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Cherian KN, Keynan JN, Anker L, Faerman A, Brown RE, Shamma A, Keynan O, Coetzee JP, Batail JM, Phillips A, Bassano NJ, Sahlem GL, Inzunza J, Millar T, Dickinson J, Rolle CE, Keller J, Adamson M, Kratter IH, Williams NR. Magnesium-ibogaine therapy in veterans with traumatic brain injuries. Nat Med 2024; 30:373-381. [PMID: 38182784 PMCID: PMC10878970 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02705-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability. Sequelae can include functional impairments and psychiatric syndromes such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety. Special Operations Forces (SOF) veterans (SOVs) may be at an elevated risk for these complications, leading some to seek underexplored treatment alternatives such as the oneirogen ibogaine, a plant-derived compound known to interact with multiple neurotransmitter systems that has been studied primarily as a treatment for substance use disorders. Ibogaine has been associated with instances of fatal cardiac arrhythmia, but coadministration of magnesium may mitigate this concern. In the present study, we report a prospective observational study of the Magnesium-Ibogaine: the Stanford Traumatic Injury to the CNS protocol (MISTIC), provided together with complementary treatment modalities, in 30 male SOVs with predominantly mild TBI. We assessed changes in the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule from baseline to immediately (primary outcome) and 1 month (secondary outcome) after treatment. Additional secondary outcomes included changes in PTSD (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5), depression (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale) and anxiety (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale). MISTIC resulted in significant improvements in functioning both immediately (Pcorrected < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.74) and 1 month (Pcorrected < 0.001, d = 2.20) after treatment and in PTSD (Pcorrected < 0.001, d = 2.54), depression (Pcorrected < 0.001, d = 2.80) and anxiety (Pcorrected < 0.001, d = 2.13) at 1 month after treatment. There were no unexpected or serious adverse events. Controlled clinical trials to assess safety and efficacy are needed to validate these initial open-label findings. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT04313712 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten N Cherian
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jackob N Keynan
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Anker
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Afik Faerman
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Ahmed Shamma
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Or Keynan
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John P Coetzee
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Polytrauma Division, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Marie Batail
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Angela Phillips
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bassano
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gregory L Sahlem
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jose Inzunza
- Ambio Life Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Trevor Millar
- Ambio Life Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - C E Rolle
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Keller
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maheen Adamson
- WRIISC-WOMEN & Department of Rehabilitation, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ian H Kratter
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nolan R Williams
- Brain Stimulation Lab, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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O'Leary TP, Stover KR, Mantolino HM, Darvesh S, Brown RE. Intact olfactory memory in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease from 3 to 15 months of age. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112731. [PMID: 32522622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that causes profound cognitive dysfunction. Deficits in olfactory memory occur in early stages of AD and may be useful in AD diagnosis. The 5xFAD mouse is a commonly used model of AD, as it develops neuropathology, cognitive and sensori-motor dysfunctions similar to those seen in AD. However, olfactory memory dysfunction has not been studied adequately or in detail in 5xFAD mice. Furthermore, despite sex differences in AD prevalence and symptom presentation, few studies using 5xFAD mice have examined sex differences in learning and memory. Therefore, we tested olfactory memory in male and female 5xFAD mice from 3 to 15 months of age using a conditioned odour preference task. Olfactory memory was not impaired in male or female 5xFAD mice at any age tested, nor were there any sex differences. Because early-onset impairments in very long-term (remote) memory have been reported in 5xFAD mice, we trained a group of mice at 3 months of age and tested olfactory memory 90 days later. Very long-term olfactory memory in 5xFAD mice was not impaired, nor was their ability to perform the discrimination task with new odourants. Examination of brains from 5xFAD mice confirmed extensive Aβ-plaque deposition spanning the olfactory memory system, including the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, amygdala and piriform cortex. Overall this study indicates that male and female 5xFAD mice do not develop olfactory memory deficits, despite extensive Aβ deposition within the olfactory-memory regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P O'Leary
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - K R Stover
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - H M Mantolino
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - S Darvesh
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - R E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Schiffino FL, McNally JM, Hassler AN, Brown RE, Strecker RE. 0224 Optogenetic Manipulation of Basal Forebrain Parvalbumin Neurons Modulates Vigilant Attention and Rescues Sleep Deprivation Induced Impairments. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Sleep disruption leads to attention impairments, excessive daytime sleepiness, and is a major contributor to accident rates and decreased workplace productivity. The basal forebrain (BF) region has long been associated with promoting cortical arousal and wakefulness. Recently, selective excitation of BF parvalbumin (PV) GABAergic neurons has been shown to produce high frequency cortical activation and brief periods of wakefulness. Here we test the hypothesis that BF PV neurons are involved in vigilant attention using bidirectional optogenetic manipulations in a signaled reaction time task.
Methods
Brief optogenetic excitation (ChR2) and inhibition (ArchT) of BF PV neurons was applied during a lever release version of the rodent psychomotor vigilance task (rPVT). Mice were trained to hold a lever down to initiate a trial and after a random delay, a 200ms cue light signaled the mouse to quickly release the lever within 1s to receive a sucrose pellet reward. The reaction time between cue light onset and lever release was the primary measure of attentional performance. Sleep deprivation (8h) produced by gentle handling was also investigated. Laser parameters: brief (1s) of continuous (non-pulsatile) laser stimulation was delivered beginning 500ms prior to cue light onset (5mW 473nm blue light for ChR2-mediated excitation; 10mW 530nm green light for ArchT-mediated inhibition).
Results
BF PV excitation led to faster reactions times (N=6, 14% faster, p<.001), interpreted as an enhancement of attention. Sleep deprivation slowed reaction times (20% slower, p<.01) and BF PV excitation rescued the sleep deprivation induced impairments. BF PV inhibition significantly slowed reaction times (25% slower, p<.02), an effect that resembled the effects of sleep deprivation.
Conclusion
This is the first demonstration of a role for BF PV neurons in attention and in the attention deficits produced by sleep deprivation.
Support
T32 HL007901, I01 BX002774, P01 HL095491, R01 MH039683, I01 BX004500, IK2 BX002130, Stonehill College SURE program, I01 BX001356
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Schiffino
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - J M McNally
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - A N Hassler
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Stonehill College, Easton, MA
| | - R E Brown
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - R E Strecker
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
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Uygun DS, Yang C, Miwa H, McKenna JT, McNally JM, Katsuki F, Strecker RE, Brown RE, Basheer R. 0028 GABAA Receptors Of The Thalamic Reticular Nucleus Regulate Sleep Spindles: An In Vivo Investigation By CRISPR-cas9 Genetic Abscission. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D S Uygun
- Harvard Medical School-VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
| | - C Yang
- Harvard Medical School-VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
| | - H Miwa
- Harvard Medical School-VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
| | - J T McKenna
- Harvard Medical School-VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
| | - J M McNally
- Harvard Medical School-VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
| | - F Katsuki
- Harvard Medical School-VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
| | - R E Strecker
- Harvard Medical School-VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
| | - R E Brown
- Harvard Medical School-VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
| | - R Basheer
- Harvard Medical School-VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
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Bouaouda H, Shukla C, McKenna JT, McNally JM, Winston S, Kalinchuk AV, Thankachan S, Strecker RE, Deisseroth K, Brown RE, Basheer R. 0074 Pharmacologic And Optogenetic Dissection Of Sleep Homeostatic Circuits In The Basal Forebrain. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Bouaouda
- VA Boston Healthcare System- Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - C Shukla
- VA Boston Healthcare System- Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - J T McKenna
- VA Boston Healthcare System- Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - J M McNally
- VA Boston Healthcare System- Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - S Winston
- VA Boston Healthcare System- Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - A V Kalinchuk
- VA Boston Healthcare System- Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - S Thankachan
- VA Boston Healthcare System- Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - R E Strecker
- VA Boston Healthcare System- Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | | | - R E Brown
- VA Boston Healthcare System- Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - R Basheer
- VA Boston Healthcare System- Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
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McKenna JT, Yang C, Katsuki F, Strecker RE, Basheer R, McNally JM, Brown RE. 0071 Perineuronal Nets In The Thalamic Reticular Nucleus Regulate Neuronal Excitability And Gate Coupling Of Sleep Spindles To Cortical Slow Waves. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J T McKenna
- VA Boston Healthcare/Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - C Yang
- VA Boston Healthcare/Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - F Katsuki
- VA Boston Healthcare/Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - R E Strecker
- VA Boston Healthcare/Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - R Basheer
- VA Boston Healthcare/Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - J M McNally
- VA Boston Healthcare/Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - R E Brown
- VA Boston Healthcare/Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
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Lamp AC, McCullough DU, Brown RE, Gregory KB, Flynn-Evans EE, Belenky G. 0206 Landing Pilot Sleep - Is Third Break the Best Choice for Recuperation? Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A C Lamp
- Washington State University, Spokane, WA
| | | | - R E Brown
- Washington State University, Spokane, WA
| | - K B Gregory
- San Jose State University Foundation, Moffett Field, CA
| | | | - G Belenky
- Washington State University, Spokane, WA
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Brown RE, Randhawa AK, Canning KL, Fung M, Jiandani D, Wharton S, Kuk JL. Waist circumference at five common measurement sites in normal weight and overweight adults: which site is most optimal? Clin Obes 2018; 8:21-29. [PMID: 29218787 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine (i) if adults would measure their own waist circumference (WC), (ii) which WC site(s) are the most intuitive and easy to measure and (iii) if measurement accuracy and association between WC and blood pressure differs across five measurement sites. Participants (n = 198) measured their WC first with no instruction and then using visual instructions for the iliac crest, last rib, midpoint, minimal waist and umbilicus. Without instruction, men most commonly measured their WC at the umbilicus and iliac crest, while women measured their WC at the umbilicus and minimal WC. Both men and women reported the minimal waist and umbilicus to be moderately easier to self-measure compared to the other sites (P < 0.05). Prevalence of abdominal obesity varied significantly by gender and measurement site, especially for females (normal weight: 0-18%; overweight: 51-79%). Measurement site did not influence accuracy of WC self-measurement or the association between WC and blood pressure (P > 0.05). A universal WC landmark is needed. From these results, there does not appear to be a clear clinical advantage in terms of blood pressure or practical advantage of measuring one WC site over another. However, the umbilicus may be the most intuitive and easy to measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Brown
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A K Randhawa
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - K L Canning
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Fung
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D Jiandani
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Wharton
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Wharton Medical Clinic, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J L Kuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Thankachan S, Shukla C, McKenna JT, McNally JM, Zant JC, Winston S, Brown RE, Basheer R, McCarley RW. 0102 BASAL FOREBRAIN PARVALBUMIN NEURONS PROMOTE SHORT-LATENCY AROUSALS AND WAKEFULNESS IN MICE. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Brown RE, Yang C, Winston S, Anderson-Chernisof M, McNally JM, McKenna JT. 0043 INVESTIGATION OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN OF FOREBRAIN GABAERGIC NEURONS INVOLVED IN SLEEP-WAKE CONTROL USING A FATE-MAPPING APPROACH. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Uygun DS, McNally JM, Yang L, Imaizumi K, Katsuki F, Brown RE, Mao X, Nicholson T, Sidor M, Zhang Q, Strecker RE, McCarley RW, Feng G, Pan JQ. 0017 ABNORMAL SLEEP SPINDLE RHYTHMOGENESIS IN MICE BEARING A SCHIZOPHRENIA ASSOCIATED CODING VARIANT IN THE CACNA1I GENE. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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McNally JM, Shukla C, Thankachan S, McKenna JT, Yang C, Brown RE, McCarley RW, Basheer R. 0129 LOCAL THALAMIC RETICULAR NUCLEUS INHIBITION OF T-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNELS REDUCES SLEEP SPINDLES IN MICE. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Thankachan S, McNally JM, McKenna JT, Strecker RE, Brown RE, McCarley RW. 0098 BASAL FOREBRAIN PARVALBUMIN NEURONS CONTROL THALAMIC RETICULAR NEURONS: AN OPTOGENETIC STUDY INVESTIGATING SPINDLES AND NREM SLEEP REGULATION. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Katsuki F, McNally JM, Thankachan S, McKenna JT, Brown RE, Strecker RE, McCarley RW. 0218 OPTOGENETIC MANIPULATION OF PARVALBUMIN CONTAINING GABAERGIC NEURONS IN THE THALAMIC RETICULAR NUCLEUS ALTERS DECLARATIVE AND NON-DECLARATIVE MEMORIES IN MICE. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Yang C, Kalinchuk A, Jacobson KA, Winston S, McKenna JT, McCarley RW, Strecker RE, Basheer R, Brown RE. 0099 INFUSION OF A PURINERGIC P2 RECEPTOR AGONIST INTO THE BASAL FOREBRAIN BY REVERSE MICRODIALYSIS ATTENUATES HOMEOSTATIC SLEEP REBOUND. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Miwa H, Basheer R, McKenna JT, McNally JM, Strecker RE, McCarley RW, Brown RE. 0130 ROLES OF GAD67 IN THE THALAMIC RETICULAR NUCLEUS FOR REGULATING SLEEP SPINDLE GENERATION. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Harwood B, Scherer J, Brown RE, Cornett KMD, Kenno KA, Jakobi JM. Neuromuscular responses of the plantar flexors to whole-body vibration. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1569-1575. [PMID: 28033657 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced physical performance following whole-body vibration (WBV) has been attributed to increased muscle activity; however, few studies have measured the mechanisms underlying these changes. The objective of this study was to measure the responsiveness of the Ia pathway as well as contractile properties in 16 young adults (24±2 years, eight men, eight women) following repeated bouts of acute WBV (45 Hz, 2 mm). Hoffman reflexes (H-reflex), compound muscle action potentials (M-wave), and twitch contractile properties were measured prior to and immediately following five 1-minute WBV exposures, and at 3, 5, 10, and 20 minute post-WBV. M-wave and H-reflex amplitudes decreased by 8% (P<.001) and by 46% (P<.05), respectively, whereas peak twitch torque decreased by 9% (P<.01) and rate of twitch torque development slowed 8% (P<.05). Percent voluntary activation and maximal plantar flexor torque were unchanged as a consequence of WBV (P>.05). In response to acute WBV, the root mean square of the soleus electromyography signal (EMGRMS ) increased by 8%, while the EMGRMS of the lateral gastrocnemius increased by 3% (P<.05). These data indicate that the responsiveness of the Ia pathway is diminished and contractile function is impaired immediately following WBV, and that the neural mechanisms underlying improved performance following WBV lie in alternative hypotheses possibly involving spindle disfacilitation or Golgi afferent modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Harwood
- Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - J Scherer
- Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - R E Brown
- Health and Exercise Science, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - K M D Cornett
- Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - K A Kenno
- Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - J M Jakobi
- Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Liang CS, Quesada AE, Goswami M, Johnston PK, Brown RE, Jaso JM. Phosphorylated STAT3 expression in hematopoietic stem cell transplant-associated large granular lymphocytic leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 51:741-3. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2015.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jiandani D, Randhawa A, Brown RE, Hamilton R, Matthew AG, Kuk JL, Alibhai SMH, Tufts E, Santa Mina D. The effect of bicycling on PSA levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2015; 18:208-12. [DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Macdonald IR, DeBay DR, Reid GA, O'Leary TP, Jollymore CT, Mawko G, Burrell S, Martin E, Bowen CV, Brown RE, Darvesh S. Early detection of cerebral glucose uptake changes in the 5XFAD mouse. Curr Alzheimer Res 2015; 11:450-60. [PMID: 24801216 PMCID: PMC4082185 DOI: 10.2174/1567205011666140505111354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain glucose hypometabolism has been observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, and is detected with 18F radiolabelled glucose, using positron emission tomography. A pathological hallmark of AD is deposition of brain β-amyloid plaques that may influence cerebral glucose metabolism. The five times familial AD (5XFAD) mouse is a model of brain amyloidosis exhibiting AD-like phenotypes. This study examines brain β-amyloid plaque deposition and 18FDG uptake, to search for an early biomarker distinguishing 5XFAD from wild-type mice. Thus, brain 18FDG uptake and plaque deposition was studied in these mice at age 2, 5 and 13 months. The 5XFAD mice demonstrated significantly reduced brain 18FDG uptake at 13 months relative to wild-type controls but not in younger mice, despite substantial β-amyloid plaque deposition. However, by comparing the ratio of uptake values for glucose in different regions in the same brain, 5XFAD mice could be distinguished from controls at age 2 months. This method of measuring altered glucose metabolism may represent an early biomarker for the progression of amyloid deposition in the brain. We conclude that brain 18FDG uptake can be a sensitive biomarker for early detection of abnormal metabolism in the 5XFAD mouse when alternative relative uptake values are utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - S Darvesh
- Room 1308, Camp Hill Veterans' Memorial, 5955 Veterans' Memorial Lane, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 2E1. Canada.
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21
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Abstract
Obesity is associated with multiple negative health consequences and current weight management guidelines recommend all obese persons to lose weight. However, recent evidence suggests that not all obese persons are negatively affected by their weight and that weight loss does not necessarily always improve health. The purpose of this review is not to trivialize the significant health risks associated with obesity, but to discuss subpopulations of obese people who are not adversely affected, or may even benefit from higher adiposity, and in who weight loss per se may not always be the most appropriate recommendation. More specifically, this review will take a devil's advocate position when discussing the consequences of obesity and weight loss for adults with established cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, weight cyclers, metabolically healthy obese adults, youth, older adults and obese individuals who are highly fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Brown
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Willis TA, George J, Hunt C, Roberts KPJ, Evans CEL, Brown RE, Rudolf MCJ. Combating child obesity: impact of HENRY on parenting and family lifestyle. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:339-50. [PMID: 23818487 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-quarter of children in England are overweight/obese at school entry. We investigated the impact of a programme designed to provide parents of infants and preschool children with the skills required for a healthier family lifestyle. METHOD A cohort of families was followed across the 8-week HENRY (Health Exercise Nutrition for the Really Young) parent course at nine locations in England. Seventy-seven parents enrolled on the course, of which 71 agreed to complete questionnaires addressing eating behaviours, dietary intake and parental self-efficacy. Pre- and post-course data was available from 60 (84.5%) parents (8-week follow-up data from 58 parents) and was analysed using repeated measures analyses. RESULTS Significant changes were observed, with most sustained at follow-up. Parents reported increased self-efficacy and ability to encourage good behaviour (P < 0.001). Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables was reported in both children and adults, together with reduced consumption of sweets, cakes and fizzy drinks in adults (all P < 0.01). There were also positive changes in eating behaviours (e.g., frequency of family mealtimes and eating while watching television or in response to negative emotion [P < 0.01] ) and reduced screen time in adults (P < 0.001). DISCUSSION The results build upon earlier evaluation, indicating that the HENRY intervention has a beneficial impact upon the families of infants and preschool children. Furthermore, the findings suggest that positive changes inspired by the programme can be maintained beyond its completion. Such changes may serve to protect against later obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Willis
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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23
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Yang C, Brown RE. The cholinergic agonist carbachol increases the frequency of spontaneous GABAergic synaptic currents in dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons in the mouse. Neuroscience 2013; 258:62-73. [PMID: 24231737 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonin (5-HT) neurons play an important role in feeding, mood control and stress responses. One important feature of their activity across the sleep-wake cycle is their reduced firing during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep which stands in stark contrast to the wake/REM-on discharge pattern of brainstem cholinergic neurons. A prominent model of REM sleep control posits a reciprocal interaction between these cell groups. 5-HT inhibits cholinergic neurons, and activation of nicotinic receptors can excite DRN 5-HT neurons but the cholinergic effect on inhibitory inputs is incompletely understood. Here, in vitro, in DRN brain slices prepared from GAD67-GFP knock-in mice, a brief (3 min) bath application of carbachol (50 μM) increased the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in GFP-negative, putative 5-HT neurons but did not affect miniature (tetrodotoxin-insensitive) IPSCs. Carbachol had no direct postsynaptic effect. Thus, carbachol likely increases the activity of local GABAergic neurons which synapse on 5-HT neurons. Removal of dorsal regions of the slice including the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) region where GABAergic neurons projecting to the DRN have been identified, abolished the effect of carbachol on sIPSCs whereas the removal of ventral regions containing the oral region of the pontine reticular nucleus (PnO) did not. In addition, carbachol directly excited GFP-positive, GABAergic vlPAG neurons. Antagonism of both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors completely abolished the effects of carbachol. We suggest cholinergic neurons inhibit DRN 5-HT neurons when acetylcholine levels are lower i.e. during quiet wakefulness and the beginning of REM sleep periods, in part via excitation of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors located on local vlPAG and DRN GABAergic neurons. Higher firing rates or burst firing of cholinergic neurons associated with attentive wakefulness or phasic REM sleep periods leads to excitation of 5-HT neurons via the activation of nicotinic receptors located postsynaptically and presynaptically on excitatory afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yang
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, MA, USA
| | - R E Brown
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, MA, USA.
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24
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Opoku-Boateng A, Bolton JS, Corsetti R, Brown RE, Oxner C, Fuhrman GM. Use of a sestamibi-only approach to routine minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Am Surg 2013; 79:797-801. [PMID: 23896247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We performed this study to compare a sestamibi-only radio-guided approach (MIBI) versus using intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring (IOPTH) in the performance of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) in patients with a clearly positive preoperative sestamibi scan from January 2000 to June 2010. Five of 81 patients in the MIBI group required additional surgery, three at the time of MIP when the intraoperative findings were in conflict with the preoperative sestamibi scan and two required a second operation as a result of an undiscovered second adenoma. In the IOPTH group, five patients had an unnecessary bilateral neck exploration as a result of an inadequate drop in PTH levels, whereas six had their disease cured because the PTH levels predicted additional pathology. One patient in the IOPTH group remains hypercalcemic and represents the only surgical failure in this study. The MIBI group had a shortened operating room time and less cost (P < 0.001). No deaths or complications, including recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries, occurred in this study. Although both strategies are effective in managing hyperparathyroidism, a MIBI-only approach is less expensive and has shorter operative times with an occasional need for reoperation, whereas the IOPTH group results in more extensive surgery that will occasionally be unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adwoa Opoku-Boateng
- Department of Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121, USA
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25
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Dennison JB, Molina JR, Mitra S, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Brown RE, Mills GB. Abstract P3-06-06: Lactate dehydrogenase B in breast cancer contributes to glycolytic phenotype and predicts response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p3-06-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Although breast cancers are known to be molecularly heterogeneous, their metabolic heterogeneity is less well understood. This study aimed to identify and evaluate metabolic biomarkers in breast cancers and determine their ability to predict outcomes.
Methods: mRNA microarray data from breast cancer cell lines were used to identify bimodal genes, those with the highest potential for robust high/low classification in a clinical setting. Using a panel of breast cancer cell lines, expression and activity of the highest scoring bimodal metabolism gene, lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB), was quantified and associated with glycolytic phenotype. The contribution of LDHB to glycolysis was evaluated using MDA-MB-231 and HCC1937 cell lines with stable lentiviral knockdown of LDHB. mRNA expression of LDHB was evaluated for association with neoadjuvant chemotherapy response within clinical and PAM50-derived subtypes.
Results: LDHB was highly expressed in cell lines with glycolytic, basal-like phenotypes. Knockdown of LDHB in cell lines reduced glycolytic dependence, linking LDHB expression directly to metabolic function. Using four independent patient datasets, LDHB mRNA expression was positively associated with basal subtype and negatively associated with luminal and HER2 subtypes. Furthermore, LDHB predicted basal phenotype independently of hormone-receptor (HR) clinical status (OR = 21.6 for HR-positive/HER2-negative and OR = 18.2 for triple-negative). While LDHB expression could predict basal phenotype, high LDHB expression identified aggressive breast cancer tumors that were primarily but not exclusively basal. Importantly, high LDHB expression predicted pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for both hormone receptor (HR) positive/HER2-negative (OR = 4.0, P = .0002) and triple-negative (OR = 3.0, P = .003) cancers. Consistent with increased response to chemotherapy, LDHB expression in basal cancers within the triple-negative group was associated with the proliferative marker CCNB1 (P < .0001).
Conclusion: mRNA expression of LDHB as a single marker predicted glycolytic phenotype in cell lines and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancers independently of HR status. These observations support prospective clinical evaluation of LDHB as a predictive marker of response for breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-06-06.
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Affiliation(s)
- JB Dennison
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - JR Molina
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - S Mitra
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - AM Gonzalez-Angulo
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - RE Brown
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - GB Mills
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
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26
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Abstract
The national cost of managing genital warts (GWs) in the UK has not been fully estimated, yet is required to inform decisions on vaccination against human papillomavirus. This study estimated the 2010 UK costs based on secondary genitourinary (GU) medicine clinic data from the Health Protection Agency (HPA) and primary care data from the Health Improvement Network database. Extrapolating data to 2010 resulted in 173,077 GU medicine clinic and 16,782 primary care GW episodes. Using treatment patterns obtained from key opinion leaders and tariffs from National Health Service Payment by Results (NHS PbR), the national costs were estimated at £52.4 million: £276 per treated GW episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lanitis
- United BioSource Corporation, London, UK.
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27
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McNally JM, McCarley RW, McKenna JT, Yanagawa Y, Brown RE. Complex receptor mediation of acute ketamine application on in vitro gamma oscillations in mouse prefrontal cortex: modeling gamma band oscillation abnormalities in schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2011; 199:51-63. [PMID: 22027237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (Sz), along with other neuropsychiatric disorders, is associated clinically with abnormalities in neocortical gamma frequency (30-80 Hz) oscillations. In Sz patients, these abnormalities include both increased and decreased gamma activity, and show a strong association with Sz symptoms. For several decades, administration of sub-anesthetic levels of ketamine has provided the most comprehensive experimental model of Sz-symptoms. While acute application of ketamine precipitates a psychotic-like state in a number of animal models, as well as humans, the underlying mechanisms behind this effect, including alteration of neuronal network properties, are incompletely understood, making an in vitro level analysis particularly important. Previous in vitro studies have had difficulty inducing gamma oscillations in neocortical slices maintained in submerged-type recording chambers necessary for visually guided whole-cell recordings from identified neurons. Consequently, here, we validated a modified method to evoke gamma oscillations using brief, focal application of the glutamate receptor agonist kainate (KA), in slices prepared from mice expressing green fluorescent protein in GABAergic interneurons (GAD67-GFP knock-in mice). Using this method, gamma oscillations dependent on activation of AMPA and GABA(A) receptors were reliably elicited in slices containing mouse prelimbic cortex, the rodent analogue of the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Examining the effects of ketamine on this model, we found that bath application of ketamine significantly potentiated KA-elicited gamma power, an effect mimicked by selective NMDAR antagonists including a selective antagonist of NMDARs containing the NR2B subunit. Importantly, ketamine, unlike more specific NMDAR antagonists, also reduced the peak frequency of KA-elicited oscillatory activity. Our findings indicate that this effect is mediated not through NMDAR, but through slowing the decay kinetics of GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents in identified GABAergic interneurons. These in vitro findings may help explain the complexities of gamma findings in clinical studies of Sz and prove useful in developing new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M McNally
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 940 Belmont Street, Research 151C, Brockton, MA 02301, USA
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28
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Gunn RK, Keenan ME, Brown RE. Analysis of sensory, motor and cognitive functions of the coloboma (C3Sn.Cg-Cm/J) mutant mouse. Genes Brain Behav 2011; 10:579-88. [PMID: 21507201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The coloboma mutant mouse (C3Sn.Cg-Cm/J) has been proposed as an animal model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) because of excessive locomotion in the open field, yet few studies have looked at other behavioral measures in these mice. We analyzed activity levels of male and female Cm mice and their littermate controls (C3H) in two different types of open field, as well as their hearing (acoustic startle) and sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition), pain responsiveness (tail flick and hot plate), motor control (balance beam), motor learning (Rotarod), hippocampal working memory (spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze) and olfactory learning and memory (conditioned odor preference). We found hyperactivity and a lack of habituation in the small and large open fields and a deficit in prepulse inhibition in these mice, as well as a learning deficit in male Cm mice in conditioned odor preference but no deficits in pain perception or spontaneous alternation. Results from the rotarod and balance beam tasks indicate that Cm mice have severe motor co-ordination and balance problems compared to their C3H littermates, suggesting that Cm mice may be a more suitable model of ataxia than ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gunn
- Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, 1459 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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29
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Abstract
The RAS is a novel target in the study of diabetes, and clinical trials have indicated that ARBs, such as valsartan, may exert some of their clinical effects through an influence on adipose tissue. We studied the effect of valsartan on adipokine genes resistin (rstn) and fasting-induced adipose factor (fiaf) using obese and diabetic ob/ob mice. In addition to visceral and subcutaneous fat, rstn and fiaf mRNA levels were also measured in several other tissues known to express these adipokines, including the pituitary, cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. The significant findings were that (a) fiaf gene expression was elevated two- to fourfold in visceral and subcutaneous fat from ob/ob mice, compared with lean controls; (b) the increase in fiaf mRNA in subcutaneous, but not visceral, fat from ob/ob mice was returned to lean control levels following 2 weeks of valsartan treatment; (c) fiaf expression was reduced in the hypothalamus, but not in the cortex or pituitary, of ob/ob mice; (d) rstn expression was greatly reduced in visceral fat from ob/ob mice, compared with lean controls, but this was unaffected by valsartan; and (e) rstn expression was unchanged in all other tissues from ob/ob mice, with or without valsartan treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Imran
- Division of Endocrinology, Dalhousie University, 1278 Tower Road, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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30
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Abstract
Three investigations were conducted on the effects of various procedures initiated by a principal on the behavior of elementary school children. Seventy nine children including kindergarten, first, third, and fifth graders served as subjects. In Experiment I, when three chronically absent children attended school, the principal entered their classrooms and praised them for being present. In Experiment II, three low-achieving subjects were sent to the principal's office to receive praise contingent on meeting predetermined criteria in word-recognition and addition tutoring sessions. Experiment III assessed the effects that a procedure implemented by a principal had on the academic functioning of 74 third graders. Twice weekly in two classrooms the principal recognized both improving students and the highest performing students for their work on addition study sheets. In all three experiments, the target behaviors increased when the principal applied the treatment contingencies. The application of multiple baseline designs revealed a functional relationship between the children's behavior and the procedures implemented by the principal. Since the study was carried out in an overcrowded innercity public school, it was suggested that the treatment procedures might be widely applicable.
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31
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Brown RE, Cunningham CC. Association of the bovine cardiac mitochondrial ATPase with phospholipids: reconstitution and phospholipid exchange studies. Biophys J 2010; 37:91-3. [PMID: 19431519 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(82)84615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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32
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Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality, yet only a small proportion of hypertensive individuals receive appropriate therapy and achieve target blood pressure (BP) values. Factors influencing the success of antihypertensive therapy include physicians' acceptance of guideline BP targets, the efficacy and tolerability of the drug regimen, and patient compliance and persistence with therapy. It is now well recognised that most hypertensive patients require at least two antihypertensive agents to achieve their target BP. However, complicated treatment regimens are a major contributory factor to poor patient compliance. The use of combination therapy for HTN offers a number of advantages over the use of monotherapy, including improved efficacy, as drug combinations with a synergistic mechanism of action can be used. This additive effect means that lower doses of the individual components can be used, which may translate into a decreased likelihood of adverse events. The use of single-pill combination therapy, in which two or more agents are combined in a single dosage form, offers all the benefits of free combination therapy (improved efficacy and tolerability over monotherapy) together with the added benefit of improved patient compliance because of the simplified treatment regimen. The use of single-pill combination therapy may also be associated with cost savings compared with the use of free combinations for reasons of cheaper drug costs, fewer physician visits and fewer hospitalisations for uncontrolled HTN and cardiovascular events. Thus, the use of single-pill combination therapy for HTN should help improve BP goal attainment through improved patient compliance, leading to reduced costs for cardiovascular-related care.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Burnier
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Consultation, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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33
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Brown RE, Imran SA, Ur E, Wilkinson M. KiSS-1 mRNA in adipose tissue is regulated by sex hormones and food intake. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 281:64-72. [PMID: 18069123 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic KiSS-1 gene expression is critical for the maintenance of reproductive function, and levels are attenuated by sex hormones and by food restriction, providing a link between fat mass and fertility. We hypothesized that adipose tissue (FAT) would express KiSS-1. KiSS-1 mRNA was quantified in FAT, hypothalamus (HYP) and pituitary gland (PIT) using realtime RT-PCR. FAT KiSS-1 expression was sensitive to sex steroids and to nutritional status. Gonadectomized rats given estradiol (E; females) or testosterone (T; males) revealed striking increases in KiSS-1 mRNA in FAT (E: 8-fold, p<0.01; T: 5-fold, p<0.01). In contrast, HYP KiSS-1 expression was reduced by E/T, whereas PIT expression was reduced by gonadectomy only in females, reversed by E. Food restriction (18 h) increased FAT KiSS-1 mRNA in both sexes (2.5-4.0-fold, p<0.01), but decreased levels in male PIT and female HYP. Conversely, FAT expression was reduced in rats fed a high fat diet (HFD), as well as in obese Zucker rats, whereas PIT expression was increased in Zucker rats (p<0.05) but not by HFD. In contrast HYP KiSS-1 mRNA was elevated by HFD. Experiments in which the arcuate nucleus was damaged by an excitotoxic lesion revealed that hypothalamic KiSS-1 mRNA was significantly reduced, whereas FAT levels were unaffected, suggesting that regulation of KiSS-1 in FAT is independent of the hypothalamus. In conclusion, KiSS-1 expression is differentially regulated by sex hormones, food intake and obesity in FAT, HYP and PIT. Kisspeptins of adipose tissue origin may act as adipokines or as local regulators of adipocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Brown
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, IWK Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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34
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Abstract
Based on the procedure of Prusky et al. (2000, Vision Research, 40, 2201-2209), we used a computer-based, two-alternative swim task to evaluate visual detection, pattern discrimination and visual acuity in 14 strains of mice from priority groups A and B of the JAX phenome project (129S1/SvImJ, A/J, AKR/J, BALB/cByJ, BALB/cJ, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, CAST/Ei, DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, MOLF/Ei, SJL/J, SM/J and SPRET/Ei). Each mouse was tested for eight trials/day for 8 days on each of the three tests. There was a significant strain difference in visual ability in all three tests. Mice with reported normal vision (129S1/SvImJ, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J) and one albino strain (AKR/J) performed very well in these tasks. The other albino strains (A/J, BALB/cByJ and BALB/cJ) took longer to learn the tasks than mice with normal vision and did not reach the criterion of 70% correct. Mice with retinal degeneration (C3H/HeJ, FVB/NJ, MOLF/Ei and SJL/J) performed only at chance levels as did the three strains with unknown visual abilities (CAST/Ei, SM/J and SPRET/Ei). Because many behavioral tasks for rodents rely on visual cues, we suggest that the visual abilities of mice should be evaluated before they are tested in commonly used visuo-spatial learning and memory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Wong
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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35
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Brown RE, Winston S, Basheer R, Thakkar MM, McCarley RW. Electrophysiological characterization of neurons in the dorsolateral pontine rapid-eye-movement sleep induction zone of the rat: Intrinsic membrane properties and responses to carbachol and orexins. Neuroscience 2006; 143:739-55. [PMID: 17008019 PMCID: PMC1775037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological, lesion and single-unit recording techniques in several animal species have identified a region of the pontine reticular formation (subcoeruleus, SubC) just ventral to the locus coeruleus as critically involved in the generation of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. However, the intrinsic membrane properties and responses of SubC neurons to neurotransmitters important in REM sleep control, such as acetylcholine and orexins/hypocretins, have not previously been examined in any animal species and thus were targeted in this study. We obtained whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from visually identified SubC neurons in rat brain slices in vitro. Two groups of large neurons (mean diameter 30 and 27 mum) were tentatively identified as cholinergic (rostral SubC) and noradrenergic (caudal SubC) neurons. SubC reticular neurons (non-cholinergic, non-noradrenergic) showed a medium-sized depolarizing sag during hyperpolarizing current pulses and often had a rebound depolarization (low-threshold spike, LTS). During depolarizing current pulses they exhibited little adaptation and fired maximally at 30-90 Hz. Those SubC reticular neurons excited by carbachol (n=27) fired spontaneously at 6 Hz, often exhibited a moderately sized LTS, and varied widely in size (17-42 mum). Carbachol-inhibited SubC reticular neurons were medium-sized (15-25 mum) and constituted two groups. The larger group (n=22) was silent at rest and possessed a prominent LTS and associated one to four action potentials. The second, smaller group (n=8) had a delayed return to baseline at the offset of hyperpolarizing pulses. Orexins excited both carbachol excited and carbachol inhibited SubC reticular neurons. SubC reticular neurons had intrinsic membrane properties and responses to carbachol similar to those described for other reticular neurons but a larger number of carbachol inhibited neurons were found (>50%), the majority of which demonstrated a prominent LTS and may correspond to pontine-geniculate-occipital burst neurons. Some or all carbachol-excited neurons are presumably REM-on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Brown
- In Vitro Neurophysiology Section, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, VA Medical Center Brockton, Research 151C, 940, Belmont Street, Brockton, MA 02301, USA.
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36
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Korotkova TM, Brown RE, Sergeeva OA, Ponomarenko AA, Haas HL. Effects of arousal- and feeding-related neuropeptides on dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the rat. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:2677-85. [PMID: 16817870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many neuropeptides regulate feeding and arousal; the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is likely to be one site where they act. We used whole-cell patch-clamp and single-unit extracellular recordings to examine the effects of such neuropeptides on the activity of VTA neurons. Substance P (SP; 300 nM) increased the firing rate of the majority of VTA dopaminergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons, and induced oscillations in two dopaminergic cells. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF; 200 nM) excited the majority of VTA cells directly, whereas neuropeptide Y (NPY; 300 nM) directly inhibited a subset of dopaminergic and GABAergic cells. Consecutive application of several neuropeptides revealed that all the neurons were excited by at least one of the excitatory neuropeptides SP, CRF or/and orexins. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone had no effect on dopaminergic cells (at concentrations of 500 nM and 1 microM) and affected only a small proportion of GABAergic neurons. Ghrelin (500 nM), agouti-related peptide (1 microM); cocaine and amphetamine-related transcript (500 nM) and leptin (500 nM and 1 microM) did not modulate the firing rate and membrane potential of VTA neurons. Single-cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that all NPY receptors were present in VTA neurons, and all but one cell expressed NPY and/or at least one NPY receptor. CRF was expressed in 70% of dopaminergic VTA cells; the expression of CRF receptor 2 was more abundant than that of receptor 1. These findings suggest a link between the ability of neuropeptides to promote arousal and their action on VTA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Korotkova
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Heinrich-Heine University, D-40001 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infection with human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary cause of cervical cancer (CC) and genital warts (GW). HPV vaccination studies have shown excellent efficacy against HPV-induced lesions. To assess the cost-effectiveness of a HPV quadrivalent (6, 11, 16 and 18) vaccine it is necessary to estimate the costs of managing current levels of HPV-related diseases. This study estimates the annual 2003 expenditures in the UK for CC screening, follow-up of abnormal findings, CC treatment and GW treatment. DESIGN AND METHODS CC screening programmes provided the annual number of screening tests, their results and use of colposcopy procedures in women with abnormal findings. Incident CC cases and hospital admissions for CC in 2003 were used to estimate CC costs. Health Protection Agency data provided the annual number of new, recurrent or persistent cases of GW treated in Genitourinary Medicine (GUM) clinics. Treatment patterns for managing GW were estimated by GUM clinicians. The annual physician visits, tests, procedures, hospital admissions and topical genital wart medications were costed to estimate the total annual expenditures for CC and GW. RESULTS There were 4.8 million screening tests and 230 303 colposcopy procedures. Estimated costs for screening, management of abnormal and inadequate findings were 138.5 million pounds sterlings. Annual management costs for incident and prevalent CC cases were 46.8 million pounds sterlings. There were an estimated 76 457 incident and 55 657 recurrent/persistent GW cases in 2003. The costs for managing these cases were approximately 22.4 million pounds sterlings. Total annual estimated costs for CC screening, management and treatment of GW were 208 million pounds sterlings and ranged from 186.9 pounds sterlings to 214 million pounds sterlings based upon sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS The direct medical costs for the NHS associated with detection and management of CC, cervical dysplasia and treatment of GW in the UK are substantial. These medical costs are invaluable for future cost-effectiveness analyses of a quadrivalent HPV vaccine programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Brown
- UBC Health Care Analytics Group, London, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a recurring condition with many patients requiring long-term maintenance therapy. Therefore initial choice of treatment has long-term cost implications. The aim was to compare the costs and effectiveness of treatment of GORD the (unconfirmed by endoscopy) with seven proton pump inhibitors (PPIs: esomeprazole, lansoprazole (capsules and oro-dispersible tablets), omeprazole (generic and branded), pantoprazole and rabeprazole), over one year. DESIGN AND METHODS A treatment model was developed of 13 interconnected Markov models incorporating acute treatment of symptoms, long-term therapy and subsequent decisions to undertake endoscopy to confirm diagnosis. Patients were allowed to stop treatment or to receive maintenance treatment either continuously or on-demand depending on response to therapy. Long-term dosing schedule (high dose or step-down dose) was based on current market data. Efficacy of treatments was based on clinical trials and follow-up studies, while resource use patterns were determined by a panel of physicians. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The model predicts total expected annual costs, number of symptom-free days and quality-adjusted life-years (QALY). RESULTS Generic omeprazole and rabeprazole dominated (i.e. cost less and resulted in more symptom-free days and higher QALY gains) the other PPIs. Rabeprazole had a favourable cost-effectiveness ratio of 3.42 pounds per symptom-free day and 8308 pounds/quality-adjusted life-year gained when compared with generic omeprazole. Rabeprazole remained cost-effective independent of choice of maintenance treatment (i.e. proportion of patients remaining on continuous treatment versus on-demand treatment). CONCLUSIONS Economic models provide a useful framework to evaluate PPIs in realistic clinical scenarios. Our findings show that rabeprazole is cost-effective for the treatment of GORD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Remák
- The MEDTAP Institute at UBC, London, UK.
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39
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Brown RE. The NF-kappaB pathway and the successful application of anti-inflammatory and angiostatic therapy in Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. Br J Haematol 2005; 130:147-8. [PMID: 15982359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chase TD, Carrey N, Brown RE, Wilkinson M. Methylphenidate differentially regulates c-fos and fosB expression in the developing rat striatum. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2005; 157:181-91. [PMID: 15916815 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH, Ritalin) is a psychostimulant drug used in very young children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To explore the central effects of MPH, we compared repeated MPH treatments on c-fos and fosB expression in the striatum of immature and adult rats. Prepubertal (PD25-38) or adult (PD53-66) male rats were treated once daily for: (a) 14 days with either saline or MPH (2 or 10 mg/kg) or (b) 13 days with saline followed by a single dose of MPH (2 or 10 mg/kg) on day 14. To determine long-term effects of MPH, another group of prepubertal rats was allowed a drug-free period of 4 weeks following the initial 14 days of treatment, and received a challenge dose of MPH at adulthood. All rats were sacrificed 2 h post-injection on the final day. Expression of c-fos and fosB was quantified by densitometric analysis of cFOS and FOSB-immunoreactivity (-ir). We demonstrated that FOSB-ir was increased by a single dose of MPH in the prepubertal and adult striatum, and this effect was further elevated by chronic MPH in prepubertal rats, in contrast to the inhibitory effect of MPH (2 and 10 mg/kg) on cFOS-ir. In adult rats, repeated MPH down-regulated cFOS-ir only at the higher dose (10 mg/kg), while fosB expression remained at levels comparable to acute MPH. The reduction in cFOS-ir observed in prepubertal rats given repeated MPH (10 mg/kg) persisted in the adult striatum following MPH challenge at adulthood. Our results suggest that (1) repeated MPH treatment differentially regulates c-fos and fosB expression in the immature and adult brain; (2) MPH-induced changes in gene expression may be enduring, and (3) the immature brain is more sensitive to the stimulant effects of MPH than the adult. Thus, our findings have implications for the long-term use of MPH in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Chase
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Canada
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Chase TD, Carrey N, Brown RE, Wilkinson M. Methylphenidate regulates c-fos and fosB expression in multiple regions of the immature rat brain. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2005; 156:1-12. [PMID: 15862622 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2004] [Revised: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (Ritalin, MPH) is a common psychostimulant used to treat childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Little is known about the long-term developmental effects on gene expression and behavior, which may occur with extended MPH use. We reported previously that the striatum is a major target of MPH, consistent with human MRI studies. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that MPH is likely to have widespread effects in extra-striatal regions of the brain. We used the expression of two immediate early genes, c-fos and fosB, as probes to map the response of the immature rat brain to single (1 day) versus repeated (14 days) MPH treatment (2 or 10 mg/kg; s.c.) from postnatal day 25 to 38. Consistent with previous reports, the striatum is a major target of acute MPH action, as indicated by elevated levels of cFOS-immunoreactivity (-ir). Increases in c-fos expression were also seen in the nucleus accumbens, cingulate/frontal cortex and piriform cortex, and Islands of Calleja. FosB expression was elevated only in the striatum following a single stimulation. Chronic MPH treatment (10 mg/kg/day for 14 days) resulted in an attenuation of c-fos expression in the striatum and Islands of Calleja. However, levels of cFOS-ir remained elevated in the nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex. In contrast to the inhibitory effect of repeated MPH exposure on c-fos expression, FOSB-ir was further elevated in the striatum, and an increase was observed in the cingulate/frontal and piriform cortices. Thus, chronic MPH differentially regulated expression of c-fos and fosB in several brain regions. Our data suggest that MPH may exert its stimulant effects at multiple sites in the immature brain, which has implications for long-term treatment in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Chase
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3K 6R8
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Yan QJ, Asafo-Adjei PK, Arnold HM, Brown RE, Bauchwitz RP. A phenotypic and molecular characterization of the fmr1-tm1Cgr Fragile X mouse. Genes Brain Behav 2004; 3:337-59. [PMID: 15544577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2004.00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation. It is also known for having a substantial behavioral morbidity, including autistic features. In humans, Fragile X Syndrome is almost always caused by inactivation of the X-linked FMR1 gene. A single knockout mouse model, fmr1-tm1Cgr, exists. In this report we further characterize the cognitive and behavioral phenotype of the fmr1-tm1Cgr Fragile X mouse through the use of F1 hybrid mice derived from two inbred strains (FVB/NJ and C57BL/6J). Use of F1 hybrids allows focus on the effects of the fmr1-tm1Cgr allele with reduced influence from recessive alleles present in the parental inbred strains. We find that the cognitive phenotype of fmr1-tm1Cgr mice, including measures of working memory and learning set formation that are known to be seriously impacted in humans with Fragile X Syndrome, are essentially normal. Further testing of inbred strains supports this conclusion. Thus, any fmr1-tm1Cgr cognitive deficit is surprisingly mild or absent. There is, however, clear support presented for a robust audiogenic seizure phenotype in all strains tested, as well as increased entries into the center of an open field. Finally, a molecular examination of the fmr1-tm1Cgr mouse shows that, contrary to common belief, it is not a molecular null. Implications of this finding for interpretation of the phenotype are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q J Yan
- Department of Neurology, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Institute for Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Selbach O, Doreulee N, Bohla C, Eriksson KS, Sergeeva OA, Poelchen W, Brown RE, Haas HL. Orexins/hypocretins cause sharp wave- and theta-related synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus via glutamatergic, gabaergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic signaling. Neuroscience 2004; 127:519-28. [PMID: 15262340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2003] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Orexins (OX), also called hypocretins, are bioactive peptides secreted from glucose-sensitive neurons in the lateral hypothalamus linking appetite, arousal and neuroendocrine-autonomic control. Here, OX-A was found to cause a slow-onset long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission (LTPOX) in the hippocampus of young adult mice. LTPOX was induced at Schaffer collateral-CA1 but not mossy fiber-CA3 synapses, and required transient sharp wave-concurrent population field-burst activity generated by the autoassociative CA3 network. Exogenous long theta-frequency stimulation of Schaffer collateral axons erased LTPOX in intact hippocampal slices but not mini slices devoid of the CA3 region. Pharmacological analysis revealed that LTPOX requires co-activation of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamatergic, GABAergic, as well as noradrenergic and cholinergic receptors. Together these data indicate that OX-A induces a state-dependent metaplasticity in the CA1 region associated with sharp-wave and theta rhythm activity as well as glutamatergic, GABAergic, aminergic, and cholinergic transmission. Thus, orexins not only regulate arousal threshold and body weight but also threshold and weight of synaptic connectivity, providing a molecular prerequisite for homeostatic and behavioral state-dependent control of neuronal plasticity and presumably memory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Selbach
- Department of Neurophysiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstrasse 1/22.03.01, P.O.B. 101007, D-40001 Dusseldorf, Germany.
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Lee AW, Emsley JG, Brown RE, Hagg T. Marked differences in olfactory sensitivity and apparent speed of forebrain neuroblast migration in three inbred strains of mice. Neuroscience 2003; 118:263-70. [PMID: 12676156 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the adult forebrain, new neuroblasts constantly migrate from the subventricular zone along the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb, where many become neurons. It is unclear whether this process is different in commonly used mouse strains and whether it is related to olfactory function. Adult male BALB/c, C57BL/6, and 129/S1 (formerly 129SV) mice were tested for olfactory sensitivity plus discrimination, using male mouse urine from the two other strains. BALB/c mice had the greatest olfactory sensitivity, followed by 129/S1, and C57BL/6 mice, by an order of magnitude each. Newly formed cells were pulse-labeled for 3 h with i.p. 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) injections and the animals analyzed 24 h later. In 129/S1 mice, a greater proportion of neuroblasts were present closer to the olfactory bulb than in BALB/c mice, followed by C57BL/6 mice. The total number of BrdU-labeled cells did not differ, suggesting differences in migration and not proliferation. The impaired olfactory function in C57BL/6 mice might be caused by the reduced number of neuroblasts that reach the olfactory bulbs. However, olfactory function in BALB/c and 129/S1 mice did not correlate with their putative migration speed, suggesting a more complex nature of cellular processes that contribute to olfactory function. These results caution against comparing studies of olfactory function or neural precursors that use different strains of mice, and question the use of C57BL/6 mice as a "normal" strain or as transgenic background. Perhaps more importantly, the results point to an opportunity to identify genes that regulate olfactory function and neuroblast behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Lee
- Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4J1, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Podhorna J, Brown RE. Strain differences in activity and emotionality do not account for differences in learning and memory performance between C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. Genes Brain Behav 2002; 1:96-110. [PMID: 12884980 DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-183x.2002.10205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined emotionality, activity, learning and memory, as well as the influence of emotionality and activity on learning and memory performance in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice using a mouse-test battery. DBA/2 mice performed more poorly than C57BL/6 mice in complex learning tasks such as the water maze and object recognition tasks. In contrast, C57BL/ 6 mice showed attenuated habituation tonovelty in the open field apparatus and poorer performance in the step-down passive avoidance task. The C57BL/6 mice were less exploratory and more anxious than the DBA/ 2 mice. The anxiety score (open arm entries in the elevated plus maze) was significantly correlated with all measures of learning and memory in the object recognition task, and some measures in the passive avoidance and water maze tasks. Analysis of covariance (with open arm entries as a covariate) revealed that some measures on trial 1 of the object recognition task, but not the memory scores on trial 2,were confounded by anxiety. No confounding factors of anxiety were found in the water maze or passive avoidance tasks. Similar results were obtained with the activity scores (line crossing and rearing in the open field). In conclusion, strain differences in activity and anxiety did not account for strain differences in learning and memory performance of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. Nonetheless, the importance of using complete behavioural test batteries should be stressed to ensure that strain differences in learning and memory tasks are not confounded by non-cognitive factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Podhorna
- Department of Psychology Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1
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Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZ) impair learning and memory performance of animals. The goal of this study was to examine sex differences in the effects of diazepam on learning and memory of C57BL/6 mice in avoidance paradigms. Male and female C57BL/6 mice were tested in the one-way active avoidance, step-down passive avoidance, and foot-shock pain threshold tasks, following administration of vehicle or diazepam (1 mg/kg). No substantial sex or drug effects on the threshold of the pain response to shock were found. There were no significant differences in avoidance performance between vehicle-treated male and female mice while 1 mg/kg of diazepam produced opposite effects on performance of males and females in both tasks. Diazepam-treated females learned faster in the active avoidance task and showed stronger retention in the passive avoidance task. In contrast, diazepam impaired learning of males in the active avoidance task and had no effect on their performance in the passive avoidance task. Diazepam-induced impairment in males was not due to higher sensitivity to the sedative effect of diazepam as females were more sedated than males on the first trial of the passive avoidance task. Our data showed that sedative and amnesic effects of BZs are not tightly linked. This study also suggests that cognitive effects of BZs in rodents could be sex dependent and highlight the importance of using both sexes in studies on behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Podhorna
- Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1
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Brown RE, Henderson RA, Koster D, Hutton J, Simoons ML. Cost effectiveness of eptifibatide in acute coronary syndromes; an economic analysis of Western European patients enrolled in the PURSUIT trial. The Platelet IIa/IIb in unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy. Eur Heart J 2002; 23:50-8. [PMID: 11741362 DOI: 10.1053/euhj.2001.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To assess the direct medical costs and cost effectiveness of routine eptifibatide use amongst patients with unstable angina and myocardial infarction without persistent ST-segment elevation in the Western European subgroup of the PURSUIT trial. METHODS AND RESULTS Health care resources were collected for the Western European PURSUIT trial patients (n=3697). Unit costs for major resources were developed within six countries using a consistent bottom-up methodology. Resource consumption from the Western European population was used to calculate the average direct medical costs per patient in the eptifibatide and placebo arms of the trial. Eptifibatide was estimated to cost 524 Euros per treatment. Long-term survival estimated from the 6-month trial survival data and combined with the cost data was used to calculate cost-effectiveness ratios. Additionally, cost per death and non-fatal myocardial infarction at 30 days was calculated. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on the discount rate and resource consumption. Cost-effectiveness ratios ranged from 9603 Euros to 18 115 Euros per year of life saved with 3% discount. Using resource consumption based on countries with low coronary arteriography rates, the cost per year of life saved was between 3329 Euros and 10 079 Euros. Using resource consumption based on high coronary arteriography rate countries, the cost per year of life saved was between 17 089 Euros and 24 099 Euros. Assuming no difference in treatment costs except for the addition of eptifibatide, the incremental cost per year of life saved was 23 818 Euros. CONCLUSIONS Routine eptifibatide use was associated with a reduction in the combined end-point of death and myocardial infarction at 30 days, which was sustained at 6 months. Long-term projections indicate a modest increase in survival in eptifibatide patients. These data translate into cost-effectiveness ratios that compare favourably with other new technologies that are currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Brown
- MEDTAP International Inc, London, U.K
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Adams MB, Brown RE, Gibson C, Coulter CL, McMillen IC. Tyrosine hydroxylase protein content in the medulla oblongata of the foetal sheep brain increases in response to acute but not chronic hypoxia. Neurosci Lett 2001; 316:63-6. [PMID: 11742716 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of lowering foetal arterial PO(2) either acutely or chronically on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein content in the dorsal and ventral medullary regions of the brainstem of the sheep foetus during late gestation. TH protein content increased in both the dorsal and ventral medullary regions of the foetal brainstem after exposure to acute hypoxia when compared to normoxia. In contrast there was no increase in the TH protein content of either the dorsal or ventral medullary regions in the brainstem of foetal sheep which were chronically hypoxaemic throughout late gestation as a consequence of experimental restriction of placental growth. The differences between the TH responses to acute and chronic hypoxaemia in the foetal sheep brainstem may be important in the mediation of physiological adaptations to these intrauterine stimuli and for the generation of an appropriate physiological response to hypoxia in the newborn period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Adams
- Department of Physiology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Eriksson KS, Sergeeva O, Brown RE, Haas HL. Orexin/hypocretin excites the histaminergic neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus. J Neurosci 2001; 21:9273-9. [PMID: 11717361 PMCID: PMC6763926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) neuropeptides are associated with the regulation of sleep and feeding, and disturbances in orexinergic neurotransmission lead to a narcoleptic phenotype. Histamine has also been shown to play a role in the regulation of sleep and feeding. Therefore, we studied the relationship between the orexin and histamine systems of the CNS using electrophysiology, immunocytochemistry, and the reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR method. Both orexin-A and orexin-B depolarized the histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons and increased their firing rate via an action on postsynaptic receptors. The depolarization was associated with a small decrease in input resistance and was likely caused by activation of both the electrogenic Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger and a Ca(2+) current. In a single-cell RT-PCR study using primers for the two orexin receptors, we found that most tuberomammillary neurons express both receptors and that the expression of the orexin-2 receptor is stronger than that of the orexin-1 receptor. Immunocytochemical studies show that the histamine and orexin neurons are often located very close to each other. The contacts between these two types of neurons seem to be reciprocal, because the orexin neurons are heavily innervated by histaminergic axons. These results suggest a functional connection between the two populations of hypothalamic neurons and that they may cooperate in the regulation of rapid-eye-movement sleep and feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Eriksson
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Brown RE. More on pamidronate in Langerhans'-cell histiocytosis. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1503. [PMID: 11794213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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