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Yoschenko V, Thiry Y, Holiaka D, Levchuk S, Kashparov V, Nanba K. Long-term changes in 90Sr pools of Scots pine biomass in the Chornobyl Red Forest. J Environ Radioact 2024; 273:107366. [PMID: 38218043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2023.107366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The trenches of the waste burial site in the Chornobyl Red Forest represent a big reservoir of radionuclides for the artificial plantation of Scots pine established in that area, but the long term dynamics of tree biomass contamination, especially with 90Sr, remains unclear. The present study was conducted between 2005 and 2018 on two groups of trees of the same age. The IN group is represented by trees growing on the trench containing highly radioactive contaminated fertile soil and organic matter, while the OUT group is located outside the trench. Within a little more than one decade, the total aboveground biomass doubled in the trees of the group OUT and increased more than four times in the group IN. In the group OUT, the concentrations of 90Sr have decreased in all biomass compartments compared to 2005, while in the group IN, the concentrations demonstrated a trend to increase. Regression analysis shows that both decrease in the compartment concentrations in the group OUT (slope coefficient 0.55) and increase in the group IN (1.58) were significant. As a result of the changes in the biomass inventories and 90Sr concentrations, in absence of changes in plantation density, the contamination of total aboveground biomass by 90Sr in the group OUT would have increased slightly in 2018 (from approximately 18 GBq ha-1 to 23 GBq ha-1) compared to 2005, while in the group IN it would have increased almost 6-fold, reaching approximately 560 GBq ha-1, or about (19 ± 9) % of the total 90Sr inventory in the trench area. Trenches of the Red Forest were shown to act as long-lasting hot spots of 90Sr bioavailability for forest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl Yoschenko
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity at Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima Prefecture, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan.
| | - Yves Thiry
- French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Andra) - Scientific and Technical Division, Chatenay-Malabry, 92298, France
| | - Dmytrii Holiaka
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str. 7, Chabany, Kyiv region, 08162, Ukraine
| | - Sviatoslav Levchuk
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str. 7, Chabany, Kyiv region, 08162, Ukraine
| | - Valery Kashparov
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str. 7, Chabany, Kyiv region, 08162, Ukraine; Center for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Kenji Nanba
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity at Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima Prefecture, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
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Li P, Gong Y, Tanaka T, Thiry Y, Huang Q, Komatsuzaki M. Modeling long-term transfers of radiocesium in farmland under different tillage and cover crop treatments. Sci Total Environ 2024; 907:167849. [PMID: 37844648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The 2011 nuclear accident at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) prompted inquiries about the long-term transfer of Cesium-137 (137Cs) from soil to agricultural plants. In this context, numerical modeling is particularly useful for the long-term evaluation of the consequences of agroecosystem contamination. Agricultural practices, such as tillage and cover cropping, play key roles in 137Cs recycling in agroecosystems. In this study, we used 10-year monitoring data to develop a dynamic model to predict 137Cs redistribution (via uptake, litterfall, translocation, and percolation) under different tillage (no-tillage, NT; rotary cultivation, RC; moldboard plow, MP) and cover crop (rye; hairy vetch; fallow weed) treatments. The verification exercise and assessment results indicated the model's reliability, as the temporal dynamics of predicted values agreed with observed values. Tillage significantly influenced the 137Cs distribution in soil, thereby decreasing plant uptake of 137Cs, whereas cover crop exerted a minimal effect on 137Cs cycling. Furthermore, while the 137Cs concentrations in soybean grain under RC and NT treatments were comparable 62 years after the FDNPP accident, the concentration under MP treatment remained consistently the lowest. Despite natural decay being the main cause of the decreased global 137Cs level in the agroecosystem, with minimal losses from percolation to deeper soil layers and soybean harvesting, adopting an appropriate tillage practice was shown to promote a long-term reduction of 137Cs concentration in crops. Finally, to improve the model's accuracy, further research should consider incorporating the effects of soil properties and extreme weather events on 137Cs flow into the model, as these factors are essential for realizing improved agroecosystem predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the PRC, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingting Gong
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Taku Tanaka
- EDF R&D, LNHE, 6 Quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France
| | - Yves Thiry
- French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Andra) - Research and Development Division, 92298 Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Qiliang Huang
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masakazu Komatsuzaki
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Center for International Field Agriculture Research & Education, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan.
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3
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Tanaka T, Thiry Y. How dynamic transfer models can complement an equilibrium-based approach: Case studies of radiocesium transfer to forest trees following accidental atmospheric release. Sci Total Environ 2023; 884:163715. [PMID: 37137358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Accidental release of radionuclides caused by nuclear accidents like those in Fukushima and Chernobyl can result in pulses of radioactivity entering the forest environment. Due to intense recycling in the forest, equilibrium between radioactivity concentrations in trees and in soil may not be reached during the period of severe short-term radionuclide transport following the accident. Another question arises as to whether the equilibrium hypothesis using empirical concentration ratios (CRs) can be applied to the long-term period. Using two atmospheric 137Cs fallout scenarios in the Fukushima and Chernobyl sites, this study investigated whether the CR approach could provide conservative predictions of 137Cs levels in trees following 137Cs fallout events by comparing predictions from the CR approach using data gathered for trees by the IAEA to those from dynamic transfer models and actual measured data. The inter-comparisons also aimed to investigate whether the CR approach could account for the variability of 137Cs levels across different tree organs. The results showed that caution may be necessary when using the CR approach, which relies on the IAEA dataset, to estimate 137Cs accumulation in forest trees in the short - and long term following atmospheric 137Cs fallout events. A calculation by TRIPS 2.0 demonstrated the importance of considering the distribution within tree organs for in-depth analysis of radiological impact of forest trees. Our findings suggest that it may be preferable to use CR values based on site-specific data rather than generic data collected from various sites. This is particularly relevant when studying the sites where the bioavailability of 137Cs for trees and thus possible exposures are higher. This study also showed that dynamic modeling approaches could offer an alternative means of estimating CR values of the entire tree or specific tree organs in situations where empirically derived values are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Tanaka
- EDF R&D, LNHE, 6 Quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France.
| | - Yves Thiry
- French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Andra) - Research and Development Division, 92298 Chatenay-Malabry, France
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Thiry Y, Tanaka T, Bueno M, Pisarek P, Roulier M, Gallard H, Legout A, Nicolas M. Recycling and persistence of iodine 127 and 129 in forested environments: A modelling approach. Sci Total Environ 2022; 831:154901. [PMID: 35364144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Differences in the source and behaviour of 129I compared to 127I isotopes have been described for a variety of surface environments, but little is known about the cycling rates of each isotope in terrestrial ecosystems. We developed a compartment model of the iodine cycle in a forest ecosystem, with a labile and non-labile pool to simplify the complex fate of iodine in the forest floor and soil. Simulations were performed using atmospheric 127I and 129I inputs for sites differing in climate, vegetation, and soil. In general, considering dry deposition in addition to wet deposition improved model simulations. Model results support the view that soil is the sink for atmospheric iodine deposited in forest ecosystems, while tree vegetation has little influence on long-term iodine budgets. Modelling also showed that iodine cycling reaches equilibrium after a period of about 5000 years, mainly due to a gradual incorporation of iodine into the bulk stabilised soil organic matter. At steady state, this pool of non-labile iodine in soil can retain about 20% of total deposition with a mean residence time of 900 years, while the labile iodine pool is renewed after 90 years. The proportions of modern anthropogenic 129I in each modelled pool reflect those of stable 127I at least several decades after input to the forest; this result explains why isotopic disequilibrium is common in field data analysis. Volatilisation plays a central role in regulating iodine storage in soil and, therefore, its residence time, while drainage is a minor export pathway, except at some calcareous sites. Dynamic modelling has been particularly helpful for gaining insight into the long-term response of iodine partitioning to continuous, single or even varying deposition. Our modelling study suggested that better estimates of dry deposition of atmospheric iodine, weathering of parent rock, and volatilisation of the deposited iodine from soil and vegetation will be required for reliable predictions of iodine cycling in specific forests, because these processes remain insufficiently explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, 1-7 Rue Jean-Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France.
| | - Taku Tanaka
- EDF R&D, LNHE, 6 Quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France
| | - Maïté Bueno
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Paulina Pisarek
- Andra, Research and Development Division, 1-7 Rue Jean-Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France; Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Marine Roulier
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France; Institute of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SRTE, LR2T, CE Cadarache, 13115 Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Gallard
- IC2MP UMR 7285, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Arnaud Legout
- INRAE Grand Est, UR 1138, Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers, F-54280 Nancy, France
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Pisarek P, Bueno M, Thiry Y, Legout A, Gallard H, Le Hécho I. Influence of tree species on selenium and iodine partitioning in an experimental forest ecosystem. Sci Total Environ 2022; 809:151174. [PMID: 34699833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Storage of selenium and iodine can greatly vary between forest ecosystems, but the influence of tree species on partitioning and recycling of those elements remains elusive. In this study, contents of Se and I were measured in tree compartments, litterfall, humus, and soil horizons in monospecific stands of Douglas fir, pine, spruce, beech, and oak under identical climatic and edaphic conditions. The cycle of each element was characterized in terms of stocks and fluxes. Lowest concentrations were in wood (Se: 8-13 μg kg-1; I: <16.5 μg kg-1). Senescing organs had higher Se and I content, than the living parts of trees due to direct exposure to atmospheric deposition, with some variation between coniferous and deciduous trees. For all stands, low amounts of Se and I were involved in biological cycle as reflected by low root uptake. In humus, the enrichment of elements greatly increased with the stage of organic matter (OM) degradation with average factors of 10 and 20 for Se and I. OM degradation and element persistence in humus was influenced by tree species. Deciduous trees, with low biomass, and fast degradation of OM stored less Se and I in humus compared to fir and spruce with high humus biomass. Interestingly, tree species did not affect soil reserves of Se and I. Concentration ranges were 331-690 μg Se kg-1 and 4.3-14.5 mg I kg-1. However, the divergent vertical profiles of the elements in the soil column indicated greater mobility of I. Selenium concentrations regularly decreased with depth in correlation with OM and Fe oxides content. For iodine, the maximum iodine concentration at a soil depth of 15 to 35 cm was caused by a parallel precipitation/sorption behavior of aluminium and organic iodine dissolved in the topsoil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Pisarek
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UMR 5254, 64053 Pau, France; Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Maïté Bueno
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UMR 5254, 64053 Pau, France
| | - Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | | | - Hervé Gallard
- IC2MP UMR 7285, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Le Hécho
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UMR 5254, 64053 Pau, France.
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6
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Miura S, Shaw G, Howard BJ, Hashimoto S, Thiry Y. Editorial preface: Radiation contamination of forests and forest products - Consequences and future. J Environ Radioact 2022; 242:106748. [PMID: 34579987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2021.106748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Miura
- Center for Forest Restoration and Radioecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan.
| | - George Shaw
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, UK.
| | - Brenda J Howard
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, UK; UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK.
| | - Shoji Hashimoto
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, France.
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Svensson T, Redon PO, Thiry Y, Montelius M, Bastviken D. Chlorination of soil organic matter: The role of humus type and land use. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150478. [PMID: 34582876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The levels of natural organic chlorine (Clorg) typically exceed levels of chloride in most soils and is therefore clearly of high importance for continental chlorine cycling. The high spatial variability raises questions on soil organic matter (SOM) chlorination rates among topsoils with different types of organic matter. We measured Clorg formation rates along depth profiles in six French temperate soils with similar Cl deposition using 36Cl tracer experiments. Three forest sites with different humus types and soils from grassland and arable land were studied. The highest specific chlorination rates (fraction of chlorine pool transformed to Clorg per time unit) among the forest soils were found in the humus layers. Comparing the forest sites, specific chlorination was highest in mull-type humus, characterized by high microbial activity and fast degradation of the organic matter. Considering non-humus soil layers, grassland and forest soils had similar specific chlorination rates in the uppermost layer (0-10 cm below humus layer). Below this depth the specific chlorination rate decreased slightly in forests, and drastically in the grassland soil. The agricultural soil exhibited the lowest specific chlorination rates, similar along the depth profile. Across all sites, specific chlorination rates were correlated with soil moisture and in combination with the patterns on organic matter types, the results suggest an extensive Cl cycling where humus types and soil moisture provided best conditions for microbial activity. Clorg accumulation and theoretical residence times were not clearly linked to chlorination rates. This indicates intensive Cl cycling between organic and inorganic forms in forest humus layers, regulated by humic matter reactivity and soil moisture, while long-term Clorg accumulation seems more linked with overall deep soil organic carbon stabilization. Thus, humus types and factors affecting soil carbon storage, including vegetation land use, could be used as indicators of potential Clorg formation and accumulation in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia Svensson
- Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Paul-Olivier Redon
- Andra, Research and Development Division, 1/7 rue Jean-Monnet, 92298 Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, 1/7 rue Jean-Monnet, 92298 Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Malin Montelius
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI), 581 93 Linköping, Sweden
| | - David Bastviken
- Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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Hashimoto S, Tanaka T, Komatsu M, Gonze MA, Sakashita W, Kurikami H, Nishina K, Ota M, Ohashi S, Calmon P, Coppin F, Imamura N, Hayashi S, Hirai K, Hurtevent P, Koarashi J, Manaka T, Miura S, Shinomiya Y, Shaw G, Thiry Y. Dynamics of radiocaesium within forests in Fukushima-results and analysis of a model inter-comparison. J Environ Radioact 2021; 238-239:106721. [PMID: 34509097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2021.106721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Forests cover approximately 70% of the area contaminated by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in 2011. Following this severe contamination event, radiocaesium (137Cs) is anticipated to circulate within these forest ecosystems for several decades. Since the accident, a number of models have been constructed to evaluate the past and future dynamics of 137Cs in these forests. To explore the performance and uncertainties of these models we conducted a model inter-comparison exercise using Fukushima data. The main scenario addressed an evergreen needleleaf forest (cedar/cypress), which is the most common and commercially important forest type in Japan. We also tested the models with two forest management scenarios (decontamination by removal of soil surface litter and forest regeneration) and, furthermore, a deciduous broadleaf forest (konara oak) scenario as a preliminary modelling study of this type of forest. After appropriate calibration, the models reproduced the observed data reliably and the ranges of calculated trajectories were narrow in the early phase after the fallout. Successful model performances in the early phase were probably attributable to the availability of comprehensive data characterizing radiocaesium partitioning in the early phase. However, the envelope of the calculated model end points enlarged in long-term simulations over 50 years after the fallout. It is essential to continue repetitive verification/validation processes using decadal data for various forest types to improve the models and to update the forecasting capacity of the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Hashimoto
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Taku Tanaka
- EDF R&D, LNHE, 6 Quai Watier, 78400, Chatou, France.
| | - Masabumi Komatsu
- Department of Mushroom Science and Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan; Center for Forest Restoration and Radioecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Marc-André Gonze
- Institute of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety, PSE-ENV, CE Cadarache-Bat 153, BP3, 13115, St-Paul-lez-Durance cedex, France
| | - Wataru Sakashita
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan; Center for Forest Restoration and Radioecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurikami
- Fukushima Environmental Research Group, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu-machi, Tamura-gun, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nishina
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ota
- Research Group for Environmental Science, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Shinta Ohashi
- Center for Forest Restoration and Radioecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan; Department of Wood Properties and Processing, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Philippe Calmon
- Institute of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety, PSE-ENV, CE Cadarache-Bat 153, BP3, 13115, St-Paul-lez-Durance cedex, France
| | - Frederic Coppin
- Institute of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety, PSE-ENV, CE Cadarache-Bat 153, BP3, 13115, St-Paul-lez-Durance cedex, France
| | - Naohiro Imamura
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Seiji Hayashi
- Fukushima Regional Collaborative Research Center, National Institute for Environmental Studies,10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan
| | - Keizo Hirai
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Pierre Hurtevent
- Institute of Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety, PSE-ENV, CE Cadarache-Bat 153, BP3, 13115, St-Paul-lez-Durance cedex, France
| | - Jun Koarashi
- Research Group for Environmental Science, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Takuya Manaka
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Satoru Miura
- Center for Forest Restoration and Radioecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Shinomiya
- Center for Forest Restoration and Radioecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - George Shaw
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, 1-7 Rue Jean-Monnet, 92298, Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
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Pisarek P, Bueno M, Thiry Y, Nicolas M, Gallard H, Le Hécho I. Selenium distribution in French forests: Influence of environmental conditions. Sci Total Environ 2021; 774:144962. [PMID: 33610987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.144962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Selenium is a trace element and an essential nutrient. Its long-lived radioisotope, selenium 79 is of potential radio-ecological concern in surface environment of deep geological repository for high-level radioactive waste. In this study, the influence of environmental, climatic and geochemical conditions on stable Se (as a surrogate of 79Se) accumulation was statistically assessed (PCA analysis, Kruskall-Wallis and Spearman tests) based on the analysis of its concentration in litterfall, humus, and soil samples collected at 51 forest sites located in France. Selenium concentrations were in the ranges: 22-369, 57-1608 and 25-1222 μg kg-1 respectively in litterfall, humus, and soil. The proximity of the ocean and oceanic climate promoted Se enrichment of litterfall, likely due to a significant reaction of wet deposits with forest canopy. Se content was enhanced by humification (up to 6 times) suggesting that Se concentrations in humus were affected by atmospheric inputs. Selenium stock in humus decreased in the order of decreasing humus biomass and increasing turnover of organic matter: mor > moder > mull. Positive correlations between Se content and geochemical parameters such as organic carbon content, total Al and total Fe confirmed the important role of organic matter (OM) and mineral Fe/Al oxides in Se retention in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Pisarek
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UMR 5254, 64053 Pau, France; Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Maïté Bueno
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UMR 5254, 64053 Pau, France.
| | - Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Manuel Nicolas
- Office National des Forêts (ONF), Direction Forts et Risques Naturels, Département Recherche, Développement, Innovation, Boulevard de Constance, 77300 Fontainebleau, France.
| | - Hervé Gallard
- IC2MP UMR 7285, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
| | - Isabelle Le Hécho
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM), UMR 5254, 64053 Pau, France.
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Roulier M, Bueno M, Coppin F, Nicolas M, Thiry Y, Rigal F, Pannier F, Le Hécho I. Atmospheric iodine, selenium and caesium depositions in France: II. Influence of forest canopies. Chemosphere 2021; 273:128952. [PMID: 33228989 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Estimation of the canopy influence on atmospheric inputs of iodine (I), selenium (Se) and caesium (Cs) in terrestrial ecosystems is an essential condition for appropriate biogeochemical models. However, the processes involved in rain composition modifications after its passage through forest canopy have been barely studied for these elements. We monitored I, Se and Cs concentrations in both rainfall and throughfall of fourteen French forested sites throughout one year, and estimated dry deposition and canopy exchange fluxes for these elements, as well as speciation of I and Se. Comparison of rainfall and throughfall elemental composition highlighted an important impact of forest canopy on both (i) concentrations and fluxes of I, Se and Cs, and (ii) I and Se species. For the three elements, most of their throughfall concentrations were higher than corresponding rainfall. The increase of throughfall elemental fluxes was mostly due to dry deposition for I and Se although the canopy exchange model revealed some sorption within the canopy in most cases; for Cs, foliage leaching was most influencing. Regarding speciation, iodine species in rainfall were highly modified by forest canopy with an important increase of unidentified I proportion in throughfall (on average 49 and 82% in rainfall and throughfall, respectively), possibly due to washoff of dry deposition and/or to transformation into organic forms. Similarly, while rainfall was composed of 26-54% of inorganic Se, inorganic species were undetectable in throughfall. This dataset represents key information to improve modelling of I, Se and Cs cycling within forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Roulier
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France; Institute of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LR2T, CE Cadarache, 13115, Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France.
| | - Maïté Bueno
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France.
| | - Frédéric Coppin
- Institute of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LR2T, CE Cadarache, 13115, Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France.
| | - Manuel Nicolas
- Office National des Forêts (ONF), Direction Forêts et Risques Naturels, Département Recherche, Développement, Innovation, Boulevard de Constance, 77300, Fontainebleau, France.
| | - Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1-7 Rue Jean Monnet, 92298, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - François Rigal
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France; Azorean Biodiversity Group, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Florence Pannier
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France.
| | - Isabelle Le Hécho
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France.
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11
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Roulier M, Bueno M, Coppin F, Nicolas M, Thiry Y, Rigal F, Le Hécho I, Pannier F. Atmospheric iodine, selenium and caesium depositions in France: I. Spatial and seasonal variations. Chemosphere 2021; 273:128971. [PMID: 33243570 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution and seasonal variations of atmospheric iodine (I), selenium (Se) and caesium (Cs) depositions remain unclear and this precludes adequate inputs for biogeochemical models. We quantified total concentrations and fluxes of these elements in rainfalls from 27 monitoring sites in France with contrasted climatic conditions; monthly measurements were taken over one year (starting in 2016/09). Since speciation of I and Se can impact their behaviour in the environment, analysis of their inorganic compounds was also conducted. Our results showed that annual I concentrations in rainfall were much higher than those of Se and Cs (annual means = 1.56, 0.044 and 0.005 μg L-1, respectively). The annual iodine concentrations were highly positively correlated with those of marine elements (i.e. Na, Cl and Mg), involving higher I concentrations under oceanic climate than for transition, continental and mountainous ones. Furthermore, common patterns were found between Se concentrations and both marine and terrestrial components consistent with the various sources of Se in atmosphere. The association of Cs with two anthropogenic components (i.e. NH4+ and NO3-) used in agriculture supports the hypothesis of its terrestrial origin (i.e. from atmospheric dusts) in rainfall. We found higher rainfall concentrations of I during the warmest months for all climates. However, no specific seasonal trend occurred for Se and Cs. On annual average, rainfall contained mostly unidentified selenium compounds (inorganic Se proportions = 25-54%) and equal proportions of inorganic and unidentified I compounds. Concentrations of iodate were higher under oceanic climate consistent with an iodine marine-origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Roulier
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de L'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour L'Environnement et Les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue Du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France; Institute of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LR2T, CE Cadarache, 13115, Saint Paul Les Durance Cedex, France.
| | - Maïté Bueno
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de L'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour L'Environnement et Les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue Du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France.
| | - Frédéric Coppin
- Institute of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LR2T, CE Cadarache, 13115, Saint Paul Les Durance Cedex, France.
| | - Manuel Nicolas
- Office National des Forêts (ONF), Direction Forêts et Risques Naturels, Département Recherche, Développement, Innovation, Boulevard de Constance, 77300, Fontainebleau, France.
| | - Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de La Croix Blanche, 1-7 Rue Jean Monnet, 92298, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - François Rigal
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de L'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour L'Environnement et Les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue Du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France; Azorean Biodiversity Group, CE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Angra Do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Isabelle Le Hécho
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de L'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour L'Environnement et Les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue Du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France.
| | - Florence Pannier
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de L'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour L'Environnement et Les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue Du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France.
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12
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Hashimoto S, Imamura N, Kawanishi A, Komatsu M, Ohashi S, Nishina K, Kaneko S, Shaw G, Thiry Y. Author Correction: A dataset of 137Cs activity concentration and inventory in forests contaminated by the Fukushima accident. Sci Data 2021; 8:77. [PMID: 33658505 PMCID: PMC7930157 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00855-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Hashimoto
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan. .,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Naohiro Imamura
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kawanishi
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Masabumi Komatsu
- Department of Mushroom Science and forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Shinta Ohashi
- Department of Wood Properties and Processing, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nishina
- Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shinji Kaneko
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Fushimi, Kyoto, 612-0855, Japan
| | - George Shaw
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Yves Thiry
- Research and Development Division, Andra, 1-7 Rue Jean-Monnet, 92298, Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
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13
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Radakovitch O, Ciffroy P, Le Roux G, Thiry Y. Special issue of the NEEDS-Environment program. J Environ Radioact 2021; 227:106499. [PMID: 33307329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O Radakovitch
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LRTA, BP 3, 13115, Saint-Paul-Les-Durance, France; Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | - P Ciffroy
- EDF, Division Recherche et Développement, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), Chatou, France
| | - G Le Roux
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement. Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Y Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, 1-7 Rue Jean-Monnet, 92298, Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
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14
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Hashimoto S, Imamura N, Kawanishi A, Komatsu M, Ohashi S, Nishina K, Kaneko S, Shaw G, Thiry Y. A dataset of 137Cs activity concentration and inventory in forests contaminated by the Fukushima accident. Sci Data 2020; 7:431. [PMID: 33339821 PMCID: PMC7749123 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of the area contaminated by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident is covered with forests. We developed a dataset for radiocaesium (137Cs) in trees, soil, and mushrooms measured at numerous forest sites. The 137Cs activity concentration and inventory data reported in scientific journal papers written in English and Japanese, governmental reports, and governmental monitoring data on the web were collated. The ancillary information describing the forest stands were also collated, and further environmental information (e.g. climate) was derived from the other databases using longitude and latitude coordinates of the sampling locations. The database contains 8593, 4105, and 3189 entries of activity concentration data for trees, soil, and mushrooms, and 471 and 3521 entries of inventory data for trees and soil, respectively, which were collected from 2011 to 2017, and covers the entire Fukushima prefecture. The data can be used to document and understand the spatio-temporal dynamics of radiocaesium in the affected region and to aid the development and validation of models of radiocaesium dynamics in contaminated forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Hashimoto
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan.
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Naohiro Imamura
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kawanishi
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Masabumi Komatsu
- Department of Mushroom Science and Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Shinta Ohashi
- Department of Wood Properties and Processing, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nishina
- Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shinji Kaneko
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Fushimi, Kyoto, 612-0855, Japan
| | - George Shaw
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Yves Thiry
- Research and Development Division, Andra, 1-7 Rue Jean-Monnet, 92298, Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
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15
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Imamura N, Komatsu M, Hashimoto S, Fujii K, Kato H, Thiry Y, Shaw G. Vertical distributions of radiocesium in Japanese forest soils following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident: A meta-analysis. J Environ Radioact 2020; 225:106422. [PMID: 32980644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the temporal change in vertical distributions of radiocesium inventories in Japanese forest soils during the early phase (from 2011 to 2017) following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident, using three simple parameters. We calculated the fraction in the organic layer (Fl/t), the migration center (Xc) and the relaxation depth (α) using 99 soil inventory data sets. Fl/t decreased significantly from 2011 to 2017 (logistic analysis, p < 0.001). In addition, Fl/t in the FDNPP zone rapidly decreased compared to that in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) zone from the first year to the second year. Different migration rates from organic to mineral soil layers between previous studies in the ChNPP and this study have several possible causes such as organic litter features, climate and physico-chemical forms of initial deposition. In mineral soil layers in the FDNPP zone, only Xc increased significantly with time according to generalized mixed model analysis (p < 0.01). However, Xc and α in the ChNPP zone decreased from two to five years after the accident in 1986, which shows a high 137Cs retention in the organic layer even in the fifth year after the accident. The vertical migration of 137Cs in the mineral soil layer in the FDNPP zone appears to be due to low input of 137Cs from organic to surface mineral soil layer after the second year. These results indicate that 137Cs retention capacity of the organic layer can affect the apparent vertical migration of 137Cs in the underlying mineral soil layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Imamura
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Masabumi Komatsu
- Department of Mushroom Science and Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Shoji Hashimoto
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan; Isotope Facility for Agricultural Education and Research, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Fujii
- Department of Forest Soils, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kato
- Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0006, Japan
| | - Yves Thiry
- Research and Development Division, National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Andra), 1-7 Rue Jean-Monnet, 92298, Châtenary-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - George Shaw
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
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16
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Thiry Y, Tanaka T, Dvornik AA, Dvornik AM. TRIPS 2.0: Toward more comprehensive modeling of radiocaesium cycling in forest. J Environ Radioact 2020; 214-215:106171. [PMID: 32063289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Because internal transfers can play a key role in radiocaesium persistence in trees, a reliable representation of radiocaesium recycling between tree organs in forest models is important for long-term simulations after radioactive fallout in Chernobyl and Fukushima. We developed an upgraded 2.0 version of the initial TRIPS ("Transfer of Radionuclides In Perennial vegetation System") model involving explicit differentiation between tree organs (i.e., foliage, branches, stemwood and bark). The quality of TRIPS 2.0 was evaluated by testing model outputs against independent datasets for pine stands in Belarus and Ukraine. Scenarios involving "hot particle" deposits in forest remained challenging, but in all other scenarios generally positive verification results for soil and tree compartments indicated that the TRIPS 2.0 model adequately combines the major relevant processes. Interestingly, the response of stemwood contamination to changes in radiocaesium availability in soil, as determined by soil conditions, was shown to be more sensitive than for other tree compartments. We recommend the conceptual tree discretization of TRIPS 2.0 for generic forest modeling for two reasons: 1) regardless of different soil conditions, there was concurrent good agreement between simulations and data for individual tree compartments (foliage, branches, stemwood and bark), and 2) the measurements necessary to estimate internal tree transfers are easily accessible to usual field monitoring in forest biogeochemistry (for details, see Goor, F. & Thiry, Y., 2004. Science of the total environment, 325(1-3), 163-180).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Thiry
- French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Andra) - Research and Development Division, 92298, Chatenay-Malabry, France.
| | - T Tanaka
- EDF R&D, LNHE, 6 Quai Watier, 78400, Chatou, France.
| | - A A Dvornik
- Institute of Radiobiology of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 4, Fedjuninskogo Str., 246007, Gomel, Belarus.
| | - A M Dvornik
- Gomel State University, Sovetskaya St.104, 246019, Gomel, Belarus.
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17
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Verbeeck M, Thiry Y, Smolders E. Soil organic matter affects arsenic and antimony sorption in anaerobic soils. Environ Pollut 2020; 257:113566. [PMID: 31813702 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) affects arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) mobility in soils under waterlogged conditions by acting as an electron donor, by catalyzing redox-cycling through electron shuttling and by acting as a competing ligand. This study was set up to disentangle these different effects of SOM towards As and Sb sorption in anaerobic soils. Nine samples were taken at different depths in an agricultural soil profile to collect samples with a natural SOM gradient (<1-40 g soil organic carbon kg-1). The samples were incubated either or not under waterlogged conditions in an anaerobic chamber for 63-70 days, and glucose (5 g C kg-1) was either or not added to the anaerobic incubated samples as an electron donor that neither acts as an electron shuttle nor as a competing ligand. The solid-liquid distribution coefficients (KD) of As and Sb were measured at trace levels. The KD values of As decreased ∼2 orders of magnitude upon waterlogging the SOM rich topsoil, while no additional changes were observed when glucose was added. In contrast, smaller changes in the As KD values were found in the low SOM containing subsoil samples, unless glucose was added that mobilised As. The Sb KD values increased upon reducing conditions up to factor 20, but again only in the high SOM topsoil samples. Surprisingly, the Sb immobilisation during waterlogging only occurred in Sb amended soils whereas the geogenic Sb was mobilised upon reducing conditions, although total dissolved Sb concentrations remained low (<10 nM). The change in As and Sb sorption upon waterlogging was similar in the SOM rich topsoil as in the low SOM subsoil amended with glucose. This suggests that the SOM dependent changes in As and Sb mobility in response to soil waterlogging are primarily determined by the role of SOM as electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Verbeeck
- KU Leuven, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Bus 2459, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Yves Thiry
- Andra Research and Development Division, 1-7 rue Jean-Monnet, 92298, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Erik Smolders
- KU Leuven, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 Bus 2459, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Tanaka T, Thiry Y. Assessing the recycling of chlorine and its long-lived 36Cl isotope in terrestrial ecosystems through dynamic modeling. Sci Total Environ 2020; 700:134482. [PMID: 31689653 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear to what extent chlorine (Cl) and its long-lived isotope 36Cl are recycled in different terrestrial environments in response to time-variable inputs. A new version of a dynamic compartment model was developed to examine the transformation and transfer processes influencing the partitioning and persistence of both Cl and 36Cl in forest ecosystems. The model's performance was evaluated by comparing simulations and field observations of scenarios of stable Cl atmospheric deposition and of global 36Cl fallout. The model reproduced Cl storage in soil reasonably well, despite wide heterogeneity in environmental conditions and atmospheric deposits. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the natural production of organochlorine in soil plays a major role in Cl build-up and affects long-term Cl dynamics. The timeframe required for the soil organochlorine pool to reach equilibrium in a steady-state system was several thousands of years. Interestingly, root uptake flux, a predominant pathway of the inorganic cycle, was found to affect both inorganic and organic pools in soil, highlighting the importance of plant-soil interactions in Cl dynamics. Model outputs agreed well with local 36Cl measurements, and demonstrated that 90% of the 36Cl found in soil may have come from bomb-test fallout. The pattern of estimated 36Cl/Cl ratios showed that soil 36Cl was not in equilibrium with 36Cl levels in rain input in the post-bomb period. Complete recovery of a natural isotopic ratio in drainage water will need a time close to the residence time of organic 36Cl in soil: i.e., 800 years. A simple dynamic model concept was found to be suitable to illustrate the plant-soil interactions combining both the inorganic and organic Cl cycles acting over different time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Tanaka
- EDF R&D, LNHE, 6 Quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France.
| | - Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, 1-7 Rue Jean-Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France.
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19
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Roulier M, Coppin F, Bueno M, Nicolas M, Thiry Y, Della Vedova C, Février L, Pannier F, Le Hécho I. Iodine budget in forest soils: Influence of environmental conditions and soil physicochemical properties. Chemosphere 2019; 224:20-28. [PMID: 30802780 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to its longevity, radioisotope 129I is a health concern following potential releases in the environment which raises questions about residence and exposure times relevant for risk assessments. We determined 127I concentrations (as a surrogate for 129I) in a series of French forest soils (i.e. litters, humus and mineral soils) under different vegetation and climate conditions in order to identify the major processes affecting its accumulation and persistence in the soil column. The input fluxes linked to rainfall, throughfall and litterfall were also characterized. Main results obtained showed that: (i) rainfall iodine concentrations probably influenced those of litterfall through absorption by leaves/needles returning to the ground; (ii) throughfall was the major iodine input to soils (mean = 83%), compared to litterfall (mean = 17%); (iii) humus represented a temporary storage of iodine from atmospheric and biomass deposits; (iv) iodine concentrations in soils depended on both the iodine inputs and the soil's ability to retain iodine due to its organic matter, total iron and aluminium concentrations; (v) these soil properties were the main factors influencing the accumulation of iodine in the soil column, resulting in residence times of 419-1756 years; and (vi) the leaching of iodine-containing organic matter dissolved in soil solution may be an important source of labile organic iodine for groundwater and streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Roulier
- Institute of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SRTE, CE Cadarache, 13115, Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France; CNRS/ Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France.
| | - Frédéric Coppin
- Institute of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SRTE, CE Cadarache, 13115, Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France.
| | - Maïté Bueno
- CNRS/ Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France.
| | - Manuel Nicolas
- Office National des Forêts (ONF), Direction Forêts et Risques Naturels, Département Recherche, Développement, Innovation, Boulevard de Constance, 77300, Fontainebleau, France.
| | - Yves Thiry
- Andra Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1-7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Claire Della Vedova
- Institute of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SRTE, CE Cadarache, 13115, Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France.
| | - Laureline Février
- Institute of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SRTE, CE Cadarache, 13115, Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France.
| | - Florence Pannier
- CNRS/ Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France.
| | - Isabelle Le Hécho
- CNRS/ Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000, Pau, France.
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Roulier M, Bueno M, Thiry Y, Coppin F, Redon PO, Le Hécho I, Pannier F. Iodine distribution and cycling in a beech (Fagus sylvatica) temperate forest. Sci Total Environ 2018; 645:431-440. [PMID: 30025242 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Radioiodine is of health concerns in case of nuclear events. Possible pathways and rates of flow are essential information for risk assessment. Forest ecosystems could influence the global cycle of long-lived radioiodine isotope (129I) with transfer processes similar to stable isotope (127I). Understanding iodine cycling in forest involves study of the ecosystem as a whole. In this context, we determined the 127I contents and distribution in soil, tree compartments and atmospheric inputs during a three years in situ monitoring of a temperate beech forest stand. The iodine cycle was first characterized in terms of stocks by measuring its concentrations in: tree, litterfall, humus, soil, rainfall, throughfall, stemflow and soil solutions. Main annual fluxes (requirement, uptake and internal transfers) and forest input-output budget were also estimated using conceptual model calculations. Our findings show that: (i) soil is the main I reservoir accounting for about 99.9% of ecosystem total stock; (ii) iodine uptake by tree represents a minor fraction of the available pool in soil (<0.2%); (iii) iodine allocation between tree compartments involves low immobilization in wood and restricted location in the roots; (iv) translocation of excess iodine towards senescing foliage appears as an elimination process for trees, and (v) litterfall is a major pathway in the I biological cycling. In our soil conditions, the input - output budget shows that the ecosystem behaves as a potential source of I for groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Roulier
- Institute of Radioecological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SRTE, LR2T, CE Cadarache, 13115 Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France; CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France.
| | - Maïté Bueno
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France.
| | - Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1-7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Frédéric Coppin
- Institute of Radioecological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PSE-ENV, SRTE, LR2T, CE Cadarache, 13115 Saint Paul les Durance Cedex, France.
| | - Paul-Olivier Redon
- Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1-7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Isabelle Le Hécho
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France.
| | - Florence Pannier
- CNRS/Univ. Pau & Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, Avenue du Président Angot, 64000 Pau, France.
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21
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Thiry Y, Albrecht A, Tanaka T. Development and assessment of a simple ecological model (TRIPS) for forests contaminated by radiocesium fallout. J Environ Radioact 2018; 190-191:149-159. [PMID: 29793757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The management of vast forested zones contaminated by radiocesium (rCs) following the Chernobyl and Fukushima fallout is of great social and economic concern in affected areas and requires appropriate dynamic models as predictive or questioning tools. Generally, the existing radio-ecological models need less fragmented data and more ecological realism in their quantitative description of the rCs cycling processes. The model TRIPS ("Transfer of Radionuclide In Perennial vegetation Systems") developed in this study privileged an integrated approach which makes the best use of mass balance studies and available explicit experimental data for Scots pine stands. A main challenge was the differentiation and calibration of foliar absorption as well as root uptake in order to well represent the rCs biocycling. The general dynamics of rCs partitioning was simulated with a relatively good precision against an independent series of observed values. In our scenario the rCs biological cycling enters a steady-state about 15 years after the atmospheric deposits. At that time, the simulations showed an equivalent contribution of foliage and root uptake to the tree contamination. But the root uptake seems not sufficient to compensate the activity decline in the tree. The initial foliar uptake and subsequent internal transfers were confirmed to have a great possible impact on the phasing of tree contamination. An extra finding concerns the roots system acting as a buffer in the early period. The TRIPS model is particularly useful in cases where site-specific integrated datasets are available, but it could also be used with adequate caution to generic sites. This development paves the way for simplification or integration of new modules, as well as for a larger number of other applications for the Chernobyl or Fukushima forests once the appropriate data become available. According to the sensitivity analysis that involves in particular reliable estimates of net foliar uptake as well as root uptake not disconnected from rCs exchange reactions in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, 1-7 rue Jean-Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France.
| | - Achim Albrecht
- Andra, Research and Development Division, 1-7 rue Jean-Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Taku Tanaka
- EDF R&D, LNHE, 6 quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France
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22
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Versini A, Di Tullo P, Aubry E, Bueno M, Thiry Y, Pannier F, Castrec-Rouelle M. Influence of Se concentrations and species in hydroponic cultures on Se uptake, translocation and assimilation in non-accumulator ryegrass. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 108:372-380. [PMID: 27522266 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The success of biofortification and phytoremediation practices, addressing Se deficiency and Se pollution issues, hinges crucially on the fate of selenium in the plant media in response to uptake, translocation and assimilation processes. We investigate the fate of selenium in root and shoot compartments after 3 and 6 weeks of experiment using a total of 128 plants grown in hydroponic solution supplied with 0.2, 2, 5, 20 and 100 mg L-1 of selenium in the form of selenite, selenate and a mixture of both species. Selenate-treated plants exhibited higher root-to-shoot Se translocation and total Se uptake than selenite-treated plants. Plants took advantage of the selenate mobility and presumably of the storage capacity of leaf vacuoles to circumvent selenium toxicity within the plant. Surprisingly, 28% of selenate was found in shoots of selenite-treated plants, questioning the ability of plants to oxidize selenite into selenate. Selenomethionine and methylated organo-selenium amounted to 30% and 8% respectively in shoots and 35% and 9% in roots of the identified Se, suggesting that selenium metabolization occurred concomitantly in root and shoot plant compartments and demonstrating that non-accumulator plants can synthesize notable quantities of precursor compound for volatilization. The present study demonstrated that non-accumulator plants can develop the same strategies as hyper-accumulator plants to limit selenium toxicity. When both selenate and selenite were supplied together, plants used selenate in a storage pathway and selenite in an assimilation pathway. Plants might thereby benefit from mixed supplies of selenite and selenate by saving enzymes and energy required for selenate reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Versini
- CIRAD, UPR Recyclage et risque, Station de la Bretagne, 40 Chemin de Grand Canal, CS 12014, 97743 Saint-Denis Cedex 9, La Réunion, France.
| | - Pamela Di Tullo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement (LCABIE), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS, UMR 5254 IPREM, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France; French Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra), Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1-7 Rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Emmanuel Aubry
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, EPHE, UMR7619 METIS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maïté Bueno
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement (LCABIE), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS, UMR 5254 IPREM, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France
| | - Yves Thiry
- French Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra), Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1-7 Rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Florence Pannier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement (LCABIE), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS, UMR 5254 IPREM, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France
| | - Maryse Castrec-Rouelle
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, EPHE, UMR7619 METIS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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23
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Thiry Y, Garcia-Sanchez L, Hurtevent P. Experimental quantification of radiocesium recycling in a coniferous tree after aerial contamination: Field loss dynamics, translocation and final partitioning. J Environ Radioact 2016; 161:42-50. [PMID: 26774824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
After foliar interception of radioactive atmospheric fallout by forest trees, the short-term recycling dynamics of radiocesium from the tree to the soil as well as within the tree is a primary area of uncertainty in the modeling of the overall cycle. The partitioning of radiocesium transfers in a spruce tree exposed to aerial deposits was investigated during one growth season to reveal the dynamics and significance of underlying processes. The rate of radiocesium loss resulting from foliage leaching (wash-off) was shown to have a functional dependence on the frequency of rainy episodes in a first early stage (weathering 60% of initial contamination during 70 days) and on the amount of precipitation in a second stage (weathering 10% of initial deposits during the following 80 days). A classical single exponential decay model with offset and continuous time as predictor lead to a removal half-life t1/2 of intercepted radiocesium of 25 days. During the growth season, the similar pattern of the internal (134)Cs content in new shoots and initially contaminated foliage confirmed that radiocesium was readily absorbed from needle surfaces and efficiently translocated to growing organs. In the crown, a pool of non-leachable (134)Cs (15-30%) was associated with the abiotic layer covering the twigs and needle surfaces. At the end of the growth season, 30% of the initial deposits were relocated to different tree parts, including organs like stemwood (5%) and roots (6%) not directly exposed to deposition. At the scale of the tree, 84% of the residual activity was assimilated by living tissues which corresponds to a foliar absorption rate coefficient of 0.25 year(-1) for modeling purposes. According to the significant amount of radiocesium which can be incorporated in tree through foliar uptake, our results support the hypothesis that further internal transfers could supply the tree internal cycle of radiocesium extensively, and possibly mask the contribution of root uptake for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Thiry
- National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Andra), Scientific Division, 1-7, rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - L Garcia-Sanchez
- French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PRP-ENV/SERIS/L2BT, CE Cadarache bt 183, BP 3, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
| | - P Hurtevent
- French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PRP-ENV/SERIS/L2BT, CE Cadarache bt 183, BP 3, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
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Di Tullo P, Pannier F, Thiry Y, Le Hécho I, Bueno M. Field study of time-dependent selenium partitioning in soils using isotopically enriched stable selenite tracer. Sci Total Environ 2016; 562:280-288. [PMID: 27100008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of selenium fate in soils at both short and long time scales is mandatory to consolidate risk assessment models relevant for managing both contamination and soil fertilization issues. The purpose of this study was thus to investigate Se retention processes and their kinetics by monitoring time-dependent distribution/speciation changes of both ambient and freshly added Se, in the form of stable enriched selenite-77, over a 2-years field experiment. This study clearly illustrates the complex reactivity of selenium in soil considering three methodologically defined fractions (i.e. soluble, exchangeable, organic). Time-dependent redistribution of Se-77 within solid-phases having different reactivity could be described as a combination of chemical and diffusion controlled processes leading to its stronger retention. Experimental data and their kinetic modeling evidenced that transfer towards less labile bearing phases are controlled by slow processes limiting the overall sorption of Se in soils. These results were used to estimate time needed for (77)Se to reach the distribution of naturally present selenium which may extend up to several decades. Ambient Se speciation accounted for 60% to 100% of unidentified species as function of soil type whereas (77)Se(IV) remained the more abundant species after 2-years field experiment. Modeling Se in the long-term without taking account these slow sorption kinetics would thus result in underestimation of Se retention. When using models based on Kd distribution coefficient, they should be at least reliant on ambient Se which is supposed to be at equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Di Tullo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement (LCABIE), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS, UMR 5254, IPREM, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France; Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1-7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Florence Pannier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement (LCABIE), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS, UMR 5254, IPREM, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France.
| | - Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1-7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Isabelle Le Hécho
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement (LCABIE), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS, UMR 5254, IPREM, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France.
| | - Maïté Bueno
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement (LCABIE), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS, UMR 5254, IPREM, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France.
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Montelius M, Svensson T, Lourino-Cabana B, Thiry Y, Bastviken D. Chlorination and dechlorination rates in a forest soil - A combined modelling and experimental approach. Sci Total Environ 2016; 554-555:203-210. [PMID: 26950634 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Much of the total pool of chlorine (Cl) in soil consists of naturally produced organic chlorine (Clorg). The chlorination of bulk organic matter at substantial rates has been experimentally confirmed in various soil types. The subsequent fates of Clorg are important for ecosystem Cl cycling and residence times. As most previous research into dechlorination in soils has examined either single substances or specific groups of compounds, we lack information about overall bulk dechlorination rates. Here we assessed bulk organic matter chlorination and dechlorination rates in coniferous forest soil based on a radiotracer experiment conducted under various environmental conditions (additional water, labile organic matter, and ammonium nitrate). Experiment results were used to develop a model to estimate specific chlorination (i.e., fraction of Cl(-) transformed to Clorg per time unit) and specific dechlorination (i.e., fraction of Clorg transformed to Cl(-) per time unit) rates. The results indicate that chlorination and dechlorination occurred simultaneously under all tested environmental conditions. Specific chlorination rates ranged from 0.0005 to 0.01 d(-1) and were hampered by nitrogen fertilization but were otherwise similar among the treatments. Specific dechlorination rates were 0.01-0.03d(-1) and were similar among all treatments. This study finds that soil Clorg levels result from a dynamic equilibrium between the chlorination and rapid dechlorination of some Clorg compounds, while another Clorg pool is dechlorinated more slowly. Altogether, this study demonstrates a highly active Cl cycling in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Montelius
- Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Teresia Svensson
- Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1/7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - David Bastviken
- Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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Montelius M, Thiry Y, Marang L, Ranger J, Cornelis JT, Svensson T, Bastviken D. Experimental evidence of large changes in terrestrial chlorine cycling following altered tree species composition. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:4921-8. [PMID: 25811074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine molecules (Clorg) are surprisingly abundant in soils and frequently exceed chloride (Cl(-)) levels. Despite the widespread abundance of Clorg and the common ability of microorganisms to produce Clorg, we lack fundamental knowledge about how overall chlorine cycling is regulated in forested ecosystems. Here we present data from a long-term reforestation experiment where native forest was cleared and replaced with five different tree species. Our results show that the abundance and residence times of Cl(-) and Clorg after 30 years were highly dependent on which tree species were planted on the nearby plots. Average Cl(-) and Clorg content in soil humus were higher, at experimental plots with coniferous trees than in those with deciduous trees. Plots with Norway spruce had the highest net accumulation of Cl(-) and Clorg over the experiment period, and showed a 10 and 4 times higher Cl(-) and Clorg storage (kg ha(-1)) in the biomass, respectively, and 7 and 9 times higher storage of Cl(-) and Clorg in the soil humus layer, compared to plots with oak. The results can explain why local soil chlorine levels are frequently independent of atmospheric deposition, and provide opportunities for improved modeling of chlorine distribution and cycling in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Montelius
- †Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yves Thiry
- ‡Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1/7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Laura Marang
- §EDF, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement, 78401 Chatou, France
| | - Jacques Ranger
- ∥Biogéochimie des écosystèmes forestiers, INRA Centre de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Jean-Thomas Cornelis
- ⊥Soil Science Lab, Earth and Life Institute - Environmental Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2/10, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Teresia Svensson
- †Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - David Bastviken
- †Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
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Henner P, Hurtevent P, Thiry Y. Soil-to-plant transfer factors of radioactive Ca, Sm and Pd isotopes: critical assessment of the use of analogies to derive best-estimates from existing non-specific data. J Environ Radioact 2014; 136:152-161. [PMID: 24956582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
(45)Ca, (151)Sm and (107)Pd are three radionuclides present in low to intermediate in activity radioactive wastes for which no soil-to-plant Transfer Factors (TF) values are available to be used in biosphere models for Ecological Risk Assessment. In the absence of specific radioecological studies, this work reviews and analyzes the existing literature for stable isotopes of Pd, Sm and Ca in order to derive best estimates for TF values that could be used as Transfer Factors. Alternative methods of extrapolation are also critically assessed. The values have been classified according to climatic zone, plant class and soil type for each element. The overall geometric mean TF values (for all plants and conditions) was calculated as 8.4E-02 for Pd, for which the value of radioRu in TRS-472 is also available. The mean TF for Sm was 4.2E-04. This value was lower than the TF values for radioactive Ce that are proposed as alternative values for Sm in TRS-472. The former may be relevant for long term assessments and the latter could possibly used to describe the short term (151)Sm post-release behaviour. The mean value for Ca is 2.3E-01 but varies considerably among plants of a given class due to the variety of plant Ca uptake behaviors. Alternatively, to limit this variability, Ca data content for dry plant matter, as analyzed using the phylogenetic method, could be used to derive TF values if the conservation of isotopic ratio of (45)Ca to stable Ca in soils and in plants hypothesis is taken into account. The TF for Ca in sub-tropical zones is 10-fold lower than in temperate zones. There is a lot of data available about exchangeable Ca in soil, which mean that we could calculate an available TF. The analysis shows that Ca bioavailability is also a key factor within transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Henner
- Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN/PRP-ENV/SERIS), Laboratory of Bioavailability, Biogeochemistry and Transfer of Radionuclides (L2BT), Cadarache, Bat. 183, BP 3, 13115 Saint Paul-lez-Durance, France.
| | - Pierre Hurtevent
- Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN/PRP-ENV/SERIS), Laboratory of Bioavailability, Biogeochemistry and Transfer of Radionuclides (L2BT), Cadarache, Bat. 183, BP 3, 13115 Saint Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Yves Thiry
- French Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra), Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1-7, Rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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28
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Tolu J, Thiry Y, Bueno M, Jolivet C, Potin-Gautier M, Le Hécho I. Distribution and speciation of ambient selenium in contrasted soils, from mineral to organic rich. Sci Total Environ 2014; 479-480:93-101. [PMID: 24548882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Selenium adsorption onto oxy-hydroxides mainly controls its mobility in volcanic soils, red earths and soils poor in organic matter (OM) while the influence of OM was emphasized in podzol and peat soils. This work aims at deciphering how those solid phases influence ambient Se mobility and speciation under less contrasted conditions in 26 soils spanning extensive ranges of OM (1-32%), Fe/Al oxy-hydroxides (0.3-6.1%) contents and pH (4.0-8.3). The soil collection included agriculture, meadow and forest soils to assess the influence of OM quality as well. Trace concentrations of six ambient Se species (Se(IV), Se(VI) and 4 organo-Se compounds) were analyzed by HPLC-ICP-MS in three extractants (ultrapure water, phosphate and sodium hydroxide) targeting Se associated to different soil phases. The Kd values determined from ultrapure water extraction were higher than those reported in commonly used short-term experiments after Se-spiking. Correlations of ambient Se content and distribution with soil parameters explained this difference by an involvement of slow processes in Se retention in soils. The 26 Kd values determined here for a wide variety of soils thus represent a relevant database for long-term prediction of Se mobility. For soils containing less than 20% OM, ambient Se solubility is primarily controlled by its adsorption onto crystalline oxy-hydroxides. However, OM plays an important role in Se mobility by forming organo-mineral associations that may protect adsorbed Se from leaching and/or create anoxic zones (aggregates) where Se is immobilized after its reduction. Although for the first time, inorganic Se(IV), Se(VI) and organo-Se compounds were simultaneously investigated in a large soil collection, high Se proportions remain unidentified in each soil extract, most probably due to Se incorporation and/or binding to colloidal-sized OM. Variations of environmental factors regulating the extent of OM-mineral associations/aggregation may thus lead to changes in Se mobility and bio-availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Tolu
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement (LCABIE), IPREM, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France; Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1/7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Yves Thiry
- Andra, Research and Development Division, Parc de la Croix Blanche, 1/7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Maïté Bueno
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement (LCABIE), IPREM, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France
| | - Claudy Jolivet
- Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique (INRA), US 1106 INFOSOL, 2163 avenue de la Pomme de Pin, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Martine Potin-Gautier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement (LCABIE), IPREM, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Le Hécho
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement (LCABIE), IPREM, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France
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Smith GM, Smith KL, Kowe R, Pérez-Sánchez D, Thorne M, Thiry Y, Read D, Molinero J. Recent developments in assessment of long-term radionuclide behavior in the geosphere-biosphere subsystem. J Environ Radioact 2014; 131:89-109. [PMID: 24238917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Decisions on permitting, controlling and monitoring releases of radioactivity into the environment rely on a great variety of factors. Important among these is the prospective assessment of radionuclide behavior in the environment, including migration and accumulation among and within specific environmental media, and the resulting environmental and human health impacts. Models and techniques to undertake such assessments have been developed over several decades based on knowledge of the ecosystems involved, as well as monitoring of previous radionuclide releases to the environment, laboratory experiments and other related research. This paper presents developments in the assessment of radiation doses and related research for some of the key radionuclides identified as of potential significance in the context of releases to the biosphere from disposal facilities for solid radioactive waste. Since releases to the biosphere from disposal facilities involve transfers from the geosphere to the biosphere, an important aspect is the combined effects of surface hydrology, near-surface hydrogeology and chemical gradients on speciation and radionuclide mobility in the zone in which the geosphere and biosphere overlap (herein described as the geosphere-biosphere subsystem). In turn, these aspects of the environment can be modified as a result of environmental change over the thousands of years that have to be considered in radioactive waste disposal safety assessments. Building on the experience from improved understanding of the behavior of the key radionuclides, this paper proceeds to describe development of a generic methodology for representing the processes and environmental changes that are characteristic of the interface between the geosphere and the biosphere. The information that is provided and the methodology that is described are based on international collaborative work implemented through the BIOPROTA forum, www.bioprota.org.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K L Smith
- RadEcol Consulting Ltd., Middletown, UK
| | - R Kowe
- Radioactive Waste Management Directorate, Nuclear Decommissioning Authority, Harwell, UK
| | - D Pérez-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas, Spain
| | - M Thorne
- Mike Thorne and Associates Ltd., Bishop Auckland, UK
| | - Y Thiry
- Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs, Paris, France
| | - D Read
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics., UK
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Henner P, Hurtevent P, Thiry Y, Levchuk S, Yoschenko V, Kashparov V. Translocation of (125)I, (75)Se and (36)Cl to edible parts of radish, potato and green bean following wet foliar contamination under field conditions. J Environ Radioact 2013; 124:171-84. [PMID: 23811127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Specific translocation factor values (ftr) for (129)I, (79)Se and (36)Cl following foliar transfer are still missing from the IAEA reference databases. The translocation of the short-lived isotopes, (125)I, (75)Se, and (36)Cl, to radish, potato and green bean edible parts was measured under field conditions following acute and chronic wet foliar contamination at various plant growth stages in the absence of leaching caused by rain. The translocation factors obtained for (125)I ranged from 0.8 to 2.6% for radish, from 0.1 to 2.3% for potato and from 0.1 to 2.6% for bean. The translocation factors obtained for (75)Se ranged from 6.3 to 21% for radish, from 1.6 to 32.6% for potato and from 7.7 to 22.8% for bean (values similar to Cs or even higher). The translocation factors obtained for (36)Cl were close to those for (75)Se and ranged from 4.3 to 28.8% for radish, from 0.5 to 31.5% for potato and from 4.3 to 16.3% for bean. Iodide showed the lowest apparent mobility because of its preferential fixation in or on the leaves and a significant amount was probably volatilized. Selenite internal transfer was significant and possibly followed the sulfur metabolic pathway. Chloride was very mobile and quickly diffused throughout the plant. The translocation factors varied with the growth stage and depended on the development state of the edible tissue and its associated sink strength for nutrients and assimilates. For radish, translocation was high during the early vegetative stages. For potato, wheat and bean, a major peak in translocation was seen during the flowering growth stage and the concomitant growth of potato tubers. An additive effect of successive contamination events on translocated elements was shown in radish but not in bean and potato. The highest translocation value obtained for an acute contamination event was shown to be an adequate, conservative indicator of chronic contamination in absence of specific values. Due to the absence of rain leaching during the experiment this study probably provides translocation values among the highest that could be recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Henner
- French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PRP-ENV/SERIS/L2BT, CE Cadarache bt 186, BP 3, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
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Hurtevent P, Thiry Y, Levchuk S, Yoschenko V, Henner P, Madoz-Escande C, Leclerc E, Colle C, Kashparov V. Translocation of 125I, 75Se and 36Cl to wheat edible parts following wet foliar contamination under field conditions. J Environ Radioact 2013; 121:43-54. [PMID: 22608977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Apart from radiocaesium and radiostrontium, there have been few studies on the foliar transfer of radionuclides in plants. Consequently, specific translocation factor (ftr) values for (129)I, (79)Se and (36)Cl are still missing from the IAEA reference databases. The translocation of short - lived isotopes, (125)I and (75)Se, and of (36)Cl to wheat grain were measured under field conditions following acute and chronic wet foliar contamination at various plant growth stages in the absence of leaching caused by rain. The translocation factors ranged from 0.02% to 1.1% for (125)I (a value similar to Sr), from 0.1% to 16.5% for (75)Se, and from 1% to 14.9% for (36)Cl. Both (36)Cl and (75)Se were as mobile as Cs. The phenomenological analysis showed that each element displayed a specific behavior. Iodide showed the lowest apparent mobility because of its preferential fixation in or on the leaves and a significant amount probably volatilized. Selenite internal transfer was significant and possibly utilized the sulphur metabolic pathway. However bio - methylation of selenite may have led to increased volatilization. Chloride was very mobile and quickly diffused throughout the plant. In addition, the analysis underlined the importance of plant growth responses to annual variations in weather conditions that can affect open field experiments because plant growth stage played a major role in ftr values dispersion. The chronic contamination results suggested that a series of acute contamination events had an additive effect on translocated elements. The highest translocation value obtained for an acute contamination event was shown to be a good conservative assessment of chronic contamination if data on chronic contamination translocation are lacking. The absence of rain leaching during the experiment meant that this investigation avoided potential radionuclide transfer by the roots, which also meant that radionuclide retention on or in the leaves was maximized. This study was therefore able to obtain accurate translocation factors, which are probably among the highest that could be recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hurtevent
- French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), PRP-ENV/SERIS/L2BT, CE Cadarache bt 186, BP 3, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
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Hoof CVD, Thiry Y. Modelling of the natural chlorine cycling in a coniferous stand: implications for chlorine-36 behaviour in a contaminated forest environment. J Environ Radioact 2012; 107:56-67. [PMID: 22370653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Considered as one of the most available radionuclide in soil-plant system, ³⁶Cl is of potential concern for long-term management of radioactive wastes, due to its high mobility and its long half-life. To evaluate the risk of dispersion and accumulation of ³⁶Cl in the biosphere as a consequence of a potential contamination, there is a need for an appropriate understanding of the chlorine cycling dynamics in the ecosystems. To date, a small number of studies have investigated the chlorine transfer in the ecosystem including the transformation of chloride to organic chlorine but, to our knowledge, none have modelled this cycle. In this study, a model involving inorganic as well as organic pools in soils has been developed and parameterised to describe the biogeochemical fate of chlorine in a pine forest. The model has been evaluated for stable chlorine by performing a range of sensitivity analyses and by comparing the simulated to the observed values. Finally a range of contamination scenarios, which differ in terms of external supply, exposure time and source, has been simulated to estimate the possible accumulation of ³⁶Cl within the different compartments of the coniferous stand. The sensitivity study supports the relevancy of the model and its compartments, and has highlighted the chlorine transfers affecting the most the residence time of chlorine in the stand. Compared to observations, the model simulates realistic values for the chlorine content within the different forest compartments. For both atmospheric and underground contamination scenarios most of the chlorine can be found in its organic form in the soil. However, in case of an underground source, about two times less chlorine accumulates in the system and proportionally more chlorine leaves the system through drainage than through volatilisation.
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Gustavsson M, Karlsson S, Oberg G, Sandén P, Svensson T, Valinia S, Thiry Y, Bastviken D. Organic matter chlorination rates in different boreal soils: the role of soil organic matter content. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:1504-10. [PMID: 22191661 DOI: 10.1021/es203191r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of chloride (Cl(-)) to organic chlorine (Cl(org)) occurs naturally in soil but it is poorly understood how and why transformation rates vary among environments. There are still few measurements of chlorination rates in soils, even though formation of Cl(org) has been known for two decades. In the present study, we compare organic matter (OM) chlorination rates, measured by (36)Cl tracer experiments, in soils from eleven different locations (coniferous forest soils, pasture soils and agricultural soils) and discuss how various environmental factors effect chlorination. Chlorination rates were highest in the forest soils and strong correlations were seen with environmental variables such as soil OM content and Cl(-) concentration. Data presented support the hypothesis that OM levels give the framework for the soil chlorine cycling and that chlorination in more organic soils over time leads to a larger Cl(org) pool and in turn to a high internal supply of Cl(-) upon dechlorination. This provides unexpected indications that pore water Cl(-) levels may be controlled by supply from dechlorination processes and can explain why soil Cl(-) locally can be more closely related to soil OM content and the amount organically bound chlorine than to Cl(-) deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Gustavsson
- Department of Thematic Studies, Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden.
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Vandebroek L, Van Hees M, Delvaux B, Spaargaren O, Thiry Y. Relevance of Radiocaesium Interception Potential (RIP) on a worldwide scale to assess soil vulnerability to 137Cs contamination. J Environ Radioact 2012; 104:87-93. [PMID: 21963466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The extent of radiocaesium retention in soil is important to quantify the risk of further foodchain contamination. The Radiocaesium Interception Potential (RIP -Cremers et al., 1988, Nature 335, 247-249) is an intrinsic soil parameter which can be used to categorize soils or minerals in terms of their capacity to selectively adsorb radiocaesium. In this study, we measured RIP for a large soil collection (88 soil samples) representative of major FAO soil reference groups on a worldwide scale and tested the possibility to predict the RIP on the basis of other easily accessible or measurable soil data. We also compared RIP values with those obtained from separate chemical extraction experiments. The range of measured RIP values (1.8-13300 mmol kg(-1)) was shown to include nearly all possible cases of agricultural soil contamination. Only Podzols, Andosols and Ferralsols were clearly characterized by a very low RIP (<2000 mmol kg(-1)). On a worldwide scale, RIP was in fact slightly related to soil reference type or other simple major physicochemical parameters such as clay percentage or organic matter. Conversely our results indicated a link between the RIP and radiocaesium extractability across very different soils. We showed that, with the proposed scale of RIP values, a simple acid extraction method can provide an operational result highly predictive of potential RIP despite very contrasting soil properties. The RIP could be estimated from the empirical equation: RIP = (-31.701 ∗ log(AER) + 58.886)(2) where AER is the fraction of acid-extractable radiocaesium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Vandebroek
- SCK•CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Center, Foundation of Public Utility, Biosphere Impact Studies, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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Loffredo N, Mounier S, Thiry Y, Coppin F. Sorption of selenate on soils and pure phases: kinetic parameters and stabilisation. J Environ Radioact 2011; 102:843-851. [PMID: 21683486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify the principle selenate carrier phases for two selected soils, by comparing their reactivity with selenate to that of pure phases of the solids. Silica, calcium carbonate, aluminium hydroxide, goethite, bentonite and humic acid were selected as the main soil carrier phases. Comparisons were made first on the parameter values obtained with the best fit of a kinetic sorption model which can discriminate instantaneous sorption from kinetically limited sorption. Then comparisons were made of the ability for each solid to stabilise selenate by measuring the ratio of the partition coefficient for sorption (Kd(sorption)) over that of the desorption (Kd(desorption)). Kinetics and stabilisation were used to help elucidate the nature of interactions with the test solid phases for a large range of selenate concentrations. The experiments were conducted over 165 h in batch reactors, the solid being isolated from the solution by dialysis tubing, at two pH (5.4 and 8) and three selenate concentrations (1 × 10(-3), 1 × 10(-6) and 1 × 10(-8) mol L(-1)). The results obtained showed that only aluminium hydroxide can sorb selenate throughout the studied pH range (pH 5.4 to 8.0). The sorption capacity on this mineral was high (Kd(sorption) > 100 to 1 × 10(4) L kg(-1)) and the selenate was mainly stabilized by the formation of inner sphere complexes. The sorption on goethite occurred at pH 5.4 (Kd(sorption) 52 L kg(-1)), mainly as outer sphere complexes, and was null at pH 8. On silica, a weak sorption was observed only at pH 5.4 and at 165 h (Kd(sorption) 4 L kg(-1)). On bentonite, calcium carbonate and humic acid no significant sorption was observed. Concerning the two soils studied, different behaviours were observed for selenate. For soil Ro (pH 5.4), Kd(sorption) was low (8 L kg(-1)) compared to soil Bu (pH 8) (70 L kg(-1)). The sorption behaviour of selenate on soil Ro was mainly due to outer sphere complexes, as for goethite, whereas for soil Bu the sorption was mainly attributed to inner sphere complexes followed by reduction mechanisms, probably initiated by microorganisms, in which no steady state was reached at the end of the 165 h experiments. The sorption of selenate decreased when concentrations reached 1 × 10(-3) mol L(-1), due to solid saturation, except for aluminium hydroxide. Reduction of selenate seemed also to occur on goethite and soil Ro, for the same concentration, but without preventing a decrease in sorption. Thus, this work shows that the comparison of selenate behaviour between soil and pure phases helps to elucidate the main carrier phases and sorption mechanisms in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Loffredo
- Institut de Radioprotection et Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), DEI/SECRE/Laboratoire de Radioécologie et d'Ecotoxicologie, Cadarache, Bât 186, BP3, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
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Redon PO, Abdelouas A, Bastviken D, Cecchini S, Nicolas M, Thiry Y. Chloride and organic chlorine in forest soils: storage, residence times, and influence of ecological conditions. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:7202-8. [PMID: 21761932 DOI: 10.1021/es2011918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that extensive chlorination of natural organic matter significantly affects chlorine (Cl) residence time in soils. This natural biogeochemical process must be considered when developing the conceptual models used as the basis for safety assessments regarding the potential health impacts of 36-chlorine released from present and planned radioactive waste disposal facilities. In this study, we surveyed 51 French forested areas to determine the variability in chlorine speciation and storage in soils. Concentrations of total chlorine (Cl(tot)) and organic chlorine (Cl(org)) were determined in litterfall, forest floor and mineral soil samples. Cl(org) constituted 11-100% of Cl(tot), with the highest concentrations being found in the humus layer (34-689 mg Cl(org) kg(-1)). In terms of areal storage (53 - 400 kg Cl(org) ha(-1)) the mineral soil dominated due to its greater thickness (40 cm). Cl(org) concentrations and estimated retention of organochlorine in the humus layer were correlated with Cl input, total Cl concentration, organic carbon content, soil pH and the dominant tree species. Cl(org) concentration in mineral soil was not significantly influenced by the studied environmental factors, however increasing Cl:C ratios with depth could indicate selective preservation of chlorinated organic molecules. Litterfall contributions of Cl were significant but generally minor compared to other fluxes and stocks. Assuming steady-state conditions, known annual wet deposition and measured inventories in soil, the theoretical average residence time calculated for total chlorine (inorganic (Cl(in)) and organic) was 5-fold higher than that estimated for Cl(in) alone. Consideration of the Cl(org) pool is therefore clearly important in studies of overall Cl cycling in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Olivier Redon
- Andra, Research and Development Division, 1-7 rue Jean Monnet, 92298 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Tolu J, Le Hécho I, Bueno M, Thiry Y, Potin-Gautier M. Selenium speciation analysis at trace level in soils. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 684:126-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gyuricza V, Thiry Y, Wannijn J, Declerck S, Dupré de Boulois H. Radiocesium transfer between Medicago truncatula plants via a common mycorrhizal network. Environ Microbiol 2010; 12:2180-9. [PMID: 21966912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Common mycorrhizal networks of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been reported to transfer cesium between plants. However, a direct hyphae-mediated transfer (via cytoplasm/protoplasm) cannot be distinguished from an indirect transfer. Indeed, cesium released by the roots of the donor plant can be taken up by the receiver plant or fungal hyphae. In the present study, Medicago truncatula plants were connected by a common mycorrhizal network and Prussian Blue (ammonium-ferric-hexacyano ferrate) was added in the growth medium to adsorb the released radiocesium. A direct transfer of radiocesium to roots and shoots of the receiver plant was clearly demonstrated for the first time. Even though this transfer was quantitatively low, it suggested that shared mycorrhizal networks could contribute to the redistribution of this radionuclide in the environment, which otherwise would be restricted both in time and space. This finding may also help to understand the behaviour of its chemical analogue, potassium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Gyuricza
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité de Microbiologie, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-Neuve, Belgium
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Thiry Y, Colle C, Yoschenko V, Levchuk S, Van Hees M, Hurtevent P, Kashparov V. Impact of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantings on long term (137)Cs and (90)Sr recycling from a waste burial site in the Chernobyl Red Forest. J Environ Radioact 2009; 100:1062-1068. [PMID: 19525043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plantings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on a waste burial site in the Chernobyl Red Forest was shown to greatly influence the long term redistribution of radioactivity contained in sub-surfaces trenches. After 15 years of growth, aboveground biomass of the average tree growing on waste trench no.22 had accumulated 1.7 times more (137)Cs than that of trees growing off the trench, and 5.4 times more (90)Sr. At the scale of the trench and according to an average tree density of 3300 trees/ha for the study zone, tree contamination would correspond to 0.024% of the (137)Cs and 2.52% of the (90)Sr contained in the buried waste material. A quantitative description of the radionuclide cycling showed a potential for trees to annually extract up to 0.82% of the (90)Sr pool in the trench and 0.0038% of the (137)Cs. A preferential (90)Sr uptake from the deep soil is envisioned while pine roots would take up (137)Cs mostly from less contaminated shallow soil layers. The current upward flux of (90)Sr through vegetation appeared at least equal to downward loss in waste material leaching as reported by Dewiere et al. (2004, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 74, 139-150). Using a prospective calculation model, we estimated that maximum (90)Sr cycling can be expected to occur at 40 years post-planting, resulting in 12% of the current (90)Sr content in the trench transferred to surface soils through biomass turnover and 7% stored in tree biomass. These results are preliminary, although based on accurate methodology. A more integrated ecosystem study leading to the coupling between biological and geochemical models of radionuclide cycling within the Red Forest seems opportune. Such a study would help in the adequate management of that new forest and the waste trenches upon which they reside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Thiry
- SCK-CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Center, Foundation of Public Utility, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Calmon P, Thiry Y, Zibold G, Rantavaara A, Fesenko S. Transfer parameter values in temperate forest ecosystems: a review. J Environ Radioact 2009; 100:757-766. [PMID: 19100665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Compared to agricultural lands, forests are complex ecosystems as they can involve diverse plant species associations, several vegetative strata (overstorey, shrubs, herbaceous and other annual plant layer) and multi-layered soil profiles (forest floor, hemi-organic and mineral layers). A high degree of variability is thus generally observed in radionuclide transfers and redistribution patterns in contaminated forests. In the long term, the soil compartment represents the major reservoir of radionuclides which can give rise to long-term plant and hence food contamination. For practical reasons, the contamination of various specific forest products has commonly been quantified using the aggregated transfer factor (T(ag) in m(2)kg(-1)) which integrates various environmental parameters including soil and plant type, root distribution as well as nature and vertical distribution of the deposits. Long lasting availability of some radionuclides was shown to be the source of much higher transfer in forest ecosystems than in agricultural lands. This study aimed at reviewing the most relevant quantitative information on radionuclide transfers to forest biota including trees, understorey vegetation, mushrooms, berries and game animals. For both radiocaesium and radiostrontium in trees, the order of magnitude of mean T(ag) values was 10(-3)m(2)kg(-1) (dry weight). Tree foliage was usually 2-12 times more contaminated than trunk wood. Maximum contamination of tree components with radiocaesium was associated with (semi-)hydromorphic areas with thick humus layers. The transfer of radionuclides to mushrooms and berries is high, in comparison with foodstuffs grown in agricultural systems. Concerning caesium uptake by mushrooms, the transfer is characterized by a very large variability of T(ag), from 10(-3) to 10(1)m(2)kg(-1) (dry weight). For berries, typical values are around 0.01-0.1 m(2)kg(-1) (dry weight). Transfer of radioactive caesium to game animals and reindeer and the rate of activity reduction, quantified as an ecological half-life, reflect the soil and pasture conditions at individual locations. Forests in temperate and boreal regions differ with respect to soil type and vegetation, and a faster decline of muscle activity concentrations in deer occurs in the temperate zone. However, in wild boar the caesium activity concentration shows no decline because of its special feeding habits. In the late phase, i.e. at least a few months since the external radionuclide contamination on feed plants has been removed, a T(ag) value of 0.01 m(2)kg(-1) (fresh weight) is common for (137)Cs in the muscles of adult moose and terrestrial birds living in boreal forests, and 0.03 m(2)kg(-1) (fresh weight) for arctic hare. Radiocaesium concentrations in reindeer muscle in winter may exceed the summer content by a factor of more than two, the mean T(ag) values for winter ranging from 0.02 to 0.8 m(2)kg(-1) (fresh weight), and in summer from 0.04 to 0.4m(2)kg(-1). The highest values are found in the year of initial contamination, followed by a gradual reduction. In waterfowl a relatively fast decline in uptake of (137)Cs has been found, with T(ag) values changing from 0.01 to 0.002 m(2)kg(-1) (fresh weight) in the three years after the contaminating event, the rate being determined by the dynamics of (137)Cs in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Calmon
- Department of Radioecology, Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety, CE Cadarache, Saint Paul-lès-Durance Cedex, France.
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Waegeneers N, Sauras-Yera T, Thiry Y, Vallejo VR, Smolders E, Madoz-Escande C, Bréchignac F. Plant uptake of radiocaesium from artificially contaminated soil monoliths covering major European soil types. J Environ Radioact 2009; 100:439-44. [PMID: 19375202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of (137)Cs was measured in different agricultural plant species (beans, lettuce, barley and ryegrass) grown in 5 undisturbed soil monoliths covering major European soil types. The first cultivation was made three years after soil contamination and plants were grown during 3 successive years. The plant-soil (137)Cs transfer factors varied maximally 12-fold among soils and 35-fold among species when grown on the same soil. Single correlations between transfer factors and soil properties were found, but they varied widely with plant type and can hardly be used as a predictive tool because of the few soils used. The variation of (137)Cs concentrations in plants among soils was related to differences in soil solution (137)Cs and K concentrations, consistent with previous observations in hydroponics and pot trials. Absolute values of transfer factors could not be predicted based on a model validated for pot trials. The (137)Cs activity concentration in soil solution decreased significantly (11- to 250-fold) for most soils in the 1997-1999 period and is partly explained by decreasing K in soil solution. Transfer factors of lettuce showed both increasing and decreasing trends between 2 consecutive years depending on soil type. The trends could be explained by the variation in (137)Cs and K concentrations in soil solution. It is concluded that differences in (137)Cs transfer factors among soils and trends in transfer factors as a function of time can be explained from soil solution composition, as shown previously for pot trials, although absolute values of transfer factors could not be predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Waegeneers
- Laboratory for Soil and Water Management, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
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de Boulois HD, Joner EJ, Leyval C, Jakobsen I, Chen BD, Roos P, Thiry Y, Rufyikiri G, Delvaux B, Declerck S. Role and influence of mycorrhizal fungi on radiocesium accumulation by plants. J Environ Radioact 2008; 99:785-800. [PMID: 18055077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge on the contribution of mycorrhizal fungi to radiocesium immobilization and plant accumulation. These root symbionts develop extended hyphae in soils and readily contribute to the soil-to-plant transfer of some nutrients. Available data show that ecto-mycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can accumulate high concentration of radiocesium in their extraradical phase while radiocesium uptake and accumulation by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is limited. Yet, both ECM and AM fungi can transport radiocesium to their host plants, but this transport is low. In addition, mycorrhizal fungi could thus either store radiocesium in their intraradical phase or limit its root-to-shoot translocation. The review discusses the impact of soil characteristics, and fungal and plant transporters on radiocesium uptake and accumulation in plants, as well as the potential role of mycorrhizal fungi in phytoremediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dupré de Boulois
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité de Microbiologie, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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de Boulois HD, Joner EJ, Leyval C, Jakobsen I, Chen BD, Roos P, Thiry Y, Rufyikiri G, Delvaux B, Declerck S. Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on uranium accumulation by plants. J Environ Radioact 2008; 99:775-784. [PMID: 18069098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by uranium (U) occurs principally at U mining and processing sites. Uranium can have tremendous environmental consequences, as it is highly toxic to a broad range of organisms and can be dispersed in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Remediation strategies of U-contaminated soils have included physical and chemical procedures, which may be beneficial, but are costly and can lead to further environmental damage. Phytoremediation has been proposed as a promising alternative, which relies on the capacity of plants and their associated microorganisms to stabilize or extract contaminants from soils. In this paper, we review the role of a group of plant symbiotic fungi, i.e. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which constitute an essential link between the soil and the roots. These fungi participate in U immobilization in soils and within plant roots and they can reduce root-to-shoot translocation of U. However, there is a need to evaluate these observations in terms of their importance for phytostabilization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dupré de Boulois
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité de Microbiologie, Croix du Sud 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Thiry Y, Van Hees M. Evolution of pH, organic matter and (226)radium/calcium partitioning in U-mining debris following revegetation with pine trees. Sci Total Environ 2008; 393:111-117. [PMID: 18207491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Natural attenuation processes resulting from the afforestation of some U-waste rock piles have the potential to limit the linkage of radioelements and other trace pollutants, thereby minimizing exposure risks. We determined the evolution of pH and organic matter and compared the (226)Ra and Ca extractability in pyrite-containing mining debris which was revegetated 35 years ago with Scots pine. Oxidation of sulphidic minerals remaining in the substrate appeared to dominate over acidification processes due to vegetation inputs and litter decomposition. The accumulation of organic matter in forest floor had a negligible effect on the (226)Ra upward recycling compared to the migration losses observed mainly from decarbonatation of the surface mining debris. (226)Ra was overall less soluble than Ca in the soil profile but NH(4)Ac-pH 5 had the capacity to extract a (226)Ra fraction of 31.1-41.5%, i.e. at least twice as much as for Ca. In deeper layers, a majority of both Ca and (226)Ra were extractable from the same non-specific adsorption pool, which mainly involved carbonate. In the upper acidified layer, the incorporation of organic matter had no effect on (226)Ra extractability. A further specific adsorption pool for (226)Ra was attributed to the formation of sparingly soluble Fe-Al oxyhydroxides. However, that specific (226)Ra-bearing phase was readily dissolved in NH(4)Ac-pH 5, indicating a relatively reversibility of the precipitation reaction of (226)Ra with amorphous oxide. Trees are effective at reducing hydrological release of many pollutants but in the mining debris studied, four decades of pine growth did not significantly promote (226)Ra remediation in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Thiry
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Goor F, Thiry Y, Delvaux B. Radiocaesium accumulation in stemwood: integrated approach at the scale of forest stands for contaminated Scots pine in Belarus. Journal of Environmental Management 2007; 85:129-36. [PMID: 17029757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years after the Chernobyl accident, root uptake from the surface layers of contaminated forest soils plays a major role in radiocaesium ((137)Cs) transfer to the trees and accumulation in perennial compartments, including stemwood. Trustworthy long-term predictions (modelling) of stemwood contamination with (137)Cs should accordingly be based on a reliable picture of this source-sink relationship. Considering the complexity of the processes involved in (137)Cs cycling in forest stands, elementary ratios like transfer factors (TF) were shown to be not very relevant for that purpose. At the tree level, alternatives like the wood immobilisation potential (WIP) have therefore been proposed in order to quantify the current net (137)Cs accumulation in stemwood. Our objective was here to compare WIP values determined for a series of contaminated forest stands in Belarus with the corresponding pools of (137)Cs available in the soil for root uptake. The comparison reveals that both indices are quite proportional, whatever the forest ecosystem features. This corroborates the relevancy of WIP as an indicator of the current (137)Cs root uptake by the trees, which could accordingly help to improve the existing models of (137)Cs cycling and the long-term management of contaminated forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Goor
- Centre d'Etude de l'Energie nucléaire (SCK-CEN) Boeretang, 200 B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Rufyikiri G, Wannijn J, Wang L, Thiry Y. Effects of phosphorus fertilization on the availability and uptake of uranium and nutrients by plants grown on soil derived from uranium mining debris. Environ Pollut 2006; 141:420-7. [PMID: 16271279 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Subterranean clover and barley were grown on a soil derived from uranium mining debris and fertilized with phosphate as a U immobilizing additive for in situ remediation. We investigated the beneficial effect of P fertilization in the range 0-500 mg P kg(-1) soil in terms of U extractability, plant biomass production and U uptake. Increasing P in the mining debris caused a significant decrease of the water-soluble U and NH(4)-Ac extractable U at pH 7 and 5. For both plant species, P fertilization considerably increased root and shoot dry matter up to a maximum observed for soil receiving 100 mg P kg(-1) while the soil-to-plant transfer of U was regularly decreased by increasing P content in soil. These observations show that P fertilization represents an in situ practical option to facilitate the revegetation of U-mining heaps and to reduce the risks of biota exposure to U contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervais Rufyikiri
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK*CEN, Foundation of Public Utility), Radiation Protection Research Department, Radioecology Section, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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Thiry Y, Gommers A, Iserentant A, Delvaux B. Rhizospheric mobilization and plant uptake of radiocesium from weathered micas: II. Influence of mineral alterability. J Environ Qual 2005; 34:2174-80. [PMID: 16275718 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2004.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute K depletion in the rhizosphere can lead to increased root uptake of radiocesium. Two processes can govern this increase: the very low uptake of potassium and the weathering of Cs-fixing clay minerals. Their respective importance is, however, unknown. We investigated the effects of these processes on radiocesium mobilization by roots of willow (Salix viminalis L.) from three micas: muscovite, biotite, and phlogopite. Willows were grown in a mixed quartz-mica substrate with the three respective (134)Cs-contaminated micas as sole sources of potassium and radiocesium. After 7 wk of plant growth, the micas were partially weathered. The degree of mica weathering and the prevalent potassium concentration in the solution increased in the order muscovite (5-11 microM K) < biotite (25-32 microM K) < phlogopite (25-35 microM K). The mobilization and root uptake of radiocesium were negligible with muscovite but increased in the same order. These results show that mica weathering directly and chiefly governs the mobility of radiocesium in K-depleted rhizosphere soil. The low mobility of trace Cs in the muscovite rhizosphere is linked with the dioctahedral character of this mica, and hence to its very low alterability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Thiry
- Radiation Protection Research Unit, Radioecology Section, SCK.CEN, Foundation of Public Utility, Mol, Belgium.
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Gommers A, Thiry Y, Delvaux B. Rhizospheric mobilization and plant uptake of radiocesium from weathered micas: I. Influence of potassium depletion. J Environ Qual 2005; 34:2167-73. [PMID: 16275717 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2004.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Potassium depletion in the soil solution around plant roots promotes the root uptake of radiocesium. However, it can also induce the transformation of mica through the release of interlayer K. In bulk soil, the formation of frayed edge sites (FES) with a high selectivity for Cs adsorption is usually related with mica weathering. We studied the effect of K level in the nutrient solution on the root-induced weathering of phlogopite as well as on the root uptake of radiocesium by willow (Salix viminalis L. var. Orm). The willows were grown for 7 wk in column lysimeters filled with a quartz-phlogopite mixed substrate continuously irrigated with nutrient solutions differing in K concentration (0-2 mM). From a potassium supply of 0.4 mM downward, we observed a decrease in root uptake of potassium as well as an increase in (i) potassium release from phlogopite, (ii) degree of transformation of phlogopite into vermiculite, and (iii) root uptake of radiocesium. Increasing K depletion had thus two effects: a decrease of the root uptake of potassium and an increase of phlogopite weathering in the rhizosphere, both of which promoted the root uptake of radiocesium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gommers
- Radiation Protection Research Unit, Radioecology Section, SCK.CEN, Foundation of Public Utility, Mol, Belgium
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Shaw G, Venter A, Avila R, Bergman R, Bulgakov A, Calmon P, Fesenko S, Frissel M, Goor F, Konoplev A, Linkov I, Mamikhin S, Moberg L, Orlov A, Rantavaara A, Spiridonov S, Thiry Y. Radionuclide migration in forest ecosystems--results of a model validation study. J Environ Radioact 2005; 84:285-96. [PMID: 15970363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2003.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2002] [Revised: 09/15/2003] [Accepted: 09/15/2003] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of the IAEA's BIOMASS Forest Working Group (FWG) was to bring together experimental radioecologists and modellers to facilitate the exchange of information which could be used to improve our ability to understand and forecast radionuclide transfers within forests. This paper describes a blind model validation exercise which was conducted by the FWG to test nine models which members of the group had developed in response to the need to predict the fate of radiocaesium in forests in Europe after the Chernobyl accident. The outcomes and conclusions of this exercise are summarised. It was concluded that, as a group, the models are capable of providing an envelope of predictions which can be expected to enclose experimental data for radiocaesium contamination in forests over the time scale tested. However, the models are subject to varying degrees of conceptual uncertainty which gives rise to a very high degree of divergence between individual model predictions, particularly when forecasting edible mushroom contamination. Furthermore, the forecasting capability of the models over future decades currently remains untested.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Shaw
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK.
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Thiry Y, Schmidt P, Van Hees M, Wannijn J, Van Bree P, Rufyikiri G, Vandenhove H. Uranium distribution and cycling in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing on a revegetated U-mining heap. J Environ Radioact 2005; 81:201-219. [PMID: 15795035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We determined the uranium distribution in soil and its allocation in compartments of 35-year-old Scots pine developed on a revegetated U-mining heap. The processes controlling the dynamics of U recycling were identified and further quantified in terms of annual fluxes. As pine developed, an acid humus layer emerged leading to weathering of the alkaline mining debris but this had little effect on U mobility in the soil profile. Increased U mobility mainly involved a translocation of U to metal-humus chelates in surface layers. The root compartment accounted for 99.3% of the U budget in tree, thus serving as an effective barrier which restricts U uptake. The current root uptake and transfer of U to upper parts of the tree amounted to about 3g ha(-1) y(-1), i.e. less than 0.03% of the current NH4-exchangeable U pool in the soil (0-30 cm). Allocation and translocation pattern made it clear that a dominant fraction of the translocated U moves passively with the ascent xylem sap, most likely as a soluble complex, and steadily accumulates in the needles. Consequently, 97% of the U annual uptake is returned to the soil through litterfall. At the studied site, the risk of U dissemination due to biomass turnover or trunk harvest was low when considered in relation to the current "exemption level" for U.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Thiry
- Radioecology Laboratory, Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK-CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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