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Wen X, Suryadevara N, Kose N, Liu J, Zhan X, Handal LS, Williamson LE, Trivette A, Carnahan RH, Jardetzky TS, Crowe JE. Potent cross-neutralization of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus through a structurally conserved antibody recognition mode. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1288-1300.e6. [PMID: 37516111 PMCID: PMC10527986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections pose a significant health burden. Using pre-fusion conformation fusion (F) proteins, we isolated a panel of anti-F antibodies from a human donor. One antibody (RSV-199) potently cross-neutralized 8 RSV and hMPV strains by recognizing antigenic site III, which is partially conserved in RSV and hMPV F. Next, we determined the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of RSV-199 bound to RSV F trimers, hMPV F monomers, and an unexpected dimeric form of hMPV F. These structures revealed how RSV-199 engages both RSV and hMPV F proteins through conserved interactions of the antibody heavy-chain variable region and how variability within heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) can be accommodated at the F protein interface in site-III-directed antibodies. Furthermore, RSV-199 offered enhanced protection against RSV A and B strains and hMPV in cotton rats. These findings highlight the mechanisms of broad neutralization and therapeutic potential of RSV-199.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wen
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Laura S Handal
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lauren E Williamson
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew Trivette
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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2
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Brigger D, Guntern P, Jonsdottir HR, Pennington LF, Weber B, Taddeo A, Zimmer G, Leborgne NGF, Benarafa C, Jardetzky TS, Eggel A. Sex-specific differences in immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination vanish with age. Allergy 2023. [PMID: 36680391 DOI: 10.1111/all.15652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brigger
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Guntern
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hulda R Jonsdottir
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Luke F Pennington
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Weber
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Taddeo
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern and Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern and Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathan G F Leborgne
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern and Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Charaf Benarafa
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern and Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alexander Eggel
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Pennington LF, Gasser P, Kleinboelting S, Zhang C, Skiniotis G, Eggel A, Jardetzky TS. Directed evolution of and structural insights into antibody-mediated disruption of a stable receptor-ligand complex. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7069. [PMID: 34862384 PMCID: PMC8642555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody drugs exert therapeutic effects via a range of mechanisms, including competitive inhibition, allosteric modulation, and immune effector mechanisms. Facilitated dissociation is an additional mechanism where antibody-mediated “disruption” of stable high-affinity macromolecular complexes can potentially enhance therapeutic efficacy. However, this mechanism is not well understood or utilized therapeutically. Here, we investigate and engineer the weak disruptive activity of an existing therapeutic antibody, omalizumab, which targets IgE antibodies to block the allergic response. We develop a yeast display approach to select for and engineer antibody disruptive efficiency and generate potent omalizumab variants that dissociate receptor-bound IgE. We determine a low resolution cryo-EM structure of a transient disruption intermediate containing the IgE-Fc, its partially dissociated receptor and an antibody inhibitor. Our results provide a conceptual framework for engineering disruptive inhibitors for other targets, insights into the failure in clinical trials of the previous high affinity omalizumab HAE variant and anti-IgE antibodies that safely and rapidly disarm allergic effector cells. Facilitated dissociation is a mechanism where antibody-mediated disruption of high-affinity complexes can enhance the therapeutic effects of a drug. Here the authors present a yeast display approach to select and engineer omalizumab variants that dissociate receptor-bound IgE to accelerate its inhibition of the allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke F Pennington
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Progam in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Pascal Gasser
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silke Kleinboelting
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Chensong Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander Eggel
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Progam in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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4
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Pennington LF, Gasser P, Brigger D, Guntern P, Eggel A, Jardetzky TS. Structure-guided design of ultrapotent disruptive IgE inhibitors to rapidly terminate acute allergic reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:1049-1060. [PMID: 33991582 PMCID: PMC8502201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaphylaxis represents one of the most severe and fatal forms of allergic reactions. Like most other allergies, it is caused by activation of basophils and mast cells by allergen-mediated cross-linking of IgE bound to its high-affinity receptor, FcεRI, on the cell surface. The systemic release of soluble mediators induces an inflammatory cascade, rapidly causing symptoms with peak severity in minutes to hours after allergen exposure. Primary treatment for anaphylaxis consists of immediate intramuscular administration of adrenaline. OBJECTIVE While adrenaline alleviates life-threatening symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction, there are currently no disease-modifying interventions available. We sought to develop potent and fast-acting IgE inhibitors with the potential to rapidly terminate acute allergic reactions. METHODS Using affinity maturation by yeast display and structure-guided molecular engineering, we generated 3 optimized disruptive IgE inhibitors based on designed ankyrin repeat proteins and assessed their ability to actively remove IgE from allergic effector cells in vitro as well as in vivo in mice. RESULTS The engineered IgE inhibitors rapidly dissociate preformed IgE:FcεRI complexes, terminate IgE-mediated signaling in preactivated human blood basophils in vitro, and shut down preinitiated allergic reactions and anaphylaxis in mice in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Fast-acting disruptive IgE inhibitors demonstrate the feasibility of developing kinetically optimized inhibitors for the treatment of anaphylaxis and the rapid desensitization of allergic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke F Pennington
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Pascal Gasser
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Brigger
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Guntern
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eggel
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.
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5
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Ishida K, Mbanefo EC, Le L, Lamanna O, Pennington LF, Finkel JC, Jardetzky TS, Falcone FH, Hsieh MH. IPSE, a parasite-derived, host immunomodulatory infiltrin protein, alleviates resiniferatoxin-induced bladder pain. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920970099. [PMID: 33342372 PMCID: PMC7756320 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920970099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1)
receptor is an important mediator of nociception and its expression is enriched
in nociceptive neurons. TRPV1 signaling has been implicated in bladder pain and
is a potential analgesic target. Resiniferatoxin is the most potent known
agonist of TRPV1. Acute exposure of the rat bladder to resiniferatoxin has been
demonstrated to result in pain-related freezing and licking behaviors that are
alleviated by virally encoded IL-4. The interleukin-4-inducing principle of
Schistosoma mansoni eggs (IPSE) is a powerful inducer of
IL-4 secretion, and is also known to alter host cell transcription through a
nuclear localization sequence-based mechanism. We previously reported that IPSE
ameliorates ifosfamide-induced bladder pain in an IL-4- and nuclear localization
sequence-dependent manner. We hypothesized that pre-administration of IPSE to
resiniferatoxin-challenged mice would dampen pain-related behaviors. IPSE indeed
lessened resiniferatoxin-triggered freezing behaviors in mice. This was a
nuclear localization sequence-dependent phenomenon, since administration of a
nuclear localization sequence mutant version of IPSE abrogated IPSE’s analgesic
effect. In contrast, IPSE’s analgesic effect did not seem IL-4-dependent, since
use of anti-IL-4 antibody in mice given both IPSE and resiniferatoxin did not
significantly affect freezing behaviors. RNA-Seq analysis of resiniferatoxin-
and IPSE-exposed bladders revealed differential expression of TNF/NF-κb-related
signaling pathway genes. In vitro testing of IPSE uptake by
urothelial cells and TRPV1-expressing neuronal cells showed uptake by both cell
types. Thus, IPSE’s nuclear localization sequence-dependent therapeutic effects
on TRPV1-mediated bladder pain may act on TRPV1-expressing neurons and/or may
rely upon urothelial mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ishida
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Evaristus C Mbanefo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Loc Le
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Olivia Lamanna
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Luke F Pennington
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia C Finkel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Franco H Falcone
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Michael H Hsieh
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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6
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Brigger D, Horn MP, Pennington LF, Powell AE, Siegrist D, Weber B, Engler O, Piezzi V, Damonti L, Iseli P, Hauser C, Froehlich TK, Villiger PM, Bachmann MF, Leib SL, Bittel P, Fiedler M, Largiadèr CR, Marschall J, Stalder H, Kim PS, Jardetzky TS, Eggel A, Nagler M. Accuracy of serological testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies: First results of a large mixed-method evaluation study. Allergy 2021; 76:853-865. [PMID: 32997812 PMCID: PMC7537154 DOI: 10.1111/all.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serological immunoassays that can identify protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 are needed to adapt quarantine measures, assess vaccination responses, and evaluate donor plasma. To date, however, the utility of such immunoassays remains unclear. In a mixed-design evaluation study, we compared the diagnostic accuracy of serological immunoassays that are based on various SARS-CoV-2 proteins and assessed the neutralizing activity of antibodies in patient sera. METHODS Consecutive patients admitted with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were prospectively followed alongside medical staff and biobank samples from winter 2018/2019. An in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was developed and compared to three commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) targeting the nucleoprotein (N), the S1 domain of the spike protein (S1), and a lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) based on full-length spike protein. Neutralization assays with live SARS-CoV-2 were performed. RESULTS One thousand four hundred and seventy-seven individuals were included comprising 112 SARS-CoV-2 positives (defined as a positive real-time PCR result; prevalence 7.6%). IgG seroconversion occurred between day 0 and day 21. While the ELISAs showed sensitivities of 88.4% for RBD, 89.3% for S1, and 72.9% for N protein, the specificity was above 94% for all tests. Out of 54 SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals, 96.3% showed full neutralization of live SARS-CoV-2 at serum dilutions ≥ 1:16, while none of the 6 SARS-CoV-2-negative sera revealed neutralizing activity. CONCLUSIONS ELISAs targeting RBD and S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 are promising immunoassays which shall be further evaluated in studies verifying diagnostic accuracy and protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brigger
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and AllergologyInselspital University HospitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Michael P. Horn
- University Institute of Clinical ChemistryInselspital University HospitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Luke F. Pennington
- Department of Structural BiologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
| | - Abigail E. Powell
- Standford Chem‐H and Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Denise Siegrist
- Spiez LaboratoryFederal Office for Civil ProtectionSpiezSwitzerland
| | - Benjamin Weber
- Spiez LaboratoryFederal Office for Civil ProtectionSpiezSwitzerland
| | - Olivier Engler
- Spiez LaboratoryFederal Office for Civil ProtectionSpiezSwitzerland
| | - Vanja Piezzi
- Department of Infectious DiseasesBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Lauro Damonti
- Department of Infectious DiseasesBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Patricia Iseli
- Occupational MedicineInselspital University HospitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Hauser
- Department of Infectious DiseasesBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Tanja K. Froehlich
- University Institute of Clinical ChemistryInselspital University HospitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Peter M. Villiger
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and AllergologyInselspital University HospitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Martin F. Bachmann
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and AllergologyInselspital University HospitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Stephen L. Leib
- Institute for Infectious DiseasesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Pascal Bittel
- Institute for Infectious DiseasesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Martin Fiedler
- University Institute of Clinical ChemistryInselspital University HospitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Carlo R. Largiadèr
- University Institute of Clinical ChemistryInselspital University HospitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Jonas Marschall
- Department of Infectious DiseasesBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Hanspeter Stalder
- Vetsuisse FacultyInstitute of Virology and ImmunologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Standford Chem‐H and Department of BiochemistryStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCAUSA
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | - Alexander Eggel
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and AllergologyInselspital University HospitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Michael Nagler
- University Institute of Clinical ChemistryInselspital University HospitalBernSwitzerland
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7
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Wong JJ, Chen Z, Chung JK, Groves JT, Jardetzky TS. EphrinB2 clustering by Nipah virus G is required to activate and trap F intermediates at supported lipid bilayer-cell interfaces. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabe1235. [PMID: 33571127 PMCID: PMC7840137 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Paramyxovirus membrane fusion requires an attachment protein that binds to a host cell receptor and a fusion protein that merges the viral and host membranes. For Nipah virus (NiV), the G attachment protein binds ephrinB2/B3 receptors and activates F-mediated fusion. To visualize dynamic events of these proteins at the membrane interface, we reconstituted NiV fusion activation by overlaying F- and G-expressing cells onto ephrinB2-functionalized supported lipid bilayers and used TIRF microscopy to follow F, G, and ephrinB2. We found that G and ephrinB2 form clusters and that oligomerization of ephrinB2 is necessary for F activation. Single-molecule tracking of F particles revealed accumulation of an immobilized intermediate upon activation. We found no evidence for stable F-G protein complexes before or after activation. These observations lead to a revised model for NiV fusion activation and provide a foundation for investigating other multicomponent viral fusion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce J Wong
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhongwen Chen
- Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jean K Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jay T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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8
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Mbanefo EC, Le L, Pennington LF, Hsieh YJ, Odegaard JI, Lapira K, Jardetzky TS, Falcone FH, Hsieh MH. IPSE, a urogenital parasite-derived immunomodulatory molecule, suppresses bladder pathogenesis and anti-microbial peptide gene expression in bacterial urinary tract infection. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:615. [PMID: 33298153 PMCID: PMC7724859 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic infections can increase susceptibility to bacterial co-infections. This may be true for urogenital schistosomiasis and bacterial urinary tract co-infections (UTI). We previously reported that this co-infection is facilitated by S. haematobium eggs triggering interleukin-4 (IL-4) production and sought to dissect the underlying mechanisms. The interleukin-4-inducing principle from Schistosoma mansoni eggs (IPSE) is one of the most abundant schistosome egg-secreted proteins and binds to IgE on the surface of basophils and mast cells to trigger IL-4 release. IPSE can also translocate into host nuclei using a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) to modulate host transcription. We hypothesized that IPSE is the factor responsible for the ability of S. haematobium eggs to worsen UTI pathogenesis. METHODS Mice were intravenously administered a single 25 μg dose of recombinant S. haematobium-derived IPSE, an NLS mutant of IPSE or PBS. Following IPSE exposure, mice were serially weighed and organs analyzed by histology to assess for toxicity. Twenty-four hours after IPSE administration, mice were challenged with the uropathogenic E. coli strain UTI89 by urethral catheterization. Bacterial CFU were measured using urine. Bladders were examined histologically for UTI-triggered pathogenesis and by PCR for antimicrobial peptide and pattern recognition receptor expression. RESULTS Unexpectedly, IPSE administration did not result in significant differences in urine bacterial CFU. However, IPSE administration did lead to a significant reduction in UTI-induced bladder pathogenesis and the expression of anti-microbial peptides in the bladder. Despite the profound effect of IPSE on UTI-triggered bladder pathogenesis and anti-microbial peptide production, mice did not demonstrate systemic ill effects from IPSE exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that IPSE may play a major role in S. haematobium-associated urinary tract co-infection, albeit in an unexpected fashion. These findings also indicate that IPSE either works in concert with other IL-4-inducing factors to increase susceptibility of S. haematobium-infected hosts to bacterial co-infection or does not contribute to enhancing vulnerability to this co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaristus C. Mbanefo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children’s National Hospital, West Wing, 4th Floor, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA
- Present Address: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Loc Le
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD USA
- Present Address: A-TEK, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Yi- Ju Hsieh
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD USA
- Present Address: Fountain Biopharma, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Franco H. Falcone
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Michael H. Hsieh
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children’s National Hospital, West Wing, 4th Floor, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA
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9
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Röltgen K, Powell AE, Wirz OF, Stevens BA, Hogan CA, Najeeb J, Hunter M, Wang H, Sahoo MK, Huang C, Yamamoto F, Manohar M, Manalac J, Otrelo-Cardoso AR, Pham TD, Rustagi A, Rogers AJ, Shah NH, Blish CA, Cochran JR, Jardetzky TS, Zehnder JL, Wang TT, Narasimhan B, Gombar S, Tibshirani R, Nadeau KC, Kim PS, Pinsky BA, Boyd SD. Defining the features and duration of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with disease severity and outcome. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eabe0240. [PMID: 33288645 PMCID: PMC7857392 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, particularly those preventing viral spike receptor binding domain (RBD) interaction with host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, can neutralize the virus. It is, however, unknown which features of the serological response may affect clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients. We analyzed 983 longitudinal plasma samples from 79 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 175 SARS-CoV-2-infected outpatients and asymptomatic individuals. Within this cohort, 25 patients died of their illness. Higher ratios of IgG antibodies targeting S1 or RBD domains of spike compared to nucleocapsid antigen were seen in outpatients who had mild illness versus severely ill patients. Plasma antibody increases correlated with decreases in viral RNAemia, but antibody responses in acute illness were insufficient to predict inpatient outcomes. Pseudovirus neutralization assays and a scalable ELISA measuring antibodies blocking RBD-ACE2 interaction were well correlated with patient IgG titers to RBD. Outpatient and asymptomatic individuals' SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, including IgG, progressively decreased during observation up to five months post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abigail E Powell
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Oliver F Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bryan A Stevens
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A Hogan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Javaria Najeeb
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Hannah Wang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Malaya K Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - ChunHong Huang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fumiko Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Monali Manohar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Justin Manalac
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Tho D Pham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Angela J Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nigam H Shah
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - James L Zehnder
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Taia T Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Balasubramanian Narasimhan
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Saurabh Gombar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Tibshirani
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter S Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, USA
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10
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Mbanefo EC, Agbo CT, Zhao Y, Lamanna OK, Thai KH, Karinshak SE, Khan MA, Fu CL, Odegaard JI, Saltikova IV, Smout MJ, Pennington LF, Nicolls MR, Jardetzky TS, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Falcone FH, Hsieh MH. IPSE, an abundant egg-secreted protein of the carcinogenic helminth Schistosoma haematobium, promotes proliferation of bladder cancer cells and angiogenesis. Infect Agent Cancer 2020; 15:63. [PMID: 33101456 PMCID: PMC7578584 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-020-00331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosoma haematobium, the helminth causing urogenital schistosomiasis, is a known bladder carcinogen. Despite the causal link between S. haematobium and bladder cancer, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. S. haematobium oviposition in the bladder is associated with angiogenesis and urothelial hyperplasia. These changes may be pre-carcinogenic events in the bladder. We hypothesized that the Interleukin-4-inducing principle of Schistosoma mansoni eggs (IPSE), an S. haematobium egg-secreted "infiltrin" protein that enters host cell nuclei to alter cellular activity, is sufficient to induce angiogenesis and urothelial hyperplasia. Methods: Mouse bladders injected with S. haematobium eggs were analyzed via microscopy for angiogenesis and urothelial hyperplasia. Endothelial and urothelial cell lines were incubated with recombinant IPSE protein or an IPSE mutant protein that lacks the native nuclear localization sequence (NLS-) and proliferation measured using CFSE staining and real-time monitoring of cell growth. IPSE's effects on urothelial cell cycle status was assayed through propidium iodide staining. Endothelial and urothelial cell uptake of fluorophore-labeled IPSE was measured. Findings: Injection of S. haematobium eggs into the bladder triggers angiogenesis, enhances leakiness of bladder blood vessels, and drives urothelial hyperplasia. Wild type IPSE, but not NLS-, increases proliferation of endothelial and urothelial cells and skews urothelial cells towards S phase. Finally, IPSE is internalized by both endothelial and urothelial cells. Interpretation: IPSE drives endothelial and urothelial proliferation, which may depend on internalization of the molecule. The urothelial effects of IPSE depend upon its NLS. Thus, IPSE is a candidate pro-carcinogenic molecule of S. haematobium. SUMMARY Schistosoma haematobium acts as a bladder carcinogen through unclear mechanisms. The S. haematobium homolog of IPSE, a secreted schistosome egg immunomodulatory molecule, enhances angiogenesis and urothelial proliferation, hallmarks of pre-carcinogenesis, suggesting IPSE is a key pro-oncogenic molecule of S. haematobium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaristus C. Mbanefo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children’s National Hospital, West Wing, 4th Floor, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA
| | | | | | - Olivia K. Lamanna
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children’s National Hospital, West Wing, 4th Floor, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA
| | - Kim H. Thai
- Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX USA
| | - Shannon E. Karinshak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Mohammad Afzal Khan
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Irina V. Saltikova
- Guardant Health, Redwood City, CA USA
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Mark R. Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | - Alex Loukas
- James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Franco H. Falcone
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Michael H. Hsieh
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children’s National Hospital, West Wing, 4th Floor, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA
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11
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Nielsen SCA, Yang F, Jackson KJL, Hoh RA, Röltgen K, Jean GH, Stevens BA, Lee JY, Rustagi A, Rogers AJ, Powell AE, Hunter M, Najeeb J, Otrelo-Cardoso AR, Yost KE, Daniel B, Nadeau KC, Chang HY, Satpathy AT, Jardetzky TS, Kim PS, Wang TT, Pinsky BA, Blish CA, Boyd SD. Human B Cell Clonal Expansion and Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:516-525.e5. [PMID: 32941787 PMCID: PMC7470783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B cells are critical for the production of antibodies and protective immunity to viruses. Here we show that patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) who develop coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) display early recruitment of B cells expressing a limited subset of IGHV genes, progressing to a highly polyclonal response of B cells with broader IGHV gene usage and extensive class switching to IgG and IgA subclasses with limited somatic hypermutation in the initial weeks of infection. We identify convergence of antibody sequences across SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, highlighting stereotyped naive responses to this virus. Notably, sequence-based detection in COVID-19 patients of convergent B cell clonotypes previously reported in SARS-CoV infection predicts the presence of SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive antibody titers specific for the receptor-binding domain. These findings offer molecular insights into shared features of human B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Ramona A Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Grace H Jean
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bryan A Stevens
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ji-Yeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Angela J Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abigail E Powell
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Javaria Najeeb
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Kathryn E Yost
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bence Daniel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter S Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Taia T Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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12
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Röltgen K, Wirz OF, Stevens BA, Powell AE, Hogan CA, Najeeb J, Hunter M, Sahoo MK, Huang C, Yamamoto F, Manalac J, Otrelo-Cardoso AR, Pham TD, Rustagi A, Rogers AJ, Shah NH, Blish CA, Cochran JR, Nadeau KC, Jardetzky TS, Zehnder JL, Wang TT, Kim PS, Gombar S, Tibshirani R, Pinsky BA, Boyd SD. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses Correlate with Resolution of RNAemia But Are Short-Lived in Patients with Mild Illness. medRxiv 2020:2020.08.15.20175794. [PMID: 32839786 PMCID: PMC7444305 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.15.20175794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, particularly those preventing viral spike receptor binding domain (RBD) interaction with host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, could offer protective immunity, and may affect clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients. We analyzed 625 serial plasma samples from 40 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 170 SARS-CoV-2-infected outpatients and asymptomatic individuals. Severely ill patients developed significantly higher SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses than outpatients and asymptomatic individuals. The development of plasma antibodies was correlated with decreases in viral RNAemia, consistent with potential humoral immune clearance of virus. Using a novel competition ELISA, we detected antibodies blocking RBD-ACE2 interactions in 68% of inpatients and 40% of outpatients tested. Cross-reactive antibodies recognizing SARS-CoV RBD were found almost exclusively in hospitalized patients. Outpatient and asymptomatic individuals' serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 decreased within 2 months, suggesting that humoral protection may be short-lived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Oliver F. Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bryan A. Stevens
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abigail E. Powell
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A. Hogan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Javaria Najeeb
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Malaya K. Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - ChunHong Huang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fumiko Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Justin Manalac
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Tho D. Pham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Angela J. Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nigam H. Shah
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Catherine A. Blish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - James L. Zehnder
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Taia T. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Saurabh Gombar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Tibshirani
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott D. Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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Nielsen SCA, Yang F, Jackson KJL, Hoh RA, Röltgen K, Stevens B, Lee JY, Rustagi A, Rogers AJ, Powell AE, Najeeb J, Otrelo-Cardoso AR, Yost KE, Daniel B, Chang HY, Satpathy AT, Jardetzky TS, Kim PS, Wang TT, Pinsky BA, Blish CA, Boyd SD. Human B cell clonal expansion and convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv 2020:2020.07.08.194456. [PMID: 32676593 PMCID: PMC7359515 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.08.194456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
During virus infection B cells are critical for the production of antibodies and protective immunity. Here we show that the human B cell compartment in patients with diagnostically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and clinical COVID-19 is rapidly altered with the early recruitment of B cells expressing a limited subset of IGHV genes, progressing to a highly polyclonal response of B cells with broader IGHV gene usage and extensive class switching to IgG and IgA subclasses with limited somatic hypermutation in the initial weeks of infection. We identify extensive convergence of antibody sequences across SARS-CoV-2 patients, highlighting stereotyped naïve responses to this virus. Notably, sequence-based detection in COVID-19 patients of convergent B cell clonotypes previously reported in SARS-CoV infection predicts the presence of SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive antibody titers specific for the receptor-binding domain. These findings offer molecular insights into shared features of human B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 and other zoonotic spillover coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C. A. Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Katherine J. L. Jackson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ramona A. Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bryan Stevens
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ji-Yeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Angela J. Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abigail E. Powell
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Javaria Najeeb
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Kathryn E. Yost
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bence Daniel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Howard Y. Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Theodore S. Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Taia T. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Catherine A. Blish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Scott D. Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Lead Contact
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14
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Zee RS, Mbanefo EC, Le LH, Pennington LF, Odegaard JI, Jardetzky TS, Alouffi A, Akinwale J, Falcone FH, Hsieh MH. IPSE, a parasite-derived host immunomodulatory protein, is a potential therapeutic for hemorrhagic cystitis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F1133-F1140. [PMID: 30785353 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00468.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced hemorrhagic cystitis is characterized by bladder pain and voiding dysfunction caused by hemorrhage and inflammation. Novel therapeutic options to treat hemorrhagic cystitis are needed. We previously reported that systemic administration of the Schistosomiasis hematobium-derived protein H-IPSEH06 (IL-4-inducing principle from Schistosoma mansoni eggs) is superior to three doses of MESNA in alleviating hemorrhagic cystitis (Mbanefo EC, Le L, Pennington LF, Odegaard JI, Jardetzky TS, Alouffi A, Falcone FH, Hsieh MH. FASEB J 32: 4408-4419, 2018). Based on prior reports by others on S. mansoni IPSE (M-IPSE) and additional work by our group, we reasoned that H-IPSE mediates its effects on hemorrhagic cystitis by binding IgE on basophils and inducing IL-4 expression, promoting urothelial proliferation, and translocating to the nucleus to modulate expression of genes implicated in relieving bladder dysfunction. We speculated that local bladder injection of the S. hematobium IPSE ortholog IPSEH03, hereafter called H-IPSEH03, might be more efficacious in preventing hemorrhagic cystitis compared with systemic administration of IPSEH06. We report that H-IPSEH03, like M-IPSE and H-IPSEH06, activates IgE-bearing basophils in a nuclear factor of activated T-cells reporter assay, indicating activation of the cytokine pathway. Furthermore, H-IPSEH03 attenuates ifosfamide-induced increases in bladder wet weight in an IL-4-dependent fashion. H-IPSEH03 relieves hemorrhagic cystitis-associated allodynia and modulates voiding patterns in mice. Finally, H-IPSEH03 drives increased urothelial cell proliferation, suggesting that IPSE induces bladder repair mechanisms. Taken together, H-IPSEH03 may be a potential novel therapeutic to treat hemorrhagic cystitis by basophil activation, attenuation of allodynia, and promotion of urothelial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Zee
- Division of Urology, Children's National Medical Center , Washington, District of Columbia.,Bladder Immunology Group, Biomedical Research Institute , Rockville, Maryland
| | - Evaristus C Mbanefo
- Division of Urology, Children's National Medical Center , Washington, District of Columbia.,Bladder Immunology Group, Biomedical Research Institute , Rockville, Maryland
| | - Loc H Le
- Bladder Immunology Group, Biomedical Research Institute , Rockville, Maryland
| | - Luke F Pennington
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | | | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- Life Science and Environment Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Jude Akinwale
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Franco H Falcone
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Michael H Hsieh
- Division of Urology, Children's National Medical Center , Washington, District of Columbia.,Bladder Immunology Group, Biomedical Research Institute , Rockville, Maryland.,The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
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15
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Chen J, Zhang X, Schaller S, Jardetzky TS, Longnecker R. Ephrin Receptor A4 is a New Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Virus Entry Receptor. mBio 2019; 10:e02892-18. [PMID: 30782663 PMCID: PMC6381284 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02892-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human gammaherpesvirus associated with the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). KSHV target cells include endothelial cells, B cells, monocytes, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts. KSHV entry into target cells is a complex multistep process and is initiated by the binding and interaction of viral envelope glycoproteins with the cellular receptors. In the current studies, we have found that EphA4 promotes KSHV glycoprotein H/glycoprotein L (gH/gL)-mediated fusion and infection better than does ephrin A2 (EphA2) in HEK293T cells, indicating that EphA4 is a new KSHV entry receptor. To confirm that epithelial cells express EphA2 and EphA4, we analyzed the expression of EphA2 and EphA4 in epithelial cells, endothelial cells, B cells, monocytes, fibroblasts using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data analysis of existing data sets. We found that these cell types broadly express both EphA2 and EphA4, with the exception of monocytes and B cells. To confirm EphA4 is important for KSHV fusion and infection, we generated EphA2 and EphA4 single- and double-knockout cells. We found that both EphA2 and EphA4 play a role in KSHV fusion and infection, since EphA2-EphA4 double-knockout cells had the greatest decrease in fusion activity and infection compared to single-knockout cells. Fusion and infection of KSHV were rescued in the EphA2-EphA4 double-knockout cells upon overexpression of EphA2 and/or EphA4. EphA2 binds to both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and KSHV gH/gL; however, EphA4 binds only to KSHV gH/gL. Taken together, our results identify EphA4 as a new entry receptor for KSHV.IMPORTANCE The overall entry mechanism for herpesviruses is not completely known, including those for the human gammaherpesviruses Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). To fully understand the herpesvirus entry process, functional receptors need to be identified. In the current study, we found that EphA4 can also function for a KSHV entry receptor along with EphA2. Interestingly, we found that EphA4 does not function as an entry receptor for EBV, whereas EphA2 does. The discovery of EphA4 as a KSHV entry receptor has important implications for KSHV pathogenesis in humans, may prove useful in understanding the unique pathogenesis of KSHV infection in humans, and may uncover new potential targets that can be used for the development of novel interventional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Samantha Schaller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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16
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Jardetzky TS, Brown JH, Gorga JC, Stern LJ, Urban RG, Chi YI, Stauffacher C, Strominger JL, Wiley DC. Pillars Article: Three-Dimensional Structure of a Human Class II Histocompatibility Molecule Complexed with Superantigen. Nature. 1994. 368: 711-718. J Immunol 2018; 201:1819-1826. [PMID: 30224361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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17
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Mbanefo EC, Le L, Pennington LF, Odegaard JI, Jardetzky TS, Alouffi A, Falcone FH, Hsieh MH. Therapeutic exploitation of IPSE, a urogenital parasite-derived host modulatory protein, for chemotherapy-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. FASEB J 2018; 32:4408-4419. [PMID: 29613835 PMCID: PMC6044057 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701415r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (CHC) can be difficult to manage. Prior work suggests that IL-4 alleviates ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (IHC), but systemically administered IL-4 causes significant side effects. We hypothesized that the Schistosoma hematobium homolog of IL-4-inducing principle from Schistosoma mansoni eggs (H-IPSE), would reduce IHC and associated bladder pathology. IPSE binds IgE on basophils and mast cells, triggering IL-4 secretion by these cells. IPSE is also an “infiltrin,” translocating into the host nucleus to modulate gene transcription. Mice were administered IL-4, H-IPSE protein or its nuclear localization sequence (NLS) mutant, with or without neutralizing anti-IL-4 antibody, or 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate sodium (MESNA; a drug used to prevent IHC), followed by ifosfamide. Bladder tissue damage and hemoglobin content were measured. Spontaneous and evoked pain, urinary frequency, and bladdergene expression analysis were assessed. Pain behaviors were interpreted in a blinded fashion. One dose of H-IPSE was superior to MESNA and IL-4 in suppressing bladder hemorrhage in an IL-4-dependent fashion and comparable with MESNA in dampening ifosfamide-triggered pain behaviors in an NLS-dependent manner. H-IPSE also accelerated urothelial repair following IHC. Our work represents the first therapeutic exploitation of a uropathogen-derived host modulatory molecule in a clinically relevant bladder disease model and indicates that IPSE may be an alternative to MESNA for mitigating CHC.—Mbanefo, E. C., Le, L., Pennington, L. F., Odegaard, J. I., Jardetzky, T. S., Alouffi, A., Falcone, F. H., Hsieh, M. H. Therapeutic exploitation of IPSE, a urogenital parasite-derived host modulatory protein, for chemotherapy-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaristus C Mbanefo
- Bladder Immunology Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.,Division of Urology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Loc Le
- Bladder Immunology Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Luke F Pennington
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- Life Science and Environment Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Franco H Falcone
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H Hsieh
- Bladder Immunology Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.,Division of Urology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Urology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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18
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Möhl BS, Chen J, Park SJ, Jardetzky TS, Longnecker R. Epstein-Barr Virus Fusion with Epithelial Cells Triggered by gB Is Restricted by a gL Glycosylation Site. J Virol 2017; 91:e01255-17. [PMID: 28956769 PMCID: PMC5686762 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01255-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) entry into epithelial cells is mediated by the conserved core fusion machinery, composed of the fusogen gB and the receptor-binding complex gH/gL. The heterodimeric gH/gL complex binds to the EBV epithelial cell receptor or gp42, which binds to the B-cell receptor, triggering gB-mediated fusion of the virion envelope with cellular membranes. Our previous study found that the gL glycosylation mutant N69L/S71V had an epithelial cell-specific hyperfusogenic phenotype. To study the influence of this gL mutant on the initiation and kinetics of gB-driven epithelial cell fusion, we established a virus-free split-green fluorescent protein cell-cell fusion assay that enables real-time measurements of membrane fusion using live cells. The gL_N69L/S71V mutant had a large increase in epithelial cell fusion activity of up to 300% greater than that of wild-type gL starting at early time points. The hyperfusogenicity of the gL mutant was not a result of alterations in complex formation with gH or alterations in cellular localization. Moreover, the hyperfusogenic phenotype of the gL mutant correlated with the formation of enlarged syncytia. In summary, our present findings highlight an important role of gL in the kinetics of gB-mediated epithelial cell fusion, adding to previous findings indicating a direct interaction between gL and gB in EBV membrane fusion.IMPORTANCE EBV predominantly infects epithelial cells and B lymphocytes, which are the cells of origin for the EBV-associated malignancies Hodgkin and Burkitt lymphoma as well as nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Contrary to the other key players of the core fusion machinery, gL has the most elusive role during EBV-induced membrane fusion. We found that the glycosylation site N69/S71 of gL is involved in restricting epithelial cell fusion activity, strongly correlating with syncytium size. Interestingly, our data showed that the gL glycosylation mutant increases the fusion activity of the hyperfusogenic gB mutants, indicating that this gL mutant and the gB mutants target different steps during fusion. Our studies on how gL and gB work together to modulate epithelial cell fusion kinetics are essential to understand the highly tuned tropism of EBV for epithelial cells and B lymphocytes and may result in novel strategies for therapies preventing viral entry into target host cells. Finally, making our results of particular interest is the absence of gL syncytial mutants in other herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta S Möhl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Seo Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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19
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Wong JJW, Young TA, Zhang J, Liu S, Leser GP, Komives EA, Lamb RA, Zhou ZH, Salafsky J, Jardetzky TS. Monomeric ephrinB2 binding induces allosteric changes in Nipah virus G that precede its full activation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:781. [PMID: 28974687 PMCID: PMC5626764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus is an emergent paramyxovirus that causes deadly encephalitis and respiratory infections in humans. Two glycoproteins coordinate the infection of host cells, an attachment protein (G), which binds to cell surface receptors, and a fusion (F) protein, which carries out the process of virus-cell membrane fusion. The G protein binds to ephrin B2/3 receptors, inducing G conformational changes that trigger F protein refolding. Using an optical approach based on second harmonic generation, we show that monomeric and dimeric receptors activate distinct conformational changes in G. The monomeric receptor-induced changes are not detected by conformation-sensitive monoclonal antibodies or through electron microscopy analysis of G:ephrinB2 complexes. However, hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments confirm the second harmonic generation observations and reveal allosteric changes in the G receptor binding and F-activating stalk domains, providing insights into the pathway of receptor-activated virus entry.Nipah virus causes encephalitis in humans. Here the authors use a multidisciplinary approach to study the binding of the viral attachment protein G to its host receptor ephrinB2 and show that monomeric and dimeric receptors activate distinct conformational changes in G and discuss implications for receptor-activated virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce J W Wong
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Jiayan Zhang
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Shiheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - George P Leser
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3500, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3500, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Komives
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert A Lamb
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3500, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208-3500, USA
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Enveloped viruses have evolved diverse transmembrane proteins and protein complexes to enable host cell entry by regulating and activating membrane fusion in a target cell-specific manner. In general terms, the entry process requires a receptor binding step, an activation step and a membrane fusion step, which can be encoded within a single viral protein or distributed among multiple viral proteins. HIV and influenza virus, for example, encode all of these functions in a single trimeric glycoprotein, HIV env or influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). In contrast, herpesviruses have the host receptor binding, activation and fusogenic roles distributed among multiple envelope glycoproteins (ranging from three to six), which must coordinate their functions at the site of fusion. Despite the apparent complexity in the number of viral entry proteins, herpesvirus entry is fundamentally built around two core glycoprotein entities: the gHgL complex, which appears to act as an 'activator' of entry, and the gB protein, which is thought to act as the membrane 'fusogen'. Both are required for all herpesvirus fusion and entry. In many herpesviruses, gHgL either binds host receptors directly or assembles into larger complexes with additional viral proteins that bind host receptors, conferring specificity to the cells that are targeted for infection. These gHgL entry complexes (ECs) are centrally important to activating gB-mediated membrane fusion and establishing viral tropism, forming membrane bridging intermediates before gB triggering. Here we review recent structural and functional studies of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) gHgL complexes that provide a framework for understanding the role of gHgL in herpesvirus entry. Furthermore, a recently determined EM model of Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) gB embedded in exosomes highlights how gB conformational changes may promote viral and cellular membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Sathiyamoorthy
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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21
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Mousa JJ, Sauer MF, Sevy AM, Finn JA, Bates JT, Alvarado G, King HG, Loerinc LB, Fong RH, Doranz BJ, Correia BE, Kalyuzhniy O, Wen X, Jardetzky TS, Schief WR, Ohi MD, Meiler J, Crowe JE. Structural basis for nonneutralizing antibody competition at antigenic site II of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6849-E6858. [PMID: 27791117 PMCID: PMC5098655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609449113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Palivizumab was the first antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) approved for therapeutic use in humans, and remains a prophylactic treatment for infants at risk for severe disease because of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Palivizumab is an engineered humanized version of a murine mAb targeting antigenic site II of the RSV fusion (F) protein, a key target in vaccine development. There are limited reported naturally occurring human mAbs to site II; therefore, the structural basis for human antibody recognition of this major antigenic site is poorly understood. Here, we describe a nonneutralizing class of site II-specific mAbs that competed for binding with palivizumab to postfusion RSV F protein. We also describe two classes of site II-specific neutralizing mAbs, one of which escaped competition with nonneutralizing mAbs. An X-ray crystal structure of the neutralizing mAb 14N4 in complex with F protein showed that the binding angle at which human neutralizing mAbs interact with antigenic site II determines whether or not nonneutralizing antibodies compete with their binding. Fine-mapping studies determined that nonneutralizing mAbs that interfere with binding of neutralizing mAbs recognize site II with a pose that facilitates binding to an epitope containing F surface residues on a neighboring protomer. Neutralizing antibodies, like motavizumab and a new mAb designated 3J20 that escape interference by the inhibiting mAbs, avoid such contact by binding at an angle that is shifted away from the nonneutralizing site. Furthermore, binding to rationally and computationally designed site II helix-loop-helix epitope-scaffold vaccines distinguished neutralizing from nonneutralizing site II antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mutagenesis
- Palivizumab/pharmacology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/chemistry
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/drug effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod J Mousa
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Marion F Sauer
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Alexander M Sevy
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jessica A Finn
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - John T Bates
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Gabriela Alvarado
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Hannah G King
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Leah B Loerinc
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | | | | | - Bruno E Correia
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Xiaolin Wen
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - William R Schief
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Melanie D Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232;
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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22
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Wen X, Pickens J, Mousa JJ, Leser GP, Lamb RA, Crowe JE, Jardetzky TS. A Chimeric Pneumovirus Fusion Protein Carrying Neutralizing Epitopes of Both MPV and RSV. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155917. [PMID: 27224013 PMCID: PMC4880302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) are paramyxoviruses that are responsible for substantial human health burden, particularly in children and the elderly. The fusion (F) glycoproteins are major targets of the neutralizing antibody response and studies have mapped dominant antigenic sites in F. Here we grafted a major neutralizing site of RSV F, recognized by the prophylactic monoclonal antibody palivizumab, onto HMPV F, generating a chimeric protein displaying epitopes of both viruses. We demonstrate that the resulting chimeric protein (RPM-1) is recognized by both anti-RSV and anti-HMPV F neutralizing antibodies indicating that it can be used to map the epitope specificity of antibodies raised against both viruses. Mice immunized with the RPM-1 chimeric antigen generate robust neutralizing antibody responses to MPV but weak or no cross-reactive recognition of RSV F, suggesting that grafting of the single palivizumab epitope stimulates a comparatively limited antibody response. The RPM-1 protein provides a new tool for characterizing the immune responses resulting from RSV and HMPV infections and provides insights into the requirements for developing a chimeric subunit vaccine that could induce robust and balanced immunity to both virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wen
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Pickens
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America.,Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jarrod J Mousa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America.,Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - George P Leser
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Robert A Lamb
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America.,Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
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23
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Möhl BS, Chen J, Sathiyamoorthy K, Jardetzky TS, Longnecker R. Structural and Mechanistic Insights into the Tropism of Epstein-Barr Virus. Mol Cells 2016; 39:286-91. [PMID: 27094060 PMCID: PMC4844934 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the prototypical γ-herpesvirus and an obligate human pathogen that infects mainly epithelial cells and B cells, which can result in malignancies. EBV infects these target cells by fusing with the viral and cellular lipid bilayer membranes using multiple viral factors and host receptor(s) thus exhibiting a unique complexity in its entry machinery. To enter epithelial cells, EBV requires minimally the conserved core fusion machinery comprised of the glycoproteins gH/gL acting as the receptor-binding complex and gB as the fusogen. EBV can enter B cells using gp42, which binds tightly to gH/gL and interacts with host HLA class II, activating fusion. Previously, we published the individual crystal structures of EBV entry factors, such as gH/gL and gp42, the EBV/host receptor complex, gp42/HLA-DR1, and the fusion protein EBV gB in a postfusion conformation, which allowed us to identify structural determinants and regions critical for receptor-binding and membrane fusion. Recently, we reported different low resolution models of the EBV B cell entry triggering complex (gHgL/gp42/HLA class II) in "open" and "closed" states based on negative-stain single particle electron microscopy, which provide further mechanistic insights. This review summarizes the current knowledge of these key players in EBV entry and how their structures impact receptor-binding and the triggering of gB-mediated fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta S. Möhl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois,
USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois,
USA
| | - Karthik Sathiyamoorthy
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California,
USA
| | - Theodore S. Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California,
USA
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois,
USA
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24
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Bose S, Jardetzky TS, Lamb RA. Timing is everything: Fine-tuned molecular machines orchestrate paramyxovirus entry. Virology 2015; 479-480:518-31. [PMID: 25771804 PMCID: PMC4424121 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Paramyxoviridae include some of the great and ubiquitous disease-causing viruses of humans and animals. In most paramyxoviruses, two viral membrane glycoproteins, fusion protein (F) and receptor binding protein (HN, H or G) mediate a concerted process of recognition of host cell surface molecules followed by fusion of viral and cellular membranes, resulting in viral nucleocapsid entry into the cytoplasm. The interactions between the F and HN, H or G viral glycoproteins and host molecules are critical in determining host range, virulence and spread of these viruses. Recently, atomic structures, together with biochemical and biophysical studies, have provided major insights into how these two viral glycoproteins successfully interact with host receptors on cellular membranes and initiate the membrane fusion process to gain entry into cells. These studies highlight the conserved core mechanisms of paramyxovirus entry that provide the fundamental basis for rational anti-viral drug design and vaccine development. New structural and functional insights into paramyxovirus entry mechanisms. Current data on paramyxovirus glycoproteins suggest a core conserved entry mechanism. Diverse mechanisms preventing premature fusion activation exist in these viruses. Precise spacio-temporal interplay between paramyxovirus glycoproteins initiate entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Bose
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, United States.
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology and Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Robert A Lamb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, United States.
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25
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Brown JH, Jardetzky TS, Gorga JC, Stern LJ, Urban RG, Strominger JL, Wiley DC. Pillars article: three-dimensional structure of the human class II histocompatibility antigen HLA-DR1. Nature. 1993. 364: 33-39. J Immunol 2015; 194:5-11. [PMID: 25527791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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26
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Sathiyamoorthy K, Jiang J, Hu YX, Rowe CL, Möhl BS, Chen J, Jiang W, Mellins ED, Longnecker R, Zhou ZH, Jardetzky TS. Assembly and architecture of the EBV B cell entry triggering complex. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004309. [PMID: 25144748 PMCID: PMC4140853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus of the gammaherpesvirinae sub-family that predominantly infects humans through epithelial cells and B cells. Three EBV glycoproteins, gH, gL and gp42, form a complex that targets EBV infection of B cells. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules expressed on B cells serve as the receptor for gp42, triggering membrane fusion and virus entry. The mechanistic role of gHgL in herpesvirus entry has been largely unresolved, but it is thought to regulate the activation of the virally-encoded gB protein, which acts as the primary fusogen. Here we study the assembly and function of the reconstituted B cell entry complex comprised of gHgL, gp42 and HLA class II. The structure from negative-stain electron microscopy provides a detailed snapshot of an intermediate state in EBV entry and highlights the potential for the triggering complex to bring the two membrane bilayers into proximity. Furthermore, gHgL interacts with a previously identified, functionally important hydrophobic pocket on gp42, defining the overall architecture of the complex and playing a critical role in membrane fusion activation. We propose a macroscopic model of the initiating events in EBV B cell fusion centered on the formation of the triggering complex in the context of both viral and host membranes. This model suggests how the triggering complex may bridge the two membrane bilayers, orienting critical regions of the N- and C- terminal ends of gHgL to promote the activation of gB and efficient membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Sathiyamoorthy
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jiansen Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yao Xiong Hu
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Cynthia L. Rowe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Britta S. Möhl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth D. Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Z. Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Theodore S. Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Eggel A, Baravalle G, Hobi G, Kim B, Buschor P, Forrer P, Shin JS, Vogel M, Stadler BM, Dahinden CA, Jardetzky TS. Accelerated dissociation of IgE-FcεRI complexes by disruptive inhibitors actively desensitizes allergic effector cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1709-19.e8. [PMID: 24642143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The remarkably stable interaction of IgE with its high-affinity receptor FcεRI on basophils and mast cells is critical for the induction of allergic hypersensitivity reactions. Because of the exceptionally slow dissociation rate of IgE-FcεRI complexes, such allergic effector cells permanently display allergen-specific IgE on their surface and immediately respond to allergen challenge by releasing inflammatory mediators. We have recently described a novel macromolecular inhibitor that actively promotes the dissociation of IgE from FcεRI through a molecular mechanism termed facilitated dissociation. OBJECTIVE Here we assessed the therapeutic potential of this non-immunoglobulin-based IgE inhibitor E2_79, a designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin), as well as a novel engineered biparatopic DARPin bi53_79, and directly compared them with the established anti-IgE antibody omalizumab. METHODS IgE-FcεRI complex dissociation was analyzed in vitro by using recombinant proteins in ELISA and surface plasmon resonance, ex vivo by using human primary basophils with flow cytometry, and in vivo by using human FcεRI α-chain transgenic mice in a functional passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. RESULTS We show that E2_79-mediated removal of IgE from primary human basophils fully abrogates IgE-dependent cell activation and release of proinflammatory mediators ex vivo. Furthermore, we report that omalizumab also accelerates the dissociation of IgE from FcεRI, although much less efficiently than E2_79. Using the biparatopic IgE targeting approach, we further improved the disruptive potency of E2_79 by approximately 100-fold and show that disruptive IgE inhibitors efficiently prevent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice expressing the human FcεRI α-chain. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the potential of such novel IgE inhibitors as important diagnostic and therapeutic tools for management of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Eggel
- Institute of Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Günther Baravalle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Gabriel Hobi
- Institute of Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beomkyu Kim
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Patrick Buschor
- Institute of Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Forrer
- Molecular Partners AG, Zürich-Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jeoung-Sook Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Monique Vogel
- Institute of Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beda M Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
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Welch BD, Yuan P, Bose S, Kors CA, Lamb RA, Jardetzky TS. Structure of the parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) ectodomain. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003534. [PMID: 23950713 PMCID: PMC3738495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses cause a wide variety of human and animal diseases. They infect host cells using the coordinated action of two surface glycoproteins, the receptor binding protein (HN, H, or G) and the fusion protein (F). HN binds sialic acid on host cells (hemagglutinin activity) and hydrolyzes these receptors during viral egress (neuraminidase activity, NA). Additionally, receptor binding is thought to induce a conformational change in HN that subsequently triggers major refolding in homotypic F, resulting in fusion of virus and target cell membranes. HN is an oligomeric type II transmembrane protein with a short cytoplasmic domain and a large ectodomain comprising a long helical stalk and large globular head domain containing the enzymatic functions (NA domain). Extensive biochemical characterization has revealed that HN-stalk residues determine F specificity and activation. However, the F/HN interaction and the mechanisms whereby receptor binding regulates F activation are poorly defined. Recently, a structure of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) HN ectodomain revealed the heads (NA domains) in a "4-heads-down" conformation whereby two of the heads form a symmetrical interaction with two sides of the stalk. The interface includes stalk residues implicated in triggering F, and the heads sterically shield these residues from interaction with F (at least on two sides). Here we report the x-ray crystal structure of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) HN ectodomain in a "2-heads-up/2-heads-down" conformation where two heads (covalent dimers) are in the "down position," forming a similar interface as observed in the NDV HN ectodomain structure, and two heads are in an "up position." The structure supports a model in which the heads of HN transition from down to up upon receptor binding thereby releasing steric constraints and facilitating the interaction between critical HN-stalk residues and F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett D. Welch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sayantan Bose
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Kors
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Lamb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RAL); (TSJ)
| | - Theodore S. Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RAL); (TSJ)
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Park M, Wetzler M, Jardetzky TS, Barron AE. A readily applicable strategy to convert peptides to peptoid-based therapeutics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58874. [PMID: 23555603 PMCID: PMC3605428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of unnatural amino acids and peptidomimetic residues into therapeutic peptides is highly efficacious and commonly employed, but generally requires laborious trial-and-error approaches. Previously, we demonstrated that C20 peptide has the potential to be a potential antiviral agent. Herein we report our attempt to improve the biological properties of this peptide by introducing peptidomimetics. Through combined alanine, proline, and sarcosine scans coupled with a competitive fluorescence polarization assay developed for identifying antiviral peptides, we enabled to pinpoint peptoid-tolerant peptide residues within C20 peptide. The synergistic benefits of combining these (and other) commonly employed methods could lead to a easily applicable strategy for designing and refining therapeutically-attractive peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Park
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Modi Wetzler
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Theodore S. Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Annelise E. Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Rowe CL, Connolly SA, Chen J, Jardetzky TS, Longnecker R. A soluble form of Epstein-Barr virus gH/gL inhibits EBV-induced membrane fusion and does not function in fusion. Virology 2012. [PMID: 23200314 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether soluble EBV gH/gL (sgH/gL) functions in fusion and made a series of truncations of gH/gL domains based on the gH/gL crystal structure. We found sgH/gL failed to mediate cell-cell fusion both when co-expressed with the other entry glycoproteins and when added exogenously to fusion assays. Interestingly, sgH/gL inhibited cell-cell fusion in a dose dependent manner when co-expressed. sgH/gL from HSV was unable to inhibit EBV fusion, suggesting the inhibition was specific to EBV gH/gL. sgH/gL stably binds gp42, but not gB nor gH/gL. The domain mutants, DI/gL, DI-II/gL and DI-II-III/gL were unable to bind gp42. Instead, DI-II/gL, DI-II-III/gL and sgH/gL but not DI/gL decreased the expression of gp42, resulting in decreased overall fusion. Overall, our results suggest that domain IV may be required for proper folding and the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail of EBV gH/gL are required for the most efficient fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Rowe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
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31
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Kim B, Tarchevskaya SS, Eggel A, Vogel M, Jardetzky TS. A time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay suitable for high-throughput screening for inhibitors of immunoglobulin E-receptor interactions. Anal Biochem 2012; 431:84-9. [PMID: 22995065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies with the high-affinity receptor, FcεRI, plays a central role in initiating most allergic reactions. The IgE-receptor interaction has been targeted for treatment of allergic diseases, and many high-affinity macromolecular inhibitors have been identified. Small molecule inhibitors would offer significant advantages over current anti-IgE treatment, but no candidate compounds have been identified and fully validated. Here, we report the development of a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay for monitoring the IgE-receptor interaction. The TR-FRET assay measures an increase in fluorescence intensity as a donor lanthanide fluorophore is recruited into complexes of site-specific Alexa Fluor 488-labeled IgE-Fc and His-tagged FcεRIα proteins. The assay can readily monitor classic competitive inhibitors that bind either IgE-Fc or FcεRIα in equilibrium competition binding experiments. Furthermore, the TR-FRET assay can also be used to follow the kinetics of IgE-Fc-FcεRIα dissociation and identify inhibitory ligands that accelerate the dissociation of preformed complexes, as demonstrated for an engineered DARPin (designed ankyrin repeat protein) inhibitor. The TR-FRET assay is suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS), as shown by performing a pilot screen of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Collection Library in a 384-well plate format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomkyu Kim
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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32
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Wurzburg BA, Kim B, Tarchevskaya SS, Eggel A, Vogel M, Jardetzky TS. An engineered disulfide bond reversibly traps the IgE-Fc3-4 in a closed, nonreceptor binding conformation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36251-7. [PMID: 22948141 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.407502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE antibodies interact with the high affinity IgE Fc receptor, FcεRI, and activate inflammatory pathways associated with the allergic response. The IgE-Fc region, comprising the C-terminal domains of the IgE heavy chain, binds FcεRI and can adopt different conformations ranging from a closed form incompatible with receptor binding to an open, receptor-bound state. A number of intermediate states are also observed in different IgE-Fc crystal forms. To further explore this apparent IgE-Fc conformational flexibility and to potentially trap a closed, inactive state, we generated a series of disulfide bond mutants. Here we describe the structure and biochemical properties of an IgE-Fc mutant that is trapped in the closed, non-receptor binding state via an engineered disulfide at residue 335 (Cys-335). Reduction of the disulfide at Cys-335 restores the ability of IgE-Fc to bind to its high affinity receptor, FcεRIα. The structure of the Cys-335 mutant shows that its conformation is within the range of previously observed, closed form IgE-Fc structures and that it retains the hydrophobic pocket found in the hinge region of the closed conformation. Locking the IgE-Fc into the closed state with the Cys-335 mutation does not affect binding of two other IgE-Fc ligands, omalizumab and DARPin E2_79, demonstrating selective blocking of the high affinity receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Wurzburg
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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33
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Yuan P, Paterson RG, Leser GP, Lamb RA, Jardetzky TS. Structure of the ulster strain newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase reveals auto-inhibitory interactions associated with low virulence. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002855. [PMID: 22912577 PMCID: PMC3415446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) plays roles in viral entry and maturation, including binding to sialic acid receptors, activation of the F protein to drive membrane fusion, and enabling virion release during virus budding. HN can thereby directly influence virulence and in a subset of avirulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains, such as NDV Ulster, HN must be proteolytically activated to remove a C-terminal extension not found in other NDV HN proteins. Ulster HN is 616 amino acids long and the 45 amino acid C-terminal extension present in its precursor (HN₀) form has to be cleaved to render HN biologically active. Here we show that Ulster HN contains an inter-subunit disulfide bond within the C-terminal extension at residue 596, which regulates HN activities and neuraminidase (NA) domain dimerization. We determined the crystal structure of the dimerized NA domain containing the C-terminal extension, which extends along the outside of the sialidase β-propeller domain and inserts C-terminal residues into the NA domain active site. The C-terminal extension also engages a secondary sialic acid binding site present in NDV HN proteins, which is located at the NA domain dimer interface, that most likely blocks its attachment function. These results clarify how the Ulster HN C-terminal residues lead to an auto-inhibited state of HN, the requirement for proteolytic activation of HN₀ and associated reduced virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yuan
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Reay G. Paterson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - George P. Leser
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Lamb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Theodore S. Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Wen X, Krause JC, Leser GP, Cox RG, Lamb RA, Williams JV, Crowe JE, Jardetzky TS. Structure of the human metapneumovirus fusion protein with neutralizing antibody identifies a pneumovirus antigenic site. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19:461-3. [PMID: 22388735 PMCID: PMC3546531 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus cause lower respiratory tract infections. The virus fusion (F) glycoprotein promotes membrane fusion by refolding from a metastable pre-fusion to a stable post-fusion conformation. F is also a major target of the neutralizing antibody response. Here we show that a potently neutralizing anti-human metapneumovirus antibody (DS7) binds a structurally invariant domain of F, revealing a new epitope that could be targeted in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wen
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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35
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Zhu J, Lin SJ, Zou C, Makanji Y, Jardetzky TS, Woodruff TK. Inhibin α-subunit N terminus interacts with activin type IB receptor to disrupt activin signaling. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8060-70. [PMID: 22267736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.293381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibin is a heterodimeric peptide hormone produced in the ovary that antagonizes activin signaling and FSH synthesis in the pituitary. The inhibin β-subunit interacts with the activin type II receptor (ActRII) to functionally antagonize activin. The inhibin α-subunit mature domain (N terminus) arose relatively early during the evolution of the hormone, and inhibin function is decreased by an antibody directed against the α-subunit N-terminal extension region or by deletion of the N-terminal region. We hypothesized that the α-subunit N-terminal extension region interacts with the activin type I receptor (ALK4) to antagonize activin signaling in the pituitary. Human or chicken free α-subunit inhibited activin signaling in a pituitary gonadotrope-derived cell line (LβT2) in a dose-dependent manner, whereas an N-terminal extension deletion mutant did not. An α-subunit N-terminal peptide, but not a control peptide, was able to inhibit activin A signaling and decrease activin-stimulated FSH synthesis. Biotinylated inhibin A, but not activin A, bound ALK4. Soluble ALK4-ECD bioneutralized human free α-subunit in LβT2 cells, but did not affect activin A function. Competitive binding ELISAs with N-terminal mutants and an N-terminal region peptide confirmed that this region is critical for direct interaction of the α-subunit with ALK4. These data expand our understanding of how endocrine inhibin achieves potent antagonism of local, constitutive activin action in the pituitary, through a combined mechanism of competitive binding of both ActRII and ALK4 by each subunit of the inhibin heterodimer, in conjunction with the co-receptor betaglycan, to block activin receptor-ligand binding, complex assembly, and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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36
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Rowe CL, Matsuura H, Jardetzky TS, Longnecker R. Investigation of the function of the putative self-association site of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein 42 (gp42). Virology 2011; 415:122-31. [PMID: 21550622 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein 42 (gp42) is a type II membrane protein essential for entry into B cells but inhibits entry into epithelial cells. X-ray crystallography suggests that gp42 may form dimers when bound to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II receptor (Mullen et al., 2002) or multimerize when not bound to HLA class II (Kirschner et al., 2009). We investigated this self-association of gp42 using several different approaches. We generated soluble mutants of gp42 containing mutations within the self-association site and found that these mutants have a defect in fusion. The gp42 mutants bound to gH/gL and HLA class II, but were unable to bind wild-type gp42 or a cleavage mutant of gp42. Using purified gp42, gH/gL, and HLA, we found these proteins associate 1:1:1 by gel filtration suggesting that gp42 dimerization or multimerization does not occur or is a transient event undetectable by our methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Rowe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Park M, Jardetzky TS, Barron AE. NMEGylation: A novel modification to enhance the bioavailability of therapeutic peptides. Biopolymers 2011; 96:688-93. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Park M, Matsuura H, Lamb RA, Barron AE, Jardetzky TS. A fluorescence polarization assay using an engineered human respiratory syncytial virus F protein as a direct screening platform. Anal Biochem 2010; 409:195-201. [PMID: 20971054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) typically affects newborns and young children. Even though it can cause severe and, in some cases, lifelong respiratory infections, there are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutics that control this virus. The hRSV F protein facilitates viral fusion, a critical extracellular event that can be targeted for therapeutic intervention by disrupting the assembly of a postfusion 6-helix bundle (6HB) within the hRSV F protein. Here we report the development of a fluorescence polarization (FP) assay using an engineered hRSV F protein 5-helix bundle (5HB). We generated the 5HB and validated its ability to form a 6HB in an FP assay. To test the potential of 5HB as a screening tool, we then investigated a series of truncated peptides derived from the "missing" sixth helix. Using this FP-based 5HB system, we have successfully demonstrated that short peptides can prevent 6HB formation and serve as potential hRSV fusion inhibitors. We anticipate that this new 5HB system will provide an effective tool to identify and study potential antivirals to control hRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Park
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
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Swanson K, Wen X, Leser GP, Paterson RG, Lamb RA, Jardetzky TS. Structure of the Newcastle disease virus F protein in the post-fusion conformation. Virology 2010; 402:372-9. [PMID: 20439109 PMCID: PMC2877518 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The paramyxovirus F protein is a class I viral membrane fusion protein which undergoes a significant refolding transition during virus entry. Previous studies of the Newcastle disease virus, human parainfluenza virus 3 and parainfluenza virus 5 F proteins revealed differences in the pre- and post-fusion structures. The NDV Queensland (Q) F structure lacked structural elements observed in the other two structures, which are key to the refolding and fusogenic activity of F. Here we present the NDV Australia-Victoria (AV) F protein post-fusion structure and provide EM evidence for its folding to a pre-fusion form. The NDV AV F structure contains heptad repeat elements missing in the previous NDV Q F structure, forming a post-fusion six-helix bundle (6HB) similar to the post-fusion hPIV3 F structure. Electrostatic and temperature factor analysis of the F structures points to regions of these proteins that may be functionally important in their membrane fusion activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Swanson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500
| | - Xiaolin Wen
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - George P. Leser
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500
| | - Reay G. Paterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500
| | - Robert A. Lamb
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Telephone: (650) 498-4179; fax: (650) 723-4943;
| | - Theodore S. Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Telephone: (650) 498-4179; fax: (650) 723-4943;
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein 42 (gp42) is a membrane protein essential for fusion and entry of EBV into host B-lymphocytes. Gp42 is a member of the protein-fold family C-type lectin or lectin-like domains (CLECT or CTLD) and specifically is classified as a natural-killer receptor (NKR)-like CLECT. Literature review and phylogenetic comparison show that EBV gp42 shares a common structure with other NKR-like CLECTs and possibly with many viral CTLDs, but does not appear to exhibit some common binding characteristics of many CTLDs, such as features required for calcium binding. The flexible N-terminal region adjacent to the CTLD fold is important for binding to other EBV glycoproteins and for a cleavage site that is necessary for infection of host cells. From structural studies of gp42 unbound and bound to receptor and extensive mutational analysis, a general model of how gp42 triggers membrane fusion utilizing both the flexible N-terminal region and the CTLD domain has emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L. Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Galter Health Sciences Library, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Austin N. Kirschner
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Theodore S. Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California 94305
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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41
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Zhu J, Braun EL, Kohno S, Antenos M, Xu EY, Cook RW, Lin SJ, Moore BC, Guillette LJ, Jardetzky TS, Woodruff TK. Phylogenomic analyses reveal the evolutionary origin of the inhibin alpha-subunit, a unique TGFbeta superfamily antagonist. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9457. [PMID: 20209104 PMCID: PMC2832003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) homologues form a diverse superfamily that arose early in animal evolution and control cellular function through membrane-spanning, conserved serine-threonine kinases (RII and RI receptors). Activin and inhibin are related dimers within the TGFβ superfamily that share a common β-subunit. The evolution of the inhibin α-subunit created the only antagonist within the TGFβ superfamily and the only member known to act as an endocrine hormone. This hormone introduced a new level of complexity and control to vertebrate reproductive function. The novel functions of the inhibin α-subunit appear to reflect specific insertion-deletion changes within the inhibin β-subunit that occurred during evolution. Using phylogenomic analysis, we correlated specific insertions with the acquisition of distinct functions that underlie the phenotypic complexity of vertebrate reproductive processes. This phylogenomic approach presents a new way of understanding the structure-function relationships between inhibin, activin, and the larger TGFβ superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Edward L. Braun
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Satomi Kohno
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Monica Antenos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eugene Y. Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Cook
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - S. Jack Lin
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon C. Moore
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Guillette
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Theodore S. Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Teresa K. Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Wen X, Swanson K, Lamb RA, Jardetzky TS. Structure of the Newcastle Disease Virus F Protein in the Post-Fusion Conformation. Biophys J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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43
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Murthy SNP, Lukas TJ, Jardetzky TS, Lorand L. Selectivity in the post-translational, transglutaminase-dependent acylation of lysine residues. Biochemistry 2009; 48:2654-60. [PMID: 19222223 DOI: 10.1021/bi802323z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are known to exhibit remarkable specificities not only for the Q (or Gln) sites but also for the K (or Lys) sites of proteins with which they react. To gain further insight into K-site specificity, we examined the reactions of dansyl-epsilon-aminocaproyl-GlnGlnIleVal with three chemically and structurally well-characterized proteins (bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, and chicken egg white lysozyme), as catalyzed by TG2, a biologically important post-translational enzyme. The substrates represent a total of 20 potential surface sites for acylation by the fluorescent Gln probe, yet only two of the lysine side chains reacted with TG2. While the K1 site of ribonuclease and the K15 site of the trypsin inhibitor could be readily acylated by the enzyme, none of the lysines in lysozyme were modified. The findings lead us to suggest that the selection of lysine residues by TG2 is not encoded in the primary amino acid sequence surrounding the target side chain but depends primarily on its being positioned in an accessible segment of the protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Prasanna Murthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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44
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Wurzburg BA, Jardetzky TS. Conformational flexibility in immunoglobulin E-Fc 3-4 revealed in multiple crystal forms. J Mol Biol 2009; 393:176-90. [PMID: 19682998 PMCID: PMC2827403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The structure of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-Fc(3-4) has been solved in three new crystal forms, providing 13 snapshots of the Fc conformation and revealing a diverse range of open-closed motions among subunit chains and dimers. A more detailed analysis of the open-to-closed motion of IgE-Fc(3-4) was possible with so many structures, and the new structures allow a more thorough examination of the flexibility of IgE-Fc and its implications for receptor binding. The existence of a hydrophobic pocket at the elbow region of the Fc appears to be conformation dependent and suggests a means of regulating the IgE-Fc conformation (and potentially receptor binding) with small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Wurzburg
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA
| | - Theodore S. Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA,Corresponding author: ; phone: (650) 498-4179; fax: (650) 723-4943
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45
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Kirschner AN, Sorem J, Longnecker R, Jardetzky TS. Structure of Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein 42 suggests a mechanism for triggering receptor-activated virus entry. Structure 2009; 17:223-33. [PMID: 19217393 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus requires glycoproteins gH/gL, gB, and gp42 to fuse its lipid envelope with B cells. Gp42 is a type II membrane protein consisting of a flexible N-terminal region, which binds gH/gL, and a C-terminal lectin-like domain that binds to the B-cell entry receptor human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II. Gp42 triggers membrane fusion after HLA binding, a process that requires simultaneous binding to gH/gL and a functional hydrophobic pocket in the lectin domain adjacent to the HLA binding site. Here we present the structure of gp42 in its unbound form. Comparisons to the previously determined structure of a gp42:HLA complex reveals additional N-terminal residues forming part of the gH/gL binding site and structural changes in the receptor binding domain. Although the core of the lectin domain remains similar, significant shifts in two loops and an alpha helix bordering the essential hydrophobic pocket suggest a structural mechanism for triggering fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin N Kirschner
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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46
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Backovic M, Jardetzky TS. Class III viral membrane fusion proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2009; 19:189-96. [PMID: 19356922 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating structural studies of viral fusion glycoproteins have revealed unanticipated structural relationships between unrelated virus families and allowed the grouping of these membrane fusogens into three distinct classes. Here we review the newly identified group of class III viral fusion proteins, whose members include fusion proteins from rhabdoviruses, herpesviruses, and baculoviruses. While clearly related in structure, the class III viral fusion proteins exhibit distinct structural features in their architectures as well as in their membrane interacting fusion loops, which are likely related to their virus-specific differences in cellular entry. Further study of the similarities and differences in the class III viral fusion glycoproteins may provide greater insights into protein:membrane interactions that are key to promoting efficient bilayer fusion during virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Backovic
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France.
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47
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Bissonnette MLZ, Donald JE, DeGrado WF, Jardetzky TS, Lamb RA. Functional analysis of the transmembrane domain in paramyxovirus F protein-mediated membrane fusion. J Mol Biol 2008; 386:14-36. [PMID: 19121325 PMCID: PMC2750892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To enter cells, enveloped viruses use fusion-mediating glycoproteins to facilitate the merger of the viral and host cell membranes. These glycoproteins undergo large-scale irreversible refolding during membrane fusion. The paramyxovirus parainfluenza virus 5 mediates membrane merger through its fusion protein (F). The transmembrane (TM) domains of viral fusion proteins are typically required for fusion. The TM domain of F is particularly interesting in that it is potentially unusually long; multiple calculations suggest a TM helix length between 25 and 48 residues. Oxidative cross-linking of single-cysteine substitutions indicates the F TM trimer forms a helical bundle within the membrane. To assess the functional role of the paramyxovirus parainfluenza virus 5 F protein TM domain, alanine scanning mutagenesis was performed. Two residues located in the outer leaflet of the bilayer are critical for fusion. Multiple amino acid substitutions at these positions indicate the physical properties of the side chain play a critical role in supporting or blocking fusion. Analysis of intermediate steps in F protein refolding indicated that the mutants were not trapped at the open stalk intermediate or the prehairpin intermediate. Incorporation of a known F protein destabilizing mutation that causes a hyperfusogenic phenotype restored fusion activity to the mutants. Further, altering the curvature of the lipid bilayer by addition of oleic acid promoted fusion of the F protein mutants. In aggregate, these data indicate that the TM domain plays a functional role in fusion beyond merely anchoring the protein in the viral envelope and that it can affect the structures and steady-state concentrations of the various conformational intermediates en route to the final postfusion state. We suggest that the unusual length of this TM helix might allow it to serve as a template for formation of or specifically stabilize the lipid stalk intermediate in fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lin Z Bissonnette
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA
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48
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Yuan P, Leser GP, Demeler B, Lamb RA, Jardetzky TS. Domain architecture and oligomerization properties of the paramyxovirus PIV 5 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein. Virology 2008; 378:282-91. [PMID: 18597807 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which the paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein couples receptor binding to activation of virus entry remains to be fully understood, but the HN stalk is thought to play an important role in the process. We have characterized ectodomain constructs of the parainfluenza virus 5 HN to understand better the underlying architecture and oligomerization properties that may influence HN functions. The PIV 5 neuraminidase (NA) domain is monomeric whereas the ectodomain forms a well-defined tetramer. The HN stalk also forms tetramers and higher order oligomers with high alpha-helical content. Together, the data indicate that the globular NA domains form weak intersubunit interactions at the end of the HN stalk tetramer, while stabilizing the stalk and overall oligomeric state of the ectodomain. Electron microscopy of the HN ectodomain reveals flexible arrangements of the NA and stalk domains, which may be important for understanding how these two HN domains impact virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yuan
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5126, USA
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49
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Lamb RA, Jardetzky TS. Structural basis of viral invasion: lessons from paramyxovirus F. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2007; 17:427-36. [PMID: 17870467 PMCID: PMC2086805 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The structures of glycoproteins that mediate enveloped virus entry into cells have revealed dramatic structural changes that accompany membrane fusion and provided mechanistic insights into this process. The group of class I viral fusion proteins includes the influenza hemagglutinin, paramyxovirus F, HIV env, and other mechanistically related fusogens, but these proteins are unrelated in sequence and exhibit clearly distinct structural features. Recently determined crystal structures of the paramyxovirus F protein in two conformations, representing pre-fusion and post-fusion states, reveal a novel protein architecture that undergoes large-scale, irreversible refolding during membrane fusion, extending our understanding of this diverse group of membrane fusion machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Lamb
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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50
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Backovic M, Leser GP, Lamb RA, Longnecker R, Jardetzky TS. Characterization of EBV gB indicates properties of both class I and class II viral fusion proteins. Virology 2007; 368:102-13. [PMID: 17655906 PMCID: PMC2131761 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To gain insight into Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein B (gB), recombinant, secreted variants were generated. The role of putative transmembrane regions, the proteolytic processing and the oligomerization state of the gB variants were investigated. Constructs containing 2 of 3 C-terminal hydrophobic regions were secreted, indicating that these do not act as transmembrane anchors. The efficiency of cleavage of the gB furin site was found to depend on the nature of C-terminus. All of the gB constructs formed rosette structures reminiscent of the postfusion aggregates formed by other viral fusion proteins. However, substitution of putative fusion loop residues, WY(112-113) and WLIY(193-196), with less hydrophobic amino acids from HSV-1 gB, produced trimeric protein and abrogated the ability of the EBV gB ectodomains to form rosettes. These data demonstrate biochemical features of EBV gB that are characteristic of other class I and class II viral fusion proteins, but not of HSV-1 gB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Backovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - George P. Leser
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Robert A. Lamb
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Theodore S. Jardetzky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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