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Xu W, Fang Y, Zhu K. Enterococci facilitate polymicrobial infections. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:162-177. [PMID: 37550091 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Enterococci are ubiquitous members of the gut microbiota in human beings and animals and are among the most important nosocomial organisms. Due to their opportunistic pathogenicity, enterococci are referred to as pathobionts and play decisive roles in a diverse array of polymicrobial infections. Enterococci can promote the colonization, pathogenesis, and persistence of various pathogens, compromise the efficacy of drugs, and pose a severe threat to public health. Most current treatments tend to focus on the sole pathogenic bacteria, with insufficient attention to the driving role of enterococci. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of enterococci in infections, the factors facilitating their outgrowth, as well as the sites and types of enterococci-associated polymicrobial infections. We present an overview of the underlying mechanisms of enterococci-mediated pathogenesis in polymicrobial infections. Furthermore, we discuss alternative strategies and potential intervention approaches to restrict such infections, shedding light on the discovery and development of new therapies against polymicrobial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Engineering Research Center of Animal Innovative Drugs and Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuwen Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Engineering Research Center of Animal Innovative Drugs and Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kui Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Engineering Research Center of Animal Innovative Drugs and Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Houicher A, Kuley E, Bensid A, Yazgan H, Özogul F. In vitro study of biogenic amine production and gastrointestinal stress tolerance by some enterococci strains. J Sci Food Agric 2024; 104:500-507. [PMID: 37647551 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to the toxic effects of enterococci, their biogenic amine production is a negative aspect of safe strain selection and unfavourable activity in food. Additionally, the ability to tolerate acid and bile are two important traits for the selection of probiotic strains since they show the probiotic bacteria's capacity to survive throughout gastrointestinal transit. In the present work, six enterococci strains belonging to Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus hirae were subjected to in vitro evaluation of their ability to produce biogenic amines and to tolerate gastrointestinal stress in order to investigate their possibility for future intended use as probiotics. RESULTS All enterococci isolates possessed good viability at low pH (pH 4) and in the presence of bile salts (0.3%), indicating their ability to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, selected strains had a high ability to produce tyramine in tyrosine decarboxylase broth, while medium levels of histamine were detected (below 74 mg L-1 ) in experimental media in vitro. Other biogenic amines were also formed at various levels by most of the enterococci strains. CONCLUSION All enterococci strains, with the exception of E. gallinarum DM 29, are powerful tyramine producers, and their capacity to create histamine is inferior to that of tyramine. However, more investigations are needed before considering their use as bio-preservatives or starter cultures in foods. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahmane Houicher
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Esmeray Kuley
- Department of Fishing and Fish Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Abdelkader Bensid
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Ziane Achour University, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Hatice Yazgan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Ceyhan Veterinary Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Özogul
- Department of Fishing and Fish Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
- Biotechnology Research and Application Center, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Geissler M, Schröttner P, Oertel R, Dumke R. Enterococci, Van Gene-Carrying Enterococci, and Vancomycin Concentrations in the Influent of a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Southeast Germany. Microorganisms 2024; 12:149. [PMID: 38257976 PMCID: PMC10819932 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant (VR) Enterococcus spp. can be detected in high concentrations in wastewaters and pose a risk to public health. During a one-year study (September 2022-August 2023), 24 h composite raw wastewater samples (n = 192) of a municipal wastewater treatment plant were investigated for cultivable enterococci. After growth on Slanetz-Bartley agar (SBA), a mean concentration of 29,736 ± 9919 cfu/mL was calculated. Using MALDI-TOF MS to characterize randomly picked colonies (n = 576), the most common species were found to be Enterococcus faecium (72.6%), E. hirae (13.7%), and E. faecalis (8.0%). Parallel incubation of wastewater samples on SBA and VRESelect agar resulted in a mean rate of VR enterococci of 2.0 ± 1.5%. All the tested strains grown on the VRESelect agar (n = 172) were E. faecium and carried the vanA (54.6%) or vanB gene (45.4%) with limited sequence differences. In susceptibility experiments, these isolates showed a high-level resistance to vancomycin (>256 µg/mL). Concentration of vancomycin was determined in 93.7% of 112 wastewater samples (mean: 123.1 ± 64.0 ng/L) and varied between below 100 ng/L (the detection limit) and 246.6 ng/L. A correlation between the concentration of vancomycin and the rate of VR strains among the total enterococci could not be found. The combination of incubation of samples on SBA and a commercial vancomycin-containing agar applied in clinical microbiology with a multiplex PCR for detection of van genes is an easy-to-use tool to quantify and characterize VR Enterococcus spp. in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Geissler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (M.G.)
| | - Percy Schröttner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (M.G.)
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reinhard Oertel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Roger Dumke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (M.G.)
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Rafiee M, Hosseini SA, Gholami-Borujeni F, Hesami Arani M, Niknejad H. Health risk assessment of swimming beaches microbial contamination: a case study - Mahmoudabad, Iran. Int J Environ Health Res 2024; 34:355-366. [PMID: 36446029 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2149711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne organisms in marine water generally originate from untreated wastewater discharged into the sea. The presence of numerous leisure beaches in Mahmoudabad city, Iran, annually attracts thousands of tourists from all over the country to participate in recreational swimming activities. This study probabilistically characterized the health risks associated with recreational swimming engendered by waterborne pathogens, such as intestinal enterococci and Escherichia coli (E. coli) at 15 sampling points along the beaches of the study using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The mean annual infection risk of E. coli in children and adults was 0.424 and 0.229, respectively. The respective risk in terms of enterococci was 0.999 and 0.997, which were higher than the level recommended by the WHO and EPA. The results show that the risk of infection for children was higher than adults. Related authorities have to consider measures to improve environmental quality to protect tourists' and residents' well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafiee
- Air Quality and Climate Change Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Arman Hosseini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fathollah Gholami-Borujeni
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohsen Hesami Arani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Niknejad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Heim AVBT, Janice J, Bjørnholt JV, Lunestad BT, Hegstad K, Svanevik CS. Genomic insights into Enterococcus faecium isolates from marine bivalves highlight One Health concerns and healthcare linkages. Microb Genom 2023; 9:001154. [PMID: 38085805 PMCID: PMC10763502 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci, especially Enterococcus faecium, are one of today's leading causes of multidrug-resistant infections in hospital settings. The marine environment may harbour enterococci, but its role as an evolutionary niche and as a vector for the spread of enterococci is sparsely investigated. Hence, by applying enterococci in bivalves as a sentinel tool, this study aimed to describe the prevalence of enterocooci along the Norwegian coast and in addition the phylogeny of E. faecium in particular. Enterococci in batch samples of marine bivalves, harvested from 86 different locations, were quantitatively examined by a culture-dependent most probable number (MPN) method. Isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS prior to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by broth microdilution. In-detail analyses of a representative selection of E. faecium isolates (n=148) were done by Illumina whole-genome sequencing, and assembled genomes were compared to closed E. faecium genomes in the public databases and to genomes from commensal and clinical isolates from Norway. Diversity among E. faecium within the same batch sample of bivalves was also explored. Enterococci were detected in 287 of the 471 examined bivalve samples, but in low concentrations with a median value of <18 MPN /100 g. From positive samples, 479 isolates of enterococci were identified belonging to ten different species, where E. faecium (n=247), Enterococcus hirae (n=114) and Enterococcus faecalis (n=66) were most frequently found. Resistance towards one or more antimicrobial agents was observed in 197 isolates (41 %), none of the isolates showed acquired resistance to vancomycin or linezolid. Phylogenetic analyses revealed high diversity among the E. faecium isolates and showed that the marine niche is dominated by strains from the non-clinical setting belonging to clade A2 (n=85) and B (E. lactis) (n=60). Only three isolates belonged to the hospital-associated clade A1 (ST80 and ST117). Two of these clustered with one isolate from a hospitalized patient and one from a non-hospitalized person. This study demonstrated a high prevalence, but low concentrations of enterococci in bivalves, and low levels of antimicrobial resistance. E. faecium genomes showed high population diversity and that very few E. faecium isolates in bivalves may have arisen from the human healthcare system. A systematic surveillance of target micro-organisms applying methods examining multiple isolates from the same bivalve sample provides important data to assess the enterococcal phylogeny, antimicrobial resistance and the level of faecal pollution in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessin Janice
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, University Hospital of North Norway (UNN), N-9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jørgen Vildershøj Bjørnholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. PO box 4950 Nydalen 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway. PO box 1171 - Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kristin Hegstad
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, University Hospital of North Norway (UNN), N-9038 Tromsø, Norway
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, PO box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Popović N, Stevanović D, Radojević D, Veljović K, Đokić J, Golić N, Terzić-Vidojević A. Insight into the Postbiotic Potential of the Autochthonous Bacteriocin-Producing Enterococcus faecium BGZLM1-5 in the Reduction in the Abundance of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC19111 in a Milk Model. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2844. [PMID: 38137988 PMCID: PMC10745621 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the probiogenomic characteristics of artisanal bacteriocin-producing Enterococcus faecium BGZLM1-5 and its potential application in reducing Listeria monocytogenes in a milk model. The BGZLM1-5 strain was isolated from raw cow's milk from households in the Zlatar Mountain region. The whole genome sequencing approach and bioinformatics analyses reveal that the strain BGZLM1-5 is non-pathogenic to humans. Bacteriocin-containing supernatant was thermally stable and antimicrobial activity retained 75% of the initial activity compared with that of the control after treatment at 90 °C for 30 min. Antimicrobial activity maintained relative stability at pH 3-11 and retained 62.5% of the initial activity compared with that of the control after treatment at pH 1, 2, and 12. The highest activity of the partially purified bacteriocin was obtained after precipitation at 40% saturation with ammonium sulfate and further purification by mixing with chloroform. Applying 3% and 5% (v/v) of the bacteriocin-containing supernatant and 0.5% (v/v) of the partially purified bacteriocin decreased the viable number of L. monocytogenes ATCC19111 after three days of milk storage by 23.5%, 63.5%, and 58.9%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Popović
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.); (D.R.); (K.V.); (J.Đ.); (N.G.); (A.T.-V.)
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Arango M, Forga A, Liu J, Zhang G, Gray L, Moore R, Coles M, Atencio A, Trujillo C, Latorre JD, Tellez-Isaias G, Hargis B, Graham D. Characterizing the impact of Enterococcus cecorum infection during late embryogenesis on disease progression, cecal microbiome composition, and early performance in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103059. [PMID: 37717481 PMCID: PMC10507439 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus cecorum (EC) has been associated with septicemia and early mortality in broiler chickens. There is limited research investigating the pathogenicity of EC field strains obtained from affected birds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of in-ovo administration into the amnion with different EC field isolates at d 18 of embryogenesis (DOE18). In Exp 1, 7 EC field isolates alone or in combination (EC1-EC3, EC4-EC5, EC6, and EC7) were selected based on phenotypic characteristics and evaluated at different concentrations (1 × 102, 1 × 104, and 1 × 106 CFU/200 µL/embryo) to assess the impact on early performance and macroscopic lesions. Three isolates (n = 3; EC2, EC5, EC7) were selected for additional evaluation based on the significant (P < 0.05) BWG reduction (d 0-21) compared to the negative control (NC) and the presence of macroscopic lesions observed during posting sessions at d 14 and d 21. An additional isolate associated with enterococcal spondylitis was included in Exp 2 (EC11B). Treatment groups for Exp 2 include: 1) NC, 2) EC2, 3) EC5, 4) EC7, and 5) EC11B (n = 90-120/embryos/group). Groups 2 to 5 were challenged at 1 × 102 CFU/200 µL/embryo by in-ovo injection into the amnion at DOE18. Chicks were placed in battery cages for the duration of the study (21 d), and pen weights were recorded at d 0, d 7, d 14, and d 21 to calculate average BW and BWG. At d 14 and d 21 posthatch, liver, spleen, free thoracic vertebrae (FTV), and femoral head (FH) were aseptically collected to enumerate Enterococcus spp. using Chromagar Orientation as the selective media. Cecal contents were collected at d 21 to evaluate the effect of EC challenge on the cecal microbiome composition. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in BW at d 21, and BWG from d 14 to 21 and d 0 to 21, for EC7 and EC11B. Enterococcus cecorum was recovered from the FTV of all challenged groups at d 14 and d 21. The most representative lesions were pericarditis, hydropericardium, focal heart necrosis, and FH osteomyelitis. However, lesions were not uniform across challenged groups or ages (d 14 and d 21). Alpha diversity of the cecal contents was markedly lower in EC5 and EC11B compared to all treatment groups suggesting that EC exposure during late embryogenesis affect the cecal microbiome up to 21 d posthatch. Additionally, these results highlight the differences in pathogenicity of EC strains isolated from field cases and suggest that hatchery exposure to EC during late embryogenesis is a potential route of introduction into a flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Arango
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Aaron Forga
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Latasha Gray
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Randy Moore
- UADA-Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Makenly Coles
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Abdiel Atencio
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Carolina Trujillo
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Juan David Latorre
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Billy Hargis
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
| | - Danielle Graham
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA.
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Andújar-Tenorio N, Cobo A, Martínez-Rodríguez AM, Hidalgo M, Prieto I, Gálvez A, Martínez-Cañamero M. Intestinal microbiota modulation at the strain level by the olive oil polyphenols in the diet. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1272139. [PMID: 37860036 PMCID: PMC10582982 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1272139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previously we have reported a r16S gene next generation sequencing study on the effect of high fat diets in the intestinal microbiota using a murine model. However, many important microbial traits occur at strain level and, in order to detect these population changes, culture-dependent approaches need to be applied. With this goal, we decided to study a very well-known commensal genus, Enterococcus, and therefore, intestinal enterococci methodically isolated during the above-mentioned experiment were analyzed. Materials and methods A collection of 75 distinct enterococcal strains isolated from feces of mice fed a standard diet or high-fat diets enriched with butter, refined olive oil, or extra virgin olive oil and after 0, 6 or 12 weeks of diet, were genetically and phenotypically characterized in search of virulence factors, biogenic amine production and antibiotic resistance. All strains were tested for the susceptibility in vitro to two virgin olive oil polyphenols, oleuropein (the bitter principle of olives) and hydroxytyrosol (derived from oleuropein by enzymatic hydrolysis and responsible for the high stability of olive oil). Results No drastic polyphenol effect was found except at high concentrations. However, when carrying out a comparative statistical study in the 75 strains of the collection according to the different diets, we have detected significant differences between the strains isolated from mice fed with a diet enriched with virgin olive oil and the rest of the diets. EVOO strains also presented less resistance to antibiotics and a more beneficial profile overall. Discussion These results support the prebiotic role of polyphenols, showing how they are able to modulate the set of strains that comprises a genus in the gut, allowing them to adapt to a changing environment in the host's intestine and possibly exerting effects on its physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Cobo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Marina Hidalgo
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Isabel Prieto
- Área de Fisiología, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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Jang KK, Heaney T, London M, Ding Y, Putzel G, Yeung F, Ercelen D, Chen YH, Axelrad J, Gurunathan S, Zhou C, Podkowik M, Arguelles N, Srivastava A, Shopsin B, Torres VJ, Keestra-Gounder AM, Pironti A, Griffin ME, Hang HC, Cadwell K. Antimicrobial overproduction sustains intestinal inflammation by inhibiting Enterococcus colonization. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1450-1468.e8. [PMID: 37652008 PMCID: PMC10502928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Loss of antimicrobial proteins such as REG3 family members compromises the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Here, we demonstrate that overproduction of REG3 proteins can also be detrimental by reducing a protective species in the microbiota. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experiencing flares displayed heightened levels of secreted REG3 proteins that mediated depletion of Enterococcus faecium (Efm) from the gut microbiota. Efm inoculation of mice ameliorated intestinal inflammation through activation of the innate immune receptor NOD2, which was associated with the bacterial DL-endopeptidase SagA that generates NOD2-stimulating muropeptides. NOD2 activation in myeloid cells induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion to increase the proportion of IL-22-producing CD4+ T helper cells and innate lymphoid cells that promote tissue repair. Finally, Efm was unable to protect mice carrying a NOD2 gene variant commonly found in IBD patients. Our findings demonstrate that inflammation self-perpetuates by causing aberrant antimicrobial activity that disrupts symbiotic relationships with gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ku Jang
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thomas Heaney
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mariya London
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Health, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Gregory Putzel
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Frank Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Defne Ercelen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ying-Han Chen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jordan Axelrad
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sakteesh Gurunathan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Chaoting Zhou
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Natalia Arguelles
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anusha Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - A Marijke Keestra-Gounder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Matthew E Griffin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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10
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Im EJ, Lee HHY, Kim M, Kim MK. Evaluation of Enterococcal Probiotic Usage and Review of Potential Health Benefits, Safety, and Risk of Antibiotic-Resistant Strain Emergence. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1327. [PMID: 37627747 PMCID: PMC10451534 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are often used in probiotics but can also cause nosocomial infections. As such, enterococcal consumption may have beneficial health effects, but a thorough evaluation of virulence absence and risk of antibiotic resistance spread is needed at the strain level. This article reviewed ten online health product shopping websites in the US. On these websites, 23 probiotic products using enterococci were found across 12 companies. In addition, this article reviewed studies that demonstrated the probiotic potential of enterococcal consumption (e.g., gastrointestinal and respiratory disease, hyperlipidemia alleviation, as well as infection prevention). To investigate the safety aspects of enterococci, the present work examined studies evaluating virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, this article assessed research that explored these virulent factors, specifically in probiotics containing enterococci, as well as the potential transfer mechanism of their antibiotic resistance. Based on reviewed data, enterococcal probiotic consumption has been proven beneficial for conditions or symptoms of multiple diseases without any apparent adverse effects. However, due to the plasmid- or transposon-mediated gene transfer ability of enterococci, surveillance monitoring and further studies regarding enterococcal consumption are warranted. Future studies that identify enterococcal strains safe to use in probiotics without virulence factors and antibiotic resistance are imperative for evidence-based decisions by health organizations and government agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jeeho Im
- College of Arts and Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA;
| | - Harry Hyun-Yup Lee
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Lillington, NC 27546, USA
| | - Minzae Kim
- College of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Myo-Kyoung Kim
- Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
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11
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Pellegrini M, Barbieri F, Montanari C, Iacumin L, Bernardi C, Gardini F, Comi G. Microbial Spoilage of Traditional Goose Sausages Produced in a Northern Region of Italy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1942. [PMID: 37630502 PMCID: PMC10459116 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, during the ripening of goose sausage, a defect consisting of ammonia and vinegar smell was noticed. The producer of the craft facility, located in Lombardia, a Northern region of Italy, asked us to identify the cause of that defect. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the potential responsible agents for the spoilage of this lot of goose sausages. Spoilage was first detected by sensory analysis using the "needle probing" technique; however, the spoiled sausages were not marketable due to the high ammonia and vinegar smell. The added starter culture did not limit or inhibit the spoilage microorganisms, which were represented by Levilactobacillus brevis, the predominant species, and by Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium. These microorganisms grew during ripening and produced a large amount of biogenic amines, which could represent a risk for consumers. Furthermore, Lev. brevis, being a heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB), also produced ethanol, acetic acid, and a variation in the sausage colour. The production of biogenic amines was confirmed in vitro. Furthermore, as observed in a previous study, the second cause of spoilage can be attributed to moulds which grew during ripening; both the isolated strains, Penicillium nalgiovense, added as a starter culture, and P. lanosocoeruleum, present as an environmental contaminant, grew between the meat and casing, producing a large amount of total volatile nitrogen, responsible for the ammonia smell perceived in the ripening area and in the sausages. This is the first description of Levilactobacillus brevis predominance in spoiled goose sausage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pellegrini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.P.); (L.I.)
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (F.B.); (C.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Chiara Montanari
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (F.B.); (C.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Lucilla Iacumin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.P.); (L.I.)
| | - Cristian Bernardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Fausto Gardini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (F.B.); (C.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Comi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.P.); (L.I.)
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12
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Boutaybi M, Doudouh O, Darar Assoweh C, El Abbassi O, Ismaili N, El Ouafi N. Mitro-aortic infective endocarditis on bicuspid aortic valve multicomplicated: a case report. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:3017-3021. [PMID: 37363550 PMCID: PMC10289630 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000000745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare but serious disease, and despite improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic tools, it remains associated with high mortality. It can develop in a healthy heart, but most commonly in underlying heart disease. The authors discuss a 34-year-old patient, who has presented for 4 months with generalized asthenia, fever, and chills, without any notion of chest pain, arthralgias. On admission, the patient was conscious, hemodynamically, and respiratory stable, the temperature was 38.5°C. The cardiac exam heart revealed a systolic murmur rated 4/6th at the mitral focus. Transthoracic echocardiography showing vegetation on the mitral and aortic valve. Three blood cultures were taken at 1 h intervals, all positive for enterococci, thoracoabdominal and brain computed tomography scan with contrast injection was performed showing, ischemic stroke, aortic coarctation, splenic and renal infarction, mycotic aneurysms in the descending aort. IE can be the cause of several extracardiac manifestations, through vascular and/or immunological phenomena. Embolic complications are the most frequent extracardiac complications and are secondary to septic emboli from the vegetations. The prognosis of IE is worsened by the addition of cardiac and extracardiac complications such as mycotic aneurysms and septic embolic events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nabila Ismaili
- Department of Cardiology, Mohammed VI University Hospital
- Epidemiological Laboratory of Clinical Research and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Oujda, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Noha El Ouafi
- Department of Cardiology, Mohammed VI University Hospital
- Epidemiological Laboratory of Clinical Research and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Oujda, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco
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13
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Wouthuyzen-Bakker M, Scheper H. Rifampicin in periprosthetic joint infections: where do we stand and where are we headed? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37141111 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2211263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a major complication of arthroplasty. Treatment of PJI consists of surgical debridement with or without the exchange of the implant and long-term antimicrobial treatment. Rifampicin is regarded as one of the cornerstones of antimicrobial treatment for staphylococcal PJI, but the exact role of rifampicin for PJI in different clinical scenarios remains to be elucidated. AREAS COVERED In this perspective article, an overview is provided of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies that were the basis of the current guidelines and recommendations for rifampicin use in daily practice for PJI. Controversial issues on indication, dosing, timing, duration and antibiotic drug interactions will be addressed. Finally, the most urgent clinical questions on rifampicin use that need answering in the nearby future will be formulated. EXPERT OPINION Many inquiries remain concerning the exact indications and clinical use of rifampicin in PJI. Randomized controlled trials are needed to answer these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Wouthuyzen-Bakker
- Department of medical microbiology and infection prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Scheper
- Department of infectious diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Perzon O, Cahn A, Gellman YN, Leibovitch M, Peled S, Elishoov O, Haze A, Olshtain-Pops K, Elinav H. Enterococci in Diabetic Foot Infections: Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad238. [PMID: 37234514 PMCID: PMC10205551 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are frequently polymicrobial, yet the relevance of each isolated pathogen, remains ill-defined. Specifically, the prevalence and pathogenicity of enterococcal DFIs and the impact of targeted antienterococcal treatment remain elusive. Methods We collected demographic, clinical, and outcome-related data on patients admitted with DFIs to the Hadassah Medical Center diabetic foot unit between 2014 and 2019. The primary outcome was a composite of in-hospital death or major amputation. Secondary outcomes included any amputation, major amputation, length of stay (LOS), and 1-year major amputation or mortality rate. Results Enterococci were isolated in 35% of 537 eligible DFI case patients, who were notable for a higher prevalence of peripheral vascular disease, increased levels of C-reactive protein, and higher Wagner scores. Infection in enterococci-positive individuals was mostly polymicrobial (96.8% vs 61.0% in non-enterococci-infected patients; P < .001). Enterococci-infected patients were more likely to undergo amputation (72.3% vs 50.1%; P < .001) and had longer hospital stays (median LOS, 22.5 vs 17 days; P < .001), but the primary end point of major amputation or in-hospital death did not differ between groups (25.5% vs 21.0%; P = .26). Appropriate antienterococcal antibiotics were used in 78.1% of enterococci-infected patients and, compared with results in untreated patients, were associated with a trend toward a lower rate of major amputations (20.4% vs 34.1%; P = .06) but longer hospitalization (median LOS, 24 vs 18 days; P = .07). Conclusions Enterococci are common in DFIs and associated with higher rates of amputation and longer hospitalization. A reduction in major amputation rates with appropriate enterococci treatment is suggested retrospectively, meriting validation by future prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Perzon
- Correspondence: Ofer Perzon, MD, Internal Medicine B Department, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center and Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12271, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel ()
| | | | - Yechiel N Gellman
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Leibovitch
- Department of Military Medicine and “Tzameret,” Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Israel
| | - Shahar Peled
- Department of Military Medicine and “Tzameret,” Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Israel
| | - Ofer Elishoov
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amir Haze
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Department of Orthopedics, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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15
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Abdool-Ghany AA, Klaus JS, Villegas LES, D'Alessio T, Gidley ML, Sinigalliano CD, Gaston C, Solo-Gabriele HM. Microbial Communities in the Water Surface Microlayer and Associations with Microbes in Aerosols, Beach Sand, and Bulk Water. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:7109261. [PMID: 37019824 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The water surface microlayer (SML) serves as a boundary through which microbes can be exchanged. To evaluate exchanges of microbes, this study compared microbial communities within different reservoirs, with an emphasis on the water SML and aerosols. Additionally, the microbial communities during a sewage spill and perigean tides were evaluated and the results were compared to times without these events. Results show that during perigean tides and during the sewage spill, levels of culturable bacteria were highest and showed an increase via sequencing in potential pathogenic bacteria (Corynebacterium and Vibrio, which increased from 3.5%-1800% depending on sample type). In the aerosol samples, Corynebacterium (average of 2.0%), Vibrio (1.6%), and Staphylococcus (10%), were the most abundant genera. Aerosolization factors, which were used to examine the transfer of the microbes, were high for these three genera. Measurements of general marine bacteria (GMB) by culture showed a weak but significant correlation between culturable GMB in aerosol samples versus in water and in SML. More research is needed to evaluate the exchange of pathogens between the SML and air, given the increase in potentially pathogenic microbes within the SML during rare events and evidence that suggests that microbes maintain viability during transfers across reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afeefa A Abdool-Ghany
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - James S Klaus
- Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, Florida, USA
| | - Luis E Sosa Villegas
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Trent D'Alessio
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Maribeth L Gidley
- University of Miami, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), Miami, Florida, USA
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher D Sinigalliano
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Cassandra Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, Florida, USA
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
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16
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Gasior T, Woitek FJ, Schroth A, Abdel-Wahab M, Crusius L, Haussig S, Kiefer P, Scislo P, Huczek Z, Dabrowski M, Witkowski A, Olasinska-Wisniewska A, Grygier M, Protasiewicz M, Hudziak D, Kappert U, Holzhey D, Wojakowski W, Linke A, Mangner N. Impact of Enterococci vs. Staphylococci Induced Infective Endocarditis after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051817. [PMID: 36902604 PMCID: PMC10003722 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The two most common organisms found in infective endocarditis following transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI-IE) are enterococci (EC-IE) and staphylococci (SC-IE). We aimed to compare clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with EC-IE and SC-IE. METHODS TAVI-IE patients from 2007 to 2021 were included in this analysis. The 1-year mortality was the primary outcome measure of this retrospective multi-center analysis. RESULTS Out of 163 patients, 53 (32.5%) EC-IE and 69 (42.3%) SC-IE patients were included. Subjects were comparable with regard to age, sex, and clinically relevant baseline comorbidities. Symptoms at admission were not significantly different between groups, except for a lower risk for presenting with septic shock in EC-IE than SC-IE. Treatment was performed in 78% by antibiotics alone and in 22% of patients by surgery and antibiotics, with no significant differences between groups. The rate of any complication, in particular heart failure, renal failure, and septic shock during treatment for IE, was lower in EC-IE compared with SC-IE (p < 0.05). In-hospital (EC-IE: 36% vs. SC-IE: 56%, p = 0.035) and 1-year mortality (EC-IE: 51% vs. SC-IE: 70%, p = 0.009) were significantly lower in EC-IE compared with SC-IE. CONCLUSIONS EC-IE, compared with SC-IE, was associated with a lower morbidity and mortality. However, absolute numbers are high, a finding that should trigger further research in appropriate perioperative antibiotic management and improvement of early IE diagnosis in the case of clinical suspicion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gasior
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix J. Woitek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Antonia Schroth
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University Hospital, 04289 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Crusius
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Haussig
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Philipp Kiefer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University Hospital, 04289 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Piotr Scislo
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zenon Huczek
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Dabrowski
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Witkowski
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Olasinska-Wisniewska
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Grygier
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Protasiewicz
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Damian Hudziak
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Utz Kappert
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Herzzentrum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Holzhey
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Wojtek Wojakowski
- Department of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Axel Linke
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Norman Mangner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-351-45025297
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17
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Chen W, Huang Y, Jiao X, Ye J, Lin Y, Yao F. Loss of erm(B)-Mediated rRNA Dimethylation and Restoration of Erythromycin Susceptibility in Erythromycin-Resistant Enterococci Following Induced Linezolid Resistance. Microb Drug Resist 2023; 29:51-58. [PMID: 36577022 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2022.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Linezolid has been reported to restore erythromycin susceptibility in erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This phenomenon has not been reported in enterococci and the mechanisms involved therein are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms involved and the effect of combining linezolid with erythromycin on erythromycin-resistant enterococci. Checkerboard techniques were used to determine drug interactions, and 12 of 14 isolates showed a synergistic effect between erythromycin and linezolid (fractional inhibitory concentration <0.5). We observed that the erm(B) gene, which encodes a dimethyltransferase responsible for erythromycin resistance, was expressed from transposon Tn1545 in the tested erythromycin-resistant enterococci. After exposure to linezolid, erm(B)-mediated rRNA dimethylation at A2071 could not be detected, and the erm(B) gene was lost following acquisition of erythromycin susceptibility. Thus, in conclusion, linezolid combined with erythromycin exerts a synergistic effect against erythromycin-resistant enterococci. Linezolid treatment suppressed erm(B)-mediated rRNA dimethylation at A2071, which could lead to loss of the erm(B) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yuanchun Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Jiao
- Department of Cell Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiahui Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yanling Lin
- Affiliated Jiangmen Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Jinan University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Fen Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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18
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Krátký M, Konečná K, Šimková A, Janďourek O, Maixnerová J, Stolaříková J, Vejsová M, Voxová B, Trejtnar F, Vinšová J. Improving the antimicrobial activity of old antibacterial drug mafenide: Schiff bases and their bioactivity targeting resistant pathogens. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:255-74. [PMID: 36891917 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Increasing rates of acquired resistance have justified the critical need for novel antimicrobial drugs. One viable concept is the modification of known drugs. Methods & results: 21 mafenide-based compounds were prepared via condensation reactions and screened for antimicrobial efficacy, which demonstrated promising activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, pathogenic fungi and mycobacterial strains (minimum inhibitory concentrations from 3.91 μM). Importantly, they retained activity against a panel of superbugs (methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant staphylococci, enterococci, multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis) without any cross-resistance. Unlike mafenide, most of its imines were bactericidal. Toxicity to HepG2 cells was also investigated. Conclusion: Schiff bases were significantly more active than the parent drug, with iodinated salicylidene and 5-nitrofuran/thiophene-methylidene scaffolds being preferred in identifying the most promising drug candidates.
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19
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García-Vela S, Ben Said L, Soltani S, Guerbaa R, Fernández-Fernández R, Ben Yahia H, Ben Slama K, Torres C, Fliss I. Targeting Enterococci with Antimicrobial Activity against Clostridium perfringens from Poultry. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020231. [PMID: 36830142 PMCID: PMC9952055 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens, is an emerging issue in poultry farming. New approaches, other than antibiotics, are necessary to prevent NE development and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Enterococci are commensal microorganisms that can produce enterocins, antimicrobial peptides with activities against pathogens, and could be excellent candidates for protective cultures. This study aimed to screen and characterize Enterococcus strains of poultry origin for their inhibitory activity against C. perfringens. In total, 251 Enterococcus strains of poultry origin plus five bacteriocin-producing (BP+) E. durans strains of other origins were screened for antimicrobial activity against the indicator C. perfringens X2967 strain using the "spot on the lawn" method. We detected thirty-two BP+ strains (eleven Enterococcus faecium, nine E. gallinarum, eight E. faecalis, three E. durans, and one E. casseliflavus). We further studied the antimicrobial activity of the supernatants of these 32 BP+ strains using agar well diffusion and microtitration against a collection of 20 C. perfringens strains. Twelve BP+ enterococci that were found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against C. perfringens were characterized using whole genome sequencing. Among these, E. faecium X2893 and X2906 were the most promising candidates for further studies as protective cultures for poultry farming. Both strains belong to the sequence type ST722, harbor the genes encoding for enterocin A and enterocin B, do not possess acquired resistance genes, do not carry plasmids, and present the acm gene, which is implicated in host colonization. Further research is needed to determine the utility of these strains as protective cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara García-Vela
- Department of Food Science, University of Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Laila Ben Said
- Department of Food Science, University of Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Samira Soltani
- Department of Food Science, University of Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ramzi Guerbaa
- Department of Food Science, University of Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Laboratoire Bioressources, Environnement et Biotechnologie (LR22ES04), Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Rosa Fernández-Fernández
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Houssem Ben Yahia
- Laboratoire Bioressources, Environnement et Biotechnologie (LR22ES04), Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Karim Ben Slama
- Laboratoire Bioressources, Environnement et Biotechnologie (LR22ES04), Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Ismail Fliss
- Department of Food Science, University of Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (I.F.)
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Orman A, Celik Y, Evik G, Ersöz G, Kuyucu N, Ozmen BO. Should Perirectal Swab Culture Be Performed in Cases Admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit? Lessons Learned from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Children (Basel) 2023; 10. [PMID: 36832316 DOI: 10.3390/children10020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Serial perirectal swabs are used to identify colonization of multidrug-resistant bacteria and prevent spread. The purpose of this study was to determine colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). An additional purpose was to establish whether sepsis and epidemic associated with these factors were present in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), to which infants with hospital stays exceeding 48 h in an external healthcare center NICU were admitted. Perirectal swab samples were collected in the first 24 h by a trained infection nurse using sterile cotton swabs moistened with 0.9% NaCl from patients admitted to our unit after hospitalization exceeding 48 h in an external center. The primary outcome was positivity in perirectal swab cultures, and the secondary outcomes were whether this caused invasive infection and significant NICU outbreaks. A total of 125 newborns meeting the study criteria referred from external healthcare centers between January 2018 and January 2022 were enrolled. Analysis revealed that CRE constituted 27.2% of perirectal swab positivity and VRE 4.8%, and that one in every 4.4 infants included in the study exhibited perirectal swab positivity. The detection of colonization by these microorganisms, and including them within the scope of surveillance, is an important factor in the prevention of NICU epidemics.
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Mogokotleng R, Ismail H, Perovic O, Jallow S. A Retrospective Analysis of Culture-Confirmed Enterococci Bloodstream Infections in South Africa, 2016-2020: A Cross-Sectional Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 8:tropicalmed8010019. [PMID: 36668926 PMCID: PMC9866682 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The emergence of multidrug resistance enterococci is a major public health concern. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from blood cultures over a five-year period (2016−2020) at public hospitals in South Africa. (2): Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical enterococci isolated from bloodstream infection samples at the South African public hospitals was conducted. The ESKAPE dataset from January 2016 to December 2020 was obtained from the central data warehouse (CDW) at the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS). (3): Results: Following de-duplication, a total of 130,352/306,592 organisms isolated from blood cultures were identified as ESKAPE pathogens. In this study, K. pneumoniae (25%; 33,082/130,352), was the most frequently isolated pathogen from blood cultures, followed by S. aureus (23%; 29,922/130,352) and enterococci (16%; 21,339/130,352). Of the enterococci cases, about 43% (9132/21,339) of cases were from the infants aged (<1-year old) and 32% (6745/21,339) from the adult patients. No changes observed in vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid susceptibility; however, E. faecium and E. faecalis blood culture isolates remained highly susceptible (>97%) to these antibiotics. (4): Conclusions: The current study revealed a significant increase of E. faecalis and E. faecium blood culture isolates as compared to the previous national ESKAPE data. Low vancomycin resistance was observed. Continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistant Enterococcus species is warranted in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Mogokotleng
- Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-555-0427; Fax: +27-11-555-0430
| | - Husna Ismail
- Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Olga Perovic
- Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Sabelle Jallow
- Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
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22
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Šilha D, Syrová P, Syrová L, Janečková J. Smoothie Drinks: Possible Source of Resistant and Biofilm-Forming Microorganisms. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244039. [PMID: 36553778 PMCID: PMC9778333 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoothie drinks are currently very popular drinks sold especially in fast food establishments. However, smoothies are a significant source of microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of smoothies purchased in Eastern Bohemia. A higher prevalence of mesophilic aerobic bacteria (5.4-7.2 log CFU/mL), yeast (4.4-5.9 log CFU/mL) and coliform bacteria (3.1-6.0 log CFU/mL) was observed in vegetable smoothies, in which even the occurrence of enterococci (1.6-3.3 log CFU/mL) was observed. However, the occurrence of S. aureus, Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. was not observed in any samples. Nevertheless, antimicrobial resistance was observed in 71.8% of the isolated strains. The highest level of resistance was found in isolates from smoothie drinks with predominantly vegetable contents (green smoothie drinks). Considerable resistance was observed in Gram-negative rods, especially to amoxicillin (82.2%) and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (55.6%). Among enterococci, only one vancomycin-resistant strain was detected. The vast majority of isolated strains were able to form biofilms at a significant level, which increases the clinical importance of these microorganisms. The highest biofilm production was found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Kocuria kristinae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Overall, significant biofilm production was also noted among isolates of Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Šilha
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532-10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Petra Syrová
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532-10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Syrová
- Department of Infectious Diagnostics, Hospital of the Pardubice Region, Jana Evangelisty Purkyně 652, 570-14 Litomysl, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janečková
- Department of Infectious Diagnostics, Hospital of the Pardubice Region, Jana Evangelisty Purkyně 652, 570-14 Litomysl, Czech Republic
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Mirzaie S, Faghiri I, Askari Badouei M, Madani SA. Molecular detection and occurrence of vancomycin resistance genes (van A, B, C1, C2/C3) among Enterococcus species isolated from farm ostriches. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:226-233. [PMID: 36458992 PMCID: PMC9857099 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluating the prevalence of vancomycin resistance genes (van genes) in enterococcal isolates from food-producing animals is an important public health issue because of the possibility of resistance genes spread to human. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of vancomycin resistance genes among Enterococcus species obtained from ostrich faecal samples. METHODS One hundred and twenty-five faecal samples of apparently healthy ostriches from five different farms were investigated. Genes encoding vancomycin resistance were studied by multiplex-PCR, and susceptibility to six antibiotics was evaluated by disk-diffusion method. RESULTS In total, 107 Enterococcus spp. isolates were obtained and confirmed by biochemical and molecular tests. Enterococcus faecium was the prevailing species (56 isolates of 107; 52.3%), followed by E. hirae (24 isolates; 22.4%) and E. gallinarum (12 isolates; 11.2%). Of the 107 recovered isolates, 44% harboured at least a type of van genes. vanA, vanC2/3 and vanC1 were identified in 34 (31.7%), 13 isolates (12.1%) and 4 (3.7%) isolates respectively. Additionally, four isolates (E. gallinarum, E. rafinosus) co-harboured the the vanA and vanC1 or vanA and vanC2/3. Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae strains with the vanA genotype were the most frequent van-carrying enterococci from ostrich faecal samples. Among van-carrying enterococcal isolates, 23.4% were phenotypically resistant to vancomycin. This study revealed a relatively high prevalence (44%) of van-carrying enterococci in ostrich faecal samples. CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study suggest that ostrich faeces could be considered as a reservoir of vancomycin resistance genes, especially vanA containing enterococci that could be potentially transferred to human through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mirzaie
- Department of AgricultureIranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST)TehranIran
| | - Isa Faghiri
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGarmsar BranchIslamic Azad UniversityGarmsarIran
| | - Mahdi Askari Badouei
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Madani
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Animal and Poultry Health and NutritionUniversity of TehranTehranIran
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24
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Kartashova OL, Pashinina OA, Morozova NV, Pashkova TM, Kuzmin MD. [Antibiotic resistance of strains of gram-positive cocci isolated from prostate secretion in men with chronic bacterial prostatitis]. Urologiia 2022:16-20. [PMID: 36625608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to characterize the antibiotic resistance of gram-positive cocci strains isolated from the prostate secretion in men with chronic bacterial prostatitis at the level of phenotype and genotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacteria were isolated from the prostate secretion of men of reproductive age (20-45 years) with chronic bacterial prostatitis by conventional bacteriological method. The type of microorganisms was determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Resistance to 16 antibiotics of 31 strains of E. faecalis and 91 cultures of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) was determined by the disk diffusion method. Antibiotic resistance genes (mecA; blaZ; aac(6)- aph (2); ant (4)-Ia; aph (3)-IIIa; gyrA, grlA) were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR ) using selected primers. RESULTS A high resistance of enterococci to antibacterial drugs was revealed: fluoroquinolones, carbapenens, cephalosporins (with the exception of cefoperazone), gentamicin and oxacillin. It has been established that CoNS are characterized by variable antibiotic resistance, while: isolates of S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus are resistant to all studied fluoroquinolones and carbapenems; S. warneri to carbapenems and the vast majority of studied cephalosporins; S. saprophyticus - to aminoglycosides. Amoxiclav and cefoperazone are characterized by the highest activity against clinical isolates. Using PCR, the presence of genetic determinants of resistance to aminoglycosides and -lactams was established in the isolates, with a predominance of the studied genes in CoNS. CONCLUSION For effective antibiotic therapy in chronic bacterial prostatitis, it is necessary to conduct regional monitoring of the resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O L Kartashova
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis UB of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - O A Pashinina
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis UB of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - N V Morozova
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis UB of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - T M Pashkova
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis UB of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - M D Kuzmin
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis UB of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
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25
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Aurich S, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Ewers C. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Uropathogens Isolated from Dogs and Cats. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121730. [PMID: 36551391 PMCID: PMC9774110 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common diagnosis in companion animal practice and is one of the leading reasons for antimicrobial prescriptions. We analysed 1862 samples from the urinary tract of dogs and cats, submitted to a veterinary microbiological diagnostic laboratory in 2019 and 2020 in Germany. Susceptibility of 962 uropathogenic isolates to 15 antimicrobials, suggested as first- and second-line treatment options for UTI, was determined according to CLSI recommendations. Bacterial growth of uropathogens was detected in 43.9% of dog and in 38.5% of cat samples. Escherichia (E.) coli was the most frequently isolated pathogen (48.4%), followed by Enterococcus spp. (11.9%) and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS; 11.5%). Females were more likely to exhibit a positive microbiological culture. Regarding first-line antibiotics, 93.4% of the most commonly isolated uropathogenic species were susceptible to the first-line antibiotics amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC) and 87.6% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), while 76.1% showed decreased susceptibility to ampicillin (AMP). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 11.9% of E. coli, 50.4% of enterococci, and 42.7% of CoPS; 90.6% of these isolates were susceptible to nitrofurantoin (NIT). Our data indicate that empiric treatment of UTI with AMC or SXT could be recommended and is preferable to treatment with AMX. NIT should be considered for the treatment of MDR uropathogens.
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26
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Nguyen AH, Hood KS, Mileykovskaya E, Miller WR, Tran TT. Bacterial cell membranes and their role in daptomycin resistance: A review. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1035574. [PMID: 36452455 PMCID: PMC9702088 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1035574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play a major role in bacterial cells. Foremost, lipids are the primary constituents of the cell membrane bilayer, providing structure and separating the cell from the surrounding environment. This makes the lipid bilayer a prime target for antimicrobial peptides and membrane-acting antibiotics such as daptomycin. In response, bacteria have evolved mechanisms by which the membrane can be adapted to resist attack by these antimicrobial compounds. In this review, we focus on the membrane phospholipid changes associated with daptomycin resistance in enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and the Viridans group streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- April H. Nguyen
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kara S. Hood
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Eugenia Mileykovskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - William R. Miller
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Truc T. Tran
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Truc T. Tran,
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27
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Fašmon Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Dierick N, Anguita M, Brozzi R, Galobart J, Ortuño J, Revez J. Assessment of the efficacy of two feed additives consisting of Enterococcus faeciumATCC 53519 and E. faeciumATCC 55593 for all animal species (FEFANA asbl). EFSA J 2022; 20:e07603. [PMID: 36312447 PMCID: PMC9597373 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the efficacy of two technological additives to improve ensiling of forages consisting of Enterococcus faecium strains ATCC 53519 and ATCC 55593, respectively, for all animal species. The additives are intended for use with all forages and for all animal species at a proposed minimum concentration of 1 × 107 colony forming units (CFU) of E. faecium ATCC 53519/kg forage or 5 × 106 CFU of E. faecium ATCC 55593/kg forage, respectively. In a previous opinion, the FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on their efficacy owing to the lack of sufficient evidence for an improvement on the nutrient preservation during the ensiling process. The new data submitted by the applicant as supplementary information provided not enough weight of evidence on the effects of the additives on the ensiling of easy, moderately difficult and difficult to ensile material, and therefore, the FEEDAP Panel is not in the position to conclude on the efficacy of the additive under the proposed conditions of use.
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Russo A, Picciarella A, Russo R, d'Ettorre G, Ceccarelli G. Time to Effective Therapy Is an Important Determinant of Survival in Bloodstream Infections Caused by Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus spp. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36233227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcal bloodstream infections (EBSI) caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are associated with a significant rate of unfavorable outcomes. No definitive data have been reported about the association between delayed antibiotic therapy and mortality. In this prospective observational study in three large hospitals in Italy (from August 2016 to April 2021), all consecutive hospitalized patients with a confirmed diagnosis of hospital-acquired monomicrobial BSI caused by VRE—with no evidence of endocarditis—were analyzed. Cox regression analysis showed that risk factors independently associated with 30-day mortality were age (HR 2.98, CI95% 1.44−6.81, p = 0.002), chronic kidney disease (HR 5.21, CI95% 1.48−22.23, p = 0.001), oncologic disease (HR 2.81, CI95% 1.45−19.8, p = 0.005), and intensive care unit admission (HR 3.71, CI95% 2.23−7.99, p < 0.001). Conversely, early effective therapy was associated with survival (HR 0.32, CI95% 0.38−0.76, p < 0.001). The administration of early effective antibiotic therapy within 48 h from blood culture collection was associated with 30-day mortality rates lower than 33%. Time from blood culture collection to appropriate therapy was an independent predictor of 30-day mortality in patients with EBSI caused by VRE. Based on these data, clinicians should start effective antibiotic therapy as soon as possible, preferably within the first 48 h from blood culture collection. Treatment strategies allowing the early delivery of in vitro active antibiotics are urgently needed, especially in critically ill patients at risk of VRE bacteremia.
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Da Silva-Guedes J, Martinez-Laorden A, Gonzalez-Fandos E. Effect of the Presence of Antibiotic Residues on the Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance in Fresh Goat Meat. Foods 2022; 11:3030. [PMID: 36230106 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 11 fresh goat legs were collected at the retail level. Mesophiles, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter spp., and Listeria monocytogenes counts were determined. Nine samples were free of antibiotic residues, while in the other two samples the presence of sulfadiazine and doxycycline was detected. The antimicrobial resistance of E. coli, staphylococci, Macrococcus spp., and enterococci isolates was also evaluated. Clostridium perfringens was found in two samples. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was detected in one sample. S. epidermidis isolated from one sample containing doxycycline residues showed resistance to mupirocin. Moreover, multi-resistant S. epidermidis and M. caseolyticus were found. Most of the isolated Enterococcus faecium were multi-resistant. Neither extended-spectrum β-lactamase -producing E. coli nor vancomycin-resistant enterococci were detected in any sample. The presence of doxycycline or sulfadiazine could affect the goat meat microbiota since less microbial diversity was found in these samples compared to those free of antibiotics. The presence of antibiotic residues could increase the antimicrobial resistance of enterococci in fresh goat meat. The presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in goat meat could be considered a potential threat and should be monitored. Special measures should be taken at the farm level and during slaughter to reduce antimicrobial resistance.
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Adeniji OO, Ojemaye MO, Okoh AI. Antibacterial Activity of Metallic Nanoparticles against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens Isolated from Environmental Samples: Nanoparticles/Antibiotic Combination Therapy and Cytotoxicity Study. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2022; 5:4814-4826. [PMID: 36153972 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant organisms have increased the prevalence of infectious diseases and have become the leading source of death globally. The adverse effects associated with conventional antibiotics cannot be underestimated, and as a result, the quest for antibacterial agents has received great attention over the years. Therefore, the current research was designed to synthesize and examine the antibacterial properties of two metallic nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs), as well as their antibiotic combination therapy against multidrug-resistant bacteria. AgNPs and ZnONPs were synthesized by the coprecipitation method and characterized. Thereafter, their antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria was investigated using the microdilution technique. Subsequently, the interactions between the synthesized nanoparticles and antibiotics were evaluated by checkerboard assay. Time-kill assays were carried out to assess bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects, and the cytotoxicity study was carried out by MTT assay. The SEM analysis of AgNPs and ZnONPs were spherical with an average size of 21.03 and 43.37 nm, respectively. FTIR analysis showed the characteristics of the metal-oxygen vibrational band for both materials around 450 cm-1, which indicated the successful synthesis of these antibacterial agents. The EDX characterization revealed Zn and O with 77.89% and 18.24% abundance in ZnONPs and Ag with 95.65% abundance in AgNPs. UV-vis absorption spectra of AgNPs was obtained around 400 nm. ZnONPs showed a moderate antibacterial effect against Enterococcus species with a MIC range of 2.5-5 mg/mL, while AgNPs demonstrated a strong antibacterial effect against the tested bacterial strains with a MIC range of 0.078-0.039 mg/mL. The ZnONPs were found to be cytotoxic against Vero cell lines at the tested concentrations, whereas AgNPs had no cytotoxic effect at lower concentrations. Their combination activities showed synergetic and additive effects. These findings revealed that these synthesized materials could serve as alternate antibacterial agents against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanni and Enterococcus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Ola Adeniji
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Mike Onyewelehi Ojemaye
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Habib I, Lakshmi GB, Mohamed MYI, Ghazawi A, Khan M, Li D. Enumeration, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence Genes Screening of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Retail Chicken Carcasses in the United Arab Emirates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:590-597. [PMID: 35749143 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci have recently emerged as nosocomial pathogens worldwide. Their ubiquitous nature determines their frequent finding in foods as contaminants. In this study, we aimed to determine the counts, species diversity, antimicrobial resistance profile, and to screen for a set of virulence genes among enterococci. Enterococcus were identified from 75.7% (125/165) of chilled chicken carcasses, belonging to seven companies, sampled from retail markets in Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.). Overall, the samples, with a mean Enterococcus count of 2.58 log10 colony-forming unit (CFU)/g with a standard deviation of ±1.17 log10 CFU/g. Among the characterized Enterococcus isolates (n = 90), Enterococcus faecalis was the predominant species (51.1%), followed by Enterococcus faecium (37.8%). Using Vitek2 automated antimicrobial sensitivity panel, we found none of the E. faecalis nor E. faecium to be resistant to ampicillin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, or tigecycline. A third of the E. faecalis (28.3%) and E. faecium (35.3%) were resistant to high-level gentamicin. Over half of E. faecalis (54.3%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and the same was in about a third of E. faecium isolates (29.4%). Linezolid resistance was identified in 10 E. faecalis and 7 E. faecium isolates belonging to samples from three companies. All of the linezolid-resistant isolates harbored oxazolidinone resistance optrA gene. Virulence-associated genes (asa1 and gelE) were significantly (p < 0.05) more detected among E. faecalis compared to E. faecium isolates recovered in this study. Over half of the E. faecalis (25/46) and E. faecium (20/34) isolates were identified as multidrug-resistant. This study provides further insight into virulence genes and their association with the dissemination of multidrug-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium in supermarket chicken meat in the U.A.E. This is probably the first description of the optrA gene in enterococci from supermarket chicken meat in the U.A.E. and from Arab countries. This study adds to the regional and global understanding of antimicrobial resistance spread in foods of animal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Habib
- Veterinary Public Health Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab of Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Glindya Bhagya Lakshmi
- Veterinary Public Health Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab of Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed-Yousif Ibrahim Mohamed
- Veterinary Public Health Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab of Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Akela Ghazawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mushtaq Khan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Rodríguez-Lucas C, Fernández J, Vázquez X, de Toro M, Ladero V, Fuster C, Rodicio R, Rodicio MR. Detection of the optrA Gene Among Polyclonal Linezolid-Susceptible Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis Recovered from Community Patients. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:773-779. [PMID: 35727074 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersion of transferable oxazolidinone resistance genes among enterococci poses a serious problem to human health. Prompt detection of bacteria carrying these genes is crucial to avoid their spread to multidrug-resistant bacteria. The aim of the study was to describe the presence of optrA-positive isolates among enterococci in a Spanish hospital, and to determine their genetic context and location through whole genome sequencing. All enterococci recovered in a Spanish hospital (Hospital El Bierzo; HEB) from February to December 2018 (n = 443), with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to linezolid (LZD) ≥4 mg/L, were tested by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of cfr, optrA, and poxtA transferable genes. Only four Enterococcus faecalis isolates (0.9%) had LZD MICs ≥4 mg/L and none of them was positive for cfr or poxtA genes. However, the optrA gene was detected in three isolates collected from urine samples of community patients, whose genomes were sequenced and subjected to bioinformatics analysis. These isolates belonged to different clones: ST7, ST480, and ST585. In these three isolates, the optrA gene was located on plasmids, associated with IS1216 in different arrays. In one isolate, the optrA plasmid coexists with a second plasmid, which carried multiple resistance genes for different classes of antibiotics. Detection of optrA-positive E. faecalis isolates in the community is a matter of concern. The spread of these bacteria into hospital settings, particularly in those, such as the HEB, where vancomycin-resistant enterococci are endemic, should be avoided, to preserve the efficacy of the last-resort oxazolidinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodríguez-Lucas
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Spain.,Grupo de Microbiología Traslacional. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández
- Grupo de Microbiología Traslacional. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain.,Research & Innovation, Artificial Intelligence and Statistical Department, Pragmatech AI Solutions, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Xenia Vázquez
- Grupo de Microbiología Traslacional. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María de Toro
- Plataforma de Genómica y Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Víctor Ladero
- Insituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain.,Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos Fuster
- Unidad de Microbiología, Hospital El Bierzo (HEB), Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Rosaura Rodicio
- Grupo de Microbiología Traslacional. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Rosario Rodicio
- Grupo de Microbiología Traslacional. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Strobel RM, Leistner R, Leonhardt M, Neumann K, Eschlböck SM, Lee LDG, Seifarth C, Schineis CHW, Kamphues C, Weixler B, Beyer K, Lauscher JC. Is There an Association between Intra-Operative Detection of Pathogens in Subcutaneous Tissue and Surgical Site Infections? Results from a Prospective Study. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2022; 23:372-379. [PMID: 35263172 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2021.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a common complication in visceral surgery. Pathogens causing SSIs vary depending on the type of surgery. Patients and Methods: Within the scope of the Reduction of Postoperative Wound Infections by Antiseptica (RECIPE) trial we analyzed the pathogens cultured in intra-operative, subcutaneous swabs and in swabs from SSI in a single-center, prospective, randomized controlled study. Definition of SSI complied with the criteria of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Results: The overall rate of SSI was 28.2% in 393 patients. Colorectal surgery was performed in 68.2% of elective laparotomies. Pathogens were more often detected in intra-operative subcutaneous swabs in patients who developed SSIs than in patients who did not develop SSIs (64.4% vs. 38.0%; p < 0.001). Enterococci were found in 29.1% of intra-operative swabs in patients with SSIs, followed by Escherichia coli in 15.5%. A higher rate of Enterococcus faecium was found in patients with anemia versus those without anemia (9.2% vs. 2.3%; p = 0.006) and in patients who smoked versus those who did not (11.8% vs. 3.6%; p = 0.008). A positive subcutaneous swab (odds ratio [OR], 2.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.47-4.29; p = 0.001), pre-operative anemia (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.08-3.13; p = 0.016), and renal insufficiency (OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.01-4.59; p = 0.048) were risk factors for SSIs. Conclusions: There is an association between the intra-operative detection of pathogens in subcutaneous tissue and the development of SSIs in visceral surgery. The most prevalent pathogens causing SSIs were enterococci and Escherichia coli. More efforts are justified to reduce subcutaneous colonization with pathogens, for example by using intra-operative wound irrigation with polyhexanide solution. This trial is registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT04055233).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel M Strobel
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Rheumatology, and Infectiology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rasmus Leistner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Infectiology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marja Leonhardt
- Innlandet Hospital Trust, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Konrad Neumann
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie M Eschlböck
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Rheumatology, and Infectiology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucas D G Lee
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Rheumatology, and Infectiology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Seifarth
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Rheumatology, and Infectiology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian H W Schineis
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Rheumatology, and Infectiology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Kamphues
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Rheumatology, and Infectiology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Weixler
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Rheumatology, and Infectiology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Beyer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Rheumatology, and Infectiology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes C Lauscher
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Rheumatology, and Infectiology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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34
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Lee IK, Sng YP, Li WF, Chen CL, Wang CC, Lin CC, Chen IL. Importance of daptomycin dosage on the clinical outcome in liver transplant recipients with vancomycin-resistant enterococci infection. J Chemother 2022; 34:367-374. [PMID: 35075978 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2022.2031470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We retrospectively studied 16 (3 colonization and 13 infections) early post-liver transplant (≤60-day after transplantation) patients with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) colonization/infection from 2016 to 2019. All VRE isolates were Enterococcus faecium. Of 13 patients with VRE infection, 12 (92.3%) underwent living-donor liver transplantation and 1 underwent deceased donor liver transplantation. Among these 13 patients, the median time from transplant to emergence of VRE infection was 12 days. The median interval from VRE infection to death was 27 days. Of these 13 patients, eleven patients (8 survived; 3 died) received daptomycin therapy for VRE. Among them, 4 (36.3%) received daptomycin doses <8 mg/kg. Non-survivors (n = 3) received significantly lower daptomycin dose than survivors (n = 8; p = .040). Daptomycin doses <8mg/kg were more frequently associated with non-survivors (n = 3) than with survivors (n = 8; p = .024). In summary, the suboptimal dosage of daptomycin may have contributed to a higher rate of in-hospital mortality. Doses ≥8 mg/kg may be needed to adequately treat VRE infection in liver transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Kit Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Sng
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Feng Li
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Long Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chi Wang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Che Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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35
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Jarzynka S, Spott R, Tchatchiashvili T, Ueberschaar N, Martinet MG, Strom K, Kryczka T, Wesołowska A, Pletz MW, Olędzka G, Makarewicz O. Human Milk Oligosaccharides Exhibit Biofilm Eradication Activity Against Matured Biofilms Formed by Different Pathogen Species. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:794441. [PMID: 35069493 PMCID: PMC8767050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.794441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been shown to exhibit plenty of benefits for infants, such as prebiotic activity shaping the gut microbiota and immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity. For some pathogenic bacteria, antimicrobial activity has been proved, but most studies focus on group B streptococci. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of the total and fractionated HMOs from pooled human milk against four common human pathogenic Gram-negative species (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Burkholderia cenocepacia) and three Gram-positive species (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis). The activity of HMOs against enterococci and B. cenocepacia are addressed here for the first time. We showed that HMOs exhibit a predominant activity against the Gram-positive species, with E. faecalis being the most sensitive to the HMOs, both in planktonic bacteria and in biofilms. In further tests, we could exclude fucosyllactose as the antibacterial component. The biological significance of these findings may lie in the prevention of skin infections of the mother’s breast as a consequence of breastfeeding-induced skin laceration and/or protection of the infants’ nasopharynx and lung from respiratory pathogens such as staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Jarzynka
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Riccardo Spott
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,IncfectoGnostics Research Campus, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Tinatini Tchatchiashvili
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,IncfectoGnostics Research Campus, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nico Ueberschaar
- Mass Spectrometry Platform, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark Grevsen Martinet
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Kamila Strom
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kryczka
- Department of Development of Nursing, Social and Medical Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wesołowska
- Department of Medical Biology, Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mathias W Pletz
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,IncfectoGnostics Research Campus, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriela Olędzka
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oliwia Makarewicz
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,IncfectoGnostics Research Campus, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Shan X, Yang M, Wang N, Schwarz S, Li D, Du XD. Plasmid Fusion and Recombination Events That Occurred during Conjugation of poxtA-Carrying Plasmids in Enterococci. Microbiol Spectr 2022;:e0150521. [PMID: 35044200 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01505-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Linezolid plays a crucial role in the treatment of infections caused by multiresistant Gram-positive bacteria. The poxtA gene not only confers oxazolidinone and phenicol resistance but also decreases susceptibility to tetracycline. In this study, we investigated structural changes in mobilizable poxtA-carrying plasmids in enterococci which occurred during conjugation experiments using S1-PFGE (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis), Southern blot hybridization, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis. Two poxtA-carrying strains were identified in Enterococcus faecalis E006 and Enterococcus lactis E843, respectively. E. faecalis E006 contains the 121,520-bp conjugative plasmid pE006-121 and the 19,832-bp mobilizable poxtA-carrying plasmid pE006-19, while E. lactis E843 contains the 171,930-bp conjugative plasmid pE843-171 and the 27,847-bp mobilizable poxtA-carrying plasmid pE843-27. Moreover, both poxtA-carrying plasmids were mobilized by their respective conjugative plasmid in enterococci by plasmid fusion; one was generated by homologous recombination in E. faecalis through an identical 864-bp homologous region in the plasmids of the parental strain, while another was generated by an IS1216E-mediated plasmid integration in E. lactis, involving a replicative transposition. IMPORTANCE Until now, all the poxtA genes described in enterococci, including E. faecalis, E. faecium, and E. hirae, are plasmid-borne, suggesting that plasmids play an important role in the dissemination of the poxtA gene among enterococci. This study showed that the mobilizable poxtA-carrying plasmid could transfer with the help of conjugative plasmid in enterococci via plasmid fusion, with one generated by homologous recombination in E. faecalis, and another by replicative transposition in E. lactis. During both the fusion events, the poxtA-carrying plasmids changed from nonconjugative to conjugative, leading to the generation and enhanced dissemination of the larger phenicol-oxazolidinone-tetracycline resistance-encoding plasmids in enterococci.
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37
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Conwell M, Dooley J, Naughton PJ. Enterococcal biofilm - a nidus for antibiotic resistance transfer? J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3444-3460. [PMID: 34990042 PMCID: PMC9306868 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci, important agents of hospital acquired infection, are listed on the WHO list of multi-drug resistant pathogens commonly encountered in hospital acquired infections are now of increasing importance, due to the development of strains resistant to multiple antibiotics. Enterococci are also important microorganisms in the environment and their presence is frequently used as an indicator of faecal pollution. Their success is related to their ability to survive within a broad range of habitats and the ease by which they acquire mobile genetic elements, including plasmids, from other bacteria. The enterococci are frequently present within a bacterial biofilm which provides stability and protection to the bacterial population along with an opportunity for a variety of bacterial interactions. Enterococci can accept extrachromosomal DNA both from within its own species and from other bacterial species and this is enhanced by the proximity of the donor and recipient strains. It is this exchange of genetic material that makes the role of biofilm such an important aspect of the success of enterococci. There remain many questions regarding the most suitable model systems to study enterococci in biofilm and regarding the transfer of genetic material including antibiotic resistance in these biofilms. This review focuses on some important aspects of biofilm in the context of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in enterococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Conwell
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA
| | - Jsg Dooley
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA
| | - P J Naughton
- The Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA
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38
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Gallard-Gongora J, Lobos A, Conrad JW, Peraud J, Harwood VJ. An assessment of three methods for extracting bacterial DNA from beach sand. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2990-3000. [PMID: 34932856 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Beach water quality is regulated by faecal indicator bacteria levels, sand is not, despite known human health risk from exposure to beach sand. We compared the performance of three methods to extract bacterial DNA from beach sand as a step toward a standard method. METHODS AND RESULTS The analytical sensitivity of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for Enterococcus was compared for the slurry (suspension, agitation, membrane filtration of supernatant), versus direct extraction using PowerSoil™ or PowerMax Soil™ kits. The slurry method had the lowest limit of detection at 20-80 gene copies g-1 , recovered significantly more DNA, and the only method that detected Enterococcus by qPCR in all samples; therefore, the only method used in subsequent experiments. The slurry method reflected the spatial variability of Enterococcus in individual transect samples. Mean recovery efficiency of the microbial source tracking marker HF183 from wastewater spiked marine and freshwater beach sand was 100.8% and 64.1%, respectively, but varied, indicating that the mixing protocol needs improvement. CONCLUSIONS Among the three methods, the slurry method had the best analytical sensitivity and produced extracts that were useful for culture or molecular analysis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Standardization of methods for extraction of bacterial DNA from sand facilitates comparisons among studies, and ultimately contributes to the safety of recreational beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldo Lobos
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - James W Conrad
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jayme Peraud
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Valerie J Harwood
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Hammad AM, Aly SS, Hassan HA, Abbas NH, Eltahan A, Khalifa E, Shimamoto T. Occurrence, Phenotypic and Molecular Characteristics of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Retail Raw Milk in Egypt. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 19:192-198. [PMID: 34847725 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence, phenotypic and molecular characteristics of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), isolated from retail raw cow's milk. One hundred milk samples collected from retail shops in Egypt were examined for the occurrence of VRE by using kanamycin aesculin azide agar supplemented with 4 μg/mL vancomycin. PCR was conducted to determine enterococcal species and to screen the isolated strains for the presence of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. All isolated strains were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing for 12 antibiotics. From 24 samples (24%), we recovered 22 isolates (91.6%) classified as VRE (minimum inhibitory concentration ≥32) and 2 isolates (8.3%) classified as intermediate resistant to vancomycin (≤16). Enterococcus faecium (29.1%), Enterococcus faecalis (12.5%), Enterococcus casseliflavus (16.6%), and Enterococcus gallinarum (4.1%) were identified by using multiplex PCR. The genus Enterococcus was resistant to clindamycin (100%), linezolid (91.6%), teicoplanin (91.6%), erythromycin (87.5%), and tetracycline (29.1%). Co-resistance to vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid was detected in 83.3% of isolates. Antibiotic resistance genes vanB, tet(M), tet(L), and erm(B) were identified in 29.1%, 16.6%, 8.3%, and 4.1% of isolates, respectively. Virulence genes gelE and esp were detected in 16.6% and 12.5% of isolates, respectively. In conclusion, the high occurrence of co-resistance to vancomycin, teicoplanin, and linezolid reported in this study is alarming. The high frequency of linezolid resistance prompts increased the attention of researchers to routinely perform linezolid susceptibility in food isolates. This study declares potential food safety risks from consumption and improper handling of raw milk regarding clinically important bacteria and promotes necessary legislation for forbidding the selling and consumption of retail raw milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Hammad
- Departement of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Seham S Aly
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Hamdy A Hassan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt.,Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanity Studies at Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Al-Quwayiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser H Abbas
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Amira Eltahan
- Departement of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Tadashi Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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Xu W, Fang Y, Hu Q, Zhu K. Emerging Risks in Food: Probiotic Enterococci Pose a Threat to Public Health through the Food Chain. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112846. [PMID: 34829127 PMCID: PMC8623795 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been associated with clinical infections, toxicity, and antimicrobial resistance transfer, raising public concerns. Probiotic enterococci are emerging food risks as opportunistic pathogens, yet little attention has been paid to them. Herein, we collected 88 enterococcal isolates from probiotic products used for humans, companion animals, livestock, and aquaculture. Results showed that all 88 probiotic enterococcal isolates harbored diverse virulence genes, multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, and mobile genetic elements. Notably, 77 isolates were highly resistant to gentamicin. Representative enterococcal isolates exerted toxic activities in both in vitro and in vivo models. Collectively, our findings suggest that probiotic enterococci may be harmful to hosts and pose a potential threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kui Zhu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62733695
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Corsi SR, De Cicco LA, Hansen AM, Lenaker PL, Bergamaschi BA, Pellerin BA, Dila DK, Bootsma MJ, Spencer SK, Borchardt MA, McLellan SL. Optical Properties of Water for Prediction of Wastewater Contamination, Human-Associated Bacteria, and Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Surface Water at Three Watershed Scales. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:13770-13782. [PMID: 34591452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Relations between spectral absorbance and fluorescence properties of water and human-associated and fecal indicator bacteria were developed for facilitating field sensor applications to estimate wastewater contamination in waterways. Leaking wastewater conveyance infrastructure commonly contaminates receiving waters. Methods to quantify such contamination can be time consuming, expensive, and often nonspecific. Human-associated bacteria are wastewater specific but require discrete sampling and laboratory analyses, introducing latency. Human sewage has fluorescence and absorbance properties different than those of natural waters. To assist real-time field sensor development, this study investigated optical properties for use as surrogates for human-associated bacteria to estimate wastewater prevalence in environmental waters. Three spatial scales were studied: Eight watershed-scale sites, five subwatershed-scale sites, and 213 storm sewers and open channels within three small watersheds (small-scale sites) were sampled (996 total samples) for optical properties, human-associated bacteria, fecal indicator bacteria, and, for selected samples, human viruses. Regression analysis indicated that bacteria concentrations could be estimated by optical properties used in existing field sensors for watershed and subwatershed scales. Human virus occurrence increased with modeled human-associated bacteria concentration, providing confidence in these regressions as surrogates for wastewater contamination. Adequate regressions were not found for small-scale sites to reliably estimate bacteria concentrations likely due to inconsistent local sanitary sewer inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Corsi
- U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Laura A De Cicco
- U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Angela M Hansen
- United States Geological Survey, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California 95819, United States
| | - Peter L Lenaker
- U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Brian A Bergamaschi
- United States Geological Survey, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California 95819, United States
| | - Brian A Pellerin
- United States Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr., Reston, Virginia 20192, United States
| | - Debra K Dila
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States
| | - Melinda J Bootsma
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States
| | - Susan K Spencer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States
| | - Mark A Borchardt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States
| | - Sandra L McLellan
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States
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Abstract
Enterococci are Gram-positive bacteria that have evolved to thrive as both commensals and pathogens, largely due to their accumulation of mobile genetic elements via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Common agents of HGT include plasmids, transposable elements, and temperate bacteriophages. These vehicles of HGT have facilitated the evolution of the enterococci, specifically Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, into multidrug-resistant hospital-acquired pathogens. On the other hand, commensal strains of Enterococcus harbor CRISPR-Cas systems that prevent the acquisition of foreign DNA, restricting the accumulation of mobile genetic elements. In this review, we discuss enterococcal mobile genetic elements by highlighting their contributions to bacterial fitness, examine the impact of CRISPR-Cas on their acquisition, and identify key areas of research that can improve our understanding of enterococcal evolution and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cydney N. Johnson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Emma K. Sheriff
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Breck A. Duerkop
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anushila Chatterjee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Almeida-Santos AC, Novais C, Peixe L, Freitas AR. Enterococcus spp. as a Producer and Target of Bacteriocins: A Double-Edged Sword in the Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis Context. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101215. [PMID: 34680796 PMCID: PMC8532689 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are one of the most frequent producers of bacteriocins (enterocins), which provides them with an advantage to compete in their natural environment, which is the gut of humans and many animals. The enterocins’ activity against microorganisms from different phylogenetic groups has raised interest in Enterococcus spp. in different contexts throughout the last decades, especially in the food industry. Nevertheless, some species can also cause opportunistic life-threatening infections and are frequently multidrug-resistant (MDR). Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), in particular, are an ongoing global challenge given the lack of therapeutic options. In this scenario, bacteriocins can offer a potential solution to this persistent threat, either alone or in combination with other antimicrobials. There are a handful of studies that demonstrate the advantages and applications of bacteriocins, especially against VRE. The purpose of this review is to present a current standpoint about the dual role of Enterococcus spp., from important producers to targets needed to be controlled, and the crucial role that enterocins may have in the expansion of enterococcal populations. Classification and distribution of enterocins, the current knowledge about the bacteriocinome of clinical enterococci, and the challenges of bacteriocin use in the fight against VRE infections are particularly detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Almeida-Santos
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal or (A.C.A.-S.); (C.N.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Novais
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal or (A.C.A.-S.); (C.N.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal or (A.C.A.-S.); (C.N.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.P.); or (A.R.F.); Tel.: +351-220428580 (L.P. & A.R.F.)
| | - Ana R. Freitas
- UCIBIO–Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal or (A.C.A.-S.); (C.N.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- TOXRUN–Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.P.); or (A.R.F.); Tel.: +351-220428580 (L.P. & A.R.F.)
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Iannelli F, Santoro F, Fox V, Pozzi G. A Mating Procedure for Genetic Transfer of Integrative and Conjugative Elements (ICEs) of Streptococci and Enterococci. Methods Protoc 2021; 4:59. [PMID: 34564305 DOI: 10.3390/mps4030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA sequencing of whole bacterial genomes has revealed that the entire set of mobile genes (mobilome) represents as much as 25% of the bacterial genome. Despite the huge availability of sequence data, the functional analysis of the mobile genetic elements (MGEs) is rarely reported. Therefore, established laboratory protocols are needed to investigate the biology of this important part of the bacterial genome. Conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer which allows the exchange of MGEs among strains of the same or different bacterial species. In streptococci and enterococci, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) represent a large part of the mobilome. Here, we describe an efficient and easy-to-perform plate mating protocol for in vitro conjugative transfer of ICEs in streptococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus pyogenes), Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus subtilis. Conjugative transfer is carried out on solid media and selection of transconjugants is performed with a multilayer plating. This protocol allows the transfer of large genetic elements with a size up to 81 kb, and a transfer frequency up to 6.7 × 10−3 transconjugants/donor cells.
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Freitas AR, Finisterra L, Tedim AP, Duarte B, Novais C, Peixe L. Linezolid- and Multidrug-Resistant Enterococci in Raw Commercial Dog Food, Europe, 2019-2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2221-2224. [PMID: 34287135 PMCID: PMC8314808 DOI: 10.3201/eid2708.204933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe enterococci in raw-frozen dog food commercialized in Europe as a source of genes encoding resistance to the antibiotic drug linezolid and of strains and plasmids enriched in antibiotic-resistance and virulence genes in hospitalized patients. Whole-genome sequencing was fundamental to linking isolates from dog food to human cases across Europe.
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Barber KE, Shammout Z, Smith JR, Kebriaei R, Morrisette T, Rybak MJ. Biofilm Time-Kill Curves to Assess the Bactericidal Activity of Daptomycin Combinations against Biofilm-Producing Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium and faecalis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:897. [PMID: 34438947 PMCID: PMC8388763 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION E. faecium and E. faecalis are responsible for 13.9% of hospital-acquired infections with frequent resistance to vancomycin (82.6% of E. faecium, 9.5% of E. faecalis). Medical device infections secondary to enterococci often require combination therapy due to impaired activity against biofilm embedded cells. In vitro data demonstrate synergistic activity of daptomycin combinations. Using a novel, biofilm time-kill approach, we evaluated whether daptomycin combinations maintained synergy against biofilm-producing E. faecium and E. faecalis. METHODS Broth microdilution (BMD) and biofilm MIC (bMIC) values for daptomycin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, fosfomycin, and rifampin were determined against biofilm-producing E. faecium and E. faecalis. Daptomycin combination bMIC values were determined in the presence of biologic concentrations of other antimicrobials. Synergy was evaluated against two E. faecalis (R6981, R7808) and two E. faecium (5938 and 8019) using a previously described biofilm time-kill method. Synergy was defined as ≥2 log10 CFU/cm2 reduction over the most active agent alone. Bactericidal activity was defined as ≥3 log10 CFU/cm2 reduction. RESULTS Daptomycin bMICs were 2-8-fold higher than BMD. In the presence of other antimicrobials, daptomycin bMICs were reduced ≥ two-fold in dilutions. Ceftriaxone and ampicillin demonstrated the most potent combinations with daptomycin, yielding synergy against three of four strains. Daptomycin plus rifampin was synergistic against E. faecium 5938 and E. faecalis 6981 and produced bactericidal kill. The combination of daptomycin plus fosfomycin displayed synergy solely against E. faecalis 6981. CONCLUSIONS Daptomycin combinations with beta-lactams demonstrated promising synergistic activity against both E. faecium and E. faecalis. While daptomycin plus rifampin yielded bactericidal results, the effect was not seen across all organisms. These combinations warrant further evaluation to determine the optimal dose and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E. Barber
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Z.S.); (J.R.S.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (M.J.R.)
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Zade Shammout
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Z.S.); (J.R.S.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Jordan R. Smith
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Z.S.); (J.R.S.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (M.J.R.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, 1 University Parkway, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Razieh Kebriaei
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Z.S.); (J.R.S.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Taylor Morrisette
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Z.S.); (J.R.S.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Michael J. Rybak
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (Z.S.); (J.R.S.); (R.K.); (T.M.); (M.J.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Kim YB, Yoon S, Seo KW, Shim JB, Noh EB, Lee YJ. Detection of Linezolid-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolates from the Layer Operation System in Korea. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1443-1449. [PMID: 34297629 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Linezolid (LNZ) is one of the most important antimicrobial agents against infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, including enterococci. In a layer operation system, antimicrobial resistance can be transferred to commercial layers via the fecal-oral route. This study investigated the presence and distribution of LNZ-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in a layer operation system. Among 117 E. faecalis and 154 E. faecium, 10 (8.5%) E. faecalis and 5 (3.2%) E. faecium isolates showed resistance to LNZ and chloramphenicol, and they exhibited multidrug resistance against 5 or more classes of antimicrobial agents. Among the resistant isolates, 9 (90.0%) and 2 (20.0%) E. faecalis harbored optrA and cfr genes, respectively. The optrA and fexA genes were not detected in five LNZ-resistant E. faecium. None of the 15 LNZ-resistant isolates harbored the fexA gene, and no mutations were observed in the genes encoding domain V of 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins L3 (rplC) and L4 (rplD). Transferability was identified in three of the nine optrA-positive LNZ-resistant isolates. The tetM, tetL, and ermB genes were cotransferred with the optrA gene in all optrA-positive transconjugants. The results indicate that optrA is well-distributed in E. faecalis, implying a greater level of transferability. Thus, enhanced surveillance efforts are needed to monitor the emergence and spread of optrA in enterococci in layer operation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Bin Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyun Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Won Seo
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Jong Bo Shim
- Korean Poultry TS Co., Ltd., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bi Noh
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Albano M, Karau MJ, Greenwood-Quaintance KE, Osmon DR, Oravec CP, Berry DJ, Abdel MP, Patel R. In Vitro Activity of Rifampin, Rifabutin, and Rifapentine against Enterococci and Streptococci from Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0007121. [PMID: 34259553 DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.00071-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
After staphylococci, streptococci and enterococci are the most frequent causes of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). MICs and minimum biofilm bactericidal concentrations of rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine were determined for 67 enterococcal and 59 streptococcal PJI isolates. Eighty-eight isolates had rifampin MICs of ≤1 μg/ml, among which rifabutin and rifapentine MICs were ≤ 8 and ≤4 μg/ml, respectively. There was low rifamycin in vitro antibiofilm activity except for a subset of Streptococcus mitis group isolates. IMPORTANCE Rifampin is an antibiotic with antistaphylococcal biofilm activity used in the management of staphylococcal periprosthetic joint infection with irrigation and debridement with component retention; some patients are unable to receive rifampin due to drug interactions or intolerance. We recently showed rifabutin and rifapentine to have in vitro activity against planktonic and biofilm states of rifampin-susceptible periprosthetic joint infection-associated staphylococci. After staphylococci, streptococci and enterococci combined are the most common causes of periprosthetic joint infection. Here, we investigated the in vitro antibiofilm activity of rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine against 126 Streptococcus and Enterococcus periprosthetic joint infection isolates. In contrast to our prior findings with staphylococcal biofilms, there was low antibiofilm activity of rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine against PJI-associated streptococci and enterococci, apart from some Streptococcus mitis group isolates.
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Baker CA, Almeida G, Lee JA, Gibson KE. Pathogen and Surrogate Survival in Relation to Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Freshwater Mesocosms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0055821. [PMID: 34047635 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00558-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial quality of agricultural water for fresh produce production is determined by the presence of the fecal indicator bacterium (FIB) Escherichia coli, despite poor correlations with pathogen presence. Additional FIB, such as enterococci, have been utilized for assessing water quality. The study objective was to determine the survival times (first time to detect zero or censored) of FIB (E. coli and enterococci), surrogates (Listeria innocua, Listeria seeligeri, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and PRD1), and pathogens (four strains each of pathogenic E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes and five Salmonella serovars) simultaneously inoculated in freshwater mesocosms exposed to diel and seasonal variations. Six separate mesocosm experiments were conducted for ≤28 days each season, with samples (sediment/water) collected each day for the first 7 days and weekly thereafter. Microorganisms survived significantly longer in sediment than in water (hazard ratio [HR] for water/sediment is 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.79 to 2.71). Also, FIB E. coli survived significantly longer than FIB enterococcus (HR for enterococci/E. coli is 12.9 [95% CI, 8.18 to 20.37]) after adjusting for the sediment/water and lake/river effects. Differences in the area under the curve (calculated from log CFU or PFU over time) were used to assess pathogen and surrogate survival in relation to FIB. Despite sample type (sediment/water) and seasonal influences, survival rates of pathogenic Salmonella serovars were similar to those of FIB E. coli, and survival rates of L. monocytogenes and pathogenic E. coli were similar to those of FIB enterococci. Further investigation of microbial survival in water and sediment is needed to determine which surrogates are best suited to assess pathogen survival in agricultural water used in irrigation water for fresh produce. IMPORTANCE Contamination of fresh produce via agricultural water is well established. This research demonstrates that survival of fecal indicator bacteria, pathogenic microorganisms, and other bacterial and viral surrogates in freshwater differs by sample type (sediment/water) and season. Our work highlights potential risks associated with pathogen accumulation and survival in sediment and the possibility for resuspension and contamination of agricultural water used in fresh produce production. Specifically, a greater microbial persistence in sediments than in water over time was observed, along with differences in survival among microorganisms in relation to the fecal indicator bacteria E. coli and enterococci. Previous studies compared data among microbial groups in different environments. Conversely, fecal indicator bacteria, surrogates, and pathogenic microorganisms were assessed within the same water and sediment mesocosms in the present study during four seasons, better representing the agricultural aquatic environment. These data should be considered when agricultural microbial water quality criteria in fresh produce operations are being determined.
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Prichula J, Primon-Barros M, Luz RCZ, Castro ÍMS, Paim TGS, Tavares M, Ligabue-Braun R, d’Azevedo PA, Frazzon J, Frazzon APG, Seixas A, Gilmore MS. Genome Mining for Antimicrobial Compounds in Wild Marine Animals-Associated Enterococci. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:328. [PMID: 34204046 PMCID: PMC8229437 DOI: 10.3390/md19060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New ecosystems are being actively mined for new bioactive compounds. Because of the large amount of unexplored biodiversity, bacteria from marine environments are especially promising. Further, host-associated microbes are of special interest because of their low toxicity and compatibility with host health. Here, we identified and characterized biosynthetic gene clusters encoding antimicrobial compounds in host-associated enterococci recovered from fecal samples of wild marine animals remote from human-affected ecosystems. Putative biosynthetic gene clusters in the genomes of 22 Enterococcus strains of marine origin were predicted using antiSMASH5 and Bagel4 bioinformatic software. At least one gene cluster encoding a putative bioactive compound precursor was identified in each genome. Collectively, 73 putative antimicrobial compounds were identified, including 61 bacteriocins (83.56%), 10 terpenes (13.70%), and 2 (2.74%) related to putative nonribosomal peptides (NRPs). Two of the species studied, Enterococcus avium and Enterococcus mundtti, are rare causes of human disease and were found to lack any known pathogenic determinants but yet possessed bacteriocin biosynthetic genes, suggesting possible additional utility as probiotics. Wild marine animal-associated enterococci from human-remote ecosystems provide a potentially rich source for new antimicrobial compounds of therapeutic and industrial value and potential probiotic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janira Prichula
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Muriel Primon-Barros
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Romeu C. Z. Luz
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Ícaro M. S. Castro
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Thiago G. S. Paim
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Maurício Tavares
- Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Campus Litoral Norte, Imbé 95625-000, RS, Brazil;
| | - Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun
- Department of Pharmacosciences, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (R.L.-B.); (A.S.)
| | - Pedro A. d’Azevedo
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Food Science Institute, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil;
| | - Ana P. G. Frazzon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil;
| | - Adriana Seixas
- Department of Pharmacosciences, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (R.L.-B.); (A.S.)
| | - Michael S. Gilmore
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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