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Fiehn AMK, Engel PJH, Engel U, Jepsen DNM, Blixt T, Rasmussen J, Wildt S, Cebula W, Diac AR, Munck LK. Number of intraepithelial lymphocytes and presence of a subepithelial band in normal colonic mucosa differs according to stainings and evaluation method. J Pathol Inform 2024; 15:100374. [PMID: 38590727 PMCID: PMC10999801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpi.2024.100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic watery diarrhea is a frequent symptom. In approximately 10% of the patients, a diagnosis of microscopic colitis (MC) is established. The diagnosis relies on specific, but sometimes subtle, histopathological findings. As the histology of normal intestinal mucosa vary, discriminating subtle features of MC from normal tissue can be challenging and therefore auxiliary stainings are increasingly used. The aim of this study was to determine the variance in number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and presence of a subepithelial band in normal ileum and colonic mucosa, according to different stains and digital assessment. Sixty-one patients without diarrhea referred to screening colonoscopy due to a positive feacal blood test and presenting with endoscopically normal mucosa were included. Basic histological features, number of IELs, and thickness of a subepithelial band was manually evaluated and a deep learning-based algorithm was developed to digitally determine the number of IELs in each of the two compartments; surface epithelium and cryptal epithelium, and the density of lymphocytes in the lamina propria compartment. The number of IELs was significantly higher on CD3-stained slides compared with slides stained with Hematoxylin-and-Eosin (HE) (p<0.001), and even higher numbers were reached using digital analysis. No significant difference between right and left colon in IELs or density of CD3-positive lymphocytes in lamina propria was found. No subepithelial band was present in HE-stained slides while a thin band was visualized on special stains. Conclusively, in this cohort of prospectively collected ileum and colonic biopsies from asymptomatic patients, the range of IELs and detection of a subepithelial collagenous band varied depending on the stain and method used for assessment. As assessment of biopsies from patients with diarrhea constitute a considerable workload in the pathology departments digital image analysis is highly desired. Knowledge provided by the present study highlight important differences that should be considered before introducing this method in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Kanstrup Fiehn
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Sygehusvej 9, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ulla Engel
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Dea Natalie Munch Jepsen
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Sygehusvej 9, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Center for Surgical Science, Zealand University Hospital Køge, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600 Køge, Denmark
| | - Thomas Blixt
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Zealand University Hospital Køge, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600 Køge, Denmark
| | - Julie Rasmussen
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Zealand University Hospital Køge, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600 Køge, Denmark
| | - Signe Wildt
- GastroUnit, Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Allé 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Wojciech Cebula
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Zealand University Hospital Nykøbing Falster, Fjordvej 15, 4800 Nykøbing Falster, Denmark
| | - Andreea-Raluca Diac
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Zealand University Hospital Nykøbing Falster, Fjordvej 15, 4800 Nykøbing Falster, Denmark
| | - Lars Kristian Munck
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Zealand University Hospital Køge, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600 Køge, Denmark
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Wang Y, Li Y, Song C, Ke J, Zheng Y, Chen G, Li N. Licochalcone A promotes renewal of intestinal mucosa through modulating uc.173. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 318:117044. [PMID: 37586439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice can nourish Pi (spleen) and thereby strengthening the digestive system according to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. Licorice has been generally used in the compound prescription to treat intestinal inflammatory disease. Licochalcone A (Lico A) is one of the characteristic molecules from licorice. T-UCRs, which are transcribed from ultraconserved regions, are a new class of long noncoding RNAs related to the renewal of intestinal epithelial renewal. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the effect and the uc.173-related mechanism of Lico A on intestinal epithelial renewal. MATERIALS AND METHODS IE-6 and Caco-2 cells were used to evaluate the effect of Lico A on apoptosis, proliferation, and migration of IECs. The intestinal organoid was used to investigate ex vivo effect and mechanism of Lico A promoting intestinal organoid development. C57BL/6J mice (both normal and uc.173-deficient ones) were used to examine the in vivo effect of Lico A on the renewal of intestinal mucosa. RESULTS The expression of three T-UCRs related to the intestinal mucosa renewal was altered in Lico A-treated IECs. Lico A promoted the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of IECs through uc.173/miR-195 pathway. The development of intestinal organoids and the renewal of intestinal mucosa of mice subjected to the 48-h FAST were all promoted by the treatment of Lico A. Moreover, the growth arrest of uc.173-deficient intestinal organoids and the atrophy of intestinal mucosa in uc.173-deficient mice could be rescued by the Lico A administration. CONCLUSION Results in this paper suggest that targeting T-UCRs may be the novel therapeutic approach for the promotion of epithelial regeneration, and through stimulating the regeneration of intestinal mucosa, Lico A may become a new therapeutic agent for the maintenance of intestinal epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Yanwu Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Chunhui Song
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Junyu Ke
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yanqiu Zheng
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Zhu Q, Han Y, Wang X, Jia R, Zhang J, Liu M, Zhang W. Hypoxia exacerbates intestinal injury and inflammatory response mediated by myeloperoxidase during Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mice. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:62. [PMID: 38037141 PMCID: PMC10688069 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-altitude exposure can cause oxidative stress damage in the intestine, which leads to increased intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation, resulting in local and systemic inflammation. Control of infection is critically dependent on the host's ability to kill pathogens with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) targets ROS in pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hypoxia on the colonic mucosal barrier and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-mediated innate immune response in the colon. METHODS AND RESULTS Genetically engineered mice were exposed to a hypobaric oxygen chamber for 3 days and an inflammation model was established using Salmonella Typhimurium infection. We found that hypoxic exposure caused the development of exacerbated bacterial colitis and enhanced bacterial dissemination in MPO-deficient mice. Infection and disease severity were associated with significantly increased Ly6G+ neutrophil and F4/80+ macrophage counts in infected tissues, which is consistent with elevated proinflammatory cytokines and chemoattractant molecules. Hypoxia restrained antioxidant ability and MPO deficiency aggravated the respiratory burst in the colon. CONCLUSION Hypoxia can damage the colonic mucosa. MPO mediates the innate immune response and regulates the mucosal and systemic inflammatory responses to Salmonella infection during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfang Zhu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Ying Han
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xiaozhou Wang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Ruhan Jia
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jingxuan Zhang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Meiheng Liu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Qinghai University, Xining, China.
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Domene A, Orozco H, Rodríguez-Viso P, Monedero V, Zúñiga M, Vélez D, Devesa V. Intestinal homeostasis disruption in mice chronically exposed to arsenite-contaminated drinking water. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 373:110404. [PMID: 36791901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic [As(III) and As(V)] affects about 200 million people, and is linked to a greater incidence of certain types of cancer. Drinking water is the main route of exposure, so, in endemic areas, the intestinal mucosa is constantly exposed to the metalloid. However, studies on the intestinal toxicity of inorganic As are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of a chronic exposure to As(III) on the intestinal mucosa and its associated microbiota. For this purpose, BALB/c mice were exposed during 6 months through drinking water to As(III) (15 and 30 mg/L). Treatment with As(III) increased reactive oxygen species (43-64%) and lipid peroxidation (8-51%). A pro-inflammatory response was also observed, evidenced by an increase in fecal lactoferrin (23-29%) and mucosal neutrophil infiltration. As(III) also induced an increase in the colonic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (24-201%) and the activation of some pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. Reductions in the number of goblet cells and mucus production were also observed. Moreover, As(III) exposure resulted in changes in gut microbial alpha diversity but no differences in beta diversity. This suggested that the abundance of some taxa was significantly affected by As(III), although the composition of the population did not show significant alterations. Analysis of differential taxa agreed with this, 21 ASVs were affected in abundance or variability, especially ASVs from the family Muribaculaceae. Intestinal microbiota metabolism was also affected, as reductions in fecal concentration of short-chain fatty acids were observed. The effects observed on different components of the intestinal barrier may be responsible of the increased permeability in As(III) treated mice, evidenced by an increase in fecal albumin (48-66%). Moreover, serum levels of Lipopolysaccharide binding proteins and TNF-α were increased in animals treated with 30 mg/L of As(III), suggesting a low-level systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Domene
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - H Orozco
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - P Rodríguez-Viso
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - V Monedero
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - M Zúñiga
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - D Vélez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - V Devesa
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Calle Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Spain.
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Shi J, Wang Y, Chen D, Xu X, Li W, Li K, He J, Su W, Luo Q. The alteration of intestinal mucosal α-synuclein expression and mucosal microbiota in Parkinson's disease. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1917-29. [PMID: 36795141 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease but still lacks a preclinical strategy to identify it. The diagnostic value of intestinal mucosal α-synuclein (αSyn) in PD has not drawn a uniform conclusion. The relationship between the alteration of intestinal mucosal αSyn expression and mucosal microbiota is unclear. Nineteen PD patients and twenty-two healthy controls were enrolled in our study from whom were collected, using gastrointestinal endoscopes, duodenal and sigmoid mucosal samples for biopsy. Multiplex immunohistochemistry was performed to detect total, phosphorylate, and oligomer α-synuclein. Next-generation 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was applied for taxonomic analysis. The results implied that oligomer α-synuclein (OSyn) in sigmoid mucosa of PD patients was transferred from the intestinal epithelial cell membrane to the cytoplasm, acinar lumen, and stroma. Its distribution feature was significantly different between the two groups, especially the ratio of OSyn/αSyn. The microbiota composition in mucosa also differed. The relative abundances of Kiloniellales, Flavobacteriaceae, and CAG56 were lower, while those of Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Burkholderiales, Burkholdriaceae, Oxalobacteraceae, Ralstonia, Massilla, and Lactoccus were higher in duodenal mucosa of PD patients. The relative abundances of Thermoactinomycetales and Thermoactinomycetaceae were lower, while those of Prevotellaceae and Bifidobacterium longum were higher in patients' sigmoid mucosa. Further, the OSyn/αSyn level was positively correlated with the relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonadales, Burkholderiaceae, and Ralstonia in the duodenal mucosa, while it was negatively correlated with the Chao1 index and observed operational taxonomic units of microbiota in sigmoid mucosa. The intestinal mucosal microbiota composition of PD patients altered with the relative abundances of proinflammatory bacteria in the duodenal mucosa increased. The ratio of the OSyn/αSyn level in the sigmoid mucosa indicated a potential diagnostic value for PD, which also correlated with mucosal microbiota diversity and composition. KEY POINTS: • The distribution of OSyn in sigmoid mucosa differed between PD patients and healthy controls. • Significant alterations in the microbiome were found in PD patients' gut mucosa. • OSyn/αSyn level in sigmoid mucosa indicated a potential diagnostic value for PD.
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Rodríguez-Viso P, Domene A, Vélez D, Devesa V, Zúñiga M, Monedero V. Lactic acid bacteria strains reduce in vitro mercury toxicity on the intestinal mucosa. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113631. [PMID: 36690269 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A bicameral model consisting of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX intestinal epithelial cells and THP-1-derived macrophages has been used to test the ability of two strains of Lactobacillus to protect from damage caused by mercury. Exposure to 1 mg/ml mercury [Hg(II) or methyl-Hg] for seven days in this model resulted in an inflammatory and pro-oxidant response mainly driven by macrophages. This led to an impairment in the intestinal barrier, defective tight-junctions, increased permeability and mucus hypersecretion. In addition, the wound-healing capacity of the epithelial monolayer was also diminished. However, the presence of heat-killed Lactobacillus intestinalis or Lactobacillus johnsonii cells during Hg exposure reverted these effects, and most of the parameters recovered values similar to control cells. Both lactobacilli showed the capacity to bind Hg(II) and methyl-Hg under the cell culture conditions. This points to Hg sequestration as a likely mechanism that counteracted Hg toxicity. However, differences in the Hg binding capacity and in the effects between both strains suggest that other probiotic-mediated mechanisms may play a role in the alleviation of the damage elicited by Hg. These results show the potential of the bicameral intestinal epithelial model for screening of effective strains for their use in later in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rodríguez-Viso
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Adrián Domene
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Dinoraz Vélez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vicenta Devesa
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Zúñiga
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vicente Monedero
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Zhao L, Huang J, Wu S, Li Y, Pan Y. Integrative analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression associated with the immune response in the intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 131:54-66. [PMID: 36174908 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), an economically important cold-water fish cultured worldwide, suffers from infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) infection, resulting in huge financial losses. In order to understand the immune response of rainbow trout during virus infection, we explored trout intestine transcriptome profiles following IHNV challenge, and identified 3355 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 80 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs). Transcriptome analysis revealed numerous DEGs involved in immune responses, such as toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8), tripartite motif-containing 25 (TRIM25), DExH-Box helicase 58 (DHX58), interferon-induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3/7), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and heat shock protein 90-alpha 1 (HSP90A1). Integrated analysis identified five key miRNAs (miR-19-y, miR-181-z, miR-203-y, miR-143-z and miR-206-y) targeting at least two important immune genes (TRIM25, DHX58, STAT1, TLR7/8 and HSP90A1). Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses showed that DEGs and target genes were significantly enriched in various immune-related terms including immune system process, binding, cell part and pathways of Toll-like receptor signalling, RIG-I-like receptor signalling, NOD-like receptor signalling, JAK-STAT signalling, PI3K-Akt signalling, NF-kappa B signalling, IL-17 signalling and AGE-RAGE signalling. In addition, protein-protein interaction networks (PPI) was used to display highly interactive DEG networks involving eight immune-related pathways. The expression trends of 12 DEGs and 10 DEMs were further verified by quantitative real-time PCR, which confirmed the reliability of the transcriptome sequencing results. This study expands our understanding of the immune response of rainbow trout infected with IHNV, and provides valuable resources for future studies on the immune molecular mechanism and disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jinqiang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Shenji Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yongjuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yucai Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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Jin Y, Gao XY, Zhao J, Tian WS, Zhang YL, Tian EJ, Zhou BH, Wang HW. Estrogen deficiency aggravates fluoride-induced small intestinal mucosa damage and junctional complexes proteins expression disorder in rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 246:114181. [PMID: 36252517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of estrogen deficiency on the small intestinal mucosal barrier induced by fluoride (F), F exposure models of ovariectomy (OVX) rats (surgically removed ovaries) and non-OVX rats (normal condition) were established by adding sodium fluoride (NaF) (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L, calculated by F ion) in drinking water for 90 days. The intestinal mucosal histomorphology, mucosal barrier function, and protein expression levels of tight junctions (TJs), adhesion junctions (AJs), and desmosomes were evaluated in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and 5-Bromo-2-deoxyUridine (BrdU) measurement showed that excessive F-induced damage to intestinal epithelial cells and inhibited the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells, eventually decreasing the number of goblet cells and decreasing glycoprotein secretion, as indicated by Alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Further immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that excessive F decreased the protein expression levels of occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), E-cadherin, and desmoplakin (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) and enhanced the expression of claudin-2 (P < 0.01), suggesting that cell-to-cell junctions were disrupted. Collectively, F exposure impaired the small intestinal mucosal barrier by inducing damage to intestinal epithelial cells and inhibiting intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. Disorders in the junctional complex protein expression blocked the synergy between intercellular communication and aggravated mucosal injury. In particular, estrogen deficiency exacerbated F-induced enterotoxicity, which provides new explanations for the development and severity of intestinal disease in postmenopausal women with high-F areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Ying Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Shun Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Er-Jie Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bian-Hua Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou K, Peng M, Deng N, Tan Z, Xiao N. Lactase bacteria in intestinal mucosa are associated with diarrhea caused by high-fat and high-protein diet. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:226. [PMID: 36171559 PMCID: PMC9516839 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive fat and protein in food can cause diarrhea by disturbing the intestinal microecology. Lactase is a functional enzyme strongly associated with diarrhea, while lactase bacteria in the intestine are an important source of microbial lactase. Therefore, we reconnoiter the relationship between diarrhea induced by a high-fat and high-protein diet (HFHPD) and intestinal mucosal lactase bacteria from the perspective of functional genes. Result Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were 23 and 31 in the normal group (NM) and model group (MD), respectively, and 11 of these were identical. The Chao1 and Observed specie indexes in the MD were higher than those in the NM, but this was not significant (P > 0.05). Meanwhile, the Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and Adonis test showed that the community structures of lactase bacteria in NM and MD were significantly different (P < 0.05). In taxonomic composition, lactase bacteria on the intestinal mucosa were sourced from Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Where Actinobacteria were higher in NM, and Proteobacteria were higher in MD. At the genus level, Bifidobacterium was the dominant genus (over 90% of the total). Compared to NM, the abundance of Bifidobacterium were lower in MD, while MD added sources for lactase bacteria of Rhizobium, Amycolatopsis, and Cedecea. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that HFHPD altered the community structure of lactase bacteria in the intestinal mucosa, decreased the abundance of the critical lactase bacteria, and promoted the occurrence of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Maijiao Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Deng
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhoujin Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.,College of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nenqun Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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10
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Okada S, Miyazono A, Inaba Y, Eura R, Itesako T, Kawano Y, Okamoto Y. Efficacy of vesicostomy for refractory metabolic acidosis in persistent cloaca. CEN Case Rep 2022; 11:363-365. [PMID: 35099756 DOI: 10.1007/s13730-022-00686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent cloaca involves fusion of the bladder, vagina, and rectum into a single duct called the common duct. Although its pathogenesis remains unclear, it has been associated with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Herein, we present the case of a neonatal girl with high-confluence type variant of persistent cloaca treated with vesicostomy (Blocksom) for refractory metabolic acidosis. She was diagnosed with persistent cloaca before birth; colostomy was performed and a urinary catheter was placed in the bladder. Voiding cystourethrography on day 19 after birth showed that most of the contrast material leaked into the rectum; hence, the urinary catheter was removed. On day 27, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis was detected and treatment with oral sodium bicarbonate was initiated; however, the infant showed no response. Because hyperchloremia occurred after removal of the urinary catheter, continuous urine retention in the colon through the common duct was believed to have caused the progression of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis through transporters in the intestinal mucosa. As reinstallation of a urinary catheter was technically difficult, vesicostomy was performed on day 29, after which the metabolic acidosis improved. This report suggests vesicostomy as an effective treatment for refractory hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis associated with high-confluence type persistent cloaca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Hospital, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 8908520, Japan
| | - Akinori Miyazono
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Hospital, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 8908520, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Inaba
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Hospital, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 8908520, Japan
| | - Rumiko Eura
- Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Itesako
- Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Kawano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Hospital, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 8908520, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Hospital, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 8908520, Japan
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11
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Chen G, Kang W, Li W, Chen S, Gao Y. Oral delivery of protein and peptide drugs: from non-specific formulation approaches to intestinal cell targeting strategies. Theranostics 2022; 12:1419-1439. [PMID: 35154498 PMCID: PMC8771547 DOI: 10.7150/thno.61747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The past few years has witnessed a booming market of protein and peptide drugs, owing to their superior efficiency and biocompatibility. Parenteral route is the most commonly employed method for protein and peptide drugs administration. However, short plasma half-life protein and peptide drugs requires repetitive injections and results in poor patient compliance. Oral delivery is a promising alternative but hindered by harsh gastrointestinal environment and defensive intestinal epithelial barriers. Therefore, designing suitable oral delivery systems for peptide and protein drugs has been a persistent challenge. This review summarizes the main challenges for oral protein and peptide drugs delivery and highlights the advanced formulation strategies to improve their oral bioavailability. More importantly, major intestinal cell types and available targeting receptors are introduced along with the potential strategies to target these cell types. We also described the multifunctional biomaterials which can be used to prepare oral carrier systems as well as to modulate the mucosal immune response. Understanding the emerging delivery strategies and challenges for protein and peptide drugs will surely inspire the production of promising oral delivery systems that serves therapeutic needs in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weirong Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wanqiong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaomeng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Su G, Luo Y, Chen D, Yu B, He J. NF-κB-dependent induction of porcine β-defensin 114 regulates intestinal epithelium homeostasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:241-249. [PMID: 34619281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) offer a primary physical barrier against commensal and pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestine. However, the influence of IECs on the development and regulation of mucosal immunity to infection is unknown. Here, we show that the porcine β-defensin 114 (PBD114) is an endotoxin-responsive gene expressed in IECs. Analysis on expression profiling of PBD114 gene using an infected porcine model and IPEC-J2 cells unveiled a pattern of induction in response to stimulation of various toll-like receptors (TLRs). By means of promoter analysis, PBD114 was found to be a NF-κB-dependent gene. Importantly, PBD114 suppresses endotoxin-induced inflammation and apoptosis in IECs through downregulation of two critical inflammation-associated signaling proteins, NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (IkB-α) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2). PBD114 also suppresses inflammation and IEC apoptosis in mice exposed to bacterial endotoxins. Thus, we propose that TLR-activated NF-kB rapidly increases the expression of PBD114 that operates a feedback control of the NF-kB-dependent inflammation. The NF-kB-dependent induction of PBD114 may be a key event through which the mammalian host maintains intestinal epithelium homeostasis in response to various infections or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Su
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
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13
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Patterson KM, Vajdic TG, Martinez GJ, Feller AG, Reynolds JM. IL-17 and IL-17C Signaling Protects the Intestinal Epithelium against Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate Exposure in an Acute Model of Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e35. [PMID: 34796039 PMCID: PMC8568910 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses (GWI) encompasses a broad range of unexplained symptomology specific to Veterans of the Persian Gulf War. Gastrointestinal (GI) distress is prominent in veterans with GWI and often presents as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Neurotoxins, including organophosphorus pesticides and sarin gas, are believed to have contributed to the development of GWI, at least in a subset of Veterans. However, the effects of such agents have not been extensively studied for their potential impact to GI disorders and immunological stability. Here we utilized an established murine model of GWI to investigate deleterious effects of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) exposure on the mucosal epithelium in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, acute DFP exposure negatively impacts the mucosal epithelium by reducing tight junction proteins and antimicrobial peptides as well as altering intestinal microbiome composition. Furthermore, DFP treatment reduced the expression of IL-17 in the colonic epithelium. Conversely, both IL-17 and IL-17C treatment could combat the negative effects of DFP and other cholinesterase inhibitors in murine intestinal organoid cells. Our findings demonstrate that acute exposure to DFP can result in rapid deterioration of mechanisms protecting the GI tract from disease. These results are relevant to suspected GWI exposures and could help explain the propensity for GI disorders in GWI Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Patterson
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Tyler G. Vajdic
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Gustavo J. Martinez
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Axel G. Feller
- Gastroenterology Section, Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Joseph M. Reynolds
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Gastroenterology Section, Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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14
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Yin J, Sun W, Yu X, Xiao X, Li B, Tong Z, Ke L, Mao W, Li W. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus TR08 alleviated intestinal injury and modulated microbiota dysbiosis in septic mice. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:249. [PMID: 34536996 PMCID: PMC8449483 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Probiotics are widely used in intestinal microbiota imbalance caused by sepsis, however, the protective mechanism is still unclear. This study aimed to explore protective effect of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus TR08 on intestinal injury in septic mice. Results The levels of serum inflammatory factors were reduced significantly in septic mice treated with L. rhamnosus TR08. The levels of sIgA in terminal ileum were significantly higher in probiotic treatment group than sepsis group. Intestinal pathological damage in septic mice improved and the expression of tight junction proteins increased after probiotic treatment. Sequencing of fecal microbiota showed that the abundance and diversity of probiotic treatment group were significantly better than those of sepsis group, and beneficial bacteria increased while some bacteria decreased in the phylum level. Conclusion L. rhamnosus TR08 could improve the integrity of intestinal barrier, enhance the intestinal mucosal immunity in septic mice, and rebalance the intestinal microecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Yin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 225001, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jurong Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xianqiang Yu
- Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojia Xiao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baiqiang Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihui Tong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Ke
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjian Mao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 225001, China.
| | - Weiqin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 225001, China. .,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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15
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Bai J, Bai J, Yang M. Interleukin-22 Attenuates Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Intestinal Mucosa Injury in Mice via STAT3 Activation. Gut Liver 2021; 15:771-781. [PMID: 33495423 PMCID: PMC8444107 DOI: 10.5009/gnl20210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is an important cytokine maintaining homeostasis at barrier surfaces. In this study, the role of IL-22 in acute pancreatitis-associated intestinal injury was further explored. Methods Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) was induced by administration of L-arginine in Balb/c mice at different time gradients. Histopathological examinations were made in both the pancreas and small intestine. Furthermore, recombinant murine IL-22 (rIL-22) was administrated to L-arginine-induced SAP mice by intraperitoneal injection. The mRNA levels of IL-22R1, Reg-IIIβ, Reg-IIIγ, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL were detected in the small intestine by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels of total and phosphorylated STAT3 were assessed via Western blot. Results Compared with normal control group, 72 hours of L-arginine exposure induced the most characteristic histopathological changes of SAP, evidenced by pathological changes and serum amylase levels. Meanwhile, significant pancreatitis-associated intestinal mucosa injury was also observed. The gene expression levels of antimicrobial proteins Reg-IIIβ, Reg-IIIγ and anti-apoptosis proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL were downregulated in small intestine. Furthermore, Larginine- induced SAP was attenuated by rIL-22 treatment. Importantly, pancreatitis-associated intestinal mucosa injury was also ameliorated, reflected by improved pathological changes and significant increase in gene expression levels of Reg-IIIβ, Reg-IIIγ, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Consistently, serum amylase levels and mortality were decreased in mice treated with rIL-22. Mechanistically, the upregulated expressions of these protective genes were achieved by activating STAT3. Conclusions Exogenous rIL-22 attenuates L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis and intestinal mucosa injury in mice, via activating STAT3 signaling pathway and enhancing the expression of antimicrobial peptides and antiapoptotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Bai
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyun Bai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Dayi Primary Education Group, Shanghai, China
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16
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Pan HX, Zhang CS, Lin CH, Chen MM, Zhang XZ, Yu N. Mucin 1 and interleukin-11 protein expression and inflammatory reactions in the intestinal mucosa of necrotizing enterocolitis children after surgery. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:7372-7380. [PMID: 34616804 PMCID: PMC8464442 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i25.7372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) of the newborn is a frequently occurring clinical disease in infants. The mortality rate of NEC in premature infants is as high as 50%, and the morbidity rate is on the rise. NEC has already caused serious impacts on newborn survival and poses serious threats to both children and families.
AIM To investigate the expression and significance of mucin 1 (MUC1) and interleukin-11 (IL-11) in the intestinal mucosa of infants with neonatal NEC after surgery.
METHODS Forty-eight postoperative intestinal mucosal specimens from children with NEC (NEC group) and twenty-two intestinal mucosal specimens from children with congenital intestinal atresia (control group) were collected in our hospital. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis were used to examine the protein expression of MUC-1 and IL-11 in the two groups. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1β in the two groups were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the relationship between MUC-1 and IL-11 protein expression and serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels was analyzed by the linear correlation method.
RESULTS The protein expression of MUC-1 and IL-11 in the NEC group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The levels of serum TNF-α and IL-1β in the NEC group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The protein expression of MUC-1 and IL-11 in the NEC group negatively correlated with serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels (P < 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between the protein expression of MUC-1 and IL-11 and the levels of serum TNF-α and IL-1β in the NEC group.
CONCLUSION The protein expression of MUC1 and IL-11 in the intestinal mucosa of children with NEC is significantly downregulated after surgery. This downregulation may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease and has a certain correlation with inflammatory response factors in children with NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Suzhou BenQ Medical Center, Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chang-Song Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215153, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chia-Hui Lin
- General Manager's Office, Suzhou Gallant Biotech Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min-Min Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Suzhou BenQ Medical Center, Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, National High Tech Development Zone Hospital, Suzhou 215129, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nong Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National High Tech Development Zone Hospital, Suzhou 215129, Jiangsu Province, China
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17
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He Y, Liu X, Dong Y, Lei J, Ito K, Zhang B. Enterococcus faecium PNC01 isolated from the intestinal mucosa of chicken as an alternative for antibiotics to reduce feed conversion rate in broiler chickens. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:122. [PMID: 34182992 PMCID: PMC8240220 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development and utilization of probiotics had many environmental benefits for replacing antibiotics in animal production. Bacteria in the intestinal mucosa have better adhesion to the host intestinal epithelial cells compared to bacteria in the intestinal contents. In this study, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the intestinal mucosa of broiler chickens and investigated as the substitution to antibiotic in broiler production. Results In addition to acid resistance, high temperature resistance, antimicrobial sensitivity tests, and intestinal epithelial cell adhesion, Enterococcus faecium PNC01 (E. faecium PNC01) was showed to be non-cytotoxic to epithelial cells. Draft genome sequence of E. faecium PNC01 predicted that it synthesized bacteriocin to perform probiotic functions and bacteriocin activity assay showed it inhibited Salmonella typhimurium from invading intestinal epithelial cells. Diet supplemented with E. faecium PNC01 increased the ileal villus height and crypt depth in broiler chickens, reduced the relative length of the cecum at day 21, and reduced the relative length of jejunum and ileum at day 42. Diet supplemented with E. faecium PNC01 increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus, decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroides in the cecal microbiota. Conclusion E. faecium PNC01 replaced antibiotics to reduce the feed conversion rate. Furthermore, E. faecium PNC01 improved intestinal morphology and altered the composition of microbiota in the cecum to reduce feed conversion rate. Thus, it can be used as an alternative for antibiotics in broiler production to avoid the adverse impact of antibiotics by altering the gut microbiota. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01609-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuanyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Food and Physiological Models, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3145 Ago, Kasama, Ibaraki, 319-0206, Japan
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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18
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Abstract
Lactase is one of the most important functional enzymes in the intestine, and it is closely related to diarrhea. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has unique advantages in the treatment of diarrhea, but its curative effect mechanism on diarrhea is still unclear. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between diarrhea caused by different factors and intestinal lactase activity, and the relationship between diarrhea treatment by TCM and intestinal lactase activity. The activity of lactase in the intestinal tract can be increased by TCM, because TCM is helpful to repair the intestinal mucosa and regulate intestinal microbiota. TCM may improve the activity of intestinal lactase by regulating bacterial gene expression of lactase, and its specific mechanism is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhou-Jin Tan
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
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19
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Bao X, Wu J. Impact of food-derived bioactive peptides on gut function and health. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110485. [PMID: 34399481 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the largest interface between our body and the environment. It is an organ system extending from the mouth to the anus and functions for food intake, digestion, transport and absorption of nutrients, meanwhile providing protection from environmental factors, like toxins, antigens, and pathogens. Diet is one of the leading factors modulating the function of the GIT. Bioactive peptides presenting naturally in food or derived from food proteins during digestion or processing have been revealed multifunctional in diverse biological processes, including maintaining gut health and function. This review summarizes the available evidence regarding the effects of food-derived bioactive peptides on gut function and health. Findings and insights from studies based on in vitro and animal models are discussed. The gastrointestinal mucosa maintains a delicate balance between immune tolerance to nutrients and harmful components, which is crucial for the digestive system's normal functions. Dietary bioactive peptides positively impact gastrointestinal homeostasis by modulating the barrier function, immune responses, and gut microbiota. However, there is limited clinical evidence on the safety and efficacy of bioactive peptides, much less on the applications of dietary peptides for the treatment or prevention of diseases related to the GIT. Further study is warranted to establish the applications of bioactive peptides in regulating gut health and function.
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20
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Smaldini PL, Trejo FM, Rizzo GP, Comerci DJ, Kampinga J, Docena GH. Mucosal Immunoregulatory Properties of Tsukamurella inchonensis to Reverse Experimental Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641597. [PMID: 33995359 PMCID: PMC8120237 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is lined by epithelial cells, which are key cells to sustain gut homeostasis. Food allergy is an immune-mediated adverse reaction to food, likely due to defective regulatory circuits. Tsukamurella inchonensis is a non-pathogenic bacterium with immunomodulatory properties. We hypothesize that the anti-inflammatory effect of dead T. inchonensis on activated epithelial cells modulates milk allergy through the restoration of tolerance in a mouse model. Epithelial cells (Caco-2 and enterocytes from mouse gut) and macrophages were stimulated with T. inchonensis and induction of luciferase under the NF-κB promoter, ROS and cytokines production were studied. Balb/c mice were mucosally sensitized with cow´s milk proteins plus cholera toxin and orally challenged with the allergen to evidence hypersensitivity symptoms. After that, mice were orally administered with heat-killed T. inchonensis as treatment and then challenged with the allergen. The therapeutic efficacy was in vivo (clinical score and cutaneous test) and in vitro (serum specific antibodies and cytokines-ELISA, and cell analysis-flow cytometry) evaluated. Heat-killed T. inchonensis modulated the induction of pro-inflammatory chemokines, with an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines by intestinal epithelial cells and by macrophages with decreased OX40L expression. In vivo, oral administration of T. inchonensis increased the frequency of lamina propria CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells, and clinical signs were lower in T. inchonensis-treated mice compared with milk-sensitized animals. In vivo depletion of Tregs (anti-CD25) abrogated T. inchonensis immunomodulation. In conclusion, these bacteria suppressed the intestinal inflammatory immune response to reverse food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola L Smaldini
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), UNLP, CONICET, asociado a CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Fernando M Trejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), UNLP, CONICET, asociado a CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gastón P Rizzo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), UNLP, CONICET, asociado a CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Diego J Comerci
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde (IIB-INTECH), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Guillermo H Docena
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), UNLP, CONICET, asociado a CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, La Plata, Argentina
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Pang XX, Ansari AR, Yang WJ, Niu XY, Dong L, Li HZ, Xu FL, Zhang ZW, Xiao K, Hui S. Visfatin Regulates Inflammatory Mediators in Mouse Intestinal Mucosa Through Toll-Like Receptors Signaling Under Lipopolysaccharide Stress. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2021; 69:11. [PMID: 33856572 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Visfatin is a multifunctional protein involved in inflammatory immune stress. The aim of current study was to explore the role of visfatin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal mucosal inflammation and to confirm its cellular effect in inflammatory immune response through silencing of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We divided Kunming mice into three groups: Saline group, LPS group, and LPS + visfatin group and performed hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and RNA-seq analysis. Pretreatment of visfatin improves LPS-stimulated reduction of tight junction protein 1 (ZO-1) and secretory immunoglobulin A, inhibits overexpression of Claudin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor, and reduces intestinal mucosal damage and inflammation. RNA-seq analysis of cellular transcriptomes indicated that visfatin is involved in down-regulation of mRNA level of TLR4 as well as attenuation of protein levels of TLR8 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2, revealing that visfatin could reduce intestinal mucosal inflammation through TLR signaling pathway in mice ileum. In RAW264.7 cells, the genes silencing of Toll/IL-1R family, such as TLR4, TLR2, and IL-1R1, was accompanied by decreased expressions of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1) along with lower cellular visfatin levels. Hence, visfatin maintains the intestinal mucosal barrier structure and attenuates the intestinal mucosal inflammation through the TLR signaling pathway. Likewise, the Toll/IL-1R family regulates the release of visfatin, which can participate in the inflammatory reaction through the regulation of inflammatory factors.
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22
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Li X, Zhang C, Hui H, Tan Z. Effect of Gegenqinlian decoction on intestinal mucosal flora in mice with diarrhea induced by high temperature and humidity treatment. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:83. [PMID: 33505838 PMCID: PMC7815854 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the regulation effects of the active ingredients in Gegenqinlian Decoction (GD) on the intestinal mucosal flora of mice with diarrhea induced by high temperature and humidity based on systems pharmacology approach. Fifteen mice were randomly assigned to three equal groups of five mice, namely control (ctcm) group, model (ctmm) group and treatment (cttm) group. Mice in the cttm group were given 20 mL/kg of GD and sterile water was used as a placebo control twice a day for four consecutive days. We used the third-generation molecular high-throughput sequencing technology to measure the intestinal mucosal flora changes in mice. Combined with network pharmacology to predict the medicinal substances and action targets of GD against diarrhea. Results showed that Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) number and Alpha diversity in the intestinal mucosal flora of cttm group recovered and higher than that of the ctcm group. There were differences in the community structure between the ctmm and cttm groups in the Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA). The relative abundance results indicated dominant bacteria species (such as Lactobacillus crispatus, Muribaculum intestinal, Neisseria mucosa) in the intestinal mucosa of the three groups. Moreover, we screened out 146 active ingredients in GD corresponding to 252 component targets, and 328 disease targets in diarrhea to obtain 31 drug-disease common targets. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks mainly involved the core proteins such as Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6). Enrichment analyses showed that GD played a role in the treatment of diarrhea by regulating the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and adipocytokine signaling pathways and so on. In brief, the active ingredients of GD could intervene from oxidative stress and inflammatory response through multiple targets and multiple channels to adjust the balance of intestinal mucosa flora, thereby playing a role in the treatment of diarrhea. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02628-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Li
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road 300, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan Province China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road 300, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan Province China
| | - Huaying Hui
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road 300, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan Province China
| | - Zhoujin Tan
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road 300, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan Province China
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23
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Sakai R, Ooba Y, Watanabe A, Nakamura H, Kawamata Y, Shimada T, Takumi A, van Goudoever JB, Narita T. Glutamate metabolism in a human intestinal epithelial cell layer model. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1505-1519. [PMID: 33180203 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasma glutamate concentrations are constant despite dynamic changes in diets. Most likely, virtually all the dietary glutamate is metabolized in the gut. The present study investigated permeability and metabolism of dietary glutamate in a Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell layer model by tracing the fate of [U-13C] or [15N]glutamate added to the apical medium. For comparison, several other labelled essential and non-essential amino acids were tested as well. Almost all the labelled glutamate in the apical medium (98% and 96% at 24 h of the culture, respectively) was incorporated in the cell layer, while it barely appeared at the basolateral side, indicating an almost complete utilization of glutamate. Indeed, the 13C was incorporated into alanine, proline, ornithine, and glutamine, and the 15N was incorporated into alanine, glutamine, ornithine, proline, branched chain amino acids and also found as ammonia indicative of oxidation. In contrast, substantial apical-to-basolateral transport of amino acids (8-85% of uptake) other than glutamate and aspartate was evident in studies using amino acid tracers labelled with 13C, 15N or D. These results suggest that the intestinal epithelial cell monolayer utilizes dietary glutamate which adds to maintaining glutamate homeostasis in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosei Sakai
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Yuri Ooba
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Nakamura
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kawamata
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shimada
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Asuka Takumi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Johannes B van Goudoever
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Takahiro Narita
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc, 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
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Chen X, Li GX, Fang JH, Xu SN, Gao YF, Sun YT. Fucosylation in the intestinal mucosa and inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:920-924. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i18.920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an unexplained, abnormal immune mediated chronic and recurrent inflammatory disorder of the intestine. Fucosylation in the intestinal mucosal is the process of transferring fucose to intestinal mucosal protein side chains under the control of fucosyltransferases to form fucosyl bonds. The mechanism of fucosylation in the intestinal mucosa in IBD has not been fully proved. In this paper, we will review the progress in understanding the relationship between fucosylation in the intestinal mucosa and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310011, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guo-Xiong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310011, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Heng Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310011, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Si-Nan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310011, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu-Fei Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310011, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Tian Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310011, Zhejiang Province, China
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Sun L, Yang K, Zhang L, Qi LM, Chen JM, Li P, Xiao J, Zhao HX, Wang P. Programmed death-1 expression and regulatory T cells increase in the Intestinal mucosa of cytomegalovirus colitis in patients with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Res Ther 2020; 17:54. [PMID: 32891157 PMCID: PMC7487894 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-020-00315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is among the most common opportunistic infections identified in patients with HIV/AIDS. CMV often targets the colon in such patients. However, the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Programmed death-1 (PD-1) in intestinal CMV infection is unclear. In this study, we evaluate the expression of programmed death -1 (PD-1) and its association with regulatory T cells (Tregs) in patients with HIV/AIDS having CMV colitis. METHODS CMV was detected in the intestinal mucosal biopsy samples via nucleic acid in situ hybridization. PD-1, CD4, CD8, and Treg-specific marker as well as the winged-helix transcription factor and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) were detected by immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS Intestinal CMV diease was identified in 20 out of 195 patients with HIV/AIDS enrolled in our study. CMV was diagnosed microscopically by the presence of giant cell inclusion bodies in epithelial cells, histiocytes, and fibroblasts. Levels of immunoreactive PD-1 detected in mucosal biopsies from patients with HIV/AIDS having CMV colitis were significantly higher than CMV-negative control group (p = 0.023). FoxP3+ cells were detected in the CMV colitis group slight more than that in the control group. CD4+ T lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood and intestinal mucosal biopsies from CMV colitis group were all notably decreased compared with those with control group (p < 0.001 for both). PD-1 had a significant negative correlation with CD4 counts in intestinal mucosa (p = 0.016). CD8+T lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood and intestinal mucosa were slightly lower than those in the control group, although the differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS CMV colitis with HIV/AIDS is associated with significant changes in T lymphocyte populations. These findings may have important implications for disease pathogenesis and progression.
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Shao H, Zhang C, Wang C, Tan Z. Intestinal mucosal bacterial diversity of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) mice treated with Debaryomyces hansenii and Qiweibaizhu powder. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:392. [PMID: 32832342 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the combined effect of Debaryomyces hansenii and Qiweibaizhu powder (QWBZP) on the bacterial diversity of the intestinal mucosa of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) mice, for the potential treatment of diarrhea, especially which is induced by administration of antibiotics. Eighteen (18) mice were randomly assigned to three equal groups of six mice, namely Normal (mn group), Placebo control (mm group) and D. hansenii and QWBZP (DQ) treatment (mdq group). Mice were gavaged with a solution (23.33 mL·kg-1·day-1) consisting of gentamicin and cefradine to establish AAD. The DQ treatment group was gavaged with DQ for 4 days, and sterile water was used as a placebo control. The metagenome DNA of the intestinal mucosal microbiota was extracted, and the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced. Analysis showed that there were 288 OTUs for the normal group, 443 for the placebo control group, and 229 for the DQ treatment group. Phylogenetically, the gut microbiota of the DQ treatment group and the normal group were closer to each other than to the placebo control group. Both the DQ and placebo-treated groups included Stenotrophomonas, Robinsoniella, Bacteroidales S24-7 group norank, Citrobacter, and Glutamicibacter, but their abundances were significantly higher in the DQ treatment group than in the placebo control group. This suggested that the combined use of D. hansenii and QWBZP overcame the influence of dysbacteriosis and could lead to the recovery of intestinal mucosal microbiota homeostasis. This positive effect is likely related to short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, such as members of Micrococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Bacteroidales S24-7 group, which could play beneficial roles in protecting the mucosal barrier and stimulating the immune response in mice.
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Andrews O, Bett C, Shu Q, Kaelber N, Asher DM, Keire D, Gregori L. Processing bovine intestinal mucosa to active heparin removes spiked BSE agent. Biologicals 2020; 67:56-61. [PMID: 32773163 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin is an anticoagulant sourced from animal tissues. In the 1990s, bovine-sourced heparin was withdrawn from the U.S. market due to a theoretical concern that the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent might contaminate crude heparin and spread to humans as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Only porcine intestinal heparin is now marketed in the U.S. FDA has encouraged the reintroduction of bovine heparin. We applied a scaled-down laboratory model process to produce heparin as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) starting from bovine intestinal mucosa. The process consisted of two phases. To model the first phase, we applied enzymatic proteolysis, anionic resin separation and methanol precipitation of crude heparin. Bovine intestinal mucosa was spiked with BSE or scrapie agents. We assayed BSE- or scrapie-associated prion protein (PrPTSE) using the Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) assay at each step. The process reduced PrPTSE by 4 log10 and 6 log10 from BSE-spiked and scrapie-spiked mucosa, respectively. To model the entire process, we spiked mucosa with scrapie agent and produced heparin API, reducing PrPTSE by 6.7 log10. The purification processes removed large amounts of PrPTSE from the final products. Heparin purification together with careful sourcing of raw materials should allow safely reintroducing bovine heparin in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omozusi Andrews
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Cyrus Bett
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Qin Shu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Saint Louis, MO, 63101, USA
| | - Nadine Kaelber
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - David M Asher
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - David Keire
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Saint Louis, MO, 63101, USA
| | - Luisa Gregori
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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28
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Zhang C, Shao H, Peng X, Liu T, Tan Z. Microbiotal characteristics colonized in intestinal mucosa of mice with diarrhoea and repeated stress. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:372. [PMID: 32832332 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the role of intestinal mucosal microbiota on mental stress-related diarrhoea, we collected the intestinal mucosa of mice treated with Folium senna extract gavage combined with restraint and tail pinch stress for 7 days; and intestinal mucosal microbiota characteristics were analyzed by 16S rRNA Pacbio SMRT gene full-length sequencing. The results showed that the diversity (i.e., alpha diversity including the Chao1, Simpson, ACE, and Shannon indices and beta diversity including the NMDS of weighted UniFrac distances) and composition of the microbial community in the intestinal mucosa of mice with diarrhoea and repeated stress changed significantly (P < 0.05). In the co-occurrence network, Staphylococcus sciuri and Escherichia fergusonii was identified as putative keystone species. Moreover, the characteristics of the intestinal microbial species was analyzed by LEfSe, Metastats, and group difference, and ten altered gut microbiota species can be used as characteristic microbes in the mice with diarrhoea and repeated stress: the abundances of Stigmatella aurantiaca, Candidatus arthromitus sp. SFB-mouse, Erythrobacter gaetbuli, Desulfitobacterium hafniense, Ochrobactrum pituitosum, and Candidatus arthromitus sp. SFB-mouse-NL in the model group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05); whereas Microbacterium dextranolyticum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia sp. BBDP27, and Streptococcus danieliae were enriched in the control group (P < 0.05). Collectively, mental stress-related diarrhoea increased the intestinal microbiota diversity. The species associated with mental stress-related diarrhoea including Microbacterium dextranolyticum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia sp. BBDP27, and Streptococcus danieliae were significantly enriched; while the species which are beneficial to mental stress-related diarrhoea are Stigmatella aurantiaca, Candidatus arthromitus sp. SFB-mouse, Erythrobacter gaetbuli, Desulfitobacterium hafniense, Ochrobactrum pituitosum, and Candidatus arthromitus sp. SFB-mouse-NL for its significantly depleted.
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Yang JF, Han JS, Zhang K, Yao Y, Wang YT. [Outcomes of implanting porcine small intestinal submucosa mesh in rabbit vesicovaginal space]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2020; 55:120-124. [PMID: 32146741 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-567x.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To assess surgical outcomes of implanted porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) mesh in the rabbit vesicovaginal space (VVS) and explore its application value in pelvic floor reconstruction surgery. Methods: Sixteen male rabbits were randomly divided into four groups, and each group had four rabbits. All groups of rabbits were implanted with SIS mesh in the vesicovaginal space. They were humanely killed after a postoperative period of 7, 30, 90 and 180 days by group. The grafted area was removed with the surrounding bladder and vaginal tissues. The specimens were embedded in paraffin and then stained with HE and Masson's trichrome stains for visual observations, cells counts, and assessment of tissues and collagen fibers. Results: (1) After HE staining, a large number of inflammatory response cells mainly eosinophils and lymphocytes infiltrated around the SIS mesh in 7 days group, and neovascularization was observed, the infiltration area of inflammatory response cells further increased in 30 days group, the infiltration area of inflammatory response cells significantly reduced in 90 days group, while the inflammatory response basically subsided in 180 days group. (2) After Masson's trichromestaining, the collagen structure of SIS mesh in 7 days group was clear and intact. While, the collagen structure of SIS mesh was partially degraded in 30 days group, the SIS meshes of 4 rabbits were completely degraded, but the collagen fragments of SIS remained in 90 days group. In 180 days group, the SIS mesh of all rabbits was degraded, and one of them had the formation of new collagen fibers. Conclusions: SIS mesh implanted into the VVS of rabbits can lead to a transient non infective inflammatory reaction, which could be completely degraded and a small amount of new collagen fibers could be produced after 180 days of implantation. Which shown that SIS mesh should be used cautiously in pelvic floor reconstruction surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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30
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Maurano F, Ogita T, Luongo D, Rotondi Aufiero V, Bergamo P, Mazzarella G, Tanabe S, Rossi M. Innate immunity is a late event in the onset of gliadin-specific enteropathy in the HLA-DQ8 mice. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151903. [PMID: 31928782 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a food enteropathy that occurs in genetically susceptible individuals following the ingestion of gluten. Both gluten cytotoxicity and immunity activation play a role in CD pathogenesis; however, the chronological assessment of the different pathogenic mechanisms remains elusive. The models developed so far have only partially addressed this issue. Herein, Ab°DQ8 transgenic mice were administered wheat gliadin and indomethacin for 10 days to induce enteropathy. Gliadin-induced alteration of the small intestinal architecture was associated with increased expression of tissue transglutaminase in the lamina propria and a marked hypoxic environment. Enteropathic mice showed activation of innate immunity, featuring an increase of pro-inflammatory IFN-γ and IL-15 mRNAs, as well as CD11c+CD103+, CD11b+CD11c+, and CD11b+CD103+ dendritic cell subsets. However, the temporal assessment of examined parameters indicated that the induction of innate immunity during the generation of the mucosal lesion, occurred belatedly, highlighting a major role of gliadin intrinsic cytotoxicity in the pathogenic mechanism of this model. These results have important implications for the use of this model to test the impact of biotechnological interventions to reduce the cytotoxicity of gliadin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Maurano
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Tasuku Ogita
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Diomira Luongo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Bergamo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Soichi Tanabe
- Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mauro Rossi
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy.
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Kebouchi M, Hafeez Z, Le Roux Y, Dary-Mourot A, Genay M. Importance of digestive mucus and mucins for designing new functional food ingredients. Food Res Int 2020; 131:108906. [PMID: 32247482 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mucus, mainly composed of the glycoproteins mucins, is a rheological substance that covers the intestinal epithelium and acts as a protective barrier against a variety of harmful molecules, microbial infection and varying lumen environment conditions. Alterations in the composition or structure of the mucus could lead to various diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer. Recent studies revealed that an exogenous intake of probiotic bacteria or other dietary components (such as bioactive peptides and probiotics) derived from food influence mucus layer properties as well as modulate gene expression and secretion of mucins. Therefore, the use of such components for designing new functional ingredients and then foods, could constitute a novel approach to preserve the properties of mucus. After presenting some aspects of the mucus and mucins in the gastrointestinal tract as well as mucus role in the gut health, this review will address role of dietary ingredients in improving mucus/mucin production and provides new suggestions for further investigations of how dietary ingredients/probiotics based functional foods can be developed to maintain or improve the gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounira Kebouchi
- Université de Lorraine, CALBINOTOX, F-54000 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, INRA, URAFPA, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Zeeshan Hafeez
- Université de Lorraine, CALBINOTOX, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Yves Le Roux
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, URAFPA, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Magali Genay
- Université de Lorraine, CALBINOTOX, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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Hirsch D. [Colorectal tumor evolution in inflammatory bowel disease : Dynamics of genomic alterations and potential molecular markers to predict malignant progression]. Pathologe 2019; 40:232-238. [PMID: 31811372 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-019-00709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) increase the risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). In IBD, the evolution of potential tumor clones occurs long before neoplastic lesions become evident and these clones can be undetectable by endoscopy and histology at early stages. The spectrum of genomic alterations in IBD-associated colorectal carcinogenesis is distinct from the changes observed in the sporadic adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Predominant alterations include aneuploidies and mutations of TP53, which both occur early in IBD-related tumorigenesis. In some IBD patients, genomic alterations can already be detected in colonic mucosa without any histologic signs of dysplasia. Genomic analysis of multiregional samples from colectomy specimens of IBD patients revealed distinct tumor evolutionary patterns. This suggests an increased genomic instability in the chronically inflamed bowel that enables the emergence of multiple, phylogenetically unrelated neoplastic lesions within the colorectum of a single IBD patient. This article summarizes the genomic alterations underlying IBD-associated colorectal tumorigenesis and the evolutionary patterns from inflamed, not yet dysplastic epithelium to CRC. Furthermore, it is discussed how this knowledge can eventually be exploited for early detection of malignant progression of IBD and thus help to improve the clinical management and surveillance schedule of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hirsch
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Deutschland. .,Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Xie G, Tan K, Peng M, Long C, Li D, Tan Z. Bacterial diversity in intestinal mucosa of antibiotic-associated diarrhea mice. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:444. [PMID: 31763122 PMCID: PMC6842370 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To probe into the mechanism of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), the bacterial diversity and composition in the intestinal mucosa of AAD mice were investigated. Twelve specific pathogen-free Kunming mice were divided into control group and model group. The mouse model of AAD was established by gavaging with antibiotics (mixture of gentamycin sulfate and cefradine) at a total dose of 23.33 ml kg-1 day-1 for 5 days continuously, twice a day. The mice in the control group were given with an equal amount of sterile water. Then, the intestinal mucosa DNA was extracted for 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the alpha diversity of the two groups did not differ significantly from each other, while the composition of intestinal mucosa bacteria differed dramatically between the two groups. The model group showed a higher abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. More importantly, Lactobacillus was significantly less abundant (p = 0.000), while Enterococcus was significantly more abundant (p = 0.019) in the model group than in the control group. Furthermore, antibiotic treatment increased the abundance of Citrobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Glutamicibacter,whereas antibiotics decreased the abundance of Mycoplasma and Helicobacter. In addition, 6 and 11 unique genera were found in the control group and model group, respectively. The combination of gentamycin sulfate and cefradine changed the intestinal mucosa bacterial composition, reduced colonization resistance and damaged the intestinal mucosal barrier by reducing the abundance of Lactobacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Xie
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road 300, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan Province China
| | - Kai Tan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306 China
| | - Maijiao Peng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road 300, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan Province China
| | - Chengxing Long
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road 300, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan Province China
| | - Dandan Li
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road 300, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan Province China
| | - Zhoujin Tan
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road 300, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan Province China
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Abstract
To probe into the mechanism of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), the bacterial diversity and composition in the intestinal mucosa of AAD mice were investigated. Twelve specific pathogen-free Kunming mice were divided into control group and model group. The mouse model of AAD was established by gavaging with antibiotics (mixture of gentamycin sulfate and cefradine) at a total dose of 23.33 ml kg-1 day-1 for 5 days continuously, twice a day. The mice in the control group were given with an equal amount of sterile water. Then, the intestinal mucosa DNA was extracted for 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the alpha diversity of the two groups did not differ significantly from each other, while the composition of intestinal mucosa bacteria differed dramatically between the two groups. The model group showed a higher abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. More importantly, Lactobacillus was significantly less abundant (p = 0.000), while Enterococcus was significantly more abundant (p = 0.019) in the model group than in the control group. Furthermore, antibiotic treatment increased the abundance of Citrobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Glutamicibacter,whereas antibiotics decreased the abundance of Mycoplasma and Helicobacter. In addition, 6 and 11 unique genera were found in the control group and model group, respectively. The combination of gentamycin sulfate and cefradine changed the intestinal mucosa bacterial composition, reduced colonization resistance and damaged the intestinal mucosal barrier by reducing the abundance of Lactobacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Xie
- 1Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road 300, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan Province China
| | - Kai Tan
- 2College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306 China
| | - Maijiao Peng
- 1Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road 300, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan Province China
| | - Chengxing Long
- 1Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road 300, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan Province China
| | - Dandan Li
- 1Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road 300, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan Province China
| | - Zhoujin Tan
- 1Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road 300, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan Province China
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Lin Q, Su G, Wu A, Chen D, Yu B, Huang Z, Luo Y, Mao X, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J, He J. Bombyx mori gloverin A2 alleviates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced inflammation and intestinal mucosa disruption. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:189. [PMID: 31788236 PMCID: PMC6878672 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the leading bacterial causes of intestinal inflammation and diarrhea. However, the ETEC is frequently resistant to common antibiotics. In this study, we explored the role of a novel antibacterial peptide Bombyx mori gloverin A2 (BMGlvA2) in alleviating ETEC-induced inflammation and intestinal epithelium disruption in mice. Methods An ETEC-challenged mice model was used, and the ETEC-challenged mice and non-challenged mice were treated by the BMGlvA2 at different doses. Results ETEC challenge not only elevated the concentrations of serum inflammatory cytokines such as the IL-6 and TNF-α (P < 0.01), but also elevated the concentrations of serum creatinine and urea (P < 0.05). However, BMGlvA2 attenuated the inflammatory responses by decreasing the serum inflammatory cytokines and improving the metabolisms in ETEC-challenged mice, and alleviated the ETEC-induced tissue damage in spleen. Moreover, BMGlvA2 treatment significantly elevated the duodenum villus height and decreased the crypt depth in the duodenum and ileum in ETEC-challenged mice (P < 0.05). Interestingly, BMGlvA2 improved the distribution and abundance of tight-junction protein ZO1 in duodenum and ileum epithelium after ETEC-challenge. Moreover, BMGlvA2 significantly down-regulated the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and the apoptosis-related genes (Caspase 8 and Caspase 9) in jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05) in the TETC-challenged mice. Importantly, BMGlvA2 significantly elevated the expression levels of critical genes related to mucosal barrier functions such as the mucins (MUC1 and MUC2) and glucose transporter (GLUT2) in the intestinal mucosa (P < 0.05). Conclusion Our results suggested a novel function of the conventional antibacterial peptides, and the anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of BMGlvA2 may allow it a potential substitute for conventionally used antibiotics or drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqi Su
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Uilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan 625014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan 625014 People’s Republic of China
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Wang Y, Yan X, Han D, Liu Y, Song W, Tong T, Ma Y. Lactobacillus casei DBN023 protects against jejunal mucosal injury in chicks infected with Salmonella pullorum CMCC-533. Res Vet Sci 2019; 127:33-41. [PMID: 31677414 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pullorum disease is one of the most serious poultry diseases. Antibiotic prophylaxis is commonly applied in actual production, but the emergence of drug-resistant strains and drug residues threatens the health of animals and humans. The use of probiotics has become a potential solution for the aforementioned problem. In this study, we investigated the effects of Lactobacillus casei DBN023 (CGMCC-16146) on the intestinal tissue structure and immune functions of the jejunal epithelium in chicks infected with Salmonella pullorum CMCC-533 using histomorphological and immunological methods. A total of 450 newborn chicks were randomly divided into the control group and experimental groups. We used hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to observe the structure of the jejunal mucosa and analyze changes in cytokine and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels. The results showed that prophylactic feeding of L. casei DBN023 to chicks significantly increased their jejunum villar height, villar height-to-crypt-depth (V/C) ratio, and muscle thickness; reduced intestinal-crypt depth; and increased the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) level compared with S. pullorum infection. L. casei DBN023 enhances intestinal mucosal immunity, regulates cytokine balance, enhances intestinal immune function, and effectively reduces intestinal inflammation. Thus, it protects intestinal tissues and reduces S. pullorum CMCC-533 damage to the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Direct-Fed Microbial Engineering, Beijing DaBeiNong Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd. (DBN), Beijing 100192, China
| | - Deping Han
- School of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Direct-Fed Microbial Engineering, Beijing DaBeiNong Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd. (DBN), Beijing 100192, China
| | - Weiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Direct-Fed Microbial Engineering, Beijing DaBeiNong Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd. (DBN), Beijing 100192, China
| | - Tianqi Tong
- School of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunfei Ma
- School of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Michie L, Tucker HO. Influence of Commensal Microbiota in Barrier Function of Intestinal Mucosal Epithelium. Adv Res Endocrinol Metab 2019; 1:33-36. [PMID: 32405628 PMCID: PMC7220026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the current state of knowledge surrounding the role of commensal bacteria in supporting intestinal mucosal barrier protection. We focus on two aspects of physical barrier function: Tight junction maintenance and mucus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Michie
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Haley O Tucker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
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Li X, Chen N, You P, Peng T, Chen G, Wang J, Li J, Liu Y. The Status of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Intestinal Mucosa of Chinese Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Digestion 2019; 99:126-132. [PMID: 30235444 DOI: 10.1159/000489996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This cross-sectional study is to investigate the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in colonic mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and its correlation with the clinical disease activities and therapeutic regimens. METHODS Subjects undergoing colonoscopy for screening of polyps were recruited as control. EBV DNA load was analyzed by means of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and EBV-encoded RNAs were tested by in situ hybridization in intestinal mucosa of IBD patients. EBV infection was defined as positive with either method. Clinical disease activity was assessed using the Mayo Clinic Score for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease activity index for CD. RESULTS EBV was detectable in 33 out of 99 IBD patients (33.3%). In controls, EBV prevalence was 7.5% (3/40). We found a significant correlation between EBV prevalence and clinical disease activities (mild [10.71%, 3/28] versus moderate [32.73%, 18/55], severe [75.00%, n = 12/16], p < 0.001). However, no significant difference was found in EBV prevalence between patients who received immunosuppressive therapy and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS EBV infection is common in colonic mucosa of IBD patients. There is a significant correlation between EBV infection and clinical disease activities of IBD. However, prospective studies are still needed to explore the exact role of EBV in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng You
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangyuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing,
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Sun L, Zhang L, Chen XM, Li P, Zhao HX, Chen JM, Yang K, Ma ZY, Wang P. [Clinicopathological features of intestinal mucosal lesions in AIDS patients and their relation with CD4+ T lymphocytes]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2019; 48:378-384. [PMID: 31104678 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5807.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To observe the histopathological features of different opportunistic infections and tumors of the intestinal mucosa in AIDS patients, and to explore the correlation between different lesions and CD4+ T lymphocyte levels. Methods: Colonic mucosal biopsy specimens of 263 patients with clinically diagnosed AIDS and abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in the stool and other gastrointestinal symptoms were collected from Beijing Ditan Hospital from 2010 to 2018. There were 232 males and 31 females, with age range 10-81 (mean 40±13) years. HE staining, histochemical special staining, immunohistochemical staining, and in-situ hybridization were used to detect the expression of different opportunistic infection pathogens, tumors and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Peripheral blood was also taken for CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD8+ T lymphocytes, HIV viral load and routine indicators. Results: The cohort included 263 intestinal mucosal biopsy specimens. There were 175 cases (66.5%) of non-specific inflammation, and pathogens were detected in 41 cases (15.6%), including 20 cases(7.6%) of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, 12 cases (4.6%) of mycobacterial infection, eight cases (3.0%) of amoeba infestation, and one case (0.3%) of talaromycesmarneffei infection; there were also 41 (15.6%) neoplastic lesions including 25 cases (9.5%) of intraepithelial neoplasia, 10 cases (3.8%) of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, six cases (2.3%) of lymphoma; and six cases (2.3%) of ulcerative colitis. The peripheral blood CD4+T lymphocyte levels of patients with CMV, mycobacteria and talaromycesmarneffei were less than 200/μL; the peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocyte level (P<0.01) and intestinal mucosa CD4+T lymphocytes (P<0.01) were all significantly lower than those in patients with non-specific inflammation. The peripheral red blood cells and hemoglobin levels of patients with CMV and mycobacterial infection (P<0.01), adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (P<0.05) were significantly lower than those of non-specific inflammation patients. Conclusions: Pathologic examination of intestinal mucosa can identify specific infections and neoplastic lesions in AIDS patients; the most common lesions are non-specific inflammation, and CMV infection is the most common opportunistic infections; CMV, mycobacteria and talaromycesmarneffei infections are associated with decreased levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood and intestinal mucosa; entamoeba histolytica infestation and non-HIV-related neoplastic lesions such as intraepithelial neoplasia, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are not associated with changes in AIDS immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sun
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases of Combined Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing 100015, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases of Combined Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing 100015, China
| | - X M Chen
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases of Combined Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing 100015, China
| | - P Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - H X Zhao
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - J M Chen
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases of Combined Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing 100015, China
| | - K Yang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases of Combined Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Z Y Ma
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases of Combined Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing 100015, China
| | - P Wang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases of Combined Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Beijing 100015, China
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Antunes MM, Coelho BSL, Vichi TM, Santos EAD, Gondim FKB, Diniz AB, Aguilar EC, Cara DC, Porto LCJ, Castro ICD, Alvarez Leite JI, Teixeira LG. Oral supplementation with capsaicin reduces oxidative stress and IL-33 on a food allergy murine model. World Allergy Organ J 2019; 12:100045. [PMID: 31316714 PMCID: PMC6611958 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2019.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Food allergy is an abnormal immune response to antigens introduced into the body through food. Its prevalence has increased in developed and developing countries. Natural products are traditionally used to alleviate and treat diseases, and diet can play a role in both the prevention and management of food allergy. The effects of capsaicin as an anti-oxidant, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory in the energy expenditure and suppression of fat accumulation have been demonstrated. This study evaluated the effect of oral supplementation with capsaicin on a food allergy model. Methods OVA-sensitized mice received ovalbumin solution, and they were fed with chow supplemented with capsaicin for 7 days. The control group received AIN-93 chow with no supplementation. IgE anti-ova, inflammatory infiltration, oxidative stress and metabolic analysis were performed. Results The results showed that capsaicin supplementation is not able to reduce characteristic signs of food allergy, such as production of IgE and weight loss. However, macrophages infiltration and IL-33 in proximal jejunum was reduced in OVA capsaicin group. In addition, hepatic triglycerides and intestinal hydroperoxides were reduced in both capsaicin groups. Conclusion Oral supplementation with capsaicin attenuated important factors associated to food allergy such as inflammation and oxidative stress, suggesting better prognosis and evolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maísa Mota Antunes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bruna Scherr Laignier Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thaís Makiya Vichi
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Lavras, mailbox: 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Elandia Aparecida Dos Santos
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Lavras, mailbox: 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Karine Braga Gondim
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Lavras, mailbox: 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Ariane Barros Diniz
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Edenil Costa Aguilar
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Denise Carmona Cara
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Laura Cristina Jardim Porto
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Lavras, mailbox: 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Isabela Coelho de Castro
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Lavras, mailbox: 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline I Alvarez Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lílian Gonçalves Teixeira
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Lavras, mailbox: 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
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Jorgensen BG, Ro S. Role of DNA Methylation in the Development and Differentiation of Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Smooth Muscle Cells. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 25:377-386. [PMID: 31327220 PMCID: PMC6657918 DOI: 10.5056/jnm19077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian intestine contains many different cell types but is comprised of 2 main cell types: epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Recent in vivo and in vitro evidence has revealed that various alterations to the DNA methylation apparatus within both of these cell types can result in a variety of cellular phenotypes including modified differentiation status, apoptosis, and uncontrolled growth. Methyl groups added to cytosines in regulatory genomic regions typically act to repress associated gene transcription. Aberrant DNA methylation patterns are often found in cells with abnormal growth/differentiation patterns, including those cells involved in burdensome intestinal pathologies including inflammatory bowel diseases and intestinal pseudo-obstructions. The altered methylation patterns being observed in various cell cultures and DNA methyltransferase knockout models indicate an influential connection between DNA methylation and gastrointestinal cells’ development and their response to environmental signaling. As these modified DNA methylation levels are found in a number of pathological gastrointestinal conditions, further investigations into uncovering the causative nature, and controlled regulation, of this epigenetic modification is of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Jorgensen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, USA
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, USA
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Park CJ, Armenia SJ, Shaughnessy MP, Greig CJ, Cowles RA. Potentiation of serotonin signaling leads to increased carbohydrate and lipid absorption in the murine small intestine. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:1245-1249. [PMID: 30879746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric serotonin influences intestinal homeostasis and functions as a mucosal growth factor. Previously, we demonstrated increased mucosal surface area and enhanced crypt cell proliferation in serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT)-deficient mice. Therefore, we hypothesized that serotonin-mediated mucosal growth would also result in enhanced carbohydrate and lipid absorption. MATERIAL AND METHODS Wild-type C57Bl/6 (WT) and SERT-knockout (SERTKO) mice were fasted then gavaged with D-xylose or boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) FL-C12 medium-chain fatty acid analog. Serum D-xylose and BODIPY concentrations were serially measured from blood drawn at 30 to 360 min post-gavage. Small intestine was harvested from both groups for comparison of morphometric parameters. Area under the curve of plotted graphs was calculated, and means were compared with Student's t-test to a significance of p < 0.05. RESULTS Villus height and crypt depth were significantly greater in the middle and distal small intestine of SERTKO animals compared to WT. Overall absorption of D-xylose and BODIPY was greater in SERTKO animals compared to WT animals. Absorption of D-xylose was persistently elevated in SERTKO animals, while there was an initial delay in BODIPY absorption followed by a sustained and significantly greater absorption in SERTKO animals at 60-360 min after gavage. CONCLUSION Potentiation of serotonin signaling in SERTKO mice results in small intestinal mucosal growth and enhanced carbohydrate and fat absorption in vivo. These functional increases support the concept of targeting the serotonin signaling system to augment intestinal adaptation in the setting of intestinal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Park
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery at Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Sarah J Armenia
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery at Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Matthew P Shaughnessy
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery at Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Chasen J Greig
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery at Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Robert A Cowles
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery at Yale University, New Haven, CT.
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43
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Abstract
Animal models are essential in drug development but present many concerns in the practical and ethical sense. To avoid the unnecessary use of animals other models are used in the beginning of any scientific discovery, the in vitro models. The relevance of in vitro cell based culture models for studying intestinal drug absorption and transcytosis during early stages of drug development is undeniable. Several in vitro co-culture models have been described for this purpose, however excluding the integration of the complex intestinal architecture and neglecting different physiological mechanisms involved in the drug transport. 2-D cell cultures are the current standard, but despite their widely use, they no longer are considered the most trustworthy in vitro models since they do not mimic many aspects that happen in vivo. The simulation of a complete microenvironment capable of mimicking the intestinal mucosa requires therefore further investigation, particularly focused in addressing the abovementioned unmet needs. 3D models came as bridge between the in vitro and in vivo models. These models are proven to be influential of the drug effect in cells, being the most adequate to mimic the live tissue especially in drug development. Supported by the great amount of studies using simple and reductionist co-culture monolayers, and pushing forward an innovative model previously reported by our group, the present study aims to describe a sophisticated and highly reproducible in vitro 3D co-culture intestinal model. Here, the components are assembled in a multistage process into Transwell filters by co-culturing human colon carcinoma Caco-2 and mucus-producing HT29-MTX cells over a layer of collagen embedding intestinal myofibroblasts (CCD-18Co). The 3D co-culture intestinal model described herein represents a particularly powerful and versatile tool that recapitulates the intestinal functioning regarding mucus production, tightness of the different cell types, and the 3D architecture, bridging the gap between simple monolayer cultures of epithelial cells and the complex in vivo physiological conditions. Importantly, it shows tremendous potential in predicting intestinal absorption of orally administered drugs when delivered alone, or encapsulated into micro- and nanosystems, the current leading force of pharmaceutical technology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Pereira
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação na Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anna Lechanteur
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação na Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Marie-Curie COFUND Fellowship, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação na Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde-Norte, Gandra, Portugal.
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44
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Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is a site of multiple stressors and forms the barrier between the internal and external environment. In the intestine, a complex interplay between the microbiota, epithelial barrier and the local immune system maintains homeostasis and promotes a healthy gut. One of the major cellular catabolic processes that regulate this homeostasis is autophagy. Autophagy is required to maintain anti-microbial defense, epithelial barrier integrity and mucosal immune response. Dysregulation of the autophagy process causes disruption of several aspects of the intestinal epithelium and the immune system that can lead to an inappropriate immune response and subsequent inflammation. Genome-wide association studies have found an association between several risk loci in autophagy genes and inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of the current review is to provide an update on the role of autophagy in intestinal mucosal physiology and in the control of inappropriate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Haq
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Room 3N7, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jensine Grondin
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Room 3N7, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Suhrid Banskota
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Room 3N7, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Room 3N7, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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45
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Zhang XY, Guan S, Zhang HF, Li RY, Liu ZM. Activation of PD-1 Protects Intestinal Immune Defense Through IL-10/miR-155 Pathway After Intestinal Ischemia Reperfusion. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:3307-16. [PMID: 30206757 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, mechanisms of intestinal immunoglobulin (Ig) dysfunction following intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) remain unclear. Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is associated with immune responses of lymphocytes. AIM We aimed to verify the hypothesis that activation of PD-1 may improve intestinal immune dysfunction by regulating IL-10/miR-155 production after intestinal IR injury. METHODS Intestinal I/R injury was induced in mice by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 1 h followed by 2-h reperfusion. PD-L1 fusion Ig, anti-interleukin (IL)-10 monoclonal antibody (mAb), and microRNA (miR)-155 agomir were administered. PD-1 expression, IL-10 mRNA, and protein expression in Peyer's patches (PP) CD4+ cells were measured. MiR-155 levels, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β concentration, and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a key enzyme for intestinal immune antibodies, in PP tissues were measured, respectively. Importantly, the production and cecal bacteria-binding capacity of IgA and IgM were detected. RESULTS Intestinal I/R led to decreased PD-1 expression, imbalanced production, and impaired bacteria-binding capacity of IgA and IgM. Activating PD-1 by PD-L1 Ig facilitated IL-10 synthesis, then decreased miR-155 levels, and subsequently promoted AID expression and reduced TNF-α, IL-1β concentration. Upregulation of AID improved the disruptions of intestinal immune barrier caused by IgA and IgM dysfunction. Anti-IL-10 mAb and miR-155 agomir abolished the protective effects of PD-L1 Ig on the intestinal immune defense. CONCLUSION Activation of PD-1 with PD-L1 Ig relieves intestinal immune defensive injury through IL-10/miR-155 pathway following intestinal I/R attack. PD-1, IL-10, and miR-155 may be potential targets for the damages of intestinal barrier and immunity.
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46
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Long C, Liu Y, He L, Yu R, Li D, Tan Z, Hui H. Bacterial lactase genes diversity in intestinal mucosa of dysbacterial diarrhea mice treated with Qiweibaizhu powder. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:423. [PMID: 30280074 PMCID: PMC6160371 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The current research tried to investigate the effect of Qiweibaizhu powder (QWBZP) on intestinal mucosa bacterial lactase gene from dysbacterial diarrhea mice, as the good therapeutic mechanism of QWBZP on antibiotics-induced diarrhea. Dysbacterial diarrhea mice model was constructed by gastric perfusion with mixture of cephradine capsules and gentamicin sulfate (23.33 mL kg-1 day-1) for 5 days. After the success of establishing diarrhea, the mice in treatment group were gavaged with QWBZP for 3 days. Intestinal mucosa in each group was collected, and diversity of bacterial lactase genes in intestinal mucosa of mice was carried out by Miseq metagenome sequencing. The results showed the Chao1, ACE, Simpson and Shannon indices in treatment group were lower than model group and were similar to control group. The same result was obtained from the operational taxonomic units (OTUs). There were 298, 435 and 254 OTUs in the control group, model group and treatment group, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that samples distribution in both normal and treatment groups were relatively intensive, distances among individuals were small, while opposite results were observed in model group. Moreover, antibiotics increased the diversity and abundance of bacterial lactase genes at phylum and genus levels. However, they decreased and were similar to control group after treating with QWBZP. Our results indicate that QWBZP has a positive effect on the recovery of bacterial lactase gene diversity to normal level. In addition, QWBZP increase the abundance of Lysobacter and Eukaryota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxing Long
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
- College of Mathematics and Finance, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, 417000 Hunan China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
| | - Lu He
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
| | - Rong Yu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
| | - Dandan Li
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
| | - Zhoujin Tan
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
| | - Huaying Hui
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Xueshi Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
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47
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He Y, Yuan X, Zuo H, Sun Y, Feng A. Berberine Exerts a Protective Effect on Gut-Vascular Barrier via the Modulation of the Wnt/Beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway During Sepsis. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 49:1342-1351. [PMID: 30205381 DOI: 10.1159/000493412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The gut-vascular barrier (GVB) has recently been depicted to dampen the bacterial invasion of the bloodstream. The intestinal mucosa is a tissue rich in small vessels including capillaries. In this study, the protective effect of berberine on GVB in small bowel mucosa was investigated. METHODS The rat cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis model was employed to evaluate the effect of berberine on serum endotoxin level and intestinal vascular permeability to Evans blue in vivo. The rat intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (RIMECs) treated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to assess the effect of berberine on endothelial permeability to FITC-labeled dextran, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), and tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) expression in vitro. RESULTS After 24-hr CLP operation the serum endotoxin concentration and gut vascular permeability were significantly increased, while berberine markedly reduced endotoxin level and vascular leakage. In vitro, LPS not only dramatically increased endothelial permeability of RIMECs to FITC-dextran, but also decreased TEER and inhibited claudin-12, beta-catenin and VE-cadherin expression. These effects of LPS were antagonized by berberine. In addition, our in vivo and vitro studies also confirmed that the effect of berberine on GVB could be partially abolished by ICG001. CONCLUSION Berberine exerted a protective effect on GVB function in sepsis, which was strictly related to the modulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, Huai'an First Hospital, the Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Xiaoming Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huai'an First Hospital, the Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Hao Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huai'an First Hospital, the Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huai'an First Hospital, the Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Aiwen Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huai'an First Hospital, the Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
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Huang J, Jia R, Brunner T. Local synthesis of immunosuppressive glucocorticoids in the intestinal epithelium regulates anti-viral immune responses. Cell Immunol 2018; 334:1-10. [PMID: 30144940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP) is a transcriptional target and inhibitor of Liver Receptor Homolog 1 (LRH-1), the transcriptional regulator of intestinal glucocorticoid (GC) synthesis. The role of SHP in the regulation of intestinal GC synthesis and its impact on T cell-mediated anti-viral immune responses in the intestinal mucosa are currently not understood. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection promoted intestinal GC synthesis, which was enhanced in SHP-deficient mice. Intestinal GC suppressed the expansion and altered the activation of virus-specific T cells. In contrast, deletion of LRH-1 reduced intestinal GC synthesis and accelerated the expansion of cytotoxic T cells post LCMV infection. These findings show that virus-induced intestinal GC synthesis is controlled by LRH-1 and SHP, and that local steroidogenesis contributes to the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis. Thus, LRH-1-regulated intestinal GC synthesis could represent an interesting therapeutic target in the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany.
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Rui J, Zhi-Yu G, Rui-Wen L, Feng-Ling Y, Rui-Fang L. [Effect of Cryptosporidium parvum infection on Toll-like receptors of intestinal mucosa in mice]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2018; 30:295-299. [PMID: 30019557 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2018010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of Toll-like receptor in intestinal mucosal injury induced by Cryptosporidium parvum infection in mice. METHODS Totally 30 male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a normal control group, 1week infection group and 2-week infection group. The mice of the 1-week and 2-week infection groups were sacrificed 7 days and 14 days after the infection respectively, and the mice of the normal control group were sacrificed 14 days after the infection. The model of intestinal infection of C. parvum in mice was built by using the immunosuppressive method and oocyst intragastric administration. The pathological changes of the intestinal mucosa of mice were observed with a light microscope and the villus height, crypt depth and ratio of villus height/crypt depth were measured. The ultrastructure of the intestinal mucosa of mice was observed by a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 in the intestinal mucosa were tested by qPCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Under the light microscope, the intestinal villi were dropsical, obviously atrophied and shortened, and the submucosal structure was dropsical. The height of chorionic villi and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum of the 1-week and 2-week infection groups were significantly lower than those in the normal control group (all P < 0.05), while the depth of the recess of the former two was significantly increased (all P < 0.05). With the extension of the infection time, the villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum of mice decreased significantly (both P < 0.05), and the crypt depth increased significantly (P < 0.01). The TEM observation showed that the structure of the oocyst of C. parvum in the jejunum of the infected mouse was intact, the villi around the oocyst were abscission seriously, and the oocyst wall was fused with the epithelial cell membrane. The qPCR observation showed that compared with the normal control group, the expressions of TLR2 mRNA and TLR4 mRNA in the intestinal mucosa of the 1-week and 2-week infection groups were significantly higher (all P < 0.05). In addition, the expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA in the 2-week infection group were significantly higher than those in the 1-week infection group (both P < 0.05). The Western blotting showed that the expressions of TLR2 protein and TLR4 protein in the intestinal mucosa of the 1-week and 2-week infection groups were significantly higher than those of the normal control group (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, the expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 protein in the 2week infection group were significantly higher than those in the 1-week infection group (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS TLR2 and TLR4 are important receptors for intestinal mucosal recognition of C. parvum. The C. parvum infection may lead to intestinal mucosal damage possibly via the mechanisms associated with the up-regulation of TLR2 and TLR4 expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Rui
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Weifang Medical College, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Guan Zhi-Yu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Weifang Medical College, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Liang Rui-Wen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Weifang Medical College, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yin Feng-Ling
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Weifang Medical College, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Li Rui-Fang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Weifang Medical College, Weifang 261053, China
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Long C, Liu Y, He L, Tan Q, Yu Z, Xiao N, Tan Z. Bacterial lactase genes diversity in intestinal mucosa of mice with dysbacterial diarrhea induced by antibiotics. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:176. [PMID: 29556430 PMCID: PMC5847641 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed at exploring the diversity of bacterial lactase genes in the intestinal mucosa of mice with dysbacterial diarrhea induced by antibiotics and to provide experimental basis for antibiotics-induced diarrhea. Mice model of dysbacterial diarrhea was established by gastric perfusion with mixture of cephradine capsules and gentamicin sulfate (23.33 mL kg-1 d-1), twice a day and continuously for 5 days. Intestinal mucosa from jejunum to ileum was collected, and bacterial metagenomic DNA was extracted for Miseq metagenome sequencing to carry out diversity analysis. The results showed that specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were 45 in the control group and 159 in the model group. The Chao1, ACE, Shannon and Simpson indices in model group were significantly higher (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) than control group. Principal component analysis (PCA) and box chart of the control group were relatively intensive, while in the model group, they were widely dispersed. Furthermore, the inter-group box area was higher than that in the intra-group. Compared with the model group, the abundance of bacterial lactase genes in Proteobacteria from the intestinal mucosa of the control group was higher, but lower in Actinobacteria and unclassified bacteria. At the genus level, the relative abundance of bacterial species and taxon units in model group was obviously increased (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that antibiotics increased the diversity and abundance of bacterial lactase genes in the intestinal mucosa, as the abundance of Betaproteobacteria, Cupriavidus, Ewingella, Methyloversatilis, Rhodocyclaceae and Rhodocyclales. In addition, antibiotics become an additional source for lactase genes of Ewingella, Methyloversatilis, Mycobacterium, Microbacterium, Beutenberqia and Actinomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxing Long
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
- College of Mathematics and Finance, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, 417000 China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
| | - Lu He
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
| | - Qinquan Tan
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Zizhen Yu
- Rongjun Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410119 Hunan China
| | - Nenqun Xiao
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
| | - Zhoujin Tan
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208 Hunan China
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