Effect of olive leaf phytochemicals on the anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-cyclooxygenase-2 and ferric reducing antioxidant capacity

In this study, the phytochemical profile of fifty olive leaves (OL) extracts from Spain, Italy, Greece, Portugal, and Morocco was characterized and their anti-cholinergic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities were evaluated. Luteolin-7-O-glucoside, isoharmnentin, and apigenin were involved in the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity, while oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol showed noteworthy potential. Secoiridoids contributed to the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory activity and antioxidant capacity. Compounds such as oleuropein, ligstroside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside, may exert an important role in the ferric reducing antioxidant capacity. It should be also highlighted the role of hydroxytyrosol, hydroxycoumarins, and verbascoside concerning the antioxidant activity. This research provides valuable insights and confirms that specific compounds within OL extracts contribute to distinct anti-cholinergic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects.

Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of benzimidazole derivatives; an in vitro, in vivo and in silico approach

Many non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) concurrently inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, with a preference for specifically targeting COX-2 due to its significant involvement in various pathologies. In addition to COX enzymes, several other targets, including Aldose reductase, Aldo-ketoreductase family 1-member C2, and Phospholipase A2, have been identified as contributors to inflammation and a myriad of other diseases. In this context, a series of 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives was synthesized and assessed for their anti-inflammatory potential through both in vitro and in vivo assays. Molecular docking studies were conducted to elucidate the mechanism of action of these compounds against COX enzymes and other therapeutic targets associated with NSAIDs, such as Aldose reductase, AIKRC, and Phospholipase A2. Among the synthesized compounds, B2, B4, B7, and B8 demonstrated IC50 values lower than the standard ibuprofen, as determined by the Luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence assay. Validation of these findings was achieved through an in vivo carrageenan-induced mice paw edema model, confirming a comparable anti-inflammatory effect to diclofenac sodium observed in vitro. Notably, these compounds exhibited significant binding affinity with all therapeutic targets investigated in this study. These results suggest that the newly synthesized derivatives possess noteworthy anti-inflammatory potential, warranting further exploration for the development of novel multi-targeting inhibitors.

Exploration of isoxazole analogs: Synthesis, COX inhibition, anticancer screening, 3D multicellular tumor spheroids, and molecular modeling

In this study, a new series of Isoxazole-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized and characterized via HRMS, 1H-, 13CAPT-NMR, and MicroED. The findings revealed that nearly all of the synthesized derivatives exhibited potent inhibitory activities against both COX enzymes, with IC50 values ranging from 4.1 nM to 3.87 μM. Specifically, MYM1 demonstrated the highest efficacy among the compounds tested against the COX-1, displaying an IC50 value of 4.1 nM. The results showed that 5 compounds possess high COX-2 isozyme inhibitory effects with IC50 value in range 0.24-1.30 μM with COX-2 selectivity indexes (2.51-6.13), among these compounds MYM4 has the lowest IC50 value against COX-2, with selectivity index around 4. Intriguingly, this compound displayed significant antiproliferative effects against CaCo-2, Hep3B, and HeLa cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 10.22, 4.84, and 1.57 μM, respectively, which was nearly comparable to that of doxorubicin. Compound MYM4 showed low cytotoxic activities on normal cell lines LX-2 and Hek293t with IC50 values 20.01 and 216.97 μM respectively, with safer values than doxorubicin. Furthermore, compound MYM4 was able to induce the apoptosis, suppress the colonization of both HeLa and HepG2 cells. Additionally, the induction of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production could be the mechanism underlying the apoptotic effect and the cytotoxic activity of the compound. In the 3D multicellular tumor spheroid model, results revealed that MYM4 compound hampered the spheroid formation capacity of Hep3B and HeLa cancer cells. Moreover, the molecular docking of MYM4 compound revealed a high affinity for the COX2 enzyme, with energy scores (S) -7.45 kcal/mol, which were comparable to celecoxib (S) -8.40 kcal/mol. Collectively, these findings position MYM4 as a promising pharmacological candidate as COX inhibitor and anticancer agent.

Biallelic NDUFA4 Deletion Causes Mitochondrial Complex IV Deficiency in a Patient with Leigh Syndrome

Oxidative phosphorylation involves a complex multi-enzymatic mitochondrial machinery critical for proper functioning of the cell, and defects herein cause a wide range of diseases called "primary mitochondrial disorders" (PMDs). Mutations in about 400 nuclear and 37 mitochondrial genes have been documented to cause PMDs, which have an estimated birth prevalence of 1:5000. Here, we describe a 4-year-old female presenting from early childhood with psychomotor delay and white matter signal changes affecting several brain regions, including the brainstem, in addition to lactic and phytanic acidosis, compatible with Leigh syndrome, a genetically heterogeneous subgroup of PMDs. Whole genome sequencing of the family trio identified a homozygous 12.9 Kb deletion, entirely overlapping the NDUFA4 gene. Sanger sequencing of the breakpoints revealed that the genomic rearrangement was likely triggered by Alu elements flanking the gene. NDUFA4 encodes for a subunit of the respiratory chain Complex IV, whose activity was significantly reduced in the patient's fibroblasts. In one family, dysfunction of NDUFA4 was previously documented as causing mitochondrial Complex IV deficiency nuclear type 21 (MC4DN21, OMIM 619065), a relatively mild form of Leigh syndrome. Our finding confirms the loss of NDUFA4 function as an ultra-rare cause of Complex IV defect, clinically presenting as Leigh syndrome.

Recent Advancements in Refashioning of NSAIDs and their Derivatives as Anticancer Candidates

Inflammation is critical to the formation and development of tumors and is closely associated with cancer. Therefore, addressing inflammation and the mediators that contribute to the inflammatory process may be a useful strategy for both cancer prevention and treatment. Tumor predisposition can be attributed to inflammation. It has been demonstrated that NSAIDs can modify the tumor microenvironment by enhancing apoptosis and chemosensitivity and reducing cell migration. There has been a recent rise in interest in drug repositioning or repurposing because the development of innovative medications is expensive, timeconsuming, and presents a considerable obstacle to drug discovery. Repurposing drugs is crucial for the quicker and less expensive development of anticancer medicines, according to an increasing amount of research. This review summarizes the antiproliferative activity of derivatives of NSAIDs such as Diclofenac, Etodolac, Celecoxib, Ibuprofen, Tolmetin, and Sulindac, published between 2017 and 2023. Their mechanism of action and structural activity relationships (SARs) were also discussed to set the path for potential future repositioning of NSAIDs for clinical deployment in the treatment of cancer.

Plasma oxylipin profiles reflect Parkinson's disease stage

Derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), also known as oxylipins, are key participants in regulating inflammation. Neuroinflammation is involved in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. The development of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) facilitated the study of oxylipins on a system level, i.e., the analysis of oxylipin profiles. We analyzed oxylipin profiles in the blood plasma of 36 healthy volunteers (HC) and 73 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), divided into early (L\M, 29 patients) or advanced (H, 44 patients) stages based on the Hoehn and Yahr scale. Among the 40 oxylipins detected, we observed a decrease in the concentration of arachidonic acid (AA) and AA derivatives, including anandamide (AEA) and Leukotriene E4 (LTE4), and an increase in the concentration of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids 19-HETE and 12-HETE (PD vs HC). Correlation analysis of gender, age of PD onset, and disease stages revealed 20 compounds the concentration of which changed depending on disease stage. Comparison of the acquired oxylipin profiles to openly available PD patient brain transcriptome datasets showed that plasma oxylipins do not appear to directly reflect changes in brain metabolism at different disease stages. However, both the L\M and H stages are characterized by their own oxylipin profiles - in patients with the H stage oxylipin synthesis is increased, while in patients with L\M stages oxylipin synthesis decreases compared to HC. This suggests that different therapeutic approaches may be more effective for patients at early versus late stages of PD.

Trends in the prevalence and risk factors for peripherally inserted central catheter-related complications in cancer patients from 2016 to 2022: a multicenter study

PURPOSE

To identify the trends in the prevalence of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) related complications in cancer patients and explore the risk factors for complications and occurrence speed.

METHODS

A total of 3573 cancer patients with PICC were recruited at 17 hospitals from 2016 to 2022. Logistic and COX regression were performed to identify influencing factors of PICC-related complications and incidence speed, respectively.

RESULTS

The proportion of symptomatic PICC-related thrombosis, phlebitis, and infections reported had decreased from 59.1% (in 2017), 11.9% (in 2016), and 11.1% (in 2016) to 15.3% (in 2022), 2.9% (in 2022), and 7.4% (in 2022), and adhesive-related skin injuries and bleeding/oozing reported had increased from 4.8% (in 2016) and 0.0% (in 2016) to 45.5% (in 2022) and 3.4% (in 2022), respectively. Catheter occlusion showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing from 2.4 (in 2016) to 12.0 (in 2020) to 5.8% (in 2022). Logistic regression showed that hospital level, nature, the patient's gender, age, diagnosis, history of deep vein catheterization, chemotherapy drug administration, and type of PICC were influencing factors of complications. COX regression showed that the patient's gender, age, diagnosis, history of deep vein thrombosis and thrombophlebitis, history of deep vein catheterization, chemotherapy drug administration, type of PICC, type of connector, and StatLock used for fixation were influencing factors of incidence speed.

CONCLUSION

The composition ratios of PICC-related complications in cancer patients in China have changed in recent years. Chemotherapy drug administration was a significant risk factor accelerating the occurrence of complications. Maintenance factors had the maximum weight on the COX model, followed by patient factors. It is suggested that patients with high-risk factors be closely monitored and proper maintenance be performed to prevent and delay the occurrence of PICC-related complications.

Hyphal-associated protein expression is crucial for Candida albicans-induced eicosanoid biosynthesis in immune cells

Candida albicans causes opportunistic infections ranging from mucosal mycoses to life-threatening systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. During C. albicans infection, leukotrienes and prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and cyclooxygenases, respectively to amplify inflammatory conditions, but also to initiate macrophage infiltration to achieve tissue homeostasis. Since less is known about the cellular mechanisms triggering such lipid mediator biosynthesis, we investigated the eicosanoid formation in monocyte-derived M1 and M2 macrophages, neutrophils and HEK293 cells transfected with 5-LOX and 5-LOX-activating protein (FLAP) in response to C. albicans yeast or hyphae. Leukotriene biosynthesis was exclusively induced by hyphae in neutrophils and macrophages, whereas prostaglandin E2 was also formed in response to yeast cells by M1 macrophages. Eicosanoid biosynthesis was significantly higher in M1 compared to M2 macrophages. In HEK_5-LOX/FLAP cells only hyphae activated the essential 5-LOX translocation to the nuclear membrane. Using yeast-locked C. albicans mutants, we demonstrated that hyphal-associated protein expression is critical in eicosanoid formation. For neutrophils and HEK_5-LOX/FLAP cells, hyphal wall protein 1 was identified as the essential surface protein that stimulates leukotriene biosynthesis. In summary, our data suggest that hyphal-associated proteins of C. albicans are central triggers of eicosanoid biosynthesis in human phagocytes.

Chromone-based small molecules for multistep shutdown of arachidonate pathway: Simultaneous inhibition of COX-2, 15-LOX and mPGES-1 enzymes

As a new approach to the management of inflammatory disorders, a series of chromone-based derivatives containing a (carbamate)hydrazone moiety was designed and synthesized. The compounds were assessed for their ability to inhibit COX-1/2, 15-LOX, and mPGES-1, as a combination that should effectively impede the arachidonate pathway. Results revealed that the benzylcarbazates (2a-c) demonstrated two-digit nanomolar COX-2 inhibitory activities with reasonable selectivity indices. They also showed appreciable 15-LOX inhibition, in comparison to quercetin. Further testing of these compounds for mPGES-1 inhibition displayed promising activities. Intriguingly, compounds 2a-c were capable of suppressing edema in the formalin-induced rat paw edema assay. They exhibited an acceptable gastrointestinal safety profile regarding ulcerogenic liabilities in gross and histopathological examinations. Additionally, upon treatment with the test compounds, the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was elevated, whereas that of TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1β, and COX-2 were downregulated in LPS-challenged RAW264.7 macrophages. Docking experiments into the three enzymes showed interesting binding profiles and affinities, further substantiating their biological activities. Their in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters were advantageous.

Identifying inflammation-related targets of natural lactones using network pharmacology, molecular modeling and in vitro approaches

Natural lactones have been used in traditional and folklore medicine for centuries owing to their anti-inflammatory properties. The study uses a multifaceted approach to identify lead anti-inflammatory lactones from the SISTEMATX natural products database. The study analyzed the natural lactone database, revealing 18 lactones linked to inflammation targets. The primary targets were PTGES, PTGS1, COX-2, ALOX5 and IL1B. STX 12273 was the best hit, with the lowest binding energy and potential for inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme. The study suggested natural lactone, STX 12273, from the SISTEMATX database with anti-inflammatory potential and postulated its use for inflammation treatment or prevention.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Synthesis, molecular docking, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and ulcerogenic evaluation of thiophene-pyrazole candidates as COX, 5-LOX, and TNF-α inhibitors

The thiophene bearing pyrazole derivatives (7a-j) were synthesized and examined for their in vitro cyclooxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase, and tumour inducing factor-α inhibitory activities followed by the in vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and ulcerogenic evaluations. The synthesized series (7a-j) were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectral analysis. Initially, the compounds (7a-j) were evaluated for their in vitro cyclooxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase, and tumour inducing factor-α inhibitory activities and the compound (7f) with two phenyl substituents in the pyrazole ring and chloro substituent in the thiophene ring and the compound (7g) with two phenyl substituents in the pyrazole ring and bromo substituent in the thiophene ring were observed as potent compounds among the series. The compounds (7f and 7g) with effective in vitro potentials were further analyzed for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and ulcerogenic evaluations. Also, to ascertain the binding affinities of compounds (7a-j), docking assessments were carried out and the ligand (7f) with the highest binding affinity was docked to know the interactions of the ligand with amino acids of target proteins.

Phytochemical investigation and anti-inflammatory potential of Atriplex leucoclada Boiss

BACKGROUND

The plant kingdom has long been considered a valuable source for therapeutic agents, however, some plant species still untapped and need to be phytochemically and biologically explored. Although several Atriplex species have been investigated in depth, A. leucoclada, a halophytic plant native to Saudi Arabian desert, remains to be explored for its phytochemical content and biological potentials. Herein, the current study investigated the metabolic content and the anti-inflammatory potential of A. leucoclada.

METHODS

Powdered aerial parts of the plant were defatted with n-hexane then the defatted powder was extracted with 80% methanol. n-Hexane extract (ATH) was analyzed using GC-MS, while the defatted extract (ATD) was subjected to different chromatographic methods to isolate the major phytoconstituents. The structures of the purified compounds were elucidated using different spectroscopic methods including advanced NMR techniques. Anti-inflammatory activity of both extracts against COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes were examined in vitro. Molecular docking of the identified compounds into the active sites of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes was conducted using pdb entries 6Y3C and 5IKV, respectively.

RESULTS

Phytochemical investigation of ATD extract led to purification and identification of nine compounds. Interestingly, all the compounds, except for 20-hydroxy ecdysone (1), are reported for the first time from A. leucoclada, also luteolin (6) and pallidol (8) are isolated for the first time from genus Atriplex. Inhibitory activity of ATD and ATH extracts against COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes revealed concentration dependent activity of both fractions with IC50 41.22, 14.40 μg/ml for ATD and 16.74 and 5.96 μg/ml for ATH against COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Both extracts displayed selectivity indices of 2.86 and 2.80, respectively as compared to 2.56 for Ibuprofen indicating a promising selectivity towards COX-2. Molecular docking study supported in vitro testing results, where purified metabolites showed binding affinity scores ranged from -9 to -6.4 and -8.5 to -6.6 kcal/mol for COX-1 and 2, respectively, in addition the binding energies of GC-MS detected compounds ranged from -8.9 to -5.5 and -8.3 to -5.1 kcal/mol for COX-1 and 2, respectively as compared to Ibuprofen (-6.9 and -7.5 kcal/mol, respectively), indicating high binding affinities of most of the compounds. Analysis of the binding orientations revealed variable binding patterns depending on the nature of the compounds. Our study suggested A. leucoclada as a generous source for anti-inflammatory agents.

Environmentally friendly catalyst- and solvent-free synthesis of 2-anilino nicotinic acids derivatives as potential lead COX inhibitors

In this study, an environmentally friendly, solvent- and catalyst-free synthesis of 2-anilino nicotinic acids derivatives is reported. This operationally simple and green procedure was applied to a selection of primary aromatic amines giving rise to 23 derivatives of 2-anilino nicotinic acids in a very short reaction time (15-120 min) with good to excellent yield. Next, similarity searches were executed on these derivatives to find the possible biological target. These products were screened for inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 by molecular docking and dynamic studies. In silico studies revealed that among these derivatives, the structure 10 bearing meta-chlorine substitutions could act as COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors. These results can be used in designing important lead compounds for further development as potential anti-inflammatory drugs.

Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Acanthamoeba culbertsoni Have COX and Proteolytic Activity and Induce Hemolysis

Several species of Acanthamoeba genus are potential pathogens and etiological agents of several diseases. The pathogenic mechanisms carried out by these amoebae in different target tissues have been documented, evidencing the relevant role of contact-dependent mechanisms. With the purpose of describing the pathogenic processes carried out by these protozoans more precisely, we considered it important to determine the emission of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as part of the contact-independent pathogenicity mechanisms of A. culbertsoni, a highly pathogenic strain. Through transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), EVs were characterized. EVs showed lipid membrane and a size between 60 and 855 nm. The secretion of large vesicles was corroborated by confocal and TEM microscopy. The SDS-PAGE of EVs showed proteins of 45 to 200 kDa. Antigenic recognition was determined by Western Blot, and the internalization of EVs by trophozoites was observed through Dil-labeled EVs. In addition, some EVs biological characteristics were determined, such as proteolytic, hemolytic and COX activity. Furthermore, we highlighted the presence of leishmanolysin in trophozites and EVs. These results suggest that EVs are part of a contact-independent mechanism, which, together with contact-dependent ones, allow for a better understanding of the pathogenicity carried out by Acanthamoeba culbertsoni.

Involvement of Nrf2, JAK and COX pathways in acetaminophen-induced nephropathy: Role of some antioxidants

Objectives

Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced nephrotoxicity is detrimental consequence for which there has not been a standardized therapeutic regimen. Although, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a well-known antidote used in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, its benefit in nephrotoxicity caused by APAP is almost lacking. This study aimed to compare the possible protective effect of thymoquinone (TQ), curcumin (CR), and α-lipoic acid (α-LA), either in solo or in combination regimens with that of NAC against APAP-induced renal injury.

Design and method

Rats were divided into nine groups; control group, APAP intoxicated group (1000 mg/kg; orally), and the remaining seven groups received, in addition to APAP, oral doses of NAC, TQ, CR, α-LA, CR plus TQ, TQ plus α-LA, or CR plus α-LA. The first dose of the aforementioned antioxidants was given 24 h before APAP, and then the second dose was given 2 h after APAP, whereas the last dose was given 10 h after administration of APAP.

Results

Treatment with APAP elevated kidney markers like serum uric acid, urea, and creatinine. In addition, it increased the serum level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS). Also, the protein expression of renal janus kinase (JAK) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 were all upregulated by APAP. In contrast, the expression of Nrf2 and the renal levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione were downregulated. Treatment with the indicated natural antioxidants resulted in amelioration of the aberrated parameters through exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and free radical-scavenging effects with a variable degree.

Conclusion

The combined administration of CR and TQ exerted the most potent protection against APAP-induced nephrotoxicity through its anti-inflammatory and free radical-scavenging effects (antioxidant) which were comparable to that of NAC-treatment.

Complementary roles of EP2 and EP4 receptors in malignant glioma

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumour in the central nervous system, but the current treatment is very limited and unsatisfactory. PGE2 -initiated cAMP signalling via EP2 and EP4 receptors is involved in the tumourigenesis of multiple cancer types. However, whether or how EP2 and EP4 receptors contribute to GBM growth largely remains elusive.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

We performed comprehensive data analysis of gene expression in human GBM samples and determined their expression correlations through multiple bioinformatics approaches. A time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay was utilized to characterize PGE2 -mediated cAMP signalling via EP2 and EP4 receptors in human glioblastoma cells. Using recently reported potent and selective small-molecule antagonists, we determined the effects of inhibition of EP2 and EP4 receptors on GBM growth in subcutaneous and intracranial tumour models.

KEY RESULTS

The expression of both EP2 and EP4 receptors was upregulated and highly correlated with a variety of tumour-promoting cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in human gliomas. Further, they were heterogeneously expressed in human GBM cells, where they compensated for each other to mediate PGE2 -initiated cAMP signalling and to promote colony formation, cell invasion and migration. Inhibition of EP2 and EP4 receptors revealed that these receptors might mediate GBM growth, angiogenesis, and immune evasion in a compensatory manner.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

The compensatory roles of EP2 and EP4 receptors in GBM development and growth suggest that concurrently targeting these two PGE2 receptors might represent a more effective strategy than inhibiting either alone for GBM treatment.

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of hemolymph lectin (NagLec) isolated from the freshwater crab, Oziotelphusanaga

Lectins are non-immune glycoproteins or proteins having a unique capacity to interact with carbohydrate ligands found on the surface of their host cells. In the present investigation, the lectin was purified from the hemolymph of freshwater crab, Oziotelphusa naga and its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity was analysed. The preliminary characterization of the hemagglutinin was carried out to identify the erythrocyte and sugar specificity, optimum pH and temperature and cation dependency. The agglutinin was found to be highly specific to rabbit erythrocyte and inhibited by fetuin and α-lactose. Maximum hemagglutination activity was noted at pH 7.5-8 and temperature 20-40 °C. An O-acetyl sialic acid specific 75 kDa hemolymph lectin, designated as NagLec was isolated from the freshwater crab, Oziotelphusa naga by affinity chromatography on fetuin coupled Sepharose 4 B, with a purification fold of 185. The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and fungus Candida albicans had the greatest zone of inhibition when treated with NagLec. The results of the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays showed that the purified lectin inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus at 0.031 and 0.065 μg/ml, which proved the bactericidal property of NagLec. NagLec generated alterations on the bacterial cells and led to protein leakage, which was dosage (24 and 48 μg/ml) and time dependent (10-40 min). COX and LOX enzyme was inhibited to 49.43% and 61.81% with 100 μg/ml concentration of NagLec respectively, demonstrating NagLec's ability to reduce inflammation. Furthermore, NagLec (500 μg) suppressed protein denaturation up to 77.12% whereas diclofenac sodium (a standard drug) was inhibited by 89.36%. The results indicate that NagLec, a sialic acid specific lectin isolated from the freshwater crab O. naga could be formulated as a nano drug in future owing to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potential that could be targeted to specific pathogenic microbes and treat arthritis.

Mangiferin from Enicostemma littorale Blume with in silico and in vitro anti-inflammatory potential

The bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract of aerial parts of Enicostemma littorale resulted in two fractions 3 and 4 with moderate and potent antioxidant activity, respectively. The purification of fraction 3 gave swertiamarin (1), while the LCMS profile of fraction 4 unveiled the presence of another constituent along with swertiamarin. The extensive purification of fraction 4 led to the unusual isolation of mangiferin (2) from E. littorale. The uncommon isolation of mangiferin from E. littorale motivated us to conduct its in silico and in vitro screening as an anti-inflammatory agent. Both studies have proved mangiferin to be a promising anti-inflammatory molecule with a binding energy of -9.17 kcal/mol against Cyclooxygenase-2 protein and IC50 of 146.07 nanomolar. This study is the first report of the isolation of mangiferin, a xanthone glycoside from E. littorale.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Seasonal expressions of COX-1, COX-2, and EP4 in the scent glands of muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus)

Prostaglandins (PGs) serve as signaling molecules that regulate various physiological processes, including inflammation, immune response, blood clotting, and reproduction. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunolocalizations and expression patterns of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, and COX-2, as well as its receptor subtypes 4 (EP4) in the scent glands of muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) during the breeding and nonbreeding periods. There were significant seasonal differences in the scent glandular mass, with higher values in the breeding season and relatively low in the nonbreeding season. PGE2, EP4, COX-1, and COX-2 have been immunolocalized in the scent glandular and epithelial cells in both breeding and nonbreeding seasons, whereas no immunostaining was observed in the interstitial cells. The protein and mRNA expression levels of EP4, COX-1, and COX-2 were higher in the scent glands of the breeding season than those of the nonbreeding season. The mean mRNA levels of EP4, COX-1, and COX-2 were positively correlated with the scent glandular weights. The circulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), and PGE2, as well as scent glandular PGE2 and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations, were also significantly higher in the breeding season. In addition, the transcriptomic study in the scent glands identified that differentially expressed genes might be related to fatty carboxylic monocarboxylic acid, steroidogenic-related pathways, and prostanoid metabolic processes. These findings suggested that prostaglandin-E2 might play an essential autocrine or paracrine role in regulating seasonal changes in the scent glandular functions of the muskrats.

Cardioprotective effect of 2-methoxy phenol derivatives against oxidative stress-induced vascular complications: An integrated in vitro, in silico, and in vivo investigation

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress and inflammation play crucial roles in macro/microvascular complications. Phenolic compounds and their derivatives show promise as therapeutic agents for diseases like cancer, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. With their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, these compounds hold potential for mitigating vascular complications and improving overall health.

METHODOLOGY

This study aimed to assess the therapeutic potential of five 2-methoxy phenol derivatives (T2, T5, T6, T7, and T8) as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and vasorelaxants using in vitro, in silico, and in vivo approaches.

RESULTS

Among all, T2 exhibited substantial antioxidant potential against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals with IC50 (27.97 µg/mL), nitric oxide (NO) radicals (IC50 = 34.36 µg/mL), hydroxyl (OH) radicals (IC50 = 34.83 µg/mL) and Iron chelation (IC50 = 24.32 µg/mL). Molecular docking analysis confirms that all derivatives, particularly T2, exhibit favorable binding energies with the target proteins, ACE (-7.7 Kcal/mol), ECE-1 (-7.9 Kcal/mol), and COX-1 (-7.8 Kcal/mol). All of the compounds demonstrated satisfactory physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and showed minimal to no toxicity during in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assessments. In isolated aortic rings from Sprague Dawley rats, pre-contracted with high K+ (80 mM), T2 induced vasorelaxation in dose dependent manner and shifted calcium response curves to the right as compared to verapamil. T2 also showed substantial platelet aggregation inhibition in a dose dependent manner with IC50 21.29 µM. All derivatives except T7 exhibited significant conservation of endogenous antioxidants i.e. catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) and significantly suppressed serum levels of inflammatory markers i.e. nitric oxide (NO), peroxides (TBARS), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).

CONCLUSION

The study concludes that T2 has significant antioxidant potential and vasorelaxant effects with adequate pharmacokinetics, making it a promising lead compound for further molecular investigation in cardiovascular disorders.

Investigational Drugs for the Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

The pharmacological treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is unsatisfactory, and there is a clinical need for new approaches. Several drugs under advanced clinical development are addressed in this review. A systematic literature search was conducted in three electronic databases (Medline, Web of Science, Scopus) and in the ClinicalTrials.gov register from 1 January 2016 to 1 June 2023 to identify Phase II, III and IV clinical trials evaluating drugs for the treatment of PHN. A total of 18 clinical trials were selected evaluating 15 molecules with pharmacological actions on nine different molecular targets: Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor (AT2R) antagonism (olodanrigan), Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel (VGCC) α2δ subunit inhibition (crisugabalin, mirogabalin and pregabalin), Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel (VGSC) blockade (funapide and lidocaine), Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibition (TRK-700), Adaptor-Associated Kinase 1 (AAK1) inhibition (LX9211), Lanthionine Synthetase C-Like Protein (LANCL) activation (LAT8881), N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism (esketamine), mu opioid receptor agonism (tramadol, oxycodone and hydromorphone) and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) inhibition (fulranumab). In brief, there are several drugs in advanced clinical development for treating PHN with some of them reporting promising results. AT2R antagonism, AAK1 inhibition, LANCL activation and NGF inhibition are considered first-in-class analgesics. Hopefully, these trials will result in a better clinical management of PHN.

Clostridia and Enteroviruses as Synergistic Triggers of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

What triggers type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)? One common assumption is that triggers are individual microbes that mimic autoantibody targets such as insulin (INS). However, most microbes highly associated with T1DM pathogenesis, such as coxsackieviruses (COX), lack INS mimicry and have failed to induce T1DM in animal models. Using proteomic similarity search techniques, we found that COX actually mimicked the INS receptor (INSR). Clostridia were the best mimics of INS. Clostridia antibodies cross-reacted with INS in ELISA experiments, confirming mimicry. COX antibodies cross-reacted with INSR. Clostridia antibodies further bound to COX antibodies as idiotype-anti-idiotype pairs conserving INS-INSR complementarity. Ultraviolet spectrometry studies demonstrated that INS-like Clostridia peptides bound to INSR-like COX peptides. These complementary peptides were also recognized as antigens by T cell receptor sequences derived from T1DM patients. Finally, most sera from T1DM patients bound strongly to inactivated Clostridium sporogenes, while most sera from healthy individuals did not; T1DM sera also exhibited evidence of anti-idiotype antibodies against idiotypic INS, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor (islet antigen-2) antibodies. These results suggest that T1DM is triggered by combined enterovirus-Clostridium (and possibly combined Epstein-Barr-virus-Streptococcal) infections, and the probable rate of such co-infections approximates the rate of new T1DM diagnoses.

EP2 inhibition restores myeloid metabolism and reverses cognitive decline

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs alleviate pain and inflammation by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase pathway. This pathway has various downstream effects, some of which are beneficial. Prostaglandin E2 is a key downstream product in the cyclooxygenase pathway that modulates inflammation. A correlation between aging and increased expression of the prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP2, has been associated with inflammatory processes, cognitive aging, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. Therefore, inhibition of EP2 could lead to therapeutic effects and be more selective than inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2. Studies suggest that inhibition of EP2 restores age-associated spatial memory deficits and synaptic proteins and impairs tumorigenesis. The data indicate that EP2 signaling is important in myeloid cell metabolism and support its candidacy as a therapeutic target.

Synergistic Combination of Citrus Flavanones as Strong Antioxidant and COX-Inhibitor Agent

Recently, we demonstrated that a Citrus flavanone mix (FM) shows antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, even after gastro-duodenal digestion (DFM). The aim of this study was to investigate the possible involvement of the cyclooxygenases (COXs) in the anti-inflammatory activity previously detected, using a human COX inhibitor screening assay, molecular modeling studies, and PGE2 release by Caco-2 cells stimulated with IL-1β and arachidonic acid. Furthermore, the ability to counteract pro-oxidative processes induced by IL-1β was evaluated by measuring four oxidative stress markers, namely, carbonylated proteins, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, reactive oxygen species, and reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio in Caco-2 cells. All flavonoids showed a strong inhibitory activity on COXs, confirmed by molecular modeling studies, with DFM, which showed the best and most synergistic activity on COX-2 (82.45% vs. 87.93% of nimesulide). These results were also corroborated by the cell-based assays. Indeed, DFM proves to be the most powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent reducing, synergistically and in a statistically significant manner (p < 0.05), PGE2 release than the oxidative stress markers, also with respect to the nimesulide and trolox used as reference compounds. This leads to the hypothesis that FM could be an excellent antioxidant and COX inhibitor candidate to counteract intestinal inflammation.

Potential effects of carbon monoxide donor and its nanoparticles on experimentally induced gastric ulcer in rats

The prevalence of gastric ulcers is increasing worldwide, especially those brought on by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), so prevention is extremely crucial. The protective potential of carbon monoxide (CO) in several inflammatory disorders has been clarified. The goal of the current study was to investigate the gastroprotective effect of CO produced by its pharmacological donor (CORM2) and its nanoparticles (NPs) against indomethacin (INDO)-induced ulcers. Investigations on CORM2's dose-dependent effects were also conducted. For induction of gastric ulcer, 100 mg kg^-1 of INDO was given orally. Before ulcer induction, CORM2 (5, 10, and 15 mg kg^-1), CORM2 nanoparticles (5 mg kg^-1), or ranitidine (30 mg kg^-1) were given intraperitoneally for 7 days. Ulcer score, gastric acidity, gastric contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) blood content were estimated. Additionally, gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and immunohistochemical staining of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were analyzed. Results demonstrated a substantial dose-dependent decrease in ulcer score, pro-inflammatory indicators, and oxidative stress markers with CORM2 and its NPs. Furthermore, CORM2 and its NPs markedly increased NRF2, COX-1, and HO-1, but CORM2 NPs outperformed CORM2 in this regard. In conclusion, the CO released by CORM2 can protect against INDO-induced gastric ulcers dose dependently, and the highest used dose had no effect on COHb concentration.

Design, synthesis, molecular docking studies and biological evaluation of thiazole carboxamide derivatives as COX inhibitors

BACKGROUND

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been the most commonly used class of medications worldwide for the last three decades.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to design and synthesize a novel series of methoxyphenyl thiazole carboxamide derivatives and evaluate their cyclooxygenase (COX) suppressant and cytotoxic properties.

METHODS

The synthesized compounds were characterized using ¹H, ¹³C-NMR, IR, and HRMS spectrum analysis and were evaluated for their selectivity towards COX-1 and COX-2 using an in vitro COX inhibition assay kit. Besides, their cytotoxicity was evaluated using the Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Moreover, molecular docking studies were conducted to identify the possible binding patterns of these compounds within both COX-1 and COX-2 isozymes, utilizing human X-ray crystal structures. The density functional theory (DFT) analysis was used to evaluate compound chemical reactivity, which was determined by calculating the frontier orbital energy of both HOMO and LUMO orbitals, as well as the HOMO-LUMO energy gap. Finally, the QiKProp module was used for ADME-T analysis.

RESULTS

The results revealed that all synthesized molecules have potent inhibitory activities against COX enzymes. The percentage of inhibitory activities at 5 µM concentration against the COX2 enzyme was in the range of 53.9-81.5%, while the percentage against the COX-1 enzyme was 14.7-74.8%. That means almost all of our compounds have selective inhibition activities against the COX-2 enzyme, and the most selective compound was 2f, with selectivity ratio (SR) value of 3.67 at 5 µM concentration, which has a bulky group of trimethoxy on the phenyl ring that could not bind well with the COX-1 enzyme. Compound 2h was the most potent, with an inhibitory activity percentage at 5 µM concentration of 81.5 and 58.2% against COX-2 and COX-1, respectively. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was evaluated against three cancer cell lines: Huh7, MCF-7, and HCT116, and negligible or very weak activities were observed for all of these compounds except compound 2f, which showed moderate activities with IC₅₀ values of 17.47 and 14.57 µM against Huh7 and HCT116 cancer cell lines, respectively. Analysis of the molecular docking suggests 2d, 2e, 2f, and 2i molecules were bound to COX-2 isozyme favorably over COX-1 enzyme, and their interaction behaviors within COX-1 and COX-2 isozymes were comparable to celecoxib, as an ideal selective COX-2 drug, which explained their high potency and COX-2 selectivity. The molecular docking scores and expected affinity using the MM-GBSA approach were consistent with the recorded biological activity. The calculated global reactivity descriptors, such as HOMO and LUMO energies and the HOMO-LUMO gaps, confirmed the key structural features required to achieve favorable binding interactions and thus improve affinity. The in silico ADME-T studies asserted the druggability of molecules and have the potential to become lead molecules in the drug discovery process.

CONCLUSION

In general, the series of the synthesized compounds had a strong effect on both enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) and the trimethoxy compound 2f was more selective than the other compounds.

New NSAID Conjugates as Potent and Selective COX-2 Inhibitors: Synthesis, Molecular Modeling and Biological Investigation

New sets of ibuprofen and indomethacin conjugates comprising triazolyl heterocycle were synthesized via click chemistry, adopting an optimized protocol through the molecular hybridization approach affording the targeted agents in good yields. The new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) conjugates were designed and synthesized and could be considered as potential drug candidates for the treatment of pain and inflammation. The anti-inflammatory properties were investigated for all the synthesized conjugates. Among 14 synthesized conjugates, four (5a, 5b, 5d, and 5e) were found to have significant anti-inflammatory properties potency 117.6%, 116.5%, 93.8%, and 109.1% in comparison to reference drugs ibuprofen (97.2%) and indomethacin (100%) in the rat paw edema carrageenan test without any ulcerogenic liability. The suppression effect of cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS in addition to NO in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells supports the promising anti-inflammatory properties observed in the ibuprofen conjugates. In addition, several conjugates showed promising peripheral and central analgesic activity. The selectivity index (SI) of compound 5a (23.096) indicates the significant efficacy and selectivity for COX-2 over COX-1. Molecular modeling (docking and QSAR) studies described the observed biological properties.

Pharmacological evaluation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of LQFM202: a new piperazine derivative

Advances have been made in the search for new multi-target modulators to control pain and inflammation. Therefore, compound 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methanone (LQFM202) was synthesised and evaluated. First, in vitro assays were performed for COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzymes. Subsequently, adult female Swiss albino mice treated orally with LQFM202 at doses of 25-200 mg/kg were subjected to acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced pain, carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia, carrageenan- or zymosan-induced paw oedema, or pleurisy. LQFM202 inhibited COX-1, COX-2, and LOX-5 (IC₅₀ = 3499 µM, 1565 µM, and 1343 µM, respectively). In acute animal models, LQFM202 (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) decreased the amount of abdominal writhing (29%, 52% and 48%, respectively). Pain in the second phase of the formalin test was reduced by 46% with intermediate dose. LQFM202 (100 mg/kg) reduced the difference in nociceptive threshold in all 4 h evaluated (46%, 37%, 30%, and 26%, respectively). LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) decreased the carrageenan-oedema from the second hour (27%, 31% and 25%, respectively); however, LQFM202 (100 mg/kg) decreased the carrageenan-oedema in all hours evaluated (35%, 42%, 48% and 50%, respectively). When using zymosan, LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) decreased the oedema in all hours evaluated (33%, 32%, 31% and 20%, respectively). In the carrageenan-pleurisy test, LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) reduced significantly the number of polymorphonuclear cells (34%), the myeloperoxidase activity (53%), TNF-α levels (47%), and IL-1β levels (58.8%). When using zymosan, LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) reduced the number of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells (54% and 79%, respectively); and the myeloperoxidase activity (46%). These results suggest antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of LQFM202.

An involvement of COX and 5-LOX pathways in the penicillin- and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epilepsy models

This study aimed to examine the relationship between epilepsy and COX/5-LOX inflammation pathways in the penicillin and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epilepsy models. For this purpose, 42 albino male Wistar rats were used in this study. In the penicillin and PTZ-induced epilepsy models, epileptiform activity was induced by injection of penicillin (500 IU, i.c.) and PTZ (35 mg/kg, i.p., three times a week), respectively. Licofelone (20 mg/kg, i.p.), a dual inhibitor of COX/5-LOX, and esculetin (20 mg/kg, i.p.), a 5-LOX inhibitor, were given. In the penicillin-induced epilepsy model, ECoG activity was recorded for 180 min. In the PTZ-induced epilepsy model, both ECoG activity was recorded, and behavioral parameters were performed. In the penicillin groups, both licofelone and esculetin decreased the mean spike frequency and amplitude during the experiments. In the PTZ groups, licofelone (20 mg/kg, i.p.) was more effective than esculetin (20 mg/kg, i.p.). Licofelone showed its protective effects both in ECoG activity and in behavioral parameters. Esculetin was less effective when compared to licofelone. The electrophysiological and behavioral data from the present study indicated that inflammation pathways might have a crucial role in controlling epileptiform activity in rats. Licofelone might be a valuable candidate in advanced studies.

Solid-Phase Parallel Synthesis of Dual Histone Deacetylase-Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors

Multi-target drugs (MTDs) are emerging alternatives to combination therapies. Since both histone deacetylases (HDACs) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are known to be overexpressed in several cancer types, we herein report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a library of dual HDAC-COX inhibitors. The designed compounds were synthesized via an efficient parallel synthesis approach using preloaded solid-phase resins. Biological in vitro assays demonstrated that several of the synthesized compounds possess pronounced inhibitory activities against HDAC and COX isoforms. The membrane permeability and inhibition of cellular HDAC activity of selected compounds were confirmed by whole-cell HDAC inhibition assays and immunoblot experiments. The most promising dual inhibitors, C3 and C4, evoked antiproliferative effects in the low micromolar concentration range and caused a significant increase in apoptotic cells. In contrast to previous reports, the simultaneous inhibition of HDAC and COX activity by dual HDAC-COX inhibitors or combination treatments with vorinostat and celecoxib did not result in additive or synergistic anticancer activities.

Aspirin Suppresses Hepatic Glucagon Signaling Through Decreasing Production of Thromboxane A2

Excessive hepatic glucose production (HGP) is a major cause of fasting hyperglycemia in diabetes, and antihyperglycemic therapy takes center stage. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), reduce hyperglycemia caused by unrestrained gluconeogenesis in diabetes, but its mechanism is incompletely understood. Here, we reported that aspirin lowers fasting blood glucose and hepatic gluconeogenesis, corresponds with lower thromboxane A2 (TXA2) levels, and the hypoglycemic effect of aspirin could be rescued by TP agonist treatment. On fasting and diabetes stress, the cyclooxygenase (COX)/TXA2/thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) axis was increased in the livers. TP deficiency suppressed starvation-induced hepatic glucose output, thus inhibiting the progression of diabetes, whereas TP activation promoted gluconeogenesis. Aspirin restrains glucagon signaling and gluconeogenic gene expression (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [PCK1] and glucose-6-phosphatase [G6Pase]) through the TXA2/TP axis. TP mediates hepatic gluconeogenesis by activating PLC/IP3/IP3R signaling, which subsequently enhances CREB phosphorylation via facilitating CRTC2 nuclear translocation. Thus, our findings demonstrate that TXA2/TP plays a crucial role in aspirin's inhibition of hepatic glucose metabolism, and TP may represent a therapeutic target for diabetes.

The Molecular Pharmacology of Phloretin: Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Action

The isolation of phlorizin from the bark of an apple tree in 1835 led to a flurry of research on its inhibitory effect on glucose transporters in the intestine and kidney. Using phlorizin as a prototype drug, antidiabetic agents with more selective inhibitory activity towards glucose transport at the kidney have subsequently been developed. In contrast, its hydrolysis product in the body, phloretin, which is also found in the apple plant, has weak antidiabetic properties. Phloretin, however, displays a range of pharmacological effects including antibacterial, anticancer, and cellular and organ protective properties both in vitro and in vivo. In this communication, the molecular basis of its anti-inflammatory mechanisms that attribute to its pharmacological effects is scrutinised. These include inhibiting the signalling pathways of inflammatory mediators' expression that support its suppressive effect in immune cells overactivation, obesity-induced inflammation, arthritis, endothelial, myocardial, hepatic, renal and lung injury, and inflammation in the gut, skin, and nervous system, among others.

Development of the PC-NSAID technology: From contact angle to Vazalore®

We describe strategies in drug development to reduce the gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We then provide an overview of the experiments that led to the development of PC-NSAIDs, a novel family of NSAIDs associated with phosphatidylcholine (PC) that have reduced GI toxicity and full therapeutic activity. Furthermore, we describe the evidence showing: that the stomach possesses hydrophobic properties that are attributable to phospholipids lining the mucus gel layer; and that NSAIDs chemically associate with intrinsic PC, thereby attenuating the tissue's hydrophobic properties. Further, pre-associating NSAIDs with PC reduces the GI toxicity of these drugs, both in rodent ulcer models and in human subjects, without affecting the drugs' therapeutic activity. Finally, we discuss the commercialization and launch of Aspirin-PC, an over-the-counter (OTC) drug with the brand name Vazalore®.

Consumption of Hen Eggs Enriched with n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Selenium, Vitamin E and Lutein Incites Anti-Inflammatory Conditions in Young, Healthy Participants - A Randomized Study

BACKGROUND

Dietary supplementation with compounds that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), selenium, vitamin E, lutein), has been shown to positively correlate with improvements in chronic conditions, although understanding of these combined effects in healthy humans is limited. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of enriched eggs consumption on oxidative status and inflammatory conditions in healthy volunteers. We hypothesized that a three-week diet containing enriched eggs can alter the immune response of healthy adults towards anti-inflammatory conditions.

METHODS

34 participants consumed 3 hard-boiled hen eggs per day (21 days): Control group-regular hen eggs (n-3 PUFAs = 438 mg, selenium = 0.054 mg, lutein = 0.330 mg and vitamin E = 1.785 mg) (N = 14); 4Nutri group-hen eggs enriched with 4 nutrients (n-3 PUFAs = 1026 mg, selenium = 0.06 mg, lutein = 1.85 mg and vitamin E = 3.29 mg) (N = 20). Samples were taken before and after the protocol. Serum concentrations of lipid mediators and cytokines were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and antibody-based, magnetic bead reagent kits on the Luminex platform, respectively. Serum oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity were measured using standardized methods, while gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was measured via real-time PCR.

RESULTS

Decreased serum levels of pro-inflammatory interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and an increased neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression in the 4Nutri group, together with alteration of metabolites produced via cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways in the Control group, suggest a shift towards anti-inflammatory conditions in participants who consumed enriched hen eggs.

CONCLUSIONS

Present results suggest that the combined action of n-3 PUFAs and antioxidants may have a protective role in resting, non-inflammatory conditions.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT04564690.

Molecular docking studies and biological evaluation of isoxazole-carboxamide derivatives as COX inhibitors and antimicrobial agents

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered one of the most commonly used medications globally. Seventeen isoxazole-containing compounds with various functional groups were evaluated in this work to identify which one was the most potent and which group was most selective toward COX-1 and COX-2 by using an in vitro COX inhibition assay kit. Their cytotoxicity was evaluated on the normal hepatic cell line (LX-2) utilizing the MTS assay. Moreover, these molecules' antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated using a microdilution assay against several bacterial and fungal species. In addition, molecular docking studies were conducted to identify the possible binding interactions between these compounds and their biological targets by using the X-ray crystal structure of the human COX enzyme and different proteins of bacterial and fungal strains. At the same time, the QiKProp module was used for ADME-T analysis. The results showed that all evaluated isoxazole derivatives showed moderate to potent activities against COX enzymes. The most potent compound against COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes was A13, with IC50 values of 64 and 13 nM, respectively, and a significant selectivity ratio of 4.63. It was clear that the 3,4-dimethoxy substitution on the first phenyl ring and the Cl atom on the other phenyl pushed the 5-methyl-isoxazole ring toward the secondary binding pocket and created the ideal binding interactions with the COX-2 enzyme in comparison with the other compounds. Compound A8 showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Candida albicans with MIC values of 2 mg/ml. In fact, this compound showed possible binding interactions with the elastase in P. aeruginosa and KPC-2 carbapenemase in K. pneumonia. Furthermore, for better understanding, molecular dynamics simulations were undertaken to study the change in dynamicity of the protein backbone and ligand after the ligand binds to the protein and to ensure the stability of ligand-protein complexes.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03408-8.

5-aminolevulinic acid and sodium ferrous citrate decreased cell viability of gastric cancer cells by enhanced ROS generation through improving COX activity

BACKGROUND

Mitochondrial dysfunctions are related to cancer development.. 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is used for photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this PDT, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which is converted from ALA, can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that kill the cancer cell. ALA is also reported to promote cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity, which can generate ROS itself. Therefore, this study focused on the effect of ALA during PDT. In addition, in the previous study, sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) is reported to increase COX activity. So, this study also aims to improve the COX activity by the addition of SFC that can promote ROS generation, which has a cytotoxic effect.

METHODS

In this study, we used ALA and SFC, then evaluated the effects of the treatment on the human gastric cancer cell line MKN45, including the induction of cell death.

RESULTS

This study showed that treatment with ALA and SFC increases intracellular heme and heme proteins. Moreover, COX activity was promoted, resulting in the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which eventually reduced the cell viability in human gastric cancer cell line MKN45.

CONCLUSION

Our study can detect ROS generation with ALA and SFC. Furthermore, we found this generation of ROS has a cytotoxic effect. Therefore, this phenomenon contributes to the effect of PDT.

Natural Inhibitors against Potential Targets of Cyclooxygenase, Lipoxygenase and Leukotrienes

BACKGROUND

Cyclooxygenase (COX) and Lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes catalyze the production of pain mediators like Prostaglandins (PGs) and Leukotrienes (LTs), respectively from arachidonic acid.

INTRODUCTION

The COX and LOX enzyme modulators are responsible for the major PGs and LTs mediated complications like asthma, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, neuropathy and Cardiovascular Syndromes (CVS). Many synthetic Nonsteroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) used in the treatment have serious side effects like nausea, vomiting, hyperacidity, gastrointestinal ulcers, CVS, etc. Methods: The natural inhibitors of pain mediators have great acceptance worldwide due to fewer side effects on long-term uses. The present review is an extensive study of the advantages of plantbased vs synthetic inhibitors.

RESULTS

These natural COX and LOX inhibitors control inflammatory response without causing side-effect-related complicacy.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, the natural COX and LOX inhibitors may be used as alternative medicines for the management of pain and inflammation due to their less toxicity and resistivity.

Contribution of RAS, ROS and COX-1-derived prostanoids to the contractile profile of perivascular adipose tissue in cafeteria diet-induced obesity

AIMS

Obesity can lead to the loss of the anticontractile properties of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). Given that cafeteria (CAF) diet reflects the variety of highly calorie and easily accessible foods in Western societies, contributing to obesity and metabolic disorders, we sought to investigate the impact of CAF diet on PVAT vasoactive profile and the involvement of renin-angiotensin system, oxidative stress, and cyclooxygenase pathway.

MAIN METHODS

Male Balb/c mice received standard or CAF diet for 4 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests were performed, and fasting serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride parameters were determined. Vascular reactivity, fluorescence and immunofluorescence analyzes were carried out in intact thoracic aorta in the presence or absence of PVAT.

KEY FINDINGS

CAF diet was effective in inducing obesity and metabolic disorders, as demonstrated by increased body weight gain and adiposity index, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and insulin insensitivity. Importantly, CAF diet led to a significant decrease in aortic contractility which was restored in the presence of PVAT, exhibiting therefore a contractile profile. The contractile effect of PVAT was associated with the activation of AT₁ receptor, reactive oxygen species, cyclooxygenase-1, thromboxane A₂ and prostaglandin E₂ receptors.

SIGNIFICANCE

These findings suggest that the contractile profile of PVAT involving the renin-angiotensin system activation, reactive oxygen species and cyclooxygenase-1 metabolites may be a protective compensatory adaptive response during early stage of CAF diet-induced obesity as an attempt to restore the impaired vascular contraction observed in the absence of PVAT, contributing to the maintenance of vascular tone.

Design, synthesis, and molecular docking of novel pyrazole-chalcone analogs of lonazolac as 5-LOX, iNOS and tubulin polymerization inhibitors with potential anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities

Uncontrolled inflammation predisposes to pleiotropic effects leading to cancer development thanks to promoting all stages of tumorigenesis. Therefore, cancer-associated inflammation has been delegated as the seventh hallmark of cancer. Thus, raging the war against both inflammation and cancer via the innovation of bioactive agents with dual anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities is a necessity. Herein, a novel series of pyrazole-chalcone analogs of Lonazolac (7a-g and 8a-g) have been synthesized and investigated for their in vitro anticancer activity against four cancer cell lines using the MTT assay method. Among all, hybrid 8g was the most potent against three cancer cell lines, HeLa, HCT-116, and RPMI-822 with IC₅₀ values of 2.41, 2.41, and 3.34 µM, respectively. In contrast, hybrid 8g showed moderate inhibitory activity against MCF-7 with IC₅₀ 28.93 μM and with a selectivity profile against MCF-10A (non-cancer cells). Mechanistically, hybrid 8g was the most potent inhibitor against tubulin polymerization (IC₅₀ = 4.77 µM), suggesting tubulin as a molecular target and explaining the observed cytotoxicity of hybrid 8g. This was mirrored by the detected potent pre-G1 apoptosis induction and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Moreover, hybrid8gexhibited selectivity against COX-2 (IC₅₀ = 5.13 µM) more than COX-1 (IC₅₀ = 33.46 µM), indicating that 8g may have lower cardiovascular side effects, but is still not potent as celecoxib (COX-2 IC₅₀ = 0.204 µM, COX-1 = 35.8 µM). Notably, hybrid 8g showed promising inhibitory activity towards 5-LOX (IC₅₀ = 5.88 µM). Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity of hybrid8 g was confirmed by high iNOS and PGE2 inhibitory activities in LPS-stimulated RAW cells with IC₅₀ values of4.93 µM and 10.98 µM, respectively, that accompanied by showingthe most potent inhibition of NO release (70.61 % inhibition rate). Molecular docking studies of hybrid 8g confirmed good correlations with the executed biological results. Furthermore, hybrid 8g had good drug-likeness and suitable physicochemical properties. Taken together, the combined results suggested hybrid8gas a promising orally administered candidate in the journey of repurposing NSAIDs for cancer chemopreventionand treatment.

Aspirin sensitivity of PIK3CA-mutated Colorectal Cancer: potential mechanisms revisited

PIK3CA mutations are amongst the most prevalent somatic mutations in cancer and are associated with resistance to first-line treatment along with low survival rates in a variety of malignancies. There is evidence that patients carrying PIK3CA mutations may benefit from treatment with acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin, particularly in the setting of colorectal cancer. In this regard, it has been clarified that Class IA Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K), whose catalytic subunit p110α is encoded by the PIK3CA gene, are involved in signal transduction that regulates cell cycle, cell growth, and metabolism and, if disturbed, induces carcinogenic effects. Although PI3K is associated with pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and signaling, and COX-2 is among the best-studied targets of aspirin, the mechanisms behind this clinically relevant phenomenon are still unclear. Indeed, there is further evidence that the protective, anti-carcinogenic effect of aspirin in this setting may be mediated in a COX-independent manner. However, until now the understanding of aspirin's prostaglandin-independent mode of action is poor. This review will provide an overview of the current literature on this topic and aims to analyze possible mechanisms and targets behind the aspirin sensitivity of PIK3CA-mutated cancers.

Acute kidney injury associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are ones of the commonly prescribed drugs worldwide. They primarily inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme which is responsible for conversion of phospholipids to various prostaglandins (PGs). Disruption in PGs production affects the kidneys in several ways, including vasoconstriction that may result in ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) in at-risk patients. They also impair salt and water excretion, leading to edema and hypertension. Other complications include hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, nephrotic syndrome, acute interstitial nephritis and chronic kidney disease progression. AKI from NSAIDs is usually reversible with favorable prognosis after discontinuation of NSAIDs. Avoidance of NSAIDs exposure is extremely important, especially among high-risk patients.

Mitochondrial protein expression during sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit ripening: iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis and role of cytochrome c oxidase

The physiological process of fruit ripening is associated with the late developmental stages of plants in which mitochondrial organelles play an important role in the final success of this whole process. Thus, an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based analysis was used to quantify the mitochondrial proteome in pepper fruits in this study. Analysis of both green and red pepper fruits identified a total of 2284 proteins, of which 692 were found to be significantly more abundant in unripe green fruits as compared to red fruits, while 497 showed lower levels as the ripening process proceeded. Of the total number of proteins identified, 2253 (98,6%) were found to share orthologs with Arabidopsis thaliana. Proteomic analysis identified 163 proteins which were categorized as cell components, the major part assigned to cellular, intracellular space and other subcellular locations such as cytosol, plastids and, to a lesser extent, to mitochondria. Of the 224 mitochondrial proteins detected in pepper fruits, 78 and 48 were more abundant in green and red fruits, respectively. The majority of these proteins which displayed differential abundance in both fruit types were involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The abundance levels of the proteins from both pathways were higher in green fruits, except for cytochrome c (CYC2), whose abundance was significantly higher in red fruits. We also investigated cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity during pepper fruit ripening, as well as in the presence of molecules such as nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), which promote thiol-based oxidative post-translational modifications (oxiPTMs). Thus, with the aid of in vitro assays, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity was found to be potentially inhibited by the PTMs nitration, S-nitrosation and carbonylation. According to protein abundance data, the final segment of the mETC appears to be a crucial locus with regard to fruit ripening, but also because in this location the biosynthesis of ascorbate, an antioxidant which plays a major role in the metabolism of pepper fruits, occurs.

Targeting EP2 receptor with multifaceted mechanisms for high-risk neuroblastoma

Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) promotes tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, fostering an inflammation-enriched microenvironment that facilitates angiogenesis and immune evasion. However, the PGE₂ receptor subtype (EP1–EP4) involved in neuroblastoma (NB) growth remains elusive. Herein, we show that the EP2 receptor highly correlates with NB aggressiveness and acts as a predominant Gα_s-coupled receptor mediating PGE₂-initiated cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling in NB cells with high-risk factors, including 11q deletion and MYCN amplification. Knockout of EP2 in NB cells blocks the development of xenografts, and its conditional knockdown prevents established tumors from progressing. Pharmacological inhibition of EP2 by our recently developed antagonist TG6-129 suppresses the growth of NB xenografts in nude mice and syngeneic allografts in immunocompetent hosts, accompanied by anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and apoptotic effects. This proof-of-concept study suggests that the PGE₂/EP2 signaling pathway contributes to NB malignancy and that EP2 inhibition by our drug-like compounds provides a promising strategy to treat this deadly pediatric cancer.

Hou et al. discover that prostaglandin receptor EP2 highly correlates with the aggressiveness of neuroblastoma, where it acts as the primary PGE₂ receptor mediating cAMP signaling. EP2 deficiency or inhibition suppresses neuroblastoma with high-risk factors including 11q deletion and MYCN amplification, demonstrating EP2 as a promising therapeutic target for neuroblastoma.

Suppression of glutathione system and upregulation of caspase 3-dependent apoptosis mediate rohypnol-induced gastric injury

Objectives: This study investigated the impact of rohypnol on gastric tissue integrity.

Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomized into control, low dose rohypnol-treated, high dose rohypnol-treated, low dose rohypnol-treated recovery and high dose rohypnol-treated recovery groups.

Results: Rohypnol caused significant rise in gastric malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrotic factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Also, rohypnol caused reductions in gastric reduced glutathione (GSH) (as well as GSH/GSSG), and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2). Furthermore, rohypnol upregulated caspase 3 activity and induced gastric DNA damage, evident by a rise in 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and DNA fragmentation index (DFI) in gastric tissue. These alterations were coupled with reduced gastric weight and distorted gastric cytoarchitecture. Cessation of rohypnol caused a significant but not complete reversal of rohypnol-induced gastric damage.

Conclusion: This study revealed that rohypnol induced gastric injury by suppressing glutathione content and COX-2 activity, and upregulating caspase 3-dependent apoptosis, which was partly reversed by rohypnol withdrawal.

Multi-Omics Approach Points to the Importance of Oxylipins Metabolism in Early-Stage Breast Cancer

The involvement of oxylipins, metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids, in cancer pathogenesis was known long ago, but only the development of the high-throughput methods get the opportunity to study oxylipins on a system level. The study aimed to elucidate alterations in oxylipin metabolism as characteristics of breast cancer patients. We compared the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) oxylipin profile signatures in the blood plasma of 152 healthy volunteers (HC) and 169 patients with different stages of breast cancer (BC). To integrate lipidomics, transcriptomics, and genomics data, we analyzed a transcriptome of 10 open database datasets obtained from tissues and blood cells of BC patients and SNP data for 33 genes related to oxylipin metabolism. We identified 18 oxylipins, metabolites of omega-3 or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, that were differentially expressed between BCvsHC patients, including anandamide, prostaglandins and hydroxydocosahexaenoic acids. DEGs analysis of tissue and blood samples from BC patients revealed that 19 genes for oxylipin biosynthesis change their expression level, with CYP2C19, PTGS2, HPGD, and FAAH included in the list of DEGs in the analysis of transcriptomes and the list of SNPs associated with BC. Results allow us to suppose that oxylipin signatures reflect the organism's level of response to the disease. Our data regarding changes in oxylipins at the system level show that oxylipin profiles can be used to evaluate the early stages of breast cancer.

NSAIDs Induce Proline Dehydrogenase/Proline Oxidase-Dependent and Independent Apoptosis in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered in cancer therapy for their inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is overexpressed in most cancers. However, we found that NSAIDs as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ)-induced apoptosis independent of the COX-2 inhibition, and the process was mediated through activation of proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX)-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This mitochondrial enzyme converts proline to ∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) during which ATP or ROS is generated. To confirm the role of PRODH/POX in the mechanism of NSAID-induced apoptosis we obtained an MCF7 CRISPR/Cas9 PRODH/POX knockout breast cancer cell model (MCF7^POK-KO). Interestingly, the studied NSAIDs (indomethacin and diclofenac) in MCF7^POK-KO cells contributed to a more pronounced pro-apoptotic phenotype of the cells than in PRODH/POX-expressing MCF7 cells. The observed effect was independent of ROS generation, but it was related to the energetic disturbances in the cells as shown by an increase in the expression of AMPKα (sensor of cell energy status), GLUD1/2 (proline producing enzyme from glutamate), prolidase (proline releasing enzyme), PPARδ (growth supporting transcription factor) and a decrease in the expression of proline cycle enzymes (PYCR1, PYCRL), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and collagen biosynthesis (the main proline utilizing process). The data provide evidence that the studied NSAIDs induce PRODH/POX-dependent and independent apoptosis in MCF7 breast cancer cells.

Current Perspective of Synthesis of Medicinally Relevant Benzothiazole Based Molecules: Potential for Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

The therapeutic potential of the majority of the marketed drugs is due to the presence of a heterocyclic nucleus, which constitutes a huge role in the field of medicinal chemistry. These heterocyclic scaffolds could act as a template in order to design potential therapeutic agents against several diseases. Benzothiazole scaffold is one of the influential heteroaromatic rings in the field of medicinal chemistry owing to its extensive pharmacological features. Herein, we have focused on the synthesis of benzothiazole based medicinal molecules, which possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. This review covers a systematic description of synthetic routes for biologically relevant benzothiazole derivatives in the last five years. The main aim of this study is to show the diversification of benzothiazole based molecules into their pharmacologically more active derivatives. This review's synthetic protocols include metal-free, metal-catalyzed, and metal precursor azo dyes strategies for the development of benzothiazole derived bioactive compounds. The discussion under the various headings covers synthetic schemes and biological activities of the most potent molecules in the form of minimum inhibitory concentration.

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as PPARγ Agonists Can Induce PRODH/POX-Dependent Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells: New Alternative Pathway in NSAID-Induced Apoptosis

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered to be therapeutics in cancer prevention because of their inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenases (COX), which are frequently overexpressed in many types of cancer. However, it was also demonstrated that NSAIDs provoked a proapoptotic effect in COX knocked-out cancer cells. Here, we suggest that this group of drugs may provoke antineoplastic activity through the activation of PPARγ, which induces proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX)-dependent apoptosis. PRODH/POX is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes proline degradation, during which ATP or reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated. We have found that NSAIDs induced PRODH/POX and PPARγ expressions (as demonstrated by Western Blot or immunofluorescence analysis) and cytotoxicity (as demonstrated by MTT, cytometric assay, and DNA biosynthesis assay) in breast cancer MCF7 cells. Simultaneously, the NSAIDs inhibited collagen biosynthesis, supporting proline for PRODH/POX-induced ROS-dependent apoptosis (as demonstrated by an increase in the expression of apoptosis markers). The data suggest that targeting proline metabolism and the PRODH/POX–PPARγ axis can be considered a novel approach for breast cancer treatment.

The hyperthermic effect of central cholecystokinin is mediated by the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway

Cholecystokinin (CCK) increases core body temperature via CCK₂ receptors when administered intracerebroventricularly (icv). The mechanisms of CCK-induced hyperthermia are unknown, and it is also unknown whether CCK contributes to the fever response to systemic inflammation. We studied the interaction between central CCK signaling and the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. Body temperature was measured in adult male Wistar rats pretreated with intraperitoneal infusion of the nonselective COX enzyme inhibitor metamizol (120 mg/kg) or a selective COX-2 inhibitor, meloxicam, or etoricoxib (10 mg/kg for both) and, 30 min later, treated with intracerebroventricular CCK (1.7 µg/kg). In separate experiments, CCK-induced neuronal activation (with and without COX inhibition) was studied in thermoregulation- and feeding-related nuclei with c-Fos immunohistochemistry. CCK increased body temperature by ∼0.4°C from 10 min postinfusion, which was attenuated by metamizol. CCK reduced the number of c-Fos-positive cells in the median preoptic area (by ∼70%) but increased it in the dorsal hypothalamic area and in the rostral raphe pallidus (by ∼50% in both); all these changes were completely blocked with metamizol. In contrast, CCK-induced satiety and neuronal activation in the ventromedial hypothalamus were not influenced by metamizol. CCK-induced hyperthermia was also completely blocked with both selective COX-2 inhibitors studied. Finally, the CCK₂ receptor antagonist YM022 (10 µg/kg icv) attenuated the late phases of fever induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (10 µg/kg; intravenously). We conclude that centrally administered CCK causes hyperthermia through changes in the activity of "classical" thermoeffector pathways and that the activation of COX-2 is required for the development of this response.NEW & NOTEWORTHY An association between central cholecystokinin signaling and the cyclooxygenase-prostaglandin E pathway has been proposed but remained poorly understood. We show that the hyperthermic response to the central administration of cholecystokinin alters the neuronal activity within efferent thermoeffector pathways and that these effects are fully blocked by the inhibition of cyclooxygenase. We also show that the activation of cyclooxygenase-2 is required for the hyperthermic effect of cholecystokinin and that cholecystokinin is a modulator of endotoxin-induced fever.

Predictive Performance of Serum S100B Versus LDH in Melanoma Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Currently, no consensus on the use of blood tests for monitoring disease recurrence in patients with resected melanoma exists. The only meta-analysis conducted in 2008 found that elevated serum S100B levels were associated with significantly worse survival in melanoma patients. Serum LDH is an established prognostic factor in patients with advanced melanoma.

Objective

To compare the discriminative and prognostic ability of serum S100B with that of serum LDH in patients with melanoma.

Methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis were reported in accordance with the PRISMA Statement. The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42019137138).

Results

A quantitative analysis of data from 6 eligible studies included 1,033 patients with cutaneous melanoma. The discriminative ability of serum S100B at identifying disease relapse [pooled Area Under the ROC (AUROC) 78.64 (95% CI 70.28; 87.01)] was significantly greater than the discriminative ability of serum LDH [AUROC 64.41 (95% CI 56.05; 7278)] (p=0.013). Ten eligible studies with 1,987 patients were included in the risk of death analysis. The prognostic performance of serum S100B [pooled estimate of adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.78 (95% CI 1.38; 2.29)] was independent but not superior to that of serum LDH [HR 1.60 (95% CI 1.36; 2.29)].

Limitations

A relatively small number of articles were eligible and there was considerable heterogeneity across the included studies.

Conclusions

Serum biomarkers may provide relevant information on melanoma patient status and should be further researched. Serum S100B is a valid marker for diagnosis of melanoma recurrence.

Systematic Review Registration

The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42019137138).