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Kim G, Kim YC, Cho JE, Yim CH, Yun DS, Lee TG, Park NK, Chung RH, Hong DG. Microstructural Evolution, Hardness and Wear Resistance of WC-Co-Ni Composite Coatings Fabricated by Laser Cladding. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:2116. [PMID: 38730923 PMCID: PMC11084734 DOI: 10.3390/ma17092116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated how process parameters of laser cladding affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC-12Co composite coating for use as a protective layer of continuous caster rolls. WC-Co powders, WC-Ni powders, and Ni-Cr alloy powder with various wear resistance characteristics were evaluated in order to determine their applicability for use as cladding materials for continuous caster roll coating. The cladding process was conducted with various parameters, including laser powers, cladding speeds, and powder feeding rates, then the phases, microstructure, and micro-hardness of the cladding layer were analyzed in each specimen. Results indicate that, to increase the hardness of the cladding layer in WC-Co composite coating, the dilution of the cladding layer by dissolution of Fe from the substrate should be minimized, and the formation of the Fe-Co alloy phase should be prevented. The mechanical properties and wear resistance of each powder with the same process parameters were compared and analyzed. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the laser cladding layer depend not only on the process parameters, but also on the powder characteristics, such as WC particle size and the type of binder material. Additionally, depending on the degree of thermal decomposition of WC particles and evolution of W distribution within the cladding layer, the hardness of each powder can differ significantly, and the wear mechanism can change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibeom Kim
- Graduate Institute of Ferrous & Eco Materials Technology, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang-si 37673, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (G.K.); (J.-E.C.); (C.-H.Y.)
| | - Yong-Chan Kim
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), 67 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang-si 37673, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (Y.-C.K.); (R.-H.C.)
| | - Jae-Eock Cho
- Graduate Institute of Ferrous & Eco Materials Technology, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang-si 37673, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (G.K.); (J.-E.C.); (C.-H.Y.)
| | - Chang-Hee Yim
- Graduate Institute of Ferrous & Eco Materials Technology, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang-si 37673, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (G.K.); (J.-E.C.); (C.-H.Y.)
| | - Deok-Su Yun
- SungWook Co., Ltd., 74-43, Chaesin1gongdan-gil, Yeongcheon-si 38899, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (D.-S.Y.); (T.-G.L.); (N.-K.P.)
| | - Tae-Gyu Lee
- SungWook Co., Ltd., 74-43, Chaesin1gongdan-gil, Yeongcheon-si 38899, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (D.-S.Y.); (T.-G.L.); (N.-K.P.)
| | - Nam-Kyu Park
- SungWook Co., Ltd., 74-43, Chaesin1gongdan-gil, Yeongcheon-si 38899, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (D.-S.Y.); (T.-G.L.); (N.-K.P.)
| | - Rae-Hyung Chung
- Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (RIST), 67 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang-si 37673, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (Y.-C.K.); (R.-H.C.)
| | - Dae-Geun Hong
- Graduate Institute of Ferrous & Eco Materials Technology, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang-si 37673, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (G.K.); (J.-E.C.); (C.-H.Y.)
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Wang Z, Sun L, Wang D, Song B, Liu C, Su Z, Ma C, Ren X. Abrasive Wear Properties of Wear-Resistant Coating on Bucket Teeth Assessed Using a Dry Sand Rubber Wheel Tester. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1495. [PMID: 38612012 PMCID: PMC11012395 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Ni60-WC coatings with different WC contents on the bucket tooth substrates were pre- pared using laser cladding technology. Their abrasive wear properties were assessed using the dry sand rubber wheel test system. The substrate and the hard-facing layer were tested for comparison. The results showed that the hardness of the Ni60-WC coatings increased with the increase in WC content. The wear resistance of the bucket tooth substrate was greatly improved by hard-facing and laser cladding Ni60-WC coatings. The wear rate of the hard-facing layer was reduced to 1/6 of that of the tooth substrate. The wear rate of the laser cladding coatings with 20-40 wt.% WC was similar to that of the hard-facing layer. It is worth mentioning that the wear rate of the coatings with 60-80 wt.% WC was only 1/4 of that of the hard-facing layer. Micro-cutting with surface plastic deformation was the main wear mechanism of the substrate to form narrow and deep furrows. The wear mechanism of the hard-facing layer was mainly plastic deformation with a wide groove, and the surface cracks promoted the removal of the material. The removal of the binder phase caused by micro-cutting was the main wear mechanism of the laser cladding Ni60-WC coatings. However, the hard phase of WC hinders micro-cutting and plastic deformation, which improves the wear resistance of the coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxin Wang
- School of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China; (Z.W.); (D.W.)
- Digital and Intelligent Industry Center, China Coal Technology Engineering Group (CCTEG), Shenyang Engineering Company, Shenyang 110013, China; (B.S.); (C.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Long Sun
- Digital and Intelligent Industry Center, China Coal Technology Engineering Group (CCTEG), Shenyang Engineering Company, Shenyang 110013, China; (B.S.); (C.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Mining, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China; (Z.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Bo Song
- Digital and Intelligent Industry Center, China Coal Technology Engineering Group (CCTEG), Shenyang Engineering Company, Shenyang 110013, China; (B.S.); (C.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Chang Liu
- Digital and Intelligent Industry Center, China Coal Technology Engineering Group (CCTEG), Shenyang Engineering Company, Shenyang 110013, China; (B.S.); (C.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zhenning Su
- Digital and Intelligent Industry Center, China Coal Technology Engineering Group (CCTEG), Shenyang Engineering Company, Shenyang 110013, China; (B.S.); (C.L.); (Z.S.)
| | - Chaobin Ma
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Xiaoyong Ren
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
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jiang H, Zhikai Z, Wenqing S, Yang Z, Tianwen J, Kaiyue L. Microstructure and properties analysis of Ni60-based/WC composite coatings prepared by laser cladding. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24494. [PMID: 38293472 PMCID: PMC10826828 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, Ni60-WCx coatings (x = 0, 2, 4, 6 %) on 316L stainless steel (316Lss) were prepared via laser cladding technology. We examined all specimens s for microstructure, phase composition, microhardness and electrochemistry using several characterization techniques. It shows that the microstructure of the Ni-based coatings can be changed with WC powder. When the WC ratio is 2 %, crystalline crystals and cellular crystals can be found in the coating. As the WC ratio increases, more cellular crystals and fewer spiny crystals appear in the coating. When the WC ratio changes to 6 %, only cellular crystals can be found in the coating. The microhardness resultsshow that the Ni-based overcoat with added WC has a better microhardness compared to the pure Ni coating, and its average value of the coating area reaches a maximum value of 822.8 HV at a WC ratio of 2 %. That is due to the addition of WC which can cause regime transition. In addition, the Ni-based coating has better corrosion properties due to its different microstructure. When the WC ratio is 2 %, the specimen possesses the maximum Ecorr and smaller icorr with the best corrosion resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang jiang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhu Zhikai
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi Wenqing
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiao Tianwen
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Kaiyue
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong, China
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Bian Y, He X, Tian C, Guo J, Chen B, Dong B, Li S, Yu G. Statistical Analysis of Morphological Characteristics of Inconel 718 Formed by High Deposition Rate and High Laser Power Laser Cladding. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:638. [PMID: 38591470 PMCID: PMC10856283 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Laser cladding is one of the emerging additive manufacturing technologies and has been adopted in various industrial fields. In this study, the morphological characteristics of a single clad of Inconel 718 manufactured by coaxial laser cladding with high laser power from 4200 W to 5400 W, powder feeding rate from 25 g/min to 50 g/min, and cladding speed from 20 mm/s to 50 mm/s are studied. The cross-section of the melt pool is analyzed and classified by type into three types: shallow dilution, flat dilution, and fluctuating dilution. Nine parameters are designed to describe the morphological characteristics of the clad, and the corresponding linear regression models are developed to establish a quantitative relationship between the combined process parameters and morphological characteristics. The results indicate that the total area of the cross-section A, the clad area above the substrate Ac, the area of the molten substrate Am, the total height of the cross-section H, the height of the clad above the substrate hc, the penetration depth hm, the clad width W, the dilution ratio D, and the wetting angle θ are determined by complex coupling of energy input and mass accumulation, and they are proportional to PF0.4/V, P0.5F/V, P/F0.2/V0.4, P2F0.6/V, PF0.7/V, P2/F/V0.3, P/V0.8, P/FV0.2, and PF7/V0.8, respectively. The large linear regression coefficients and the analysis residuals indicate the high reliability of the statistical linear regression models. This work aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the influence of the main processing parameters on the morphological characteristics of the clad, which is of great value in providing a reference and laying a basis for the practical application of laser cladding technology at a high deposition rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Bian
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuli He
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chongxin Tian
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianhao Guo
- China Railway 14th Bureau Groupment Shield Construction Engineering Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Binxin Dong
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoxia Li
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong Aerospace Research Academy, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Ding X, Wang W, Zhang H, Tian X, Luo L, Wu Y, Yao J. Study on Microstructure and High Temperature Stability of WTaVTiZr x Refractory High Entropy Alloy Prepared by Laser Cladding. Entropy (Basel) 2024; 26:73. [PMID: 38248198 PMCID: PMC10813983 DOI: 10.3390/e26010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The extremely harsh environment of the high temperature plasma imposes strict requirements on the construction materials of the first wall in a fusion reactor. In this work, a refractory alloy system, WTaVTiZrx, with low activation and high entropy, was theoretically designed based on semi-empirical formula and produced using a laser cladding method. The effects of Zr proportions on the metallographic microstructure, phase composition, and alloy chemistry of a high-entropy alloy cladding layer were investigated using a metallographic microscope, XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscope), and EDS (energy dispersive spectrometer), respectively. The high-entropy alloys have a single-phase BCC structure, and the cladding layers exhibit a typical dendritic microstructure feature. The evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of the high-entropy alloys, with respect to annealing temperature, was studied to reveal the performance stability of the alloy at a high temperature. The microstructure of the annealed samples at 900 °C for 5-10 h did not show significant changes compared to the as-cast samples, and the microhardness increased to 988.52 HV, which was higher than that of the as-cast samples (725.08 HV). When annealed at 1100 °C for 5 h, the microstructure remained unchanged, and the microhardness increased. However, after annealing for 10 h, black substances appeared in the microstructure, and the microhardness decreased, but it was still higher than the matrix. When annealed at 1200 °C for 5-10 h, the microhardness did not increase significantly compared to the as-cast samples, and after annealing for 10 h, the microhardness was even lower than that of the as-cast samples. The phase of the high entropy alloy did not change significantly after high-temperature annealing, indicating good phase stability at high temperatures. After annealing for 10 h, the microhardness was lower than that of the as-cast samples. The phase of the high entropy alloy remained unchanged after high-temperature annealing, demonstrating good phase stability at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ding
- Institute of Laser Advanced Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (X.D.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (X.T.)
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-End Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National “2011 Plan”), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Weigui Wang
- Institute of Laser Advanced Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (X.D.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (X.T.)
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-End Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National “2011 Plan”), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Institute of Laser Advanced Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (X.D.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (X.T.)
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-End Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National “2011 Plan”), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xueqin Tian
- Institute of Laser Advanced Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (X.D.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (X.T.)
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-End Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National “2011 Plan”), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Laima Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (L.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yucheng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (L.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jianhua Yao
- Institute of Laser Advanced Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (X.D.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (X.T.)
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-End Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National “2011 Plan”), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Jin Z, Kong X, Ma L. Investigating the Impact of Substrate Preheating on the Thermal Flow and Microstructure of Laser Cladding of Nickel-Based Superalloy. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:399. [PMID: 38255567 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The preheating of the substrate in laser additive superalloys can reduce residual stress and minimize cracking. However, this preheating process can lead to changes in the heat transfer conditions, ultimately affecting the resulting microstructure and mechanical properties. In order to explore the influence of substrate preheating on the formation of laser cladding, this research focuses on investigating the characteristics of Inconel 718, a nickel-based superalloy, as the subject of study. To simulate the temperature and flow field of laser cladding, a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is employed. By varying the initial preheating conditions, an investigation is conducted into the distribution of the temperature field under different parameters. This leads to the acquisition of varying temperature gradients, G, and solidification speeds, R. Subsequently, an analysis is carried out on both the flow field and solidification microstructure in the melt pool. The results demonstrate that the preheating of the substrate results in a slower cooling rate, ultimately leading to the formation of a coarser microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Jin
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xiangwei Kong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Key Laboratory of Vibration and Control of Aero-Propulsion System, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Complex Equipment, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Liang Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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Feng M, Ma Y, Tian Y, Cao H. Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Laser-Clad Ni60/WC Composite Coating. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:264. [PMID: 38204116 PMCID: PMC10779869 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, Ni60/WC wear-resistant coatings have been created on the Ti6Al4V substrate surface using a pre-layered powder laser cladding method by deploying various scanning speeds of 8, 10, 12, and 14 mm/s. The coatings are characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a high-speed reciprocating fatigue wear tester. It is found that the phase composition of the coating comprises the synthesized, hard phase TiC and TiB2, the silicides WSi2 and W5Si3, and NiTi and γ-Ni solid solutions. At different scanning speeds, there is a metallurgical fusion line in the bonding area of the fused cladding layer, indicating a good metallurgical bonding between the substrate and the powder. At a low scanning speed, the coating develops into coarse dendrites, which shows significant improvement with scanning speed. The microhardness first increases and then decreases with the scanning speed, and the coating's average microhardness was 2.75-3.13 times higher than that of the substrate. The amount of mass wear has been reduced by 60.1-79.7% compared to the substrate. The wear behavior of the coatings was studied through detailed analysis of wear surfaces' microstructures and the amount of wear to identify the optimum scanning speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjia Feng
- The College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
- School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Yunhai Ma
- The College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Yitong Tian
- The College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Hongtu Cao
- The College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China
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Zhao X, Lyu P, Fang S, Li S, Tu X, Ren P, Liu D, Chen L, Xiao L, Liu S. Microstructure and Wear Behavior of Ti-xFe-SiC In Situ Composite Ceramic Coatings on TC4 Substrate from Laser Cladding. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:100. [PMID: 38203954 PMCID: PMC10779756 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Titanium alloys are widely used in various structural materials due to their lightweight properties. However, the low wear resistance causes significant economic losses every year. Therefore, it is necessary to implement wear-resistant protection on the surface of titanium alloys. In this study, four types of in situ composite ceramic coatings with two-layer gradient structures were prepared on a Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) substrate using laser cladding. In order to reduce the dilution rate, a transition layer (Ti-40SiC (vol.%)) was first prepared on TC4 alloy. Then, a high-volume-fraction in situ composite ceramic working layer (Ti-xFe-80SiC (vol.%)) with different contents of Fe-based alloy powder (x = 0, 5, 10 and 15 vol.%) was prepared. The working surface of Ti-40SiC (TL) exhibited a typical XRD pattern of Ti, TiC, Ti5Si3, and Ti3SiC2. In comparison, both Ti-80SiC (WL-F0) and Ti-5Fe-80SiC (WL-F5) exhibited similar phase compositions to the TL coating, with no new phase identified in the coatings. However, the TiFeSi2 and SiC phases were presented in Ti-10Fe-80SiC (WL-F10) and Ti-15Fe-80SiC (WL-F15). It is proven that the addition of the Fe element could regulate the in situ reaction in the original Ti-Si-C ternary system to form the new phases with high hardness and good wear resistance. The hardness of the WL-F15 (1842.9 HV1) is five times higher than that of the matrix (350 HV1). Due to the existence of self-lubricating phases such as Ti5Si3 and Ti3SiC2, a lubricating film was presented in the WL-F0 and WL-F5 coatings, which could block the further damage of the friction pair and enhance the wear resistance. Furthermore, a wear-transition phenomenon was observed in the WL-F10 and WL-F15 coatings, which was similar to the friction behavior of structural ceramics. Under the load of 10 N and 20 N, the wear volume of WL-F15 coating is 5.2% and 63.7% of that in the substrate, and the depth of friction of WL-15 coating is only 14.4% and 80% of that in the substrate. The transition of wear volume and depth can be attributed to the wear mechanism changing from oxidation wear to adhesive wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (P.L.); (S.F.); (S.L.); (X.T.); (P.R.); (D.L.); (L.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Non-Ferrous Metal Materials Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Peize Lyu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (P.L.); (S.F.); (S.L.); (X.T.); (P.R.); (D.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Shenqin Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (P.L.); (S.F.); (S.L.); (X.T.); (P.R.); (D.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Shaohao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (P.L.); (S.F.); (S.L.); (X.T.); (P.R.); (D.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Xiaoxuan Tu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (P.L.); (S.F.); (S.L.); (X.T.); (P.R.); (D.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Penghe Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (P.L.); (S.F.); (S.L.); (X.T.); (P.R.); (D.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Dian Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (P.L.); (S.F.); (S.L.); (X.T.); (P.R.); (D.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Lyuming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (P.L.); (S.F.); (S.L.); (X.T.); (P.R.); (D.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Lairong Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.Z.); (P.L.); (S.F.); (S.L.); (X.T.); (P.R.); (D.L.); (L.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Non-Ferrous Metal Materials Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Sainan Liu
- Center for Mineral Materials, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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9
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Liu Z, Liu P, Zhou L, Wang L. Effects of Pulsed Current on the Microstructure and Properties of Laser Cladded TC17 Titanium Alloy. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:91. [PMID: 38203945 PMCID: PMC10779863 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a titanium alloy substrate was cladded with TC17 titanium alloy powder using the pulsed-current (PC)-assisted laser cladding technique. The primary objective of this research was to assess the impact of varying pulsed current intensities on the morphology, microstructure, and properties of samples. It is observed that the utilization of pulsed currents significantly enhances the metallurgical adhesion between the samples, concurrently diminishing the occurrence of porosity within the cladding layer. The incorporation of a pulsed current also has a positive impact on the microhardness and corrosion resistance of the samples. Furthermore, the synergistic influence of laser energy and a pulsed electrical current is found to promote a structural evolution in materials towards a state with lower electrical resistance. The introduction of a pulsed current leads to preferential growth of β grains with <100>// cladding direction in the cladding zone and obtains the typical {100} < 001 > cube texture, while the substrate zone exhibits a distinctive stripe-like configuration formed by the primary α-phase constituents. The outcomes of this study show the pivotal role of pulsed currents as an auxiliary technique for enhancing the properties and effecting microstructural modifications in titanium alloys during the laser cladding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- School of Aeronautics, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China;
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Aeronautics, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China;
| | - Liucheng Zhou
- Science and Technology on Plasma Dynamics Laboratory, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710038, China; (L.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Lingfeng Wang
- Science and Technology on Plasma Dynamics Laboratory, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710038, China; (L.Z.); (L.W.)
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10
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Li Y, Zhao X, Zhai P, Fan P, Xu J, Xu Y, Yu Z, Li M, Zhang Y, Gao D, Liu S, Cai Z, Xiao L. A Novel Superhard, Wear-Resistant, and Highly Conductive Cu-MoSi 2 Coating Fabricated by High-Speed Laser Cladding Technique. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:20. [PMID: 38203873 PMCID: PMC10779941 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The pursuit of an advanced functional coating that simultaneously combines high hardness, wear resistance, and superior electrical conductivity has remained an elusive goal in the field of copper alloy surface enhancement. Traditional solid solution alloying methods often lead to a significant increase in electron scattering, resulting in a notable reduction in electrical conductivity, making it challenging to achieve a balance between high hardness, wear resistance, and high conductivity. The key lies in identifying a suitable microstructure where dislocation motion is effectively hindered while minimizing the scattering of conductive electrons. In this study, a novel Cu-MoSi2 coating was successfully fabricated on a CuCrZr alloy surface using the coaxial powder feeding high-speed laser cladding technique, with the addition of 10-30% MoSi2 particles. The coating significantly enhances the hardness and wear resistance of the copper substrate while maintaining favorable electrical conductivity. As the quantity of MoSi2 particles increases, the coating's hardness and wear resistance gradually improve, with minimal variance in conductivity. Among the coatings, the Cu-30%MoSi2 coating stands out with the highest hardness (974.5 HV0.5) and the lowest wear amount (0.062 mg/km), approximately 15 times the hardness of the copper base material (65 HV0.5) and only 0.45% of the wear amount (13.71 mg/km). Additionally, the coating exhibits a resistivity of 0.173 × 10-6 Ω·m. The extraordinary hardness and wear resistance of these coatings can be attributed to the dispersion strengthening effect of MoxSiy particles, while the high electrical conductivity is due to the low silicon content dissolved into the copper from the released MoSi2 particles, as well as the rapid cooling rates associated with the high-speed laser cladding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmiao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Xiaojun Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Pengyuan Zhai
- New Technology Promotion Institute of China Ordnance Industries, Beijing 100089, China; (P.Z.); (P.F.)
| | - Pengyu Fan
- New Technology Promotion Institute of China Ordnance Industries, Beijing 100089, China; (P.Z.); (P.F.)
| | - Jiahui Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Yuefan Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Zengkai Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Muyang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Yongtong Zhang
- Henan Jianghe Machinery Co., Ltd., Pingdingshan 467337, China; (Y.Z.); (D.G.)
| | - Dawei Gao
- Henan Jianghe Machinery Co., Ltd., Pingdingshan 467337, China; (Y.Z.); (D.G.)
| | - Sainan Liu
- Center for Mineral Materials, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhenyang Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Lairong Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (J.X.); (Y.X.); (Z.Y.); (M.L.)
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11
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Wang S, Shi W, Cheng C, Liang F, Li K. Effect of Process Parameters on Microstructure and Properties of Laser Cladding Ni60+30%WC Coating on Q235 Steel. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7070. [PMID: 38005000 PMCID: PMC10672574 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
A Ni60+30%WC composite coating was prepared on the surface of Q235 steel by utilizing a high cooling rate, small thermal deformation of the substrate material, and the good metallurgical bonding characteristics of laser cladding technology. This paper focuses on the study of the composite coatings prepared under different process parameters in order to select the optimal process parameters and provide theoretical guidance for future practical applications. The macroscopic morphology and microstructure of t he composite coatings were investigated with the help of an optical microscope (OM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The elemental distribution of the composite coatings was examined using an X-ray diffractometer. The microhardness and wear resistance of the composite coatings were tested using a microhardness tester, a friction tester, and a three-dimensional (3D) profilometer. The results of all the samples showed that the Ni60+30%WC composite coatings prepared at a laser power of 1600 W and a scanning speed of 10 mm/s were well formed, with a dense microstructure, and the microhardness is more than four times higher than the base material, the wear amount is less than 50% of the base material, and the wear resistance has been significantly improved. Therefore, the experimental results for the laser power of 1600 W and scanning speed of 10 mm/s are the optimal process parameters for the preparation of Ni60+30%WC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineer, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (S.W.); (C.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Wenqing Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment for South China Sea Marine Ranching, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Cai Cheng
- School of Electronics and Information Engineer, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (S.W.); (C.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Feilong Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment for South China Sea Marine Ranching, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
- Naval Architecture and Shipping College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Kaiyue Li
- School of Electronics and Information Engineer, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (S.W.); (C.C.); (K.L.)
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12
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Liu H, Yu Y, Wang X, Gao H, Zhao J, Wang H. Microstructure and Properties of CoCrNi/Nano-TiC/Micro-TiB2 Composite Coatings Prepared via Laser Cladding. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7016. [PMID: 37959612 PMCID: PMC10649849 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Laser cladding was used to prepare CoCrNi-xTiC-xTiB2 (x = 0, 5, 15 wt.%) composite coatings on 316L stainless steel. Then, ceramic mass fraction effects on the microstructure and properties were investigated. Results show viable metallurgical bonding between the coating and the substrate, with no apparent pores or cracks. The addition of ceramics transformed the coating phase from a single-phase face-centered cubic (FCC) to a multi-phase FCC+TiC+TiB2. TiC and TiB2 increased the hardness of the CoCrNi-xTiC-xTiB2 coating from 209.71 HV to 494.77 HV by grain refinement and diffusion strengthening. The substrate wear loss was 0.0088 g, whereas the CoCrNi-xTiC-xTiB2 (x = 15%) coating wear loss was only 0.0012 g. Moreover, the overall wear mechanism of the coating was changed: the substrate wear mechanism was used for abrasive wear, adhesive wear and fatigue wear, and the coating with the addition of 15 wt.% nano-TiC and 15 wt.% micro-TiB2 was the wear mechanism for pitting fatigue wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (H.L.); (J.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Yuzhen Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (H.L.); (J.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (H.L.); (J.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Hanpeng Gao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China;
| | - Jinku Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (H.L.); (J.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (H.L.); (J.Z.); (H.W.)
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13
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Wang Z, Gui W, Fu J, Zhu P, Lu Y. Microstructure and Properties of Electromagnetic Field-Assisted Laser-Clad Norem02 Iron-Based Cemented Carbide Coating. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6774. [PMID: 37895755 PMCID: PMC10608730 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
An electromagnetic field-assisted (EMF-assisted) laser cladding technique was used to prepare Norem02 iron-based cemented carbide coatings on 304 stainless steels. The coatings then were characterized in terms of their microstructure, microhardness, residual stress, and wear resistance. The results indicated that EMF did not change the phase composition of the Norem02 iron-based cemented carbide coating, but significantly affected its microstructure and properties. EMF accelerated the formation of more uniform and refined microstructure. With an increasing current intensity of EMF to 40 A, the dendritic and columnar crystal structure of the coating gradually transformed into uniform and fine equiaxed grains. However, when the EMF current intensity was increased to 80 A, a small number of small dendrites and columnar crystals began to appear at the top and bottom of the coating. Accordingly, the microhardness first increased, then decreased, and achieved a max of 376.9 HV0.2 at EMF current intensity of 40 A. EMF also improved the wear resistance of the coatings, reduced the cracking sensitivity, and reduced residual stress on the surface by 45.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixue Wang
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wanyuan Gui
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiacheng Fu
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Suzhou Nuclear Power Research Institute, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Yonghao Lu
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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14
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Huang X, Chen Y, Jiang J, Lian G, Chen C. The Influences of Ultrasonic Vibrations on Laser Cladding Ni60/WC-TiO 2+La 2O 3 Composite Coating. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6356. [PMID: 37834501 PMCID: PMC10573403 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The optimal process parameters of ultrasonic-assisted processing were studied to further improve the molding quality and mechanical properties of Ni60/WC-TiO2+La2O3 composite coating. A single-factor experiment was used to explore the influences of ultrasonic vibration frequencies on Ni60/WC-TiO2+La2O3 composite coating. The microstructure, elemental composition, phase composition, hardness, and wear resistance of the coating were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), an energy spectrometer, a microhardness meter, a friction and wear tester, and other equipment. Ultrasonic vibrations significantly improved the problems of pores in the coating, and the porosity was reduced from 0.13 to 0.014%. When the vibration frequency was 32 kHz in the experiment, the aspect ratio of the coating was optimized from 2.06 to 2.48, the dilution rate increased from 5.60 to 5.79%, the hardness increased from 960.25 to 988.45 HZ1.0, and the friction coefficient was reduced from 0.34 to 0.27. The coating performance was significantly improved, and the research results provide a reference for preparing excellent Ni60/WC-TiC+La2O3 composite coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Machining Technology and Equipment, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China; (X.H.); (G.L.)
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China; (Y.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Yanchun Chen
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China; (Y.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Jibin Jiang
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China; (Y.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Guofu Lian
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Machining Technology and Equipment, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China; (X.H.); (G.L.)
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China; (Y.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Changrong Chen
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China; (Y.C.); (C.C.)
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15
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Zhang L, Ji Y, Yang B. Thermal Stability and Hot Corrosion Performance of the AlCoCrFeNi 2.1 High-Entropy Alloy Coating by Laser Cladding. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5747. [PMID: 37687440 PMCID: PMC10488378 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Both crack-free AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high-entropy alloy (EHEA) and Y and Hf co-doping AlCoCrFeNi2.1 EHEA (YHf-EHEA) coatings were prepared by laser cladding. The solidification microstructure, thermal stability, and hot corrosion performance of the coatings at 900 °C under 75% Na2SO4 + 25% NaCl molten salts were investigated. The experimental results showed that the structure of the as-deposited coatings consisted of FCC and BCC/B2 phases. After heat treatment, an Al-rich L12 phase was precipitated in the FCC phase of all coatings. The grain sizes of the EHEA and YHf-EHEA coatings after heat treatment at 900 °C for 10 h increased by 27.5% and 15.7%, respectively, compared to the as-deposited coatings. Meanwhile, after hot corrosion, the spallation areas of the YHf-EHEA and EHEA coatings accounted for 14.98% and 5.67% of the total surface area, respectively. In this study, the Y and Hf co-doping did not change the microstructure morphology and phase structure of the coatings but did improve the thermal stability and resistance of the hot corrosion oxide scale spallation, providing a certain amount of data and theoretical support for the application of EHEA coatings as high-temperature protective coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bin Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Okulov A, Korobov Y, Stepchenkov A, Makarov A, Iusupova O, Korkh Y, Kuznetsova T, Kharanzhevskiy E, Liu K. Mechanical and Structural Characterization of Laser-Cladded Medium-Entropy FeNiCr-B 4C Coatings. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5479. [PMID: 37570183 PMCID: PMC10419838 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Equiatomic medium-entropy alloy (MEA) FeNiCr-B4C (0, 1, and 3 wt.% B4C) coatings were deposited onto an AISI 1040 steel substrate using pulsed laser cladding. Based on an SEM microstructural analysis, it was found that the cross-sections of all the obtained specimens were characterized by an average coating thickness of 400 ± 20 μm, a sufficiently narrow (100 ± 20 μm) "coating-substrate" transition zone, and the presence of a small number of defects, including cracks and pores. An XRD analysis showed that the formed coatings consisted of a single face-centered cubic (FCC) γ-phase and the space group Fm-3m, regardless of the B4C content. However, additional TEM analysis of the FeNiCr coating with 3 wt.% B4C revealed a two-phase FCC structure consisting of grains (FCC-1 phase, Fm-3m) up to 1 µm in size and banded interlayers (FCC-2 phase, Fm-3m) between the grains. The grains were clean with a low density of dislocations. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of B4C carbides inside the FeNiCr (1 and 3 wt.% B4C) coatings, as evidenced by detected peaks corresponding to amorphous carbon and peaks indicating the stretching of C-B-C chains. The mechanical characterization of the FeNiCr-B4C coatings specified that additions of 1 and 3 wt.% B4C resulted in a notable increase in microhardness of 16% and 38%, respectively, with a slight decrease in ductility of 4% and 10%, respectively, compared to the B4C-free FeNiCr coating. Thus, the B4C addition can be considered a promising method for strengthening laser-cladded MEA FeNiCr-B4C coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Okulov
- M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Yury Korobov
- M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Stepchenkov
- M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Aleksey Makarov
- M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Olga Iusupova
- M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Yulia Korkh
- M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana Kuznetsova
- M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Department of Physics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | - Kun Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Jin Z, Kong X, Ma L, Dong J, Li X. Prediction of Primary Dendrite Arm Spacing of the Inconel 718 Deposition Layer by Laser Cladding Based on a Multi-Scale Simulation. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16093479. [PMID: 37176361 PMCID: PMC10179771 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS) is a crucial microstructural feature in nickel-based superalloys produced by laser cladding. In order to investigate the effects of process parameters on PDAS, a multi-scale model that integrates a 3D transient heat and mass transfer model with a quantitative phase-field model was proposed to simulate the dendritic growth behavior in the molten pool for laser cladding Inconel 718. The values of temperature gradient (G) and solidification rate (R) at the S/L interface of the molten pool under different process conditions were obtained by multi-scale simulation and used as input for the quantitative phase field model. The influence of process parameters on microstructure morphology in the deposition layer was analyzed. The result shows that the dendrite morphology is in good agreement with the experimental result under varying laser power (P) and scanning velocity (V). PDAS was found to be more sensitive to changes in laser scanning velocity, and as the scanning velocity decreased from 12 mm/s to 4 mm/s, the PDAS increased by 197% when the laser power was 1500 W. Furthermore, smaller PDAS can be achieved by combining higher scanning velocity with lower laser power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Jin
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xiangwei Kong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Liang Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jun Dong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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18
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Zhao H, Zhao C, Xie W, Wu D, Du B, Zhang X, Wen M, Ma R, Li R, Jiao J, Chang C, Yan X, Sheng L. Research Progress of Laser Cladding on the Surface of Titanium and Its Alloys. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:3250. [PMID: 37110085 PMCID: PMC10144972 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been widely employed in aeronautical, petrochemical, and medical fields owing to their fascinating advantages in terms of their mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and so on. However, Ti and its alloys face many challenges, if they work in severe or more complex environments. The surface is always the origin of failure for Ti and its alloys in workpieces, which influences performance degradation and service life. To improve the properties and function, surface modification becomes the common process for Ti and its alloys. The present article reviews the technology and development of laser cladding on Ti and its alloys, according to the cladding technology, cladding materials, and coating function. Generally, the laser cladding parameters and auxiliary technology could influence the temperature distribution and elements diffusion in the molten pool, which basically determines the microstructure and properties. The matrix and reinforced phases play an important role in laser cladding coating, which can increase the hardness, strength, wear resistance, oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and so on. However, the excessive addition of reinforced phases or particles can deteriorate the ductility, and thus the balance between functional properties and basic properties should be considered during the design of the chemical composition of laser cladding coatings. In addition, the interface including the phase interface, layer interface, and substrate interface plays an important role in microstructure stability, thermal stability, chemical stability, and mechanical reliability. Therefore, the substrate state, the chemical composition of the laser cladding coating and substrate, the processing parameters, and the interface comprise the critical factors which influence the microstructure and properties of the laser cladding coating prepared. How to systematically optimize the influencing factors and obtain well-balanced performance are long-term research issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of High Performance Oil and Gas Field Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (H.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chaochao Zhao
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of High Performance Oil and Gas Field Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (H.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518057, China; (D.W.); (B.D.); (X.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Weixin Xie
- Huizhou Port Customs, Huizhou 516081, China;
| | - Di Wu
- Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518057, China; (D.W.); (B.D.); (X.Z.); (M.W.)
- PKU-HKUST Shen Zhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China; (R.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Beining Du
- Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518057, China; (D.W.); (B.D.); (X.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Xingru Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518057, China; (D.W.); (B.D.); (X.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Min Wen
- Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518057, China; (D.W.); (B.D.); (X.Z.); (M.W.)
- PKU-HKUST Shen Zhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China; (R.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Rui Ma
- PKU-HKUST Shen Zhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China; (R.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Rui Li
- PKU-HKUST Shen Zhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China; (R.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Junke Jiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Cheng Chang
- Institute of New Materials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Modern Materials Surface Engineering Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Surface Engineering Technology, Guangzhou 510650, China; (C.C.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xingchen Yan
- Institute of New Materials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Modern Materials Surface Engineering Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Surface Engineering Technology, Guangzhou 510650, China; (C.C.); (X.Y.)
| | - Liyuan Sheng
- Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518057, China; (D.W.); (B.D.); (X.Z.); (M.W.)
- PKU-HKUST Shen Zhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China; (R.M.); (R.L.)
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Xu Z, Sun Z, Li C, Wang Z. Effect of Cr on Microstructure and Properties of WVTaTiCr x Refractory High-Entropy Alloy Laser Cladding. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:3060. [PMID: 37109897 PMCID: PMC10142552 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
WVTaTiCrx (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) refractory high-entropy alloy coatings were prepared on a 42-CrMo steel plate using laser cladding. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of the Cr content on the microstructure and properties of the WVTaTiCrx coating. The morphologies and phase compositions of five coatings with different Cr contents were comparatively observed. In addition, the hardness and high-temperature oxidation resistance of the coatings were also analyzed. As a result, with the increase in Cr, the coating grains were more refined. All the coating is mainly composed of the BCC solid-solution phase, which promotes the precipitation of the Laves phase with the increase in Cr. The addition of Cr greatly improves the hardness, high-temperature oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance of the coating. The WVTaTiCr (Cr1) exhibited superior mechanical properties, especially in terms of its exceptional hardness, high-temperature oxidation resistance and outstanding corrosion resistance. The average hardness of the WVTaTiCr alloy coating reaches 627.36 HV. After 50 h of high-temperature oxidation, the oxide weight of WVTaTiCr increases by 5.12 mg/cm2, and the oxidation rate is 0.1 mg/(cm2·h). In 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, the corrosion potential of WVTaTiCr is -0.3198 V, and the corrosion rate is 0.161 mm/a.
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Avram DN, Davidescu CM, Hulka I, Dan ML, Stanciu EM, Pascu A, Mirza-Rosca JC. Corrosion Behavior of Coated Low Carbon Steel in a Simulated PEMFC Environment. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:3056. [PMID: 37109892 PMCID: PMC10144045 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Here, potential metallic bipolar plate (BP) materials were manufactured by laser coating NiCr-based alloys with different Ti additions on low carbon steel substrates. The titanium content within the coating varied between 1.5 and 12.5 wt%. Our present study focussed on electrochemically testing the laser cladded samples in a milder solution. The electrolyte used for all of the electrochemical tests consisted of a 0.1 M Na2SO4 solution (acidulated with H2SO4 at pH = 5) with the addition of 0.1 ppm F-. The corrosion resistance properties of the laser-cladded samples was evaluated using an electrochemical protocol, which consisted of the open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, and potentiodynamic polarization, followed by potentiostatic polarization under simulated proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) anodic and cathodic environments for 6 h each. After the samples were subjected to potentiostatic polarization, the EIS measurements and potentiodynamic polarization were repeated. The microstructure and chemical composition of the laser cladded samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Nicoleta Avram
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timisoara, 2 Piata Victoriei, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Corneliu Mircea Davidescu
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timisoara, 2 Piata Victoriei, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
- Renewable Energy Research Institute—ICER, Politehnica University Timisoara, 138 Gavril Musicescu Street, 300774 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iosif Hulka
- Renewable Energy Research Institute—ICER, Politehnica University Timisoara, 138 Gavril Musicescu Street, 300774 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mircea Laurentiu Dan
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timisoara, 2 Piata Victoriei, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Elena Manuela Stanciu
- Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Pascu
- Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Julia Claudia Mirza-Rosca
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Huang J, Zhu Z, Wang H, Li K, Shi W, Jiao T. Effect of WC Content on Microstructure and Properties of CoCrFeNi HEA Composite Coating on 316L Surface via Laser Cladding. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2706. [PMID: 37048997 PMCID: PMC10096147 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Laser cladding technology is used to fabricate CoCrFeNi HEA/WC composite coatings with different mass fractions of WC on the surface of 316L stainless steel. The microstructures of HEA/WC composite coatings were analyzed by combining multiple characterization techniques. The results show that the HEA/WC composite coatings have good surface formation without pores and hot cracks, and the metallurgical bonding is well formed between the coating and the 316L SS substrate. Under the action of a laser beam and molten pool, WC particles partially or slightly melt and diffuse to the matrix, which hinders the orderly growth of grains and forms multiple strengthening. The phase structure of the HEA/WC composite coatings is composed of a main phase with FCC. The hardness and corrosion resistance of the HEA/WC composite coatings are clearly enhanced, and the HEA/WC composite coating with 5% WC has optimum properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Huang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zhikai Zhu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Guangzhou Shipyard International Company Limited, Guangzhou 511462, China
| | - Kaiyue Li
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Wenqing Shi
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Tianwen Jiao
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Zafar MQ, Wang J, Zhang Z, Wu C, Zhao H, Hussain G, Ma N. Thermomechanical Process Simulation and Experimental Verification for Laser Additive Manufacturing of Inconel ®718. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2595. [PMID: 37048888 PMCID: PMC10095517 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Laser cladding has emerged as a promising technique for custom-built fabrications, remanufacturing, and repair of metallic components. However, frequent melting and solidification in the process cause inevitable residual stresses that often lead to geometric discrepancies and deterioration of the end product. The accurate physical interpretation of the powder consolidation process remains challenging. Thermomechanical process simulation has the potential to comprehend the layer-by-layer additive process and subsequent part-scale implications. Nevertheless, computational accuracy and efficacy have been serious concerns so far; therefore, a hybrid FEM scheme is adopted for efficient prediction of the temperature field, residual stress, and distortion in multilayer powder-fed laser cladding of Inconel®718. A transient material deposition with powder material modeling is schematized to replicate the fabrication process. Moreover, simulation results for residual stress and distortion are verified with in-house experiments, where residual stress is measured with XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and geometric distortion is evaluated with CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine). A maximum tensile residual stress of 373 ± 5 MPa is found in the vicinity of the layer right in the middle of the substrate and predicted results are precisely validated with experiments. Similarly, a 0.68 ± 0.01 mm distortion is observed with numerical simulation and showed a precise agreement with experimental data for the same geometry and processing conditions. Conclusively, the implemented hybrid FEM approach demonstrated a robust and accurate prediction of transient temperature field, residual stresses, and geometric distortion in the multilayer laser cladding of Inconel®718.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim Zafar
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan
| | - Jinnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chaochao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Bahrain, Isa Town 32038, Bahrain
| | - Ninshu Ma
- Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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Ren X, Sun W, Sheng Z, Liu M, Hui H, Xiao Y. Effects of Nano-CeO 2 on Microstructure and Properties of WC/FeCoNiCrMo0.2 Composite High Entropy Alloy Coatings by Laser Cladding. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1104. [PMID: 36985998 PMCID: PMC10056557 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
FeCoNiCrMo0.2 high entropy alloy has many excellent properties, such as high strength, high wear resistance, high corrosion resistance, and high ductility. To further improve the properties of this coating, FeCoNiCrMo high entropy alloy (HEA) coatings, and two composite coatings, FeCoNiCrMo0.2 + WC and FeCoNiCrMo0.2 + WC + CeO2, were prepared on the surface of 316L stainless steel by laser cladding technology. After adding WC ceramic powder and CeO2 rare earth control, the microstructure, hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the three coatings were carefully studied. The results show that WC powder significantly improved the hardness of the HEA coating and reduced the friction factor. The FeCoNiCrMo0.2 + 32%WC coating showed excellent mechanical properties, but the distribution of hard phase particles in the coating microstructure was uneven, resulting in unstable distribution of hardness and wear resistance in each region of the coating. After adding 2% nano-CeO2 rare earth oxide, although the hardness and friction factor decreased slightly compared with the FeCoNiCrMo0.2 + 32%WC coating, the coating grain structure was finer, which reduced the porosity and crack sensitivity of the coating, and the phase composition of the coating did not change; there was a uniform hardness distribution, a more stable friction coefficient, and the flattest wear morphology. In addition, under the same corrosive environment, the value of polarization impedance of the FeCoNiCrMo0.2 + 32%WC + 2%CeO2 coating was greater, the corrosion rate was relatively low, and the corrosion resistance was better. Therefore, based on various indexes, the FeCoNiCrMo0.2 + 32%WC + 2%CeO2 coating has the best comprehensive performance and can extend the service life of 316L workpieces.
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Zhao C, Ma C, Yang J, Li M, Zhao Q, Ma H, Jia X. Numerical Simulation Study of Multi-Field Coupling for Laser Cladding of Shaft Parts. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:mi14020493. [PMID: 36838193 PMCID: PMC9965465 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since shaft parts operate under harsh environments for a long time, many critical parts suffer from corrosion, wear and other problems, leading to part failure and inability to continue in service. It is imperative to repair failed parts and increase their service life. An orthogonal experimental scheme is designed to numerically simulate the process of laser cladding of Inconel 718 alloy powder on 4140 alloy structural steel based on the ANSYS simulation platform, derive the relationship equation of cladding layer thickness according to the heat balance principle, establish a finite element model, couple three modules of temperature field, stress field and fluid field, and analyze different modules to realize the monitoring of different processes of laser cladding. The optimal cladding parameters were laser power 1000 W, scanning speed 15 rad/s, spot radius 1.5 mm, thermal stress maximum value of 696 Mpa, residual stress minimum value of 281 Mpa, and the degree of influence of three factors on thermal stress maximum value: laser power > spot radius > scanning speed. The pool in the melting process appears to melt the "sharp corner" phenomenon, the internal shows a double vortex effect, with a maximum flow rate of 0.02 m/s. The solidification process shows a different shape at each stage due to the different driving forces. In this paper, multi-field-coupled numerical simulations of the laser cladding process were performed to obtain optimal cladding parameters with low residual stresses in the clad layer. The melt pool grows and expands gradually during melting, but the laser loading time is limited, and the size and shape of the melt pool are eventually fixed, and there is a vortex flowing from the center to both sides of the cross-section inside the melt pool, forming a double vortex effect. The solidification is divided into four stages to complete the transformation of the liquid phase of the melt pool to the solid phase, and the cladding layer is formed. The multi-field-coupled numerical simulation technique is used to analyze the temperature, stress and fluid fields to provide a theoretical basis for the residual stress and surface quality of the clad layer for subsequent laser cladding experiments.
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Lian G, Yue K, Zeng J, Feng M, Lan R, Kong L. Microstructures and Properties of NbC-Reinforced Ni-Based Coatings Synthesized In Situ by Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Laser Cladding. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1704. [PMID: 36837333 PMCID: PMC9959494 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to explore the mechanism of an ultrasonic applied field on the microstructures and properties of coatings, and clarify the evolution of the molten pool under different ultrasonic frequencies. The Taguchi experimental design method was adopted in this paper. NbC-reinforced Ni-based coatings were in situ synthesized by laser cladding to investigate the effects of ultrasonic vibration process parameters on the microstructure, pore area, microhardness, and wear resistance of the cladding layer. The results show that the pore area decreases first and then increases as ultrasonic power increases from 600 to 900 W and ultrasonic frequency from 23 to 40 kHz. On the contrary, the hardness and wear resistance increase at first and then decrease. The pore area is minimized at 800 W ultrasonic power and 32 kHz ultrasonic frequency, and the hardness is maximized at 600 W ultrasonic power and 40 kHz ultrasonic frequency. Meanwhile, the highest wear resistance can be obtained when ultrasonic power is 700 W and ultrasonic frequency is 32 kHz. Based on the phase structure analysis, the cladding layer mainly consists of FeNi3, NbC, B4C, and CrB2. Ultrasonic vibration will not change the phase composition of the layer. Combined with the varying G/R value and cooling rate, the reasons for the change in grain morphology in different areas were analyzed to reveal the evolution mechanism of the molten pool under the influence of ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofu Lian
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing Technology and Equipment, Fujian Institute of Engineering, Fuzhou 350118, China
| | - Kun Yue
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing Technology and Equipment, Fujian Institute of Engineering, Fuzhou 350118, China
| | - Jiayi Zeng
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing Technology and Equipment, Fujian Institute of Engineering, Fuzhou 350118, China
| | - Meiyan Feng
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing Technology and Equipment, Fujian Institute of Engineering, Fuzhou 350118, China
| | - Ruqing Lan
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing Technology and Equipment, Fujian Institute of Engineering, Fuzhou 350118, China
| | - Linghua Kong
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing Technology and Equipment, Fujian Institute of Engineering, Fuzhou 350118, China
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Liu S, Sun Y, Zhai P, Fan P, Zhang Y, Li M, Fang J, Wu R, Cai Z. Microstructure and Properties of Nickel-Based Gradient Coatings Prepared Using Cold Spraying Combined with Laser Cladding Methods. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1627. [PMID: 36837259 PMCID: PMC9962637 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A cold spray-laser cladding composite gradient coating (CLGC) was successfully formed on a Cu substrate. In comparison with traditional laser cladding gradient coatings (LGC), cold spraying the pre-set Ni-Cu alloy's intermediate transition layer not only mitigates the negative impacts due to the high reflectivity of the copper substrate but also helps to minimize the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between the substrate and coating. This reduces the overall crack sensitivity and improves the cladding quality of the coating. Besides this, the uniform distribution of hard phases in CLGC, such as Ni11Si12 and Mo5Si3, greatly increases its microhardness compared to the Cu substrate, thus resulting in the value of 478.8 HV0.5 being approximately 8 times that of the Cu substrate. The friction coefficient of CLGC is lowered compared to both the Cu substrate and LGC with respective values of 0.28, 0.54, and 0.43, and its wear rate is only one-third of the Cu substrate's. These results suggest CLGC has excellent anti-wear properties. In addition, the wear mechanism was determined from the microscopic morphology and element distribution and was found to be oxidative and abrasive. This approach combines cold spraying and laser cladding to form a nickel-based gradient coating on a Cu substrate without cracks, holes, or other faults, thus improving the wear resistance of the Cu substrate and improving its usability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Pengyuan Zhai
- New Technology Promotion Institute of China Ordnance Industries, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Pengyu Fan
- New Technology Promotion Institute of China Ordnance Industries, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yongtong Zhang
- Henan Jianghe Machinery Co., Ltd., Pingdingshan 467000, China
| | - Muyang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jianxiao Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ruilin Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhenyang Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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Sui Q, Cheng D, Dong Y, Ma Y, Su Y, Hu N, Sun Z, Chen Y. Effect of Reticulate Unit Spacing on Microstructure and Properties of Biomimetic 7075 Aluminum Alloy by Laser Cladding. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:418. [PMID: 36838118 PMCID: PMC9963115 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the context of energy conservation and emission reduction, more and more attention has been paid to the development of lightweight metal materials with both high strength and high toughness. Inspired by the non-smooth surface of natural organisms, a biomimetic surface with various spacing reticulate units of 7075 aluminum alloys was modified by laser cladding. The microstructure, microhardness and tensile properties of the various spacing units with CeO2-SiC-Ni60 were studied. The finer microstructure and the higher microhardness of various spacing units in comparison with that of 7075 aluminum alloys were obtained, no matter the strip-like treated region or the cross-junction region. Moreover, the best combination of strength and toughness of the biomimetic sample with 2.5 mm spacing reticulate unit was discussed. Finally, by combining the microstructure, XRD phase change, thermal gradient effect, thermal expansion coefficient difference and hard phase strengthening mechanism, it was concluded that the 2.5 mm spacing reticulate unit had the best ability to inhibit crack propagation, and the dispersive hard phases of Al3Ni2 and SiC played a major role in stress release of the matrix.
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Poloczek T, Lont A, Górka J. The Structure and Properties of Laser-Cladded Inconel 625/TiC Composite Coatings. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16031265. [PMID: 36770270 PMCID: PMC9919947 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article presents production results concerning metal matrix composite-coatings made using the laser-cladding technology. The enhancement of the wear resistance of the material surface is the one of the main goals accompanying the manufacturing of composite coatings. Nickel-based superalloys are used in several industries because they are characterized by a number of desirable properties including high tensile and fatigue strength as well as resistance to high-temperature corrosion in aggressive environments. One of the most interesting materials from the group of superalloys is Inconel 625, used as a matrix material in tests discussed in this article. However, nickel-based superalloys are also characterized by an insufficient wear resistance of the surface, therefore, in relation to the tests discussed in this article, Inconel 625-based composite coatings were reinforced by adding 10%, 20% and 40% of titanium carbide particles. The addition of hard phases, i.e., TiC, WC or SiC particles can have a positive effect on the erosion resistance of cladded specimens. The aim of the experiment was to determine the impact of the titanium carbide content on the structure of the alloy and its resistance to corrosive wear, enabling the extension of the service life of Inconel 625/TiC composite coatings. The investigation included microhardness tests, corrosion resistance analysis, penetrant tests, macrostructure and microstructure analyses and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests. The TiC particles increased the hardness of the coatings and, in general, had a negative impact on the corrosion resistance of pure Inconel 625 coatings. However, the increased homogeneity of composite coatings translated into the improvement of corrosion resistance.
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Wan X, Tian C, Li Y, Zhou J, Qian S, Su L, Wang L. Effect of Y 2O 3 Addition on Microstructure and Properties of Laser Cladded Al-Si Coatings on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy. Materials (Basel) 2022; 16:338. [PMID: 36614677 PMCID: PMC9822142 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Y2O3 addition on the microstructure and properties of the laser cladded Al-Si alloy coating on the surface of AZ91D magnesium alloy was investigated in this study. The experimental results showed that the Al-Si + Y2O3 cladding layers contained α-Mg, Mg2Si, Al4MgY and a small amount of Al12Mg17 phases. The coarse dendrites, reticulated eutectic structures and massive phases in the coatings tended to be refined and gradually uniformly distributed with the increased amount of Y2O3. The introduction of Y2O3 into the cladding layer favored the improvement of microhardness and wear resistance due to the grain refinement strengthening and dispersion strengthening. The addition of Y2O3 also promoted the reduction of localized corrosion sites and made the corrosion surface smoother, implying that the corrosion resistance of the Y2O3-modified coatings was better than that of the unmodified cladding layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wan
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Chuang Tian
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jingling Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Shuangqing Qian
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Lihong Su
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Li Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
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30
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Zhao X, Zhong Q, Zhai P, Fan P, Wu R, Fang J, Xiao Y, Jiang Y, Liu S, Li W. Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Laser-Clad Ni-Cu-Mo-W-Si Coatings on a Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy. Materials (Basel) 2022; 16:284. [PMID: 36614623 PMCID: PMC9822329 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To improve the wear resistance of high-strength and high-conductivity Cu-Cr-Zr alloys in high-speed and heavy load friction environments, coatings including Ni-Cu, Ni-Cu-10(W,Si), Ni-Cu-10(Mo,W,Si), and Ni-Cu-15(Mo,W,Si) (with an atomic ratio of Mo,W to Si of 1:2) were prepared using coaxial powder-feeding laser cladding technology. The microstructure and wear performance of coatings were chiefly investigated. The results revealed that (Mo,W)Si2 and MoNiSi phases are found in the Ni-Cu-10(Mo,W,Si) and Ni-Cu-15(Mo,W,Si) coating. WSi2 phases are found in the Ni-Cu-10(W,Si) coating. The degree of grain refinement in Ni-Cu-10(Mo,W,Si) was greater than that of the Ni-Cu-10(W,Si) coating after the effect of Mo. The excellent wear resistance and micro-hardness of the Ni-Cu-15(Mo,W,Si) coating were attributed to the increase in its dispersion phase, which were approximately 34.72 mg/km and 428 HV, 27.1% and 590% higher than the Cu-Cr-Zr substrate, respectively. The existence of silicide plays an important role in grain refinement due to the promotion of nucleation and the inhibition of grain growth. In addition, the wear mechanism transformed from adhesive wear in the Ni-Cu coating with no silicides to abrasive wear in the Ni-Cu-15(Mo,W,Si) coating with high levels of silicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Ferrous Metal Materials Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Pengyuan Zhai
- New Technology Promotion Institute of China Ordnance Industries, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Pengyu Fan
- New Technology Promotion Institute of China Ordnance Industries, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Ruiling Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jianxiao Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuxiang Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuxiang Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Sainan Liu
- School of Resource Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Li
- Powder Metallurgy Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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Kendall O, Paradowska A, Abrahams R, Reid M, Qiu C, Mutton P, Yan W. Residual Stress Measurement Techniques for Metal Joints, Metallic Coatings and Components in the Railway Industry: A Review. Materials (Basel) 2022; 16:232. [PMID: 36614569 PMCID: PMC9821800 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Manufacturing and maintenance procedures in the railway industry regularly implement welding and metal deposition operations to produce joints, coatings and repair structures. During these processes, residual stresses arise through the generation of heat affected zones and plastic deformation. This makes accurate measurements of the internal stresses a critical aspect of manufacturing, monitoring, repair and model validation in the develop new metallic coating and joining technologies. Selection of an appropriate residual stress measurement method has many important factors including component size, resolution and the magnitude and location of internal stresses, often resulting in a combination of techniques required to obtain complete assessment of the stress state. This paper offers a review of residual stress measurement techniques for railway components including rail joints and coatings through comparison of destructive and non-destructive approaches, their measurement capabilities, benefits and limitations. A comprehensive discussion of different applications is provided with a summary of facilities available to both research and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Kendall
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Anna Paradowska
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ralph Abrahams
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Mark Reid
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Cong Qiu
- Institute of Railway Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Peter Mutton
- Institute of Railway Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Wenyi Yan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Lashin MMA, Ibrahim MZ, Khan MI, Guedri K, Saxena KK, Eldin SM. Fuzzy Control Modeling to Optimize the Hardness and Geometry of Laser Cladded Fe-Based MG Single Track on Stainless Steel Substrate Prepared at Different Surface Roughness. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:mi13122191. [PMID: 36557490 PMCID: PMC9788448 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Metallic glass (MG) is a promising coating material developed to enhance the surface hardness of metallic substrates, with laser cladding having become popular to develop such coatings. MGs properties are affected by the laser cladding variables (laser power, scanning speed, spot size). Meanwhile, the substrate surface roughness significantly affects the geometry and hardness of the laser-cladded MG. In this research, Fe-based MG was laser-cladded on substrates with different surface roughness. For this purpose, the surfaces of the substrate were prepared for cladding using two methods: sandpaper polishing (SP) and sandblasting (SB), with two levels of grit size used for each method (SP150, SP240, SB40, SB100). The experiment showed that substrate surface roughness affected the geometry and hardness of laser-cladded Fe-based MG. To predict and optimize the geometry and hardness of laser-cladded Fe-based MG single tracks at different substrate surface roughness, a fuzzy logic control system (FLCS) was developed. The FLCS results indicate that it is an efficient tool to select the proper preparation technique of the substrate surface for higher clad hardness and maximum geometry to minimize the number of cladding tracks for full surface cladding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M. A. Lashin
- College of Engineering, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahaman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Z. Ibrahim
- Department of Design and Production Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Ijaz Khan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Riphah International University, I-14, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
| | - Kamel Guedri
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuldeep K. Saxena
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Sayed M. Eldin
- Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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Liu W, Li L, Mi G, Wang J, Pan Y. Effect of Fe Content on Microstructure and Properties of Laser Cladding Inconel 625 Alloy. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15228200. [PMID: 36431684 PMCID: PMC9693548 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Dilution rate is one of most important factors influencing the microstructure and performance of the laser cladding layer. In order to obtain a reasonable dilution rate in the laser cladding layer of Inconel 625 alloy, the laser cladding layers with different Fe content were prepared on the surface of 20# steel by the laser cladding technique. The influence of Fe content on the microstructure and performance of Inconel 625 alloy cladding layer was investigated. The results indicate that with the increase in Fe content in the alloy, the grain size of the cladding layer becomes coarser, the grain orientation difference increases first and then decreases, and the grain boundary angle decreases first and then increases. The hardness, high temperature wear resistance, and high temperature corrosion resistance gradually decreased. It is concluded that the dilution rate of Fe in laser cladding Inconel 625 alloy should be under 5 wt.%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Liu
- School of Materials, Shanghai Dianji University, Shanghai 201306, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
- Shanghai Jinbo Laser Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Materials, Shanghai Dianji University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Guofa Mi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Jincai Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Yujia Pan
- Shanghai Jinbo Laser Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201306, China
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Huang J, Zhu Z, Li K, Shi W, Zhao Y, He M. Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of an AlCoCrNiFe HEA/WC Reinforcing Particle Composite Coating Prepared by Laser Cladding. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8020. [PMID: 36431507 PMCID: PMC9697905 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an AlCoCrFeNi HEA coating with a 10% mass fraction of WC particles was fabricated on the surface of 316L stainless steel by laser cladding technology. WC powders were formed by the partial or total dissolution of the initial WC particles with different sizes in the AlCoCrFeNi HEA coating. Micron WC particles were dispersed in the coating homogeneously, and millimeter WC particles were deposited on the bottom of coating because of their high density. The addition of the WC powers prompted Columnar dendritic and cellular grains, observed in the bottom and top regions of the coating, respectively. Additionally, this led to a higher micro-hardness and better corrosion resistance than that of the pure HEA coating.
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Mocanu AC, Miculescu F, Stan GE, Pasuk I, Tite T, Pascu A, Butte TM, Ciocan LT. Modulated Laser Cladding of Implant-Type Coatings by Bovine-Bone-Derived Hydroxyapatite Powder Injection on Ti6Al4V Substrates-Part I: Fabrication and Physico-Chemical Characterization. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7971. [PMID: 36431457 PMCID: PMC9695758 DOI: 10.3390/ma15227971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The surface physico-chemistry of metallic implants governs their successful long-term functionality for orthopedic and dentistry applications. Here, we investigated the feasibility of harmoniously combining two of the star materials currently employed in bone treatment/restoration, namely, calcium-phosphate-based bioceramics (in the form of coatings that have the capacity to enhance osseointegration) and titanium alloys (used as bulk implant materials due to their mechanical performance and lack of systemic toxicity). For the first time, bovine-bone-derived hydroxyapatite (BHA) was layered on top of Ti6Al4V substrates using powder injection laser cladding technology, and then subjected, in this first stage of the research, to an array of physical-chemical analyses. The laser processing set-up involved the conjoined modulation of the BHA-to-Ti ratio (100 wt.% and 50 wt.%) and beam power range (500-1000 W). As such, on each metallic substrate, several overlapped strips were produced and the external surface of the cladded coatings was further investigated. The morphological and compositional (SEM/EDS) evaluations exposed fully covered metallic surfaces with ceramic-based materials, without any fragmentation and with a strong metallurgical bond. The structural (XRD, micro-Raman) analyses showed the formation of calcium titanate as the main phase up to maximum 800 W, accompanied by partial BHA decomposition and the consequential advent of tetracalcium phosphate (markedly above 600 W), independent of the BHA ratio. In addition, the hydrophilic behavior of the coatings was outlined, being linked to the varied surface textures and phase dynamism that emerged due to laser power increment for both of the employed BHA ratios. Hence, this research delineates a series of optimal laser cladding technological parameters for the adequate deposition of bioceramic layers with customized functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura-Cătălina Mocanu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Miculescu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - George E. Stan
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, RO-077125 Măgurele, Romania
| | - Iuliana Pasuk
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, RO-077125 Măgurele, Romania
| | - Teddy Tite
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, RO-077125 Măgurele, Romania
| | - Alexandru Pascu
- Department of Materials Engineering and Welding, University Transilvania of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., RO-500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Tudor Mihai Butte
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucian-Toma Ciocan
- Prosthetics Technology and Dental Materials Department, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, RO-020022 Bucharest, Romania
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Péter L, Osán J, Kugler S, Groma V, Pollastri S, Nagy A. Comprehensive Analysis of Two H13-Type Starting Materials Used for Laser Cladding and Aerosol Particles Formed in This Process. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7367. [PMID: 36295431 PMCID: PMC9607414 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Laser cladding with H13 steel powders was performed and the related material transformations were studied for the particles emitted during this process. Fractions of various sizes of the aerosol particles formed during the laser cladding were collected on a cascade impactor, while the electromobility and the aerodynamic size of the particles were measured using a scanning mobility particle spectrometer and an aerodynamic particle sizer, respectively. The aerosol particles deposited onto the impactor plates were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy−energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, as well as total-reflection X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy. Both the concentration and mean oxidation state of the major components were correlated with the aerosol particle size. The ultrafine aerosol particles (with a diameter less than about 100 nm) were predominantly oxidized and formed as the result of an evaporation−oxidation−condensation process sequence. The larger particles (>200 nm in geometric diameter) were primarily the residues of the original metal powder and exhibited a composition change as compared to the as-received metal powder. Correlations between the changes in the concentration ratio of the components were detected and explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Péter
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Osán
- Centre for Energy Research, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Kugler
- Centre for Energy Research, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Groma
- Centre for Energy Research, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Attila Nagy
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
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Samoilova O, Shaburova N, Pashkeev K, Samodurova M, Trofimov E. Al 0.25CoCrFeNiV High Entropy Alloy Coating Deposited by Laser Cladding on Stainless Steel. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7058. [PMID: 36295120 PMCID: PMC9605587 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper studies the microstructure, composition and properties of a Al0.25CoCrFeNiV high entropy alloy coating (HEAC) deposited by laser cladding on austenitic-grade stainless steel. Laser cladding was carried out in an argon atmosphere on a FL-Clad-R-4 laser metal deposition complex with the following parameters: the laser power was 1400 W, the spot diameter was 3 mm, the track displacement was 1.2 mm, and the scanning speed was set to 10 mm/s. A change in the microstructure of the coating after laser cladding was revealed in comparison with as-cast high entropy alloy (HEA) Al0.25CoCrFeNiV. A significant decrease was found in the size of vanadium precipitates, from 20-40 µm in the as-cast state to 1-3 µm after laser cladding. A change in microhardness over the thickness of the coating from 370 HV0.3 at the outer surface to 270 HV0.3 at the boundary with the substrate was established, which may be due to the diffusion of Fe from the stainless steel into the coating material during laser cladding. Despite these features, the resulting coating adheres tightly to the substrate, and has no cracks or other defects, which indicates the possibility of using laser cladding to create coatings from high entropy alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Samoilova
- Department of Materials Science, Physical and Chemical Properties of Materials, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Av., 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Nataliya Shaburova
- Department of Materials Science, Physical and Chemical Properties of Materials, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Av., 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Kirill Pashkeev
- Resource Center for Special Metallurgy, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Av, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Marina Samodurova
- Resource Center for Special Metallurgy, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Av, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny Trofimov
- Department of Materials Science, Physical and Chemical Properties of Materials, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Av., 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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Zhao Y, Zhan Z, Lv X, Cao H. Microstructure and Properties of ZrB 2-SiC Reinforced Copper Matrix Composite Coatings Prepared by Laser Cladding. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6777. [PMID: 36234118 PMCID: PMC9572654 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the use of electrolytic Cu powder, Zr powder, Si powder and nickel-coated B4C powder as cladding powders, in-situ synthesized ZrB2-SiC reinforced copper matrix composite coatings were prepared by laser cladding on the surface of the copper substrate to improve the surface hardness and wear resistance. Under the condition of a laser energy density at 60 kJ/cm2, the macroscopic surface of the composite coating was continuously flat. The microstructure and phase of the cladding coating were analyzed by means of XRD and SEM. The reinforcements with nano-scale particle and micron-scale needle-like structures were in-situ synthesized in the cladding coating, and the content of the reinforcement phase decreased slightly from the coating surface to the substrate. The phase analysis results showed that the reinforcements included ZrB2 and SiC. When the content of the reinforcement was increased to 30 wt%, microhardness also increased from 48 HV0.2 to 309 HV0.2, which was about 5.6 times that of the copper matrix. The wear resistance of the composite coatings was characterized by current-carrying wear tests. By keeping the sliding speed and load constant, the wear rate decreased with an increase in the reinforcement content, and the wear mechanism changed from adhesive wear to abrasive wear. The wear rate of the composite coating with the current was higher than that without the current due to its electric ablation and high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Department, Qinhuangdao Vocational and Technical College, Qinhuangdao 066100, China
| | - Zaiji Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xiangzhe Lv
- Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Haiyao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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Ding Y, Bi W, Zhong C, Wu T, Gui W. A Comparative Study on Microstructure and Properties of Ultra-High-Speed Laser Cladding and Traditional Laser Cladding of Inconel625 Coatings. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6400. [PMID: 36143715 PMCID: PMC9505073 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ultra-high-speed laser cladding (UHSLC) and traditional low-speed laser cladding (LSLC) were employed to prepare high-quality Inconel625 coatings on 27SiMn substrates. UHSLC has cladding speeds of 30 m/min, which are 15 times faster than those of LSLC, and it produces a much greater cladding efficiency, which is 13.9 times greater than LSLC. The microstructure of the Inconel625 coatings was investigated in detail utilizing field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA). According to the FESEM results, UHSLC Inconel625 coatings have more refined crystals than LSLC Inconel625 coatings. Nevertheless, the EPMA results indicate that the UHSLC Inconel625 coatings exhibit much more severe elemental segregation. Moreover, the hardness, wear and corrosion resistance of Inconel625 coatings are significantly enhanced by increasing the laser cladding speed. Furthermore, the reasons for the differences in microstructure and properties of Inconel625 coatings prepared by UHSLC and LSLC were clarified by finite element simulation. UHSLC technique is, therefore, more suitable for preparing Inconel625 coatings on 27SiMn steel surfaces than LSLC.
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Zeuner AT, Gerdt L, Ostwald A, Grün P, Barbosa M, Kaspar J, Zimmermann M. Deformation-Induced Martensitic Transformation in Laser Cladded 304 Stainless Steel Coatings. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6392. [PMID: 36143704 PMCID: PMC9502973 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There are only a few cost-effective solutions for coating applications in combined mechanical loading and corrosive environments. Stainless steel AISI 304 has the potential to fill this niche, showing excellent corrosion resistance while utilizing the deformation-induced phase transformation from γ-austenite to α'-martensite, which results in an increase in strength. However, it is not known whether this can occur in laser cladded material. Therefore, laser cladded AISI 304 coatings in as-cladded condition and after heat treatment at 1100 °C for 60 min were investigated before and after bending deformation, by means of light microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. It was shown that due to the dendritic microstructure accompanied by an inhomogeneous distribution of the main alloying elements (Cr and Ni), no deformation-induced phase transformation occurred in the as-cladded coating. The applied approach with subsequent solution heat treatment at 1100 °C for 60 min resulted in a homogeneous γ-austenite microstructure, so that a deformation-induced martensitic transformation (DIMT) could occur in the coatings. However, the volume fraction of martensite that had been formed locally at individual shear bands was rather low, which can be possibly attributed to the high Ni content of the feedstock, stabilizing the γ-austenite microstructure. This study shows the possibility of exploiting the DIMT mechanism in heat-treated laser-cladded AISI 304 coatings.
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Shen X, Peng H, Xue Y, Wang B, Su G, Zhu J, Li A. Microstructure and Properties of WC/Ni-Based Laser-Clad Coatings with Different WC Content Values. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6309. [PMID: 36143622 PMCID: PMC9505076 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of the WC content on the surface characteristics and nanoindentation behaviors of WC/Ni-based composite laser-clad coatings. Four NiCrSiBC coatings with WC wt% of 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%, respectively, were clad on carbon steel substrates using a laser. The morphologies and phase compositions of four clad coatings were comparatively observed. In addition, the hardness and elastic modulus values of the four coatings were measured and quantitatively calculated. As a result, with the increase in WC, the coating grains were more refined. Meanwhile, cracks and WC particle breakage occurred in the 50-60% WC coatings, whereas this was not found in the 30-40% WC coatings. When the WC content increased from 40% up to 50%, the coating hardness and elastic modulus significantly increased. However, a further increase in WC from 50% to 60% did not result in considerable improvement in coating quality but considerably worsened the coating's cracking behavior instead. Therefore, for WC/Ni-based composite coatings, a threshold exists for the WC content, and this value was 50% within the experimental scope of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Shen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Hao Peng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Yunna Xue
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Baolin Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Guosheng Su
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Anhai Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of MOE, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
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42
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Zhao L, Yu H, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Song W, Chen C. NiCrBSi Coatings Fabricated on 45 Steel Using Large Spot Laser Cladding. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6246. [PMID: 36143556 PMCID: PMC9505356 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ni35 coatings were fabricated on 45 steel using a CO2 laser at various parameters. A relatively large spot (10 mm diameter) was adopted, which was beneficial to the coating quality and the cladding efficiency. The cross-sectional geometry, phase constituent, and microstructure of the coatings were investigated. With a lower specific energy, coating height increased, while coating width, melted depth, dilution rate, width to height ratio and contact angle decreased. Ni35 coating primarily consisted of γ-Ni, FeNi3, Ni3B, Cr23C6, and Cr5B3. Dendrites with flower-like, fishbone-like, pearl-like, and column-like morphologies were observed. The fraction of flower-like dendrites increased gradually with the decrease in scanning velocity due to the dendrite growth direction evolution. With the decrease in scanning velocity, the microstructure of the heat-affected zone transformed from martensite to martensite + sorbite and finally sorbite. The maximum microhardness of the Ni35 coating reached 451.8 HV0.2, which was about double that of the substrate (220 HV0.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, and Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Superhard Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Huijun Yu
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, Ministry of Education, and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Yanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, and Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Superhard Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Zhihuan Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Weihai Song
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chuanzhong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, and Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Superhard Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China
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43
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Shen X, Liu C, Wang B, Zhang Y, Su G, Li A. Surface Properties of Medium-Entropy Alloy Coatings Prepared through a Combined Process of Laser Cladding and Ultrasonic Burnishing. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:5576. [PMID: 36013712 PMCID: PMC9416578 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of functional coatings on metal substrates is an effective method to enhance the surface of steel structures with good serviceability in applications for engineering parts. The objective of this research is to analyze the surface properties of two sorts of medium-entropy alloy (MEA) coatings prepared by laser cladding. After cladding, the two prepared coatings were strengthened by ultrasonic burnishing (UB) treatment. Cladding coating samples before and after being UB-treated were comparatively tested in order to investigate the process effects of UB. When compared with corresponding untreated coating samples, the roughness values of the two sorts of UB-treated samples were decreased by 88.7% and 87.6%, the porosities were decreased by 63.8% and 73.4%, and the micro-hardness values were increased by 41.7% and 32.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the two sorts of UB-treated coating samples exhibited better mechanical properties and wear resistance than corresponding untreated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Shen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Baolin Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Guosheng Su
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Anhai Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of MOE, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
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Kendall O, Fasihi P, Abrahams R, Paradowska A, Reid M, Lai Q, Qiu C, Mutton P, Soodi M, Yan W. Application of a New Alloy and Post Processing Procedures for Laser Cladding Repairs on Hypereutectoid Rail Components. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15155447. [PMID: 35955387 PMCID: PMC9369482 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of a laser cladding repair strategy is critical for the continued growth of heavy-haul railway networks. Premium hypereutectoid rails have undergone laser cladding using a new martensitic stainless-steel alloy, 415SS, developed for high carbon rails after standard cladding metals were found to be incompatible. Non-destructive neutron diffraction techniques were used to measure the residual stress in different layers generated across a dissimilar metal joint during laser cladding. The internal stress distribution across the cladding, heat-affected zone (HAZ), and substrate was measured in the untempered rail, after 350 °C and 540 °C heat treatment procedures and two surface grinding operations. The martensitic 415SS depositions produce compressive stress in the cladding, regardless of tempering procedures, which may inhibit fatigue crack propagation whilst grinding operations locally relive surface stress. Balancing tensile stresses were recorded below the fusion boundary in the HAZ due to thermal gradients altering the microstructure. The combination of 540 °C tempering and 0.5 mm surface layer removal produced a desirable combination of compression in the cladding deposition with significantly reduced tensile stresses in the HAZ. A comparison with the current literature shows that this alloy achieves a unique combination of desirable hardness, low tensile stress, and compression in the cladding layer. Data obtained during strain scanning has been used to determine the location of microstructural changes at the fusion boundary and HAZ through correlation of the stress, strain, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and intensity profiles. Therefore, neutron diffraction can be used for both the accurate measurement of internal residual stress and to obtain microstructural information of a metallurgical join non-destructively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Kendall
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Panahsadat Fasihi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ralph Abrahams
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Anna Paradowska
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Reid
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Quan Lai
- Institute of Railway Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Cong Qiu
- Institute of Railway Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Peter Mutton
- Institute of Railway Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Mehdi Soodi
- LaserBond Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3018, Australia
| | - Wenyi Yan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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45
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Yao Z, Chen J, Qian H, Nie Y, Zhang Q, Yao J. Microstructure and Tensile Property of Laser Cladding Assisted with Multidimensional High-Frequency Vibration. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:4295. [PMID: 35744354 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Laser cladding is a promising surface modification technology to fabricate high-performance parts. However, defects such as porosity, cracks and residual tensile stress are easily produced in laser cladding, leading to significant property reduction and poor reliability. In this study, laser cladding with multidimensional high-frequency vibration was investigated. The effects of multidimensional high-frequency vibration on the improvement of microstructure and mechanical properties were analyzed and discussed based on the vibration-assisted laser cladding experiments. In addition, a numerical model was conducted to help understand the significance of the vibration on flow field and temperature field. Results show that 3D vibration led to the primary dendrite spacing reduction from 11.1 to 6.8 μm, microhardness increase from 199 to 221 HV0.2, and a nearly 110% improvement in the elongations. The findings of this study confirmed the significant benefits of multidimensional high-frequency vibration applied in laser cladding and provided a basis to uncover the underlying mechanisms of multidimensional vibration on the rapid melting and solidification.
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46
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Shi Y, Zhou X, Wang X, Feng X, Peng L. Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on the Microstructure of Laser Cladding. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:4198. [PMID: 35744256 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The fast heating and quenching of laser cladding increase the internal stresses in the cladding layer. Moreover, the quick condensation of the molten pool leads to an uneven distribution of the internal elements and coarse grains of the structure. To address the above defects and increase the molding quality of laser cladding, an electromagnetic field was introduced into the laser cladding technique, and the effects of the external assisted electromagnetic field on the mixed metal fluid in the molten pool were explored. On this basis, the action of the electromagnetic field on the flow states of the molten pool was further analyzed. The results demonstrate that after introducing electromagnetic assistance, the material flow in the molten pool accelerated as a response to the periodic changes in electromagnetic forces and the influences of the electromagnetic field on crystallization, thus refining the grains and improving the grain distribution uniformity in the cladding layer. The dendritic crystals in the cladding layer decreased, while the isometric crystals and the cellular-like dendrites increased. The element distribution in the cladding layer increased in uniformity. Additionally, this method can decrease the dilution rate of the cladding layer and improve its overall hardness. A laser-cladding test of the Ni-based powder was carried out on the AISI 1045 steel surface under the coaxial powder-feeding mode. Moreover, the influences of the electromagnetic field on the microstructure of the laser-cladding layer were compared, and the causes of the changes were disclosed.
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47
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Wu T, Shi W, Xie L, Gong M, Huang J, Xie Y, He K. Effect of Preheating Temperature on Geometry and Mechanical Properties of Laser Cladding-Based Stellite 6/WC Coating. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:3952. [PMID: 35683249 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 60Si2Mn substrate preheating on the forming quality and mechanical properties of cobalt-based tungsten carbide composite coating was investigated. Substrate preheating was divided into four classes (room temperature, 150 °C, 250 °C, and 350 °C). The morphology, microstructure, and distribution of elements of the coating were analyzed using a two-color laser handheld 3D scanner, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), respectively. The hardness and wear properties of the cladding layer were characterized through a microhardness tester and a friction wear experiment. The research results show that the substrate preheating temperature is directly proportional to the height of the composite coating. The solidification characteristics of the Stellite 6/WC cladding layer structure are not obviously changed at substrate preheating temperatures of room temperature, 150 °C, and 250 °C. The solidified structure is even more complex at a substrate preheating temperature of 350 °C. At this moment, the microstructure of the cladding layer is mainly various blocky, petaloid, and flower-like precipitates. The hardness and wear properties of the cladding layer are optimal at a substrate preheating temperature of 350 °C in terms of mechanical properties.
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48
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Feng Y, Gao Z, Hu Z. Influence of Annealing Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Ni-Rich NiTi Alloy Coating Prepared by Laser Cladding. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15093298. [PMID: 35591631 PMCID: PMC9099964 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
NiTi alloys are widely known for their shape memory effect and super-elasticity. In this study, the laser cladding method was applied to prepare Ni-rich NiTi alloy coatings on 316L stainless steel substrate. The microstructure, phase composition, element distribution and phase transformation behavior of the coatings were investigated in as-fabricated and annealing-treated states. The results indicated that the recrystallized microstructure obtained and the content of Ni3Ti and Ti2Ni phases increased significantly with a rising annealing temperature. Annealing treatment also induced a decrease in the phase-transition enthalpy and a rise in the transformation temperature, even though no obvious martensite transformation was observed. This was suppressed due to the Fe element diffused from the substrate and was probably retarded by the mounting metallic compounds formed during annealing as well. The mechanical properties have also improved obviously; coatings annealed under 850 °C exhibited the highest microhardness of 839 HV, and the wear resistance of the coatings after annealing was enhanced with an 11% average wear mass loss reduction.
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49
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Chen S, Liu Z, Shen Y, Liu S. High-Temperature Corrosion of Ni-Cr-Mo Cladding Layers with Different Si Contents in NaCl-KCl-Na 2SO 4-K 2SO 4 Mixed Salt Medium. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:3152. [PMID: 35591486 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Ni-Cr-Mo cladding layers with different Si contents were prepared on Q235 steel using laser-cladding technology, and their corrosion characteristics were investigated in NaCl-KCl-Na2SO4-K2SO4 mixed salt at 550 °C. The corrosion resistance of each cladding layer was tested by weight loss method, and the phase compositions and microstructures of the cladding layers and corrosion products were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that Si contributed to the formation of a dense chromium oxide film on the surface, and the addition of Si can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of the cladding layer at high temperature. At 550 °C, the corrosion rate of the cladding layer with 5 wt.% Si was only 38.2% of that of the cladding layer without Si. After 168 h of high-temperature corrosion, no Cr-rich oxide scale was found in the outermost layer of the Ni-Cr-Mo cladding layer without Si. When Si content was 3 wt.% and 5 wt.%, the Cr-rich oxide scale of the cladding layer was denser than that of the coating with 1 wt.% Si content.
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50
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Yang C, Tan Y, Liu Y, Xia P, Cui Y, Zheng B. Modeling and Optimization of Laser Cladding Fixation Process for Optical Fiber Sensors in Harsh Environments. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:2569. [PMID: 35408183 DOI: 10.3390/s22072569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome the shortcomings of the poor shear resistance of the bare optical fiber whose coating layer falls off due to harsh conditions, such as on aero-engines and the marine environment, the coaxial powder feeding laser cladding method (CPFLCM) is proposed to connect the optical fiber sensor and the substrate. The concentration field model of the powder flow is established in sections, the effective number model of particles and the corresponding laser attenuation rate are obtained. Through simulation, the influence of relevant parameters of laser cladding on the temperature field was analyzed, and the accurate parameters of laser cladding were optimized. Finally, the temperature rise trajectory of the substrate temperature field was verified by using the fiber grating temperature sensor. Through experiments, the quality of the molten pool and the optical transmission loss of the optical fiber sensor were analyzed, and the consistency of the simulation optimization parameters was verified. Through this paper, it can be concluded that the proposed CPFLCM can realize the effective connection of the optical fiber sensor to the substrate. It is of great significance in the application of optical fiber sensors in harsh environments of oceans and aerospace.
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