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Jourquin J, Fernandez AI, Parizot B, Xu K, Grunewald W, Mamiya A, Fukaki H, Beeckman T. Two phylogenetically unrelated peptide-receptor modules jointly regulate lateral root initiation via a partially shared signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 2022; 233:1780-1796. [PMID: 34913488 PMCID: PMC9302118 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-receptor signaling is an important system for intercellular communication, regulating many developmental processes. A single process can be controlled by several distinct signaling peptides. However, since peptide-receptor modules are usually studied separately, their mechanistic interactions remain largely unexplored. Two phylogenetically unrelated peptide-receptor modules, GLV6/GLV10-RGI and TOLS2/PIP2-RLK7, independently described as inhibitors of lateral root initiation, show striking similarities between their expression patterns and gain- and loss-of-function phenotypes, suggesting a common function during lateral root spacing and initiation. The GLV6/GLV10-RGI and TOLS2/PIP2-RLK7 modules trigger similar transcriptional changes, likely in part via WRKY transcription factors. Their overlapping set of response genes includes PUCHI and PLT5, both required for the effect of GLV6/10, as well as TOLS2, on lateral root initiation. Furthermore, both modules require the activity of MPK6 and can independently trigger MPK3/MPK6 phosphorylation. The GLV6/10 and TOLS2/PIP2 signaling pathways seem to converge in the activation of MPK3/MPK6, leading to the induction of a similar transcriptional response in the same target cells, thereby regulating lateral root initiation through a (partially) common mechanism. Convergence of signaling pathways downstream of phylogenetically unrelated peptide-receptor modules adds an additional, and hitherto unrecognized, level of complexity to intercellular communication networks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Jourquin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIB‐UGentGhent9052Belgium
| | - Ana Ibis Fernandez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIB‐UGentGhent9052Belgium
| | - Boris Parizot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIB‐UGentGhent9052Belgium
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIB‐UGentGhent9052Belgium
| | - Wim Grunewald
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIB‐UGentGhent9052Belgium
| | - Akihito Mamiya
- Department of BiologyGraduate School of ScienceKobe UniversityKobe657‐8501Japan
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of BiologyGraduate School of ScienceKobe UniversityKobe657‐8501Japan
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIB‐UGentGhent9052Belgium
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2
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Hajný J, Prát T, Rydza N, Rodriguez L, Tan S, Verstraeten I, Domjan D, Mazur E, Smakowska-Luzan E, Smet W, Mor E, Nolf J, Yang B, Grunewald W, Molnár G, Belkhadir Y, De Rybel B, Friml J. Receptor kinase module targets PIN-dependent auxin transport during canalization. Science 2020; 370:550-557. [PMID: 33122378 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneously arising channels that transport the phytohormone auxin provide positional cues for self-organizing aspects of plant development such as flexible vasculature regeneration or its patterning during leaf venation. The auxin canalization hypothesis proposes a feedback between auxin signaling and transport as the underlying mechanism, but molecular players await discovery. We identified part of the machinery that routes auxin transport. The auxin-regulated receptor CAMEL (Canalization-related Auxin-regulated Malectin-type RLK) together with CANAR (Canalization-related Receptor-like kinase) interact with and phosphorylate PIN auxin transporters. camel and canar mutants are impaired in PIN1 subcellular trafficking and auxin-mediated PIN polarization, which macroscopically manifests as defects in leaf venation and vasculature regeneration after wounding. The CAMEL-CANAR receptor complex is part of the auxin feedback that coordinates polarization of individual cells during auxin canalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Hajný
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Prát
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nikola Rydza
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lesia Rodriguez
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Inge Verstraeten
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - David Domjan
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ewa Mazur
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Elwira Smakowska-Luzan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Wouter Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eliana Mor
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonah Nolf
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - BaoJun Yang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Grunewald
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gergely Molnár
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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3
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Robert HS, Park C, Gutièrrez CL, Wójcikowska B, Pěnčík A, Novák O, Chen J, Grunewald W, Dresselhaus T, Friml J, Laux T. Maternal auxin supply contributes to early embryo patterning in Arabidopsis. Nat Plants 2018; 4:548-553. [PMID: 30013211 PMCID: PMC6076996 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The angiosperm seed is composed of three genetically distinct tissues: the diploid embryo that originates from the fertilized egg cell, the triploid endosperm that is produced from the fertilized central cell, and the maternal sporophytic integuments that develop into the seed coat1. At the onset of embryo development in Arabidopsis thaliana, the zygote divides asymmetrically, producing a small apical embryonic cell and a larger basal cell that connects the embryo to the maternal tissue2. The coordinated and synchronous development of the embryo and the surrounding integuments, and the alignment of their growth axes, suggest communication between maternal tissues and the embryo. In contrast to animals, however, where a network of maternal factors that direct embryo patterning have been identified3,4, only a few maternal mutations have been described to affect embryo development in plants5-7. Early embryo patterning in Arabidopsis requires accumulation of the phytohormone auxin in the apical cell by directed transport from the suspensor8-10. However, the origin of this auxin has remained obscure. Here we investigate the source of auxin for early embryogenesis and provide evidence that the mother plant coordinates seed development by supplying auxin to the early embryo from the integuments of the ovule. We show that auxin response increases in ovules after fertilization, due to upregulated auxin biosynthesis in the integuments, and this maternally produced auxin is required for correct embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène S Robert
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Chulmin Park
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carla Loreto Gutièrrez
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Wójcikowska
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Junyi Chen
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wim Grunewald
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Thomas Laux
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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4
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Blancke S, Grunewald W, De Jaeger G. De-Problematizing 'GMOs': Suggestions for Communicating about Genetic Engineering. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 35:185-186. [PMID: 28069261 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The public debates concerning genetic engineering (GE) involve many non-scientific issues. The ensuing complexity is one reason why biotechnologists are reluctant to become involved. By sharing our personal experiences in science communication and suggesting ways to de-problematize GE, we aim to inspire our colleagues to engage with the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan Blancke
- Department of Philosophy and Moral Science, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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5
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Robert HS, Grunewald W, Sauer M, Cannoot B, Soriano M, Swarup R, Weijers D, Bennett M, Boutilier K, Friml J. Plant embryogenesis requires AUX/LAX-mediated auxin influx. Development 2015; 142:702-11. [PMID: 25617434 DOI: 10.1242/dev.115832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin and its directional transport are known to play a crucial role in defining the embryonic axis and subsequent development of the body plan. Although the role of PIN auxin efflux transporters has been clearly assigned during embryonic shoot and root specification, the role of the auxin influx carriers AUX1 and LIKE-AUX1 (LAX) proteins is not well established. Here, we used chemical and genetic tools on Brassica napus microspore-derived embryos and Arabidopsis thaliana zygotic embryos, and demonstrate that AUX1, LAX1 and LAX2 are required for both shoot and root pole formation, in concert with PIN efflux carriers. Furthermore, we uncovered a positive-feedback loop between MONOPTEROS (ARF5)-dependent auxin signalling and auxin transport. This MONOPTEROS-dependent transcriptional regulation of auxin influx (AUX1, LAX1 and LAX2) and auxin efflux (PIN1 and PIN4) carriers by MONOPTEROS helps to maintain proper auxin transport to the root tip. These results indicate that auxin-dependent cell specification during embryo development requires balanced auxin transport involving both influx and efflux mechanisms, and that this transport is maintained by a positive transcriptional feedback on auxin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène S Robert
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wim Grunewald
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Michael Sauer
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany Departamento Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernard Cannoot
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Mercedes Soriano
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 619, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- School of Biosciences and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 619, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jiří Friml
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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6
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Grunewald W, Bury J. Comment on 'A novel 5-enolpyruvoylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase transgene for glyphosate resistance stimulates growth and fecundity in weedy rice (Oryza sativa) without herbicide' by Wang et al. (2014). New Phytol 2014; 202:367-369. [PMID: 24645784 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wim Grunewald
- VIB, The Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Rijvisschestraat 120, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jo Bury
- VIB, The Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Rijvisschestraat 120, 9052, Gent, Belgium
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7
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Grunewald W, Bury J. Comment on "Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize" by Séralini et al. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 53:447-8. [PMID: 23142390 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Bielach A, Podlešáková K, Marhavý P, Duclercq J, Cuesta C, Müller B, Grunewald W, Tarkowski P, Benková E. Spatiotemporal regulation of lateral root organogenesis in Arabidopsis by cytokinin. Plant Cell 2012; 24:3967-81. [PMID: 23054471 PMCID: PMC3517230 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.103044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of a plant's root system, established postembryonically, results from both coordinated root growth and lateral root branching. The plant hormones auxin and cytokinin are central endogenous signaling molecules that regulate lateral root organogenesis positively and negatively, respectively. Tight control and mutual balance of their antagonistic activities are particularly important during the early phases of lateral root organogenesis to ensure continuous lateral root initiation (LRI) and proper development of lateral root primordia (LRP). Here, we show that the early phases of lateral root organogenesis, including priming and initiation, take place in root zones with a repressed cytokinin response. Accordingly, ectopic overproduction of cytokinin in the root basal meristem most efficiently inhibits LRI. Enhanced cytokinin responses in pericycle cells between existing LRP might restrict LRI near existing LRP and, when compromised, ectopic LRI occurs. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that young LRP are more sensitive to perturbations in the cytokinin activity than are developmentally more advanced primordia. We hypothesize that the effect of cytokinin on the development of primordia possibly depends on the robustness and stability of the auxin gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bielach
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kateřina Podlešáková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Marhavý
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Duclercq
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Candela Cuesta
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Müller
- Institute of Plant Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wim Grunewald
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Benková
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Faculty of Science and Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Address correspondence to
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10
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Van Damme D, De Rybel B, Gudesblat G, Demidov D, Grunewald W, De Smet I, Houben A, Beeckman T, Russinova E. Arabidopsis α Aurora kinases function in formative cell division plane orientation. Plant Cell 2011; 23:4013-24. [PMID: 22045917 PMCID: PMC3246319 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.089565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To establish three-dimensional structures/organs, plant cells continuously have to adapt the orientation of their division plane in a highly regulated manner. However, mechanisms underlying switches in division plane orientation remain elusive. Here, we characterize a viable double knockdown mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana group α Aurora (AUR) kinases, AUR1 and AUR2, (aur1-2 aur2-2), with a primary defect in lateral root formation and outgrowth. Mutant analysis revealed that aur1-2 aur2-2 lateral root primordia are built from randomly oriented cell divisions instead of distinct cell layers. This phenotype could be traced back to cytokinesis defects and misoriented cell plates during the initial anticlinal pericycle cell divisions that give rise to lateral root primordia. Complementation assays showed that the Arabidopsis α group Aurora kinases are functionally divergent from the single β group member AUR3 and that AUR1 functions in division plane orientation prior to cytokinesis. In addition to defective lateral root patterning, aur1-2 aur2-2 plants also show defects in orienting formative divisions during embryogenesis, divisions surrounding the main root stem cell niche, and divisions surrounding stomata formation. Taken together, our results put forward a central role for α Aurora kinases in regulating formative division plane orientation throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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11
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Grunewald W, Friml J. The march of the PINs: developmental plasticity by dynamic polar targeting in plant cells. EMBO J 2010; 29:2700-14. [PMID: 20717140 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of plants and their adaptive capacity towards ever-changing environmental conditions largely depend on the spatial distribution of the plant hormone auxin. At the cellular level, various internal and external signals are translated into specific changes in the polar, subcellular localization of auxin transporters from the PIN family thereby directing and redirecting the intercellular fluxes of auxin. The current model of polar targeting of PIN proteins towards different plasma membrane domains encompasses apolar secretion of newly synthesized PINs followed by endocytosis and recycling back to the plasma membrane in a polarized manner. In this review, we follow the subcellular march of the PINs and highlight the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind polar foraging and subcellular trafficking pathways. Also, the entry points for different signals and regulations including by auxin itself will be discussed within the context of morphological and developmental consequences of polar targeting and subcellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Grunewald
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Gent, Belgium
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12
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Grunewald W, van Noorden G, Van Isterdael G, Beeckman T, Gheysen G, Mathesius U. Manipulation of auxin transport in plant roots during Rhizobium symbiosis and nematode parasitism. Plant Cell 2009; 21:2553-62. [PMID: 19789282 PMCID: PMC2768939 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.069617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant rhizosphere harbors many different microorganisms, ranging from plant growth-promoting bacteria to devastating plant parasites. Some of these microbes are able to induce de novo organ formation in infected roots. Certain soil bacteria, collectively called rhizobia, form a symbiotic interaction with legumes, leading to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, on the other hand, induce highly specialized feeding sites in infected plant roots from which they withdraw nutrients. In order to establish these new root structures, it is thought that these organisms use and manipulate the endogenous molecular and physiological pathways of their hosts. Over the years, evidence has accumulated reliably demonstrating the involvement of the plant hormone auxin. Moreover, the auxin responses during microbe-induced de novo organ formation seem to be dynamic, suggesting that plant-associated microbes can actively modify their host's auxin transport. In this review, we focus on recent findings in auxin transport mechanisms during plant development and on how plant symbionts and parasites have evolved to manipulate these mechanisms for their own purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Grunewald
- Department Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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13
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Grunewald W, Vanholme B, Pauwels L, Plovie E, Inzé D, Gheysen G, Goossens A. Expression of the Arabidopsis jasmonate signalling repressor JAZ1/TIFY10A is stimulated by auxin. EMBO Rep 2009; 10:923-8. [PMID: 19575013 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2009.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant hormones have pivotal roles in almost every aspect of plant development. Over the past decades, physiological and genetic studies have revealed that hormone action in plants is determined by complex interactions between hormonal signalling pathways. Evidence is accumulating for the existence of crosstalk between the auxin and jasmonate (JA) signalling pathways. Recently, the JASMONATE ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins have been identified as the long-sought repressors of JA signalling. Here, we show that expression of JAZ1/TIFY10A is not solely inducible by JA, but that it is also an early auxin-responsive gene. Furthermore, we could show that the auxin-inducible expression of JAZ1/TIFY10A is independent of the JA signalling pathway but is controlled by the auxin/indole-3-acetic acid-auxin response transcription factor signalling pathway. Our results provide evidence for the existence of at least two different input signals regarding JAZ1/TIFY10A expression and thus support the idea of an intimate molecular interplay between auxin and JA signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Grunewald
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Vanholme B, Kast P, Haegeman A, Jacob J, Grunewald W, Gheysen G. Structural and functional investigation of a secreted chorismate mutase from the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii in the context of related enzymes from diverse origins. Mol Plant Pathol 2009; 10:189-200. [PMID: 19236568 PMCID: PMC6640496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present the cloning of Hscm1, a gene for chorismate mutase (CM) from the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. CM is a key branch-point enzyme of the shikimate pathway, and secondary metabolites that arise from this pathway control developmental programmes and defence responses of the plant. By manipulating the plant's endogenous shikimate pathway, the nematode can influence the plant physiology for its own benefit. Hscm1 is a member of the CM gene family and is expressed during the pre-parasitic and parasitic stages of the nematode's life cycle. In situ mRNA hybridization reveals an expression pattern specific to the subventral and dorsal pharyngeal glands. The predicted protein has a signal peptide for secretion in addition to two domains. The N-terminal domain of the mature protein, which is only found in cyst nematodes, contains six conserved cysteine residues, which may reflect the importance of disulphide bond formation for protein stabilization. The C-terminal domain holds a single catalytic site and has similarity to secreted CMs of pathogenic bacteria, classifying HsCM1 as an AroQ(gamma) enzyme. The presumed catalytic residues are discussed in detail, and genetic complementation experiments indicate that the C-terminal domain is essential for enzyme activity. Finally, we show how the modular design of the protein is mirrored in the genomic sequence by the intron/exon organization, suggesting exon shuffling as a mechanism for the evolutionary assembly of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartel Vanholme
- Molecular Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Grunewald W, Cannoot B, Friml J, Gheysen G. Parasitic nematodes modulate PIN-mediated auxin transport to facilitate infection. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000266. [PMID: 19148279 PMCID: PMC2613529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes are destructive plant pathogens that cause significant yield losses. They induce highly specialized feeding sites (NFS) in infected plant roots from which they withdraw nutrients. In order to establish these NFS, it is thought that the nematodes manipulate the molecular and physiological pathways of their hosts. Evidence is accumulating that the plant signalling molecule auxin is involved in the initiation and development of the feeding sites of sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes. Intercellular transport of auxin is essential for various aspects of plant growth and development. Here, we analysed the spatial and temporal expression of PIN auxin transporters during the early events of NFS establishment using promoter-GUS/GFP fusion lines. Additionally, single and double pin mutants were used in infection studies to analyse the role of the different PIN proteins during cyst nematode infection. Based on our results, we postulate a model in which PIN1-mediated auxin transport is needed to deliver auxin to the initial syncytial cell, whereas PIN3 and PIN4 distribute the accumulated auxin laterally and are involved in the radial expansion of the NFS. Our data demonstrate that cyst nematodes are able to hijack the auxin distribution network in order to facilitate the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Grunewald
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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De Smet I, Vassileva V, De Rybel B, Levesque MP, Grunewald W, Van Damme D, Van Noorden G, Naudts M, Van Isterdael G, De Clercq R, Wang JY, Meuli N, Vanneste S, Friml J, Hilson P, Jürgens G, Ingram GC, Inzé D, Benfey PN, Beeckman T. Receptor-like kinase ACR4 restricts formative cell divisions in the Arabidopsis root. Science 2008; 322:594-7. [PMID: 18948541 DOI: 10.1126/science.1160158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During the development of multicellular organisms, organogenesis and pattern formation depend on formative divisions to specify and maintain pools of stem cells. In higher plants, these activities are essential to shape the final root architecture because the functioning of root apical meristems and the de novo formation of lateral roots entirely rely on it. We used transcript profiling on sorted pericycle cells undergoing lateral root initiation to identify the receptor-like kinase ACR4 of Arabidopsis as a key factor both in promoting formative cell divisions in the pericycle and in constraining the number of these divisions once organogenesis has been started. In the root tip meristem, ACR4 shows a similar action by controlling cell proliferation activity in the columella cell lineage. Thus, ACR4 function reveals a common mechanism of formative cell division control in the main root tip meristem and during lateral root initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Van de Cappelle E, Plovie E, Kyndt T, Grunewald W, Cannoot B, Gheysen G. AtCDKA;1 silencing in Arabidopsis thaliana reduces reproduction of sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes. Plant Biotechnol J 2008; 6:749-757. [PMID: 18554267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The activity of the Arabidopsis thaliana cyclin-dependent kinase AtCDKA;1 is important throughout G(1)/S and G(2)/M transitions and guarantees the progression of the cell cycle. Inhibitor studies have shown that activation of the cell cycle is important for the development of nematode feeding sites. The aim of this study was to silence the expression of the AtCDKA;1 gene in nematode feeding sites to interfere with their development. Therefore, sense and antisense constructs were made for the AtCDKA;1 gene and fused to a nematode-inducible promoter which was activated in nematode feeding sites at an earlier time point than AtCDKA;1. Two transgenic A. thaliana lines (S266 and S306) containing inverted repeats of the AtCDKA;1 gene and with reduced AtCDKA;1 expression in seedlings and galls were analysed in more detail. When the lines were infected with the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, significantly fewer galls and egg masses developed on the roots of the transgenic than wild-type plants. Infection of the AtCDKA;1-silenced lines with Heterodera schachtii resulted in significantly fewer cysts compared with controls. The S266 and S306 lines showed no phenotypic aberrations in root morphology, and analysis at different time points after infection demonstrated that the number of penetrating nematodes was the same, but fewer nematodes developed to maturity in the silenced lines. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that silencing of CDKA;1 can be used as a strategy to produce transgenic plants less susceptible to plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Van de Cappelle
- Molecular Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Grunewald W, Karimi M, Wieczorek K, Van de Cappelle E, Wischnitzki E, Grundler F, Inzé D, Beeckman T, Gheysen G. A role for AtWRKY23 in feeding site establishment of plant-parasitic nematodes. Plant Physiol 2008; 148:358-68. [PMID: 18599655 PMCID: PMC2528098 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.119131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
During the interaction between sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes and their host, complex morphological and physiological changes occur in the infected plant tissue, finally resulting in the establishment of a nematode feeding site. This cellular transformation is the result of altered plant gene expression most likely induced by proteins injected in the plant cell by the nematode. Here, we report on the identification of a WRKY transcription factor expressed during nematode infection. Using both promoter-reporter gene fusions and in situ reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we could show that AtWRKY23 is expressed during the early stages of feeding site establishment. Knocking down the expression of WRKY23 resulted in lower infection of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. WRKY23 is an auxin-inducible gene and in uninfected plants WRKY23 acts downstream of the Aux/IAA protein SLR/IAA14. Although auxin is known to be involved in feeding site formation, our results suggest that, during early stages, auxin-independent signals might be at play to activate the initial expression of WRKY23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Grunewald
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Vanholme B, Grunewald W, Bateman A, Kohchi T, Gheysen G. The tify family previously known as ZIM. Trends Plant Sci 2007; 12:239-44. [PMID: 17499004 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The ZIM domain was originally identified in the ZIM protein (BAA97679; Zinc-finger protein expressed in Inflorescence Meristem). Since then it has been found in other proteins and the corresponding genes have been grouped into a plant-specific family. However, the family lacks consistency in its classification among different databases. Here, we try to clarify this incongruity by presenting an overview of the Arabidopsis proteins having this domain. The presented genome-wide survey can be seen as a start point to reveal the unknown function of these proteins. Furthermore, because of the confusing ZIM nomenclature being used at present, we propose to rename the domain and family as tify, after the most conserved amino acid motif characterizing the members of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartel Vanholme
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Blaschke S, Grunewald W, Strutz F, Sattler B, Müller GA, Reuss-Borst M. Fulminant alveolar haemorrhage in a case of recurrent small vessel vasculitis after renal transplantation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39:1042-4. [PMID: 10986314 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/39.9.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Grunewald W, Paterson G, Schackis D. Basic indicators for describing the stock of human resources in science and technology (HRST). Research Evaluation 1995. [DOI: 10.1093/rev/5.3.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Grunewald W. [Methods for projecting private households]. All Stat Arch 1992; 76:208-25. [PMID: 12285689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
"Although there exists a reasonable number of methods for projecting the number of private households, only a few of them are used in practice. The reason for this discrepancy is...analysed. All important methods which had been developed until now will be presented, focusing on their assumptions and the data needed." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
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Grunewald W. [Fertility life tables]. Jahrb Natl Okon Stat 1988; 204:241-254. [PMID: 12281599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
"Three tables for measuring human fertility are presented. The first, the Parity-Fertility-Life-Table, includes the intensity of fertility only. The second table, the Marriage-Duration-Fertility-Life-Table, bases on the Parity-Fertility-Life-Table and measures the tempo of fertility altogether. The third table, the Birth-Interval-Fertility-Life-Table, completes the Marriage-Duration-Fertility-Life-Table in considering the point of time, at which the last parity is reached." The methods are illustrated using official data for the Federal Republic of Germany. (SUMMARY IN ENG)
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Baumgärtl H, Grunewald W, Lübers DW. Polarographic determination of the oxygen partial pressure field by Pt microelectrodes using the O2 field in front of a Pt macroelectrode as a model. Pflugers Arch 1974; 347:49-61. [PMID: 4407443 DOI: 10.1007/bf00587054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Hackenberg K, Grunewald W, Gertz H, Reinwein D. [Critical studies on optimal substitution therapy of hypothyroidism using synthetic thyroid hormones]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1971; 96:1375-9. [PMID: 4105276 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1110145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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