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Borgdorff MW, Kolk A, van Soolingen D, van der Meer JW, Ottenhoff TH. [Research into new methods for diagnosing, treating and preventing tuberculosis]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2003; 147:1838-41. [PMID: 14533494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis control requires improved diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines. Their development is facilitated by progress in immunology, molecular biology, and genomics. In addition to sputum smear and culture, amplification techniques can already be used to diagnose tuberculosis and antigen-detection tests for this purpose are being developed. Molecular typing and DNA microarrays provide new insights in the natural history and transmission of tuberculosis. In addition to established drugs such as rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, a limited number of new drugs have been discovered such as rifampicin derivates and fluorochinolones. Improved screening techniques and insights from genomics may lead to new drugs being discovered. Factors hampering the development and evaluation of new vaccines include problems with extrapolation from animal models, incomplete natural immunity, and limited knowledge about protective immunity. However, new candidate vaccines are being developed and will be tested on humans in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Borgdorff
- Academisch Medisch Centrum/Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
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2
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Charo J, Geluk A, Sundbäck M, Mirzai B, Diehl AD, Malmberg KJ, Achour A, Huriguchi S, van Meijgaarden KE, Drijfhout JW, Beekman N, van Veelen P, Ossendorp F, Ottenhoff TH, Kiessling R. The identification of a common pathogen-specific HLA class I A*0201-restricted cytotoxic T cell epitope encoded within the heat shock protein 65. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3602-11. [PMID: 11745380 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200112)31:12<3602::aid-immu3602>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial antigens recognized by CD8(+) T cells in the context of MHC class I are thought to play a crucial role in protection against pathogenic intracellular bacteria. Here, we demonstrate the induction of HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8(+) T cell responses against six new high-affinity HLA-A*0201-binding CTL epitopes, encoded within an immunodominant and highly conserved antigen of Mycobacteria, the heat shock protein 65 (hsp65). One of these epitopes, Mhsp65(9(369)), is identical in a large number of pathogenic bacteria, and is recognized in a CD8-independent fashion. Mhsp65(9(369)) could be presented by either mycobacterial hsp65-pulsed target cells or BCG-infected macrophages. Interestingly, T cells specific for this epitope did not recognize the corresponding human hsp65 homologue, probably due to structural differences as revealed by modeling studies. Furthermore, in vitro proteasome digestion analyses show that, whereas the mycobacterial hsp65 epitope is efficiently generated, the human hsp65 homologue is not, thus avoiding the induction of autoreactivity. Collectively, these findings describe high-affinity HLA class I-binding epitopes that are naturally processed and are recognized efficiently by MHC class I-restricted CD8(+) T cells, providing a rational basis for the development of subunit vaccine strategies against tuberculosis and other intracellular infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Charo
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Abstract
The 25th Dageraad Symposium on The Molecular Mechanisms of Host-Pathogen Interactions in Infectious Disease: Towards Better Intervention Strategies? was held in Enkhuizen, The Netherlands, from 29 June to 3 July 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Verreck
- Dept of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion (IHB)/E3-Q, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, NL 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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4
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Arend SM, Engelhard AC, Groot G, de Boer K, Andersen P, Ottenhoff TH, van Dissel JT. Tuberculin skin testing compared with T-cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific and nonspecific antigens for detection of latent infection in persons with recent tuberculosis contact. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001; 8:1089-96. [PMID: 11687445 PMCID: PMC96231 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.6.1089-1096.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The tuberculin skin test (TST) is used for the identification of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) but lacks specificity in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated individuals, who constitute an increasing proportion of TB patients and their contacts from regions where TB is endemic. In previous studies, T-cell responses to ESAT-6 and CFP-10, M. tuberculosis-specific antigens that are absent from BCG, were sensitive and specific for detection of active TB. We studied 44 close contacts of a patient with smear-positive pulmonary TB and compared the standard screening procedure for LTBI by TST or chest radiographs with T-cell responses to M. tuberculosis-specific and nonspecific antigens. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cocultured with ESAT-6, CFP-10, TB10.4 (each as recombinant antigen and as a mixture of overlapping synthetic peptides), M. tuberculosis sonicate, purified protein derivative (PPD), and short-term culture filtrate, using gamma interferon production as the response measure. LTBI screening was by TST in 36 participants and by chest radiographs in 8 persons. Nineteen contacts were categorized as TST negative, 12 were categorized as TST positive, and 5 had indeterminate TST results. Recombinant antigens and peptide mixtures gave similar results. Responses to TB10.4 were neither sensitive nor specific for LTBI. T-cell responses to ESAT-6 and CFP-10 were less sensitive for detection of LTBI than those to PPD (67 versus 100%) but considerably more specific (100 versus 72%). The specificity of the TST or in vitro responses to PPD will be even less when the proportion of BCG-vaccinated persons among TB contacts evaluated for LTBI increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Arend
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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5
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van Dissel JT, Arend SM, Ottenhoff TH. Infections with non-tuberculous mycobacteria and salmonellae in patients with genetic defects in the interleukin-12/interferon-gamma-mediated pathway of macrophage activation. Neth J Med 2001; 59:90-4. [PMID: 11583822 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-2977(01)00147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Arend SM, Janssen R, Gosen JJ, Waanders H, de Boer T, Ottenhoff TH, van Dissel JT. Multifocal osteomyelitis caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with a genetic defect of the interferon-gamma receptor. Neth J Med 2001; 59:140-51. [PMID: 11583830 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-2977(01)00152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe three patients with multifocal osteomyelitis caused by Mycobacterium avium and a family history of one or more first degree family members diagnosed with various clinical presentations of infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria. There was a significant delay in the diagnosis and they had a protracted course of their illness, which responded only slowly to prolonged multi-drug treatment. In one patient, additional treatment with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was necessary. Macrophages of these patients had decreased in vitro responsiveness to IFN-gamma. Genomic sequencing revealed that these patients and their affected family members were heterozygous for a previously described dominant negative mutation in the gene encoding the IFN-gamma binding receptor-1 chain. The clinical presentations of the infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria in these families, with spread limited to skin, bone and lymph nodes, is discussed in the light of the immune mechanisms that are responsible for the clearance of otherwise poorly pathogenic environmental mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Arend
- Department of Infectious Diseases, C5P, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Arend SM, Ottenhoff TH, Andersen P, van Dissel JT. Uncommon presentations of tuberculosis: the potential value of a novel diagnostic assay based on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2001; 5:680-6. [PMID: 11467375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. OBJECTIVE To illustrate the potential value of a recently developed diagnostic assay for detection of tuberculosis (TB), based on T cell responses to the early secreted antigenic target 6 kDa protein (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10). These antigens are Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific because they are expressed by M. tuberculosis but absent from M. bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and most environmental mycobacteria. In recent studies, the assay had a high sensitivity and specificity for detection of active TB. DESIGN We describe five patients with uncommon presentations of tuberculosis, in whom the diagnosis was delayed by negative or conflicting results of diagnostic procedures aimed at detection of M. tuberculosis and an uninformative tuberculin skin test. IFN-gamma production in response to ESAT-6 and CFP-10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these patients was evaluated before and during anti-tuberculosis treatment. RESULTS In all five patients, IFN-gamma responses to ESAT-6 and/or CFP-10 were above the cut-off level defined in a previous study. During treatment, IFN-gamma responses generally increased. CONCLUSION These results indicate that T cell responses to M. tuberculosis-specific antigens have potential diagnostic value when TB is suspected and the results of other diagnostic tests are inconclusive, especially in BCG-vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Arend
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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Spierings E, de Boer T, Wieles B, Adams LB, Marani E, Ottenhoff TH. Mycobacterium leprae-specific, HLA class II-restricted killing of human Schwann cells by CD4+ Th1 cells: a novel immunopathogenic mechanism of nerve damage in leprosy. J Immunol 2001; 166:5883-8. [PMID: 11342602 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.5883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve damage is a major complication of reversal (or type-1) reactions in leprosy. The pathogenesis of nerve damage remains largely unresolved, but detailed in situ analyses suggest that type-1 T cells play an important role. Mycobacterium leprae is known to have a remarkable tropism for Schwann cells of the peripheral nerve. Reversal reactions in leprosy are often accompanied by severe and irreversible nerve destruction and are associated with increased cellular immune reactivity against M. leprae. Thus, a likely immunopathogenic mechanism of Schwann cell and nerve damage in leprosy is that infected Schwann cells process and present Ags of M. leprae to Ag-specific, inflammatory type-1 T cells and that these T cells subsequently damage and lyse infected Schwann cells. Thus far it has been difficult to study this directly because of the inability to grow large numbers of human Schwann cells. We now have established long-term human Schwann cell cultures from sural nerves and show that human Schwann cells express MHC class I and II, ICAM-1, and CD80 surface molecules involved in Ag presentation. Human Schwann cells process and present M. leprae, as well as recombinant proteins and peptides to MHC class II-restricted CD4(+) T cells, and are efficiently killed by these activated T cells. These findings elucidate a novel mechanism that is likely involved in the immunopathogenesis of nerve damage in leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Spierings
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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9
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Tanghe A, D'Souza S, Rosseels V, Denis O, Ottenhoff TH, Dalemans W, Wheeler C, Huygen K. Improved immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a tuberculosis DNA vaccine encoding Ag85 by protein boosting. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3041-7. [PMID: 11292722 PMCID: PMC98258 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.5.3041-3047.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with plasmid DNA encoding Ag85 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with Ag85 protein in adjuvant, or with a combined DNA prime-protein boost regimen. While DNA immunization, as previously described, induced robust Th1-type cytokine responses, protein-in-adjuvant vaccination elicited very poor cytokine responses, which were 10-fold lower than those observed with DNA immunization alone. Injection of Ag85 DNA-primed mice with 30 to 100 microg of purified Ag85 protein in adjuvant increased the interleukin-2 and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) response in spleen two- to fourfold. Further, intracellular cytokine analysis by flow cytometry also showed an increase in IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) T cells in DNA-primed-protein-boosted animals, compared to those that received only the DNA vaccination. Moreover, these responses appeared to be better sustained over time. Antibodies were readily produced by all three methods of immunization but were exclusively of the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) isotype following protein immunization in adjuvant and preferentially of the IgG2a isotype following DNA and DNA prime-protein boost vaccination. Finally, protein boosting increased the protective efficacy of the DNA vaccine against an intravenous M. tuberculosis H37Rv challenge infection, as measured by CFU or relative light unit counts in lungs 1 and 2 months after infection. The capacity of exogenously given protein to boost the DNA-primed vaccination effect underlines the dominant role of Th1-type CD4(+) helper T cells in mediating protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tanghe
- Pasteur Institute of Brussels, Mycobacterial Immunology, B1180 Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Macfarlane A, Mondragon-Gonzalez R, Vega-Lopez F, Wieles B, de Pena J, Rodriguez O, Suarez y de la Torre R, de Vries RR, Ottenhoff TH, Dockrell HM. Presence of human T-cell responses to the Mycobacterium leprae 45-kilodalton antigen reflects infection with or exposure to M. leprae. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001; 8:604-11. [PMID: 11329466 PMCID: PMC96109 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.3.604-611.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the 45-kDa serine-rich Mycobacterium leprae antigen to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production was measured in leprosy patients, household contacts, and healthy controls from areas of endemicity in Mexico. Almost all the tuberculoid leprosy patients gave strong PBMC proliferation responses to the M. leprae 45-kDa antigen (92.8%; n = 14). Responses were lower in lepromatous leprosy patients (60.6%; n = 34), but some responses to the 45-kDa antigen were detected in patients unresponsive to M. leprae sonicate. The proportion of positive responses to the M. leprae 45-kDa antigen was much higher in leprosy contacts (88%; n = 17) than in controls from areas of endemicity (10%; n = 20). None of 15 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis gave a positive proliferation response to the 45-kDa antigen. The 45-kDa antigen induced IFN-gamma secretion similar to that induced by the native Mycobacterium tuberculosis 30/31-kDa antigen in tuberculoid leprosy patients and higher responses than those induced by the other recombinant antigens (M. leprae 10- and 65-kDa antigens, thioredoxin, and thioredoxin reductase); in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis it induced lower IFN-gamma secretion than the other recombinant antigens. These results suggest that the M. leprae 45-kDa antigen is a potent T-cell antigen which is M. leprae specific in these Mexican donors. This antigen may therefore have diagnostic potential as a new skin test reagent or as an antigen in a simple whole-blood cytokine test.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Macfarlane
- Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
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11
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van der Burg SH, Ressing ME, Kwappenberg KM, de Jong A, Straathof K, de Jong J, Geluk A, van Meijgaarden KE, Franken KL, Ottenhoff TH, Fleuren GJ, Kenter G, Melief CJ, Offringa R. Natural T-helper immunity against human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E7-derived peptide epitopes in patients with HPV16-positive cervical lesions: identification of 3 human leukocyte antigen class II-restricted epitopes. Int J Cancer 2001; 91:612-8. [PMID: 11267969 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::aid-ijc1119>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-specific T-helper (Th) immunity was found to play a pivotal role in the natural and vaccine-induced immune defense against tumors. Since the majority of cervical cancers express human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E7 oncoprotein, it is important to investigate the Th response against this target antigen in detail. By means of PBMC cultures from HLA-typed healthy donors, we identified the central part of HPV16 E7 (E7(41-72)) as the major immunogenic region within this antigen. Furthermore, we mapped 3 distinct Th epitopes within this region (DR15/E7(50-62), DR3/E7(43-77), DQ2/E7(35-50)). In a parallel approach, employing IFN-gamma ELISPOT analysis, we detected Th immunity against HPV16 E7 in subjects with HPV16+ lesions. Several of these responses matched with the 3 Th epitopes defined in our study. A number of other HPV16+ subjects did not display any E7-specific type 1 cytokine-producing T-cell immunity, indicating failure of the immune response. Our combined data argue for more extensive as well as longitudinal analysis of HPV16-specific T-cell immunity using the ELISPOT assay described, as well as for HPV-specific vaccination of individuals with HPV+ lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H van der Burg
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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12
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Arend SM, van Soolingen D, Ottenhoff TH, van Dissel JT. Repeatedly negative tuberculin skin tests followed by active tuberculosis in an immunocompetent individual. Neth J Med 2001; 58:76-81. [PMID: 11166449 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-2977(00)00100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe a woman who was repeatedly tuberculin (PPD) skin test negative after exposure to smear-positive tuberculosis (TB), but developed active TB with a positive skin test 7 years later. Molecular epidemiologic evidence is presented that the infection was contracted 7 years previously from the original source case. PPD skin testing is subject to many technical and biological variables and this report underscores that this tool can fail to detect latent TB infection in some cases. The causes of false-negative and false-positive PPD skin test results are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Arend
- Department of Infectious Diseases, C5P, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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13
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Munk ME, Arend SM, Brock I, Ottenhoff TH, Andersen P. Use of ESAT-6 and CFP-10 antigens for diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2001; 183:175-6. [PMID: 11106545 DOI: 10.1086/317663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Spierings E, De Boer T, Zulianello L, Ottenhoff TH. The role of Schwann cells, T cells and Mycobacterium leprae in the immunopathogenesis of nerve damage in leprosy. LEPROSY REV 2000; 71 Suppl:S121-9. [PMID: 11201869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Damage to peripheral nerves is the major complication of reversal (type I) reactions in leprosy. The underlying mechanism of nerve damage remains largely unresolved; however, an important role for type-1 T cells has been suggested. Mycobacterium leprae has a remarkable tropism for the Schwann cells that surround peripheral axons. Because reversal reactions in leprosy are often accompanied by severe and irreversible nerve destruction, and are associated with increased cellular immune reactivity against M. leprae, a likely immunopathogenic mechanism of damage to Schwann cells and peripheral nerves in leprosy is that infected Schwann cells process and present antigens of M. leprae to antigen-specific, inflammatory, type-1 T cells, and that these T cells subsequently damage and lyse infected Schwann cells. Previous animal studies with CD8+ T cells revealed evidence for the existence of such a mechanism. A similar role has been suggested for CD4+ T cells. These latter cells may be more important in causing nerve damage in vivo, given the predilection of M. leprae for Schwann cells, and the dominant role of CD4+, serine esterase+ Th1 cells in the lesions of leprosy. Antagonism of the molecular interactions among M. leprae, Schwann cells and inflammatory T cells may therefore provide a rational strategy for prevention of damage of Schwann cell and nerves in leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Spierings
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Geluk A, van Meijgaarden KE, Franken KL, Drijfhout JW, D'Souza S, Necker A, Huygen K, Ottenhoff TH. Identification of major epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis AG85B that are recognized by HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8+ T cells in HLA-transgenic mice and humans. J Immunol 2000; 165:6463-71. [PMID: 11086086 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.11.6463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells are thought to play an important role in protective immunity to tuberculosis. Although several nonprotein ligands have been identified for CD1-restricted CD8(+) CTLs, epitopes for classical MHC class I-restricted CD8(+) T cells, which most likely represent a majority among CD8(+) T cells, have remained ill defined. HLA-A*0201 is one of the most prevalent class I alleles, with a frequency of over 30% in most populations. HLA-A2/K(b) transgenic mice were shown to provide a powerful model for studying induction of HLA-A*0201-restricted immune responses in vivo. The Ag85 complex, a major component of secreted Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins, induces strong CD4(+) T cell responses in M. tuberculosis-infected individuals, and protection against tuberculosis in Ag85-DNA-immunized animals. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of HLA class I-restricted, CD8(+) T cells against Ag85B of M. tuberculosis in HLA-A2/K(b) transgenic mice and HLA-A*0201(+) humans. Moreover, two immunodominant Ag85 peptide epitopes for HLA-A*0201-restricted, M. tuberculosis-reactive CD8(+) CTLs were identified. These CD8(+) T cells produced IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and recognized Ag-pulsed or bacillus Calmette-Guérin-infected, HLA-A*0201-positive, but not HLA-A*0201-negative or uninfected human macrophages. This CTL-mediated killing was blocked by anti-CD8 or anti-HLA class I mAb. Using fluorescent peptide/HLA-A*0201 tetramers, Ag85-specific CD8(+) T cells could be visualized in bacillus Calmette-Guérin-responsive, HLA-A*0201(+) individuals. Collectively, our results demonstrate the presence of HLA class I-restricted CD8(+) CTL against a major Ag of M. tuberculosis and identify Ag85B epitopes that are strongly recognized by HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8(+) T cells in humans and mice. These epitopes thus represent potential subunit components for the design of vaccines against tuberculosis.
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MESH Headings
- Acyltransferases
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Bacterial Proteins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- DNA, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- DNA, Bacterial/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/isolation & purification
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-A2 Antigen/administration & dosage
- HLA-A2 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/isolation & purification
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Mapping
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/chemical synthesis
- Plasmids/immunology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geluk
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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16
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Vos K, Miltenburg AM, van Meijgaarden KE, van den Heuvel M, Elferink DG, van Galen PJ, van Hogezand RA, van Vliet-Daskalopoulou E, Ottenhoff TH, Breedveld FC, Boots AM, de Vries RR. Cellular immune response to human cartilage glycoprotein-39 (HC gp-39)-derived peptides in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39:1326-31. [PMID: 11136874 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/39.12.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the specificity of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) response to peptides derived from human cartilage glycoprotein-39 (HC gp-39) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the correlation between this response and disease activity. METHODS RA patients, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or osteoarthritis (OA) and healthy controls were studied. All individuals were typed for HLA-DRB1 and their disease activity score was documented. Proliferation of PBMC was measured following incubation with five different HC gp-39-derived peptides, selected by the use of a DR4 (DRB1*0401) binding motif. RESULTS A proliferative response to one of the five peptides (peptide 259-271 at 10 microg/ml) was more often observed in RA patients than in healthy controls (P=0.001). RA patients who expressed DRB1*0401 more often showed a response against this peptide than RA patients who did not express this RA-associated haplotype. This response was not RA-specific since patients with IBD or OA also showed a response significantly more frequently than healthy controls (P:=0.02 and P=0.03 respectively). However, the level of the response against peptide 259-271 correlated with disease activity in RA patients but not in patients with IBD or SLE. Increased responses to HC gp-39 263-275 were found in patients with IBD or OA; a trend towards such a response failed to reach significance in RA patients in this study. CONCLUSION In RA patients as well as in patients with other inflammatory conditions, HC gp-39-derived peptides may be targets of the T-cell-mediated immune response. In the RA patient group the immune response to HC gp-39-derived peptide 259-271 correlated with disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vos
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Ottenhoff TH, de Boer T, Verhagen CE, Verreck FA, van Dissel JT. Human deficiencies in type 1 cytokine receptors reveal the essential role of type 1 cytokines in immunity to intracellular bacteria. Microbes Infect 2000; 2:1559-66. [PMID: 11113375 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies on patients with idiopathic, severe infections due to poorly pathogenic mycobacteria and Salmonella have revealed that many of these patients are unable to produce or respond to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). This inability results from causative, deleterious genetic mutations in either one of four different genes in the type 1 cytokine cascade, encoding interleukin-12Rbeta1 (IL-12Rbeta1), IL-12p40, IFN-gammaR1 or IFN-gammaR2. The immunological phenotypes resulting from the seven groups of complete or partial deficiencies in type 1 cytokine (receptor) genes that have been distinguished thus far will be summarized and discussed, and placed in a broader context in relation to disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Ottenhoff
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Building 1, E3-Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, The, Leiden, Netherlands.
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18
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van Dissel JT, Ottenhoff TH. [From gene to disease; mutations in interleukin-12-receptor-beta 1- and interferon-gamma-receptor-1 lead to nontuberculous mycobacterial infections and salmonellosis]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2000; 144:1830-2. [PMID: 11020837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
In patients with severe and relapsing infections with non-tuberculous mycobacteria and Salmonella autosomal recessive as well as dominant-negative mutations are shown in genes for receptors of type-1 cytokines: the IL-12 receptor and the IFN-gamma receptor. In case of an impaired capacity to produce these cytokines or--given an abnormal receptor--to react to them, the cellular immune reaction does not run a normal course and the susceptibility to infection by intracellular pathogens is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T van Dissel
- Afd. Infectieziekten, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden
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19
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Spierings E, De Boer T, Zulianello L, Ottenhoff TH. Novel mechanisms in the immunopathogenesis of leprosy nerve damage: the role of Schwann cells, T cells and Mycobacterium leprae. Immunol Cell Biol 2000; 78:349-55. [PMID: 10947859 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2000.00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The major complication of reversal (or type 1) reactions in leprosy is peripheral nerve damage. The pathogenesis of nerve damage remains largely unresolved. In situ analyses suggest an important role for type 1 T cells. Mycobacterium leprae is known to have a remarkable tropism for Schwann cells that surround peripheral axons. Reversal reactions in leprosy are often accompanied by severe and irreversible nerve destruction and are associated with increased cellular immune reactivity against M. leprae. Thus, a likely immunopathogenic mechanism of Schwann cell and nerve damage in leprosy is that infected Schwann cells process and present antigens of M. Leprae to antigen-specific, inflammatory type 1 T cells and that these T cells subsequently damage and lyse infected Schwann cells. Previous studies using rodent CD8+ T cells and Schwann cells have revealed evidence for the existence of such a mechanism. Recently, a similar role has been suggested for human CD4+ T cells. These cells may be more important in causing leprosy nerve damage in vivo, given the predilection of M. leprae for Schwann cells and the dominant role of CD4+ serine esterase+ Th1 cells in leprosy lesions. Antagonism of molecular interactions between M. leprae, Schwann cells and inflammatory T cells may therefore provide a rational strategy to prevent Schwann cell and nerve damage in leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Spierings
- Departments of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion and Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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20
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Arend SM, Geluk A, van Meijgaarden KE, van Dissel JT, Theisen M, Andersen P, Ottenhoff TH. Antigenic equivalence of human T-cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific RD1-encoded protein antigens ESAT-6 and culture filtrate protein 10 and to mixtures of synthetic peptides. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3314-21. [PMID: 10816479 PMCID: PMC97589 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.6.3314-3321.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The early secreted antigenic target 6-kDa protein (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) are promising antigens for reliable immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis. Both antigens are encoded by RD1, a genomic region present in all strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis but lacking in all M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine strains. Production and purification of recombinant antigens are laborious and costly, precluding rapid and large-scale testing. Aiming to develop alternative diagnostic reagents, we have investigated whether recombinant ESAT-6 (rESAT-6) and recombinant CFP-10 (rCFP-10) can be replaced with corresponding mixtures of overlapping peptides spanning the complete amino acid sequence of each antigen. Proliferation of M. tuberculosis-specific human T-cell lines in response to rESAT-6 and rCFP-10 and that in response to the corresponding peptide mixtures were almost completely correlated (r = 0.96, P < 0.0001 for ESAT-6; r = 0.98, P < 0.0001 for CFP-10). More importantly, the same was found when gamma interferon production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to these stimuli was analyzed (r = 0.89, P < 0.0001 for ESAT-6; r = 0.89, P < 0.0001 for CFP-10). Whole protein antigens and the peptide mixtures resulted in identical sensitivity and specificity for detection of infection with M. tuberculosis. The peptides in each mixture contributing to the overall response varied between individuals with different HLA-DR types. Interestingly, responses to CFP-10 were significantly higher in the presence of HLA-DR15, which is the major subtype of DR2. These results show that mixtures of synthetic overlapping peptides have potency equivalent to that of whole ESAT-6 and CFP-10 for sensitive and specific detection of infection with M. tuberculosis, and peptides have the advantage of faster production at lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Arend
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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21
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Rea D, van Kooten C, van Meijgaarden KE, Ottenhoff TH, Melief CJ, Offringa R. Glucocorticoids transform CD40-triggering of dendritic cells into an alternative activation pathway resulting in antigen-presenting cells that secrete IL-10. Blood 2000; 95:3162-7. [PMID: 10807783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) activation through CD40-CD40 ligand interactions is a key regulatory step for the development of protective T-cell immunity and also plays an important role in the initiation of T-cell responses involved in autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. In contrast to previous reports, we show that the immunosuppressive drug dexamethasone (DEX) redirects rather than simply blocks this DC activation process. We found that DCs triggered through CD40 in the presence of DEX were unable to acquire high levels of costimulatory, adhesion, and major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules and failed to express the maturation marker CD83, whereas antigen uptake was not affected. Moreover, DEX strikingly modified the CD40-activated DC cytokine secretion profile by suppressing the production of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 and potentiating the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Accordingly, DEX-exposed CD40-triggered DCs displayed a decreased T-cell allostimulatory potential and a dramatically impaired ability to activate cloned CD4(+) T helper 1 (Th1) cells. Moreover, interaction between Th1 cells and these DCs rendered the T cells hyporesponsive to further antigen-specific restimulation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that DEX profoundly modulates CD40-dependent DC activation and suggest that the resulting alternatively activated DCs can be exploited for suppression of unwanted T-cell responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rea
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank and the Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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22
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Arend SM, Andersen P, van Meijgaarden KE, Skjot RL, Subronto YW, van Dissel JT, Ottenhoff TH. Detection of active tuberculosis infection by T cell responses to early-secreted antigenic target 6-kDa protein and culture filtrate protein 10. J Infect Dis 2000; 181:1850-4. [PMID: 10823800 DOI: 10.1086/315448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/1999] [Revised: 01/05/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test has no predictive value for tuberculosis (TB) in Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated individuals because of cross-reactive responses to nonspecific constituents of PPD. T cell responses to early-secreted antigenic target 6-kDa protein (ESAT-6) and the newly identified culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10), 2 proteins specifically expressed by M. tuberculosis (MTB) but not by BCG strains, were evaluated. Most TB patients responded to ESAT-6 (92%) or CFP-10 (89%). A minority of BCG-vaccinated individuals responded to both ESAT-6 and CFP-10, their history being consistent with latent infection with MTB in the presence of protective immunity. No responses were found in PPD-negative controls. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 84% and 100%, respectively, at a cutoff of 300 pg of interferon-gamma/mL. These data indicate that ESAT-6 and CFP-10 are promising antigens for highly specific immunodiagnosis of TB, even in BCG-vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Arend
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, C5P, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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23
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Spierings E, Vleggeert-Lankamp CL, Marani E, Thomeer RT, Ottenhoff TH. Allorecognition of artificial nerve guides filed with human Schwann cells: an in vitro piloot study. Transplantation 2000; 69:455-6. [PMID: 10706063 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200002150-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Franken KL, Hiemstra HS, van Meijgaarden KE, Subronto Y, den Hartigh J, Ottenhoff TH, Drijfhout JW. Purification of his-tagged proteins by immobilized chelate affinity chromatography: the benefits from the use of organic solvent. Protein Expr Purif 2000; 18:95-9. [PMID: 10648174 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1999.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins overexpressed in and purified from Escherichia coli contain impurities that are toxic in biological assays. The application of affinity purification procedures is often not sufficient to remove these toxic components. We here describe a simple and fast, one-step protocol to remove these impurities highly efficiently. Four recombinant proteins were overexpressed in E. coli as His-tagged fusion proteins and purified by immobilized metal chelate affinity chromatography on Ni-NTA beads. Depending on the protein, the composition of the lysis buffer, and the washing protocol, various impurities appeared to be present in the purified protein preparations. Here we show how the use of 60% isopropanol during washing steps removed most of these contaminants from the end products. In addition to the removal of proteins that aspecifically adhere to the beads or to the tagged protein, this procedure was particularly useful in removing endotoxins. Moreover, we show that detergents such as NP-40, that are necessarily employed during lysis, are also efficiently removed. Finally, we show that proteins are able to refold correctly after isopropanol treatment. Thus, the resulting end products contain significantly less contaminating E. coli proteins, endotoxins, and detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Franken
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
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25
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Wiker HG, Spierings E, Kolkman MA, Ottenhoff TH, Harboe M. The mammalian cell entry operon 1 (mce1) of mycobacterium leprae and mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microb Pathog 1999; 27:173-7. [PMID: 10455007 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.1999.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genome project on Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv has revealed four mammalian cell entry (MTmce1-4) operons putatively involved with entry and survival of mycobacteria in host cells. A homologous operon to the MTmce1 operon was identified in cosmid B983 of Mycobacterium leprae. By comparison with M. tuberculosis, several mutations, or sequencing errors, were predicted at specific sites causing frame shifts in the MLyrbE1A, MLyrbE1B and MLmce1D genes. Using targeted sequencing, sequence errors were identified. The corrected MLmce1 operon sequence appears to be highly homologous to the MTmce1 operon, and similarly encodes eight potential genes. Thus, both M. tuberculosis and M. leprae mce1 operons may be functional and involved in host cell targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Wiker
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, The National Hospital, Oslo, N-0027, Norway
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26
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Abstract
Antibodies to sulfatide have been reported in various demyelinating peripheral polyneuropathies. We have investigated the diagnostic value of these antibodies in leprosy. Anti-sulfatide IgM in leprosy patients was not significantly elevated. High anti-sulfatide IgG titers were observed in individuals from endemic areas, irrespective of their leprosy status, while western European controls were negative. No significant correlation was found between IgM or IgG antibody titers and leprosy classification, although multibacillary patients had higher anti-sulfatide IgM titers than paucibacillary patients. In addition, 23 patients developing leprosy reactions were followed longitudinally. Antibody titers in these patients fluctuated slightly during the follow-up period. There was no association with the occurrence of leprosy reactions or treatment. Thus, IgG titers against sulfatides are high in both leprosy patients and healthy controls in endemic areas, whereas such antibodies are not found in western European controls, suggesting that these antibodies are induced by environmental factors, such as microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Spierings
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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27
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Hiemstra HS, van Veelen PA, Geluk A, Schloot NC, de Vries RR, Ottenhoff TH, Roep BO, Drijfhout JW. Limitations of homology searching for identification of T-cell antigens with library derived mimicry epitopes. Vaccine 1999; 18:204-8. [PMID: 10506643 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mimicry epitopes that are recognized by T-cells can be identified through screening of synthetic peptide libraries. We have shown that these mimicry epitopes share sequence similarity with the corresponding natural epitopes and that mimicry sequences can be used for the definition of protein derived T-cell epitopes from databases. This can be done by either homology searching or pattern searching. Here we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of homology searching as an alternative for the generally applicable recognition pattern approach. We show that only for part of the library derived mimicry epitopes, the degree of similarity to the natural epitope may be high enough for successful homology searching in small databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Hiemstra
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, Netherlands
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28
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Thole JE, Janson AA, Cornelisse Y, Schreuder GM, Wieles B, Naafs B, de Vries RR, Ottenhoff TH. HLA-class II-associated control of antigen recognition by T cells in leprosy: a prominent role for the 30/31-kDa antigens. J Immunol 1999; 162:6912-8. [PMID: 10352313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of 16 mycobacterial Ags by a panel of T cell lines from leprosy patients and healthy exposed individuals from an endemic population was examined within the context of expressed HLA-DR molecules. Although overall no significant differences were found between the frequencies of Ag recognition in the different subject groups, when Ag-specific T cell responses were examined within the context of HLA-DR, a highly significant difference was found in the recognition of the 30/31-kDa Ag. HLA-DR3 appeared to be associated with high T cell responsiveness to the 30/31-kDa Ag in healthy contacts (p = 0.01), but, conversely, with low T cell responsiveness to this Ag in tuberculoid patients (p = 0.005). Within the group of HLA-DR3-positive individuals, differences in 30/31-kDa directed T cell responsiveness were highly significant not only between healthy individuals and tuberculoid patients (p < 0. 0001), but also between healthy individuals and lepromatous patients (p = 0.009), and consequently between healthy individuals compared with leprosy patients as a group (p < 0.0001). A dominant HLA-DR3-restricted epitope was recognized by healthy contacts in this population. It has been proposed that secreted Ags may dominate acquired immunity early in infection. The low T cell response to the secreted, immunodominant 30/31-kDa Ag in HLA-DR3-positive leprosy patients in this population may result in retarded macrophage activation and delayed bacillary clearance, which in turn may lead to enhanced Ag load followed by T cell-mediated immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Thole
- Immunohaematology and Bloodbank, Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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29
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Grunewald J, Eklund A, Wigzell H, Van Meijgaarden KE, Ottenhoff TH. Bronchoalveolar lavage cells from sarcoidosis patients and healthy controls can efficiently present antigens. J Intern Med 1999; 245:353-7. [PMID: 10356597 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The interaction between antigen-presenting cells (APC) and T lymphocytes, that recognize the antigen-HLA complex using its T cell-receptor for antigen, is of crucial importance for a subsequent specific immune response. In patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, the local antigen-presenting capacity in the lungs has been suggested to be abnormally enhanced, and implicated in the immunopathogenesis of the disease. This study was aimed at increasing the understanding of the capacity to present antigens by APC in the lung compartment. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS We used bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of six sarcoidosis patients and two healthy controls to stimulate in total eight well characterized T-cell clones with known HLA and antigen specificities. All subjects were HLA typed. RESULTS BAL cells of sarcoidosis patients as well as of healthy controls efficiently induced proliferation of the relevant T-cell clone in an HLA-restricted manner when adding either intact antigen or antigenic peptides. CONCLUSIONS BAL cells have the capacity to process and present antigens adequately, irrespective of whether they are derived from healthy individuals or from patients with sarcoidosis, implying the alveolar space as an important location for active immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grunewald
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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van der Burg SH, Kwappenberg KM, Geluk A, van der Kruk M, Pontesilli O, Hovenkamp E, Franken KL, van Meijgaarden KE, Drijfhout JW, Ottenhoff TH, Melief CJ, Offringa R. Identification of a conserved universal Th epitope in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase that is processed and presented to HIV-specific CD4+ T cells by at least four unrelated HLA-DR molecules. J Immunol 1999; 162:152-60. [PMID: 9886381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ Th cells play an important role in the induction and maintenance of specific T cell immunity. Indications for a protective role of CD4+ T cells against HIV-1 infection were found in subjects who were able to control HIV-1 viremia as well as in highly HIV-1-exposed, yet seronegative, individuals. This study describes the identification of an HIV-1-specific Th epitope that exhibits high affinity binding as well as high immunogenicity in the context of at least four different HLA-DR molecules that together cover 50-60% of the Caucasian, Oriental, and Negroid populations. This HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-derived peptide (RT171-190) is highly conserved among different HIV-1 isolates. Importantly, stimulation of PBL cultures from HIV-1 seronegative donors with this peptide resulted in Thl-type lymphocytes capable of efficient recognition of HIV-1-pulsed APCs. Taken together, these data indicate that peptide RT171-190 constitutes an attractive component of vaccines aiming at induction or enhancement of HIV-1-specific T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H van der Burg
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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31
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Ottenhoff TH, Kumararatne D, Casanova JL. Novel human immunodeficiencies reveal the essential role of type-I cytokines in immunity to intracellular bacteria. Immunol Today 1998; 19:491-4. [PMID: 9818540 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T H Ottenhoff
- Dept of Immunohematology and Bloodbank, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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32
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Hiemstra HS, van Veelen PA, Schloot NC, Geluk A, van Meijgaarden KE, Willemen SJ, Leunissen JA, Benckhuijsen WE, Amons R, de Vries RR, Roep BO, Ottenhoff TH, Drijfhout JW. Definition of natural T cell antigens with mimicry epitopes obtained from dedicated synthetic peptide libraries. J Immunol 1998; 161:4078-82. [PMID: 9780178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Progress has recently been made in the use of synthetic peptide libraries for the identification of T cell-stimulating ligands. T cell epitopes identified from synthetic libraries are mimics of natural epitopes. Here we show how the mimicry epitopes obtained from synthetic peptide libraries enable unambiguous identification of natural T cell Ags. Synthetic peptide libraries were screened with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-reactive and -autoreactive T cell clones. In two cases, database homology searches with mimicry epitopes isolated from a dedicated synthetic peptide library allowed immediate identification of the natural antigenic protein. In two other cases, an amino acid pattern that reflected the epitope requirements of the T cell was determined by substitution and omission mixture analysis. Subsequently, the natural Ag was identified from databases using this refined pattern. This approach opens new perspectives for rapid and reliable Ag definition, representing a feasible alternative to the biochemical and genetic approaches described thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Hiemstra
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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Abstract
HLA molecules are essential for thymic education and HLA restriction of T-cell responses. We therefore analyzed the HLA-DR binding affinities of synthetic peptides covering the entire sequences of GAD65, islet cell antigen 69 (ICA69), and (pro)insulin, which are candidate antigens in the autoimmune process of T-cell-mediated destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells. Subsequently, peptide HLA-DR binding was correlated to peptide antigenicity by comparing known T-cell epitopes with their HLA-binding affinities defined in this study. The results demonstrate the following. 1) (Pro)insulin peptides display a strong binding affinity for HLA-DR2, which is associated with negative genetic predisposition to IDDM, whereas poor binding was observed for HLA-DR molecules neutrally or positively associated with IDDM. This suggests that the absence of insulin-reactive T-cells in DR2+ individuals may be explained by negative selection on high-affinity DR2 binding insulin peptides. 2) Most autoantigenic peptides display promiscuous HLA-DR binding patterns. This promiscuity in itself is not sufficient to explain the genetic association of HLA-DR with development of IDDM. 3) HLA-DR3 binding of autoantigenic GAD65 peptides is relatively weak compared with that of other known T-cell epitopes. 4) All peptide epitopes recognized by HLA-DR-restricted T-cells from either IDDM patients or GAD65-immunized HLA-DR transgenic mice bind with high affinity to their HLA-DR restriction molecule (P < 0.0006). In contrast, T-cell epitopes recognized by nondiabetic controls bind DR molecules with weak or undetectable affinity. These results thus indicate a strong correlation between antigenicity and HLA-DR binding affinity of GAD65 peptides in IDDM. Furthermore, negative thymic selection of insulin peptides in low-risk (HLA-DR2 expressing) subjects may explain the lack of autoreactivity to insulin in such individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geluk
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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Geluk A, Taneja V, van Meijgaarden KE, Zanelli E, Abou-Zeid C, Thole JE, de Vries RR, David CS, Ottenhoff TH. Identification of HLA class II-restricted determinants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-derived proteins by using HLA-transgenic, class II-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:10797-802. [PMID: 9724784 PMCID: PMC27975 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.18.10797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 1 cells play a major role in protective immunity against mycobacterial pathogens. Since the antigen (Ag) specificity of CD4(+) human T cells is strongly controlled by HLA class II polymorphism, the immunogenic potential of candidate Ags needs to be defined in the context of HLA polymorphism. We have taken advantage of class II-deficient (Ab0) mice, transgenic for either HLA-DRA/B1*0301 (DR3) or HLA-DQB1*0302/DQA*0301 (DQ8) alleles. In these animals, all CD4(+) T cells are restricted by the HLA molecule. We reported previously that human DR3-restricted T cells frequently recognize heat shock protein (hsp)65 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and only a single hsp65 epitope, p1-20. DR3.Ab0 mice, immunized with bacillus Calmette-Guérin or hsp65, developed T cell responses to M. tuberculosis, and recognized the same hsp65 epitope, p1-20. Hsp65-immunized DQ8.Ab0 mice mounted a strong response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin but not to p1-20. Instead, we identified three new DQ8-restricted T cell epitopes in the regions 171-200, 311-340, and 411-440. DR3.Ab0 mice immunized with a second major M. tuberculosis protein, Ag85 (composed of 85A, 85B, and 85C), also developed T cell responses against only one determinant, 85B p51-70, that was identified in this study. Importantly, subsequent analysis of human T cell responses revealed that HLA-DR3+, Ag85-reactive individuals recognize exactly the same peptide epitope as DR3.Ab0 mice. Strikingly, both DR3-restricted T cell epitopes represent the best DR3-binding sequences in hsp65 and 85B, revealing a strong association between peptide-immunodominance and HLA binding affinity. Immunization of DR3.Ab0 with the immunodominant peptides p1-20 and p51-70 induced T cell reactivity to M. tuberculosis. Thus, for two different Ags, T cells from DR3.Ab0 mice and HLA-DR3+ humans recognize the same immunodominant determinants. Our data support the use of HLA-transgenic mice in identifying human T cell determinants for the design of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geluk
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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35
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Geluk A, van Meijgaarden KE, Roep BO, Ottenhoff TH. Altered peptide ligands of islet autoantigen Imogen 38 inhibit antigen specific T cell reactivity in human type-1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 1998; 11:353-61. [PMID: 9776713 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.1998.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) results from autoimmune T cell-dependent destruction of insulin producing beta-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. T cells from recent-onset IDDM patients specifically proliferate to beta cell membrane Ag enriched fractions, containing the mitochondrial 38 kD islet antigen (Imogen). Recently, we identified a peptide epitope (Imogen p55-70) that is recognized by a 38 kD-specific, Th1 clone from an IDDM patient. In animal models of autoimmune diseases, altered self peptide ligands (APL) have been used effectively in peptide-based immune prevention or therapy. No such APL, however, have been reported so far that can modulate autoreactive T-cell responses in IDDM. Here, we have designed APL of p55-70. These APL efficiently downregulate in vitro activation of the 38 kD-specific Th1 clone induced by either p55-70 or by native beta cell autoantigens. Self peptide reactive T-cell proliferation could be inhibited only when APL and the self peptide were present on the same APC. Unrelated peptides with equal HLA-DR binding affinity were not effective, excluding simple MHC competition as the mechanism for T-cell modulation. APL triggered upregulation of CD69 and CD25 expression, but not T-cell proliferation, TCR down-modulation or T-cell anergy. Thus, the p55-70 APL inhibit beta cell autoantigen-induced activation of an Imogen-reactive T-cell clone derived from an IDDM patient, by acting as partial TCR agonists that inhibit TCR down-modulation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Autoantigens/pharmacology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Down-Regulation
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/drug effects
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- HLA-DR1 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-DR1 Antigen/metabolism
- HLA-DR1 Antigen/pharmacology
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Ribosomal Proteins
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geluk
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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36
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de Jong R, Altare F, Haagen IA, Elferink DG, Boer T, van Breda Vriesman PJ, Kabel PJ, Draaisma JM, van Dissel JT, Kroon FP, Casanova JL, Ottenhoff TH. Severe mycobacterial and Salmonella infections in interleukin-12 receptor-deficient patients. Science 1998; 280:1435-8. [PMID: 9603733 DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5368.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a cytokine that promotes cell-mediated immunity to intracellular pathogens by inducing type 1 helper T cell (TH1) responses and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production. IL-12 binds to high-affinity beta1/beta2 heterodimeric IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) complexes on T cell and natural killer cells. Three unrelated individuals with severe, idiopathic mycobacterial and Salmonella infections were found to lack IL-12Rbeta1 chain expression. Their cells were deficient in IL-12R signaling and IFN-gamma production, and their remaining T cell responses were independent of endogenous IL-12. IL-12Rbeta1 sequence analysis revealed genetic mutations that resulted in premature stop codons in the extracellular domain. The lack of IL-12Rbeta1 expression results in a human immunodeficiency and shows the essential role of IL-12 in resistance to infections due to intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R de Jong
- Department of Immunohematology and Bloodbank, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
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37
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Geluk A, Taneja V, van Meijgaarden KE, de Vries RR, David CS, Ottenhoff TH. HLA-DR/DQ transgenic, class II deficient mice as a novel model to select for HSP T cell epitopes with immunotherapeutic or preventative vaccine potential. Biotherapy 1998; 10:191-6. [PMID: 9559973 DOI: 10.1007/bf02678296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity against mycobacteria is dependent on antigen/MHC class II specific, CD4+ Th1 cells. HLA-DR3-restricted Th1 cells respond to a subset of mycobacterial antigens, including the immunodominant hsp65, and recognize a single epitope in hsp65, notably p1-20. Altered peptide ligands (APL) of p1-20 can inhibit p1-20/hsp65-induced proliferation of DR3-restricted T cells in an allele specific manner in vitro. In order to develop a preclinical model in which p1-20 APL can be tested in vivo in the context of HLA, we have used murine class II deficient, HLA transgenic (Ab0) mice, in which all CD4+ T cells are restricted by the tg HLA molecule. BCG-immunized DR3.Ab0 and DQ8.Ab0 mice both responded well to hsp65. Furthermore, DR3.Ab0 mice recognized precisely the same p1-20 epitope as DR3-restricted human T cells, whereas DQ8.Ab0 mice responded to a different set of hsp65 peptides. This shows that (i) the same immunodominant protein and peptide epitope are recognized by T cells from DR3.Ab0 mice and DR3+ humans and (ii) indicates the major role of HLA-polymorphism in controlling the human T cell response to mycobacterial antigens. Thus, HLA-transgenic, Ab0 mice provide a novel, preclinical model system to analyze APL and vaccines in the context of HLA polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geluk
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands.
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38
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De Bruijn ML, Schuurhuis DH, Vierboom MP, Vermeulen H, de Cock KA, Ooms ME, Ressing ME, Toebes M, Franken KL, Drijfhout JW, Ottenhoff TH, Offringa R, Melief CJ. Immunization with human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) oncoprotein-loaded dendritic cells as well as protein in adjuvant induces MHC class I-restricted protection to HPV16-induced tumor cells. Cancer Res 1998; 58:724-31. [PMID: 9485027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncoproteins are attractive targets for T-cell-based immunotherapy of cervical cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with HPV16 E7 protein are not only recognized in vitro by E7-specific CTLs but also elicit E7-specific CTL responses in vivo, associated with protection against a challenge with syngeneic HPV16-induced tumor cells. Vaccination with soluble E7 protein in incomplete Freund's adjuvant likewise induces E7-specific CTL responses associated with tumor protection. The presence of HPV16 E7-specific CTLs in vivo and the observation that depletion of CD8+ cells completely abolishes tumor protection demonstrate that CTLs are the major effector cells in mediating antitumor activity. The in vivo involvement of DCs in the activation of protective CTLs is suggested by the surface display of E7 peptide-loaded MHC class I molecules on these cells after E7 protein immunization. These data show that HPV16 E7 protein-pulsed DCs, as well as the administration of E7 protein antigen in adjuvant, can effectively stimulate tumor-specific MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T-cell-mediated protective immunity to HPV16-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L De Bruijn
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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39
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Vreugdenhil GR, Geluk A, Ottenhoff TH, Melchers WJ, Roep BO, Galama JM. Molecular mimicry in diabetes mellitus: the homologous domain in coxsackie B virus protein 2C and islet autoantigen GAD65 is highly conserved in the coxsackie B-like enteroviruses and binds to the diabetes associated HLA-DR3 molecule. Diabetologia 1998; 41:40-6. [PMID: 9498628 DOI: 10.1007/s001250050864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that molecular mimicry between protein 2C (p2C) of coxsackie virus B4 and the autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) plays a role in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In this study we show that the amino acid sequence of p2C which shares homology with a sequence in GAD65 (PEVKEK), is highly conserved in coxsackie virus B4 isolates as well as in different viruses of the subgroup of coxsackie B-like enteroviruses. These are the most prevalent enteroviruses and therefore exposure to the mimicry motif will be a frequent event throughout life. Presentation of the homologous peptides by HLA molecules is essential for T-cell reactivity. Therefore, we tested whether the PEVKEK motif can bind to the IDDM-associated HLA-DR1, -DR3 and -DR4 molecules. Synthetic peptides with sequences derived from p2C and GAD65 did bind to HLA-DR3 but not to HLA-DR1 or -DR4. Replacement of amino acids within the motif showed that the PEVKEK motif binds specifically to HLA-DR3. Moreover, both p2C and GAD65 peptides bind in the same position within the peptide binding groove of the DR3 molecule which is an essential requirement for T-cell cross-reactivity. The results support molecular mimicry between p2C of coxsackie B-like enteroviruses and GAD65. However, this molecular mimicry may be limited to the HLA-DR3 positive subpopulation of IDDM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Vreugdenhil
- University of Nijmegen, Department of Medical Microbiology, The Netherlands
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40
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van Ham SM, Tjin EP, Lillemeier BF, Grüneberg U, van Meijgaarden KE, Pastoors L, Verwoerd D, Tulp A, Canas B, Rahman D, Ottenhoff TH, Pappin DJ, Trowsdale J, Neefjes J. HLA-DO is a negative modulator of HLA-DM-mediated MHC class II peptide loading. Curr Biol 1997; 7:950-7. [PMID: 9382849 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex become loaded with antigenic peptides after dissociation of invariant chainderived peptides (CLIP) from the peptide-binding groove. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DM is a prerequisite for this process, which takes place in specialised intracellular compartments. HLA-DM catalyses the peptide-exchange process, simultaneously functioning as a peptide 'editor', favouring the presentation of stably binding peptides. Recently, HLA-DO, an unconventional class II molecule, has been found associated with HLA-DM in B cells, yet its function has remained elusive. RESULTS The function of the HLA-DO complex was investigated by expression of both chains of the HLA-DO heterodimer (either alone or fused to green fluorescent protein) in human Mel JuSo cells. Expression of HLA-DO resulted in greatly enhanced surface expression of CLIP via HLA-DR3, the conversion of class II complexes to the SDS-unstable phenotype and reduced antigen presentation to T-cell clones. Analysis of peptides eluted from HLA-DR3 demonstrated that CLIP was the major peptide bound to class II in the HLA-DO transfectants. Peptide exchange assays in vitro revealed that HLA-DO functions directly at the level of class II peptide loading by inhibiting the catalytic action of HLA-DM. CONCLUSIONS HLA-DO is a negative modulator of HLA-DM. By stably associating with HLA-DM, the catalytic action of HLA-DM on class II peptide loading is inhibited. HLA-DO thus affects the peptide repertoire that is eventually presented to the immune system by MHC class II molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M van Ham
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066, CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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41
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Tan MC, Mommaas AM, Drijfhout JW, Jordens R, Onderwater JJ, Verwoerd D, Mulder AA, van der Heiden AN, Scheidegger D, Oomen LC, Ottenhoff TH, Tulp A, Neefjes JJ, Koning F. Mannose receptor-mediated uptake of antigens strongly enhances HLA class II-restricted antigen presentation by cultured dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2426-35. [PMID: 9341789 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) efficiently take up antigens by macropinocytosis and mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis. Here we show that endocytosis of mannose receptor-antigen complexes takes place via small coated vesicles, while non-mannosylated antigens were mainly present in larger vesicles. Shortly after internalization the mannose receptor and its ligand appeared in the larger vesicles. Within 10 min, the mannosylated and non-mannosylated antigens co-localized with typical markers for major histocompatibility complex class II-enriched compartments and lysosomes. In contrast, the mannose receptor appeared not to reach these compartments, suggesting that it releases its ligand in an earlier endosomal structure. Moreover, we demonstrate that mannosylation of protein antigen and peptides resulted in a 200-10,000-fold enhanced potency to stimulate HLA class II-restricted peptide-specific T cell clones compared to non-mannosylated peptides. Our results indicate that mannosylation of antigen leads to selective targeting and subsequent superior presentation by DC which may be applicable in vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Tan
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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42
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Ottenhoff TH, Spierings E, Nibbering PH, de Jong R. Modulation of protective and pathological immunity in mycobacterial infections. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997; 113:400-8. [PMID: 9250585 DOI: 10.1159/000237615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections represent major problems to global health care. Tuberculosis is feared particularly because of its high mortality rates whereas in leprosy the occurrence of immunopathology, particularly nerve damage, is a major problem since the bacillus itself is relatively harmless. Thus, both effective vaccination strategies as well as novel immunomodulating regimens are warranted for the control of morbidity and mortality in mycobacterial diseases. Since CD4+ Th1 cells and type-1 cytokines play a key role both in protective immunity and immunopathology in mycobacterial infections, we here describe new pharmacological and cytokine-based strategies to regulate Th1 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Ottenhoff
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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43
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de Jong R, Janson AA, Faber WR, Naafs B, Ottenhoff TH. IL-2 and IL-12 act in synergy to overcome antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness in mycobacterial disease. The Journal of Immunology 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.159.2.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IL-12 secretion by APC is critical for the development of protective Th1-type responses in mycobacterial (Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis) infections in mice. We have studied the role of IL-12 and IL-2 in the generation of Mycobacterium leprae-specific T cell responses in humans. Leprosy patients were defined as low/nonresponders or high responders based on the level of T cell proliferation in M. leprae-stimulated PBMC. In high responders, M. leprae-induced proliferation was markedly suppressed by neutralizing anti-IL-12 mAb (inhibition 55 +/- 6%). Neutralization of IL-2 activity resulted in an inhibition of 77 +/- 4%. Given the importance of endogenous IL-2 and IL-12 in M. leprae-induced responses, we investigated the ability of rIL-2 and rIL-12 to reverse T cell unresponsiveness in low/nonresponder patients. Interestingly, rIL-12 and rIL-2 strongly synergized in restoring both M. leprae-specific T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion almost completely to the level of responder patients. A similar synergy between rIL-2 and rIL-12 was also observed in high responders when suboptimal M. leprae concentrations were used for T cell stimulation. Our data demonstrate a crucial role for endogenous IL-12 and IL-2 in M. leprae-induced T cell activation. Most importantly, we show that rIL-2 and rIL-12 act in synergy to overcome Ag-specific Th1 cell unresponsiveness. These findings may be applicable to the design of antimicrobial and antitumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R de Jong
- Department of Immunohematology & Bloodbank, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A A Janson
- Department of Immunohematology & Bloodbank, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W R Faber
- Department of Immunohematology & Bloodbank, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - B Naafs
- Department of Immunohematology & Bloodbank, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T H Ottenhoff
- Department of Immunohematology & Bloodbank, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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44
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de Jong R, Janson AA, Faber WR, Naafs B, Ottenhoff TH. IL-2 and IL-12 act in synergy to overcome antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness in mycobacterial disease. J Immunol 1997; 159:786-93. [PMID: 9218596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
IL-12 secretion by APC is critical for the development of protective Th1-type responses in mycobacterial (Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis) infections in mice. We have studied the role of IL-12 and IL-2 in the generation of Mycobacterium leprae-specific T cell responses in humans. Leprosy patients were defined as low/nonresponders or high responders based on the level of T cell proliferation in M. leprae-stimulated PBMC. In high responders, M. leprae-induced proliferation was markedly suppressed by neutralizing anti-IL-12 mAb (inhibition 55 +/- 6%). Neutralization of IL-2 activity resulted in an inhibition of 77 +/- 4%. Given the importance of endogenous IL-2 and IL-12 in M. leprae-induced responses, we investigated the ability of rIL-2 and rIL-12 to reverse T cell unresponsiveness in low/nonresponder patients. Interestingly, rIL-12 and rIL-2 strongly synergized in restoring both M. leprae-specific T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion almost completely to the level of responder patients. A similar synergy between rIL-2 and rIL-12 was also observed in high responders when suboptimal M. leprae concentrations were used for T cell stimulation. Our data demonstrate a crucial role for endogenous IL-12 and IL-2 in M. leprae-induced T cell activation. Most importantly, we show that rIL-2 and rIL-12 act in synergy to overcome Ag-specific Th1 cell unresponsiveness. These findings may be applicable to the design of antimicrobial and antitumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R de Jong
- Department of Immunohematology & Bloodbank, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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45
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Tan TL, Geluk A, Toebes M, Ottenhoff TH, Drijfhout JW. A novel, highly efficient peptide-HLA class I binding assay using unfolded heavy chain molecules: identification of HIV-1 derived peptides that bind to HLA-A*0201 and HLA-A*0301. J Immunol Methods 1997; 205:201-9. [PMID: 9294602 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(97)00086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel cell-free, highly automated peptide-HLA binding assay has been designed during which a mixture of unfolded recombinant HLA heavy chain molecules, beta 2-microglobulin and a fluorescent labeled standard peptide is allowed to form peptide-HLA complexes. The binding of a peptide of interest is monitored as the ability to inhibit the formation of fluorescent peptide-HLA complexes. The assay was validated using published, known HLA-A* 0201 and HLA-A* 0301 binding peptides. In addition a selected set of HIV-1LAI reverse transcriptase derived 10-mer peptides, that had been selected on the basis of HLA-A* 0201 or HLA-A* 0301 binding motifs, were tested for HLA-A* 0201/A* 0301 binding. In that set we identified 8 peptides which bound with high affinity to HLA-A* 0201 and 5 peptides which bound with high affinity to HLA-A* 0301. The major advantage of the use of denatured heavy chain is the improved economy and efficiency, as unfolded protein material is in principle easily accessible by recombinant technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Tan
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Hospital, Netherlands
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46
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Wieles B, Ottenhoff TH, Steenwijk TM, Franken KL, de Vries RR, Langermans JA. Increased intracellular survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis containing the Mycobacterium leprae thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase gene. Infect Immun 1997; 65:2537-41. [PMID: 9199416 PMCID: PMC175358 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.7.2537-2541.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The thioredoxin (Trx) system of Mycobacterium leprae is expressed as a single hybrid protein containing thioredoxin reductase (TR) at its N terminus and Trx at its C terminus. This hybrid Trx system is unique to M. leprae, since in all other organisms studied to date, including other mycobacteria, both TR and Trx are expressed as two separate proteins. Because Trx has been shown to scavenge reactive oxygen species, we have investigated whether the TR-Trx gene product can inhibit oxygen-dependent killing of mycobacteria by human mononuclear phagocytes and as such could contribute to mycobacterial virulence. The gene encoding M. leprae TR-Trx was cloned into the apathogenic, fast-growing bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis. Recombinant M. smegmatis containing the gene encoding TR-Trx was killed to a significantly lesser extent than M. smegmatis containing the identical vector with either no insert or a control M. leprae construct unrelated to TR-Trx. Upon phagocytosis, M. smegmatis was shown to be killed predominantly by oxygen-dependent macrophage-killing mechanisms. Coinfection of M. smegmatis expressing the gene encoding TR-Trx together with Staphylococcus aureus, which is known to be killed via oxygen-dependent microbicidal mechanisms, revealed that the TR-Trx gene product interferes with the intracellular killing of this bacterium. A similar coinfection with Streptococcus pyogenes, known to be killed by oxygen-independent mechanisms, showed that the TR-Trx gene product did not influence the oxygen-independent killing pathway. The data obtained in this study suggest that the Trx system of M. leprae can inhibit oxygen-dependent killing of intracellular bacteria and thus may represent one of the mechanisms by which M. leprae can deal with oxidative stress within human mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wieles
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Hospital, The Netherlands.
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47
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Geluk A, van Meijgaarden KE, de Vries RR, Sette A, Ottenhoff TH. A DR17-restricted T cell epitope from a secreted Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen only binds to DR17 molecules at neutral pH. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:842-7. [PMID: 9130633 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of peptide-major histocompatability class II complexes in vitro is accelerated at low pH, comparable to that found in the intracellular compartments of metabolically active antigen-presenting cells (APC). Mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis reside in phagosomes with only mildly acidic pH. Therefore, we investigated the pH dependency of peptide-HLA-DR binding for several T cell epitopes of mycobacterial proteins, focussing particularly on well-defined, immunodominant HLA-DR17(3)-restricted T cell epitopes: peptide (p) 3-13 from the cytoplasmic 65-kDa heat shock protein of M. tuberculosis/M. leprae, and peptide 56-65 from the secreted 30/31-kDa protein from M. tuberculosis/M. leprae. p3-13 bound to purified, cell-free DR17 under both acidic and neutral conditions. Four other, unrelated DR17-binding peptides showed the same pH-dependent binding characteristics as p3-13. p56-65, however, only bound to purified DR17 at pH 7 but not at all at pH 4.5. These DR17 peptide binding data were confirmed in cell-bound DR17, in T cell stimulation assays in which fixed APC were peptide-pulsed at acidic or neutral pH before addition of peptide-specific DR17-restricted T cells. As far as we are aware, p56-65 is the only human T cell epitope binding to HLA exclusively at neutral pH. The binding characteristics of p56-65 may reflect dominant processing in alternative, less acidic vacuolar compartments specifically related to the generation of epitopes from (secreted) mycobacterial proteins. The observation that p56-65 is an immunodominant epitope for anti-mycobacterial T cells suggests the relevance of such novel processing compartments in T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geluk
- Department of Immunohematology, Blood Bank, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
T-cell receptors (TCR) recognize peptides complexed to self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Recognition of peptide/MHC ligands by the TCR is highly peptide specific. However, certain TCRs can also recognize sequence-related and -unrelated ('mimicry') epitopes presented by homologous MHC molecules. Using two human, human leucocyte antigen-DR1 (HLA-DR1)-restricted T-cell clones specific for HA p307-319, we identified several diverse combinations of peptide-MHC complexes that are functionally equivalent in their ability to trigger T-cell stimulation. These findings demonstrate that a single TCR can productively interact with different peptides complexed to self- as well as non-self-MHC molecules. This extended reactivity is human leucocyte antigen (HLA) allele and TCR clonotype dependent, as the peptide repertoire recognized depends on the presenting HLA-DR molecule and varies among different TCRs that both recognize the HA p307-319/DR1 complex. Importantly, certain peptide analogues can completely change the HLA-restriction pattern of the TCR: T-cell recognition of the wild-type peptide that was absent in the context of a non-self HLA-DR molecule, was restored by complementing substitutions in altered peptide ligands, that could not be presented by the original restriction element. This mechanism may play an important role in allorecognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geluk
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Ottenhoff TH, Geluk A, Toebes M, Benckhuijsen WE, van Meijgaarden KE, Drijfhout JW. A sensitive fluorometric assay for quantitatively measuring specific peptide binding to HLA class I and class II molecules. J Immunol Methods 1997; 200:89-97. [PMID: 9005947 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(96)00190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive, highly reproducible assay was developed for measuring binding of peptides to various HLA class I and II alleles. The assay is based on competition for binding to HLA between a peptide of interest and a fluorescent labelled standard peptide. This mixture is incubated with HLA to obtain equilibrium binding, and subsequently separated on an HPLC size-exclusion column in (i) a protein fraction containing HLA and bound peptide and (ii) a free peptide fraction. Each assay uses only 100 fmol labelled peptide and approximately 10 pmol of HLA. The analytical system contains an autosampler that samples from 96-well microtiter plates. Injections and data recording/evaluation is fully automated. Typical analysis time is 10-12 min per sample. The fluorescence in the HLA-bound peptide and free peptide containing fractions is measured on-line. The ratios of fluorescence signal in protein and peptide fractions at various concentrations of the peptide of interest are determined. IC50 values are calculated from the binding curve as obtained by curve fitting of the data. Here we show results for peptide binding to HLA-DR1 and -DR17 molecules purified from detergent solubilized cell lysates. and for recombinant HLA-A*0201 and HLA-A*0301 expressed in E. coli. The assay reported is sensitive and reproducible. It is non-radioactive and is non-labor intensive due to the high degree of automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Ottenhoff
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Hospital, Netherlands.
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Tan MC, Mommaas AM, Drijfhout JW, Jordens R, Onderwater JJ, Verwoerd D, Mulder AA, van der Heiden AN, Ottenhoff TH, Cella M, Tulp A, Neefjes JJ, Koning F. Mannose receptor mediated uptake of antigens strongly enhances HLA-class II restricted antigen presentation by cultured dendritic cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 417:171-4. [PMID: 9286356 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9966-8_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) use macropinocytosis and mannose receptor mediated endocytosis for the uptake of exogenous antigens. Here we show that the endocytosis of the mannose receptor and mannosylated antigen is distinct from that of a non-mannosylated antigen. Shortly after internalization, however, both mannosylated and non-mannosylated antigen are found in an MIIC like compartment. The mannose receptor itself does not reach this compartment, and probably releases its ligand in an earlier endosomal structure. Finally, we found that mannosylation of peptides strongly enhanced their potency to stimulate HLA class II-restricted peptide-specific T cell clones. Our results indicate that mannosylation of antigen leads to selective targeting and subsequent superior presentation by DCs which may be useful for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Tan
- Department of Immunohematology, Leiden University Hospital, The Netherlands
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