes a polypeptide with multiple biological activities.
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Alt FW, Yancopoulos GD, Blackwell TK, Wood C, Thomas E, Boss M, Coffman R, Rosenberg N, Tonegawa S, Baltimore D. Ordered rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region segments. EMBO J 1984; 3:1209-19. [PMID: 6086308 PMCID: PMC557501 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region is encoded as three separate libraries of elements in germ-line DNA: VH, D and JH. To examine the order and regulation of their joining, we have developed assays that distinguish their various combinations and have used the assays to study tumor cell analogs of B-lymphoid cells as well as normal B-lymphoid cells. Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) transformed fetal liver cells - the most primitive B-lymphoid cell analog available for analysis - generally had DJH rearrangements at both JH loci. These lines continued DNA rearrangement in culture, in most cases by joining a VH gene segment to an existing DJH complex with the concomitant deletion of intervening DNA sequences. None of these lines or their progeny showed evidence of VHD or DD rearrangements. Heavy chain-producing tumor lines, representing more mature stages of the B-cell pathway, and normal B-lymphocytes had either two VHDJH rearrangements or a VHDJH plus a DJH rearrangement at their two heavy chain loci; they also showed no evidence of VHD or DD rearrangements. These results support an ordered mechanism of variable gene assembly during B-cell differentiation in which D-to-JH rearrangements generally occur first and on both chromosomes followed by VH-to-DJH rearrangements, with both types of joining processes occurring by intrachromosomal deletion. The high percentage of JH alleles remaining in the DJH configuration in heavy chain-producing lines and, especially, in normal B-lymphocytes supports a regulated mechanism of heavy chain allelic exclusion in which a VHDJH rearrangement, if productive, prevents an additional VH-to-DJH rearrangement.
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Abstract
When BALB/c mice were injected with a syngeneic cell line transformed by Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV), the tumor was usually lethal. In sera from tumor-bearing mice, and at highest levels in sera from mice that reject their tumors, was an antibody that immunoprecipitates a specific protein from [35S]-methionine-labeled A-MuLV-transformed BALB/c cells. This protein was not the previously characterized A-MuLV-specific protein (P120) but a 50,000-molecular-weight protein (P50). Such sera may also immunoprecipitate P120, but no other protein was reproducibly precipitated by them. A monoclonal antibody (RA3-2C2) that has been shown to stain normal B-lymphocytes also selectively immunoprecipitated P50. P50 was present in A-MuLV-transformed lymphoid and fibroblastic cells of a variety of mouse strains. One A-MuLV-transformed cell line had a very low P50 level, the L1-2 tumor of C57L origin. This tumor was previously shown to be rejected by C57L mice and is used to produce anti-P120 (anti-AbT) sera. P50 was not a Moloney MuLV protein and was found at low levels in normal cells of cells transformed by agents other than A-MuLV; thus, it was probably a host cell protein whose concentration was selectively accentuated by A-MuLV transformation. P50 was phosphorylated and, by using indirect immunofluorescence, anti-P50 serum stained live A-MuLV-transformed cells. The protein was not glycosylated and did not label by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. Thus, P50 was very like P120 in its cellular localization and properties, but it did not exhibit proptein kinase activity in vitro. The selective accentuation of this protein in A-MuLV transformants and its strong antigenicity in syngeneic animals suggest that it is a unique and functionally important protein.
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Roach MK, Khan MM, Coffman R, Pennington W, Davis DL. Brain (NA+ + K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity and neurotransmitter uptake in alcohol-dependent rats. Brain Res 1973; 63:323-9. [PMID: 4148743 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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