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Rohokale R, Guo J, Guo Z. Monophosphoryl Lipid A-Rhamnose Conjugates as a New Class of Vaccine Adjuvants. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7458-7469. [PMID: 38634150 PMCID: PMC11081837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvant is an integral part of all vaccine formulations but only a few adjuvants with limited efficacies or application scopes are available. Thus, developing more robust and diverse adjuvants is necessary. To this end, a new class of adjuvants having α- and β-rhamnose (Rha) attached to the 1- and 6'-positions of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) was designed, synthesized, and immunologically evaluated in mice. The results indicated a synergistic effect of MPLA and Rha, two immunostimulators that function via interacting with toll-like receptor 4 and recruiting endogenous anti-Rha antibodies, respectively. All the tested MPLA-Rha conjugates exhibited potent adjuvant activities to promote antibody production against both protein and carbohydrate antigens. Overall, MPLA-α-Rha exhibited better activities than MPLA-β-Rha, and 6'-linked conjugates were slightly better than 1-linked ones. Particularly, MPLA-1-α-Rha and MPLA-6'-α-Rha were the most effective adjuvants in promoting IgG antibody responses against protein antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin and carbohydrate antigen sTn, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Rohokale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jiatong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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2
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Abstract
We describe an innovative use for the recently reported fast lipid analysis technique (FLAT) that allows for the generation of MALDI tandem mass spectrometry data suitable for lipid A structure analysis directly from a single Gram-negative bacterial colony. We refer to this tandem MS version of FLAT as FLATn. Neither technique requires sophisticated sample preparation beyond the selection of a single bacterial colony, which significantly reduces overall analysis time (∼1 h), as compared to conventional methods. Moreover, the tandem mass spectra generated by FLATn provides comprehensive information on fragments of lipid A, for example, ester bonded acyl chain dissociations, cross-ring cleavages, and glycosidic bond dissociations, all of which allow the facile determination of novel lipid A structures or confirmation of expected structures. In addition to generating tandem mass spectra directly from single colonies, we also show that FLATn can be used to analyze lipid A structures taken directly from a complex biological clinical sample without the need for ex vivo growth. From a urine sample from a patient with an E. coli infection, FLATn identified the organism and demonstrated that this clinical isolate carried the mobile colistin resistance-1 gene (mcr-1) that results in the addition of a phosphoethanolamine moiety and subsequently resistance to the antimicrobial, colistin (polymyxin E). Moreover, FLATn allowed for the determination of the existence of a structural isomer in E. coli lipid A that had either a 1- or 4'-phosphate group modification by phosphoethanolamine generated by a change of bacterial culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojik Yang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Courtney E. Chandler
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - J. Kristie Johnson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Shelley N. Jackson
- Translational Analytical Core, NIDA IRP, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200, Room 01B216, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Amina S. Woods
- Structural Biology Core, NIDA IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Drive, Room 1120, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Alison J. Scott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 ER, Netherlands
| | - David R. Goodlett
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road. Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, ul. Kładki 24 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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Schulz A, Chuquimia OD, Antypas H, Steiner SE, Sandoval RM, Tanner GA, Molitoris BA, Richter-Dahlfors A, Melican K. Protective vascular coagulation in response to bacterial infection of the kidney is regulated by bacterial lipid A and host CD147. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5210089. [PMID: 30476069 PMCID: PMC7297223 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection of the kidney leads to a rapid cascade of host protective responses, many of which are still poorly understood. We have previously shown that following kidney infection with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), vascular coagulation is quickly initiated in local perivascular capillaries that protects the host from progressing from a local infection to systemic sepsis. The signaling mechanisms behind this response have not however been described. In this study, we use a number of in vitro and in vivo techniques, including intravital microscopy, to identify two previously unrecognized components influencing this protective coagulation response. The acylation state of the Lipid A of UPEC lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is shown to alter the kinetics of local coagulation onset in vivo. We also identify epithelial CD147 as a potential host factor influencing infection-mediated coagulation. CD147 is expressed by renal proximal epithelial cells infected with UPEC, contingent to bacterial expression of the α-hemolysin toxin. The epithelial CD147 subsequently can activate tissue factor on endothelial cells, a primary step in the coagulation cascade. This study emphasizes the rapid, multifaceted response of the kidney tissue to bacterial infection and the interplay between host and pathogen during the early hours of renal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Schulz
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga D Chuquimia
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haris Antypas
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svava E Steiner
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ruben M Sandoval
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Roudebush VAMC, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - George A Tanner
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Roudebush VAMC, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Keira Melican
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Abstract
While membrane simulations are widely employed to study the structure and dynamics of various lipid bilayers and membrane proteins in the bilayers, simulations of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in membrane environments have been limited due to their structural complexity, difficulties in building LPS-membrane systems, and lack of the appropriate molecular force fields. In this work, as a first step to extend CHARMM-GUI Membrane Builder to incorporate LPS molecules and to explore their structures and dynamics in membrane environments using molecular dynamics simulations, we describe step-by-step procedures to build LPS bilayer systems using CHARMM and the recently developed CHARMM carbohydrate and lipid force fields. Such procedures are illustrated by building various bilayers of Escherichia coli R1.O6 LPS and the presentation of preliminary simulation results in terms of per-LPS area and density distributions of various components along the membrane normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhwan Jo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Bioinformatics, The University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Emilia L. Wu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Bioinformatics, The University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Danielle Stuhlsatz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Bioinformatics, The University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Jeffery B. Klauda
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Maryland, 2113 Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Stockholm Center for Biomembrane Research, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S106-91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Bioinformatics, The University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Anwar MA, Choi S. Gram-negative marine bacteria: structural features of lipopolysaccharides and their relevance for economically important diseases. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2485-514. [PMID: 24796306 PMCID: PMC4052302 DOI: 10.3390/md12052485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative marine bacteria can thrive in harsh oceanic conditions, partly because of the structural diversity of the cell wall and its components, particularly lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS is composed of three main parts, an O-antigen, lipid A, and a core region, all of which display immense structural variations among different bacterial species. These components not only provide cell integrity but also elicit an immune response in the host, which ranges from other marine organisms to humans. Toll-like receptor 4 and its homologs are the dedicated receptors that detect LPS and trigger the immune system to respond, often causing a wide variety of inflammatory diseases and even death. This review describes the structural organization of selected LPSes and their association with economically important diseases in marine organisms. In addition, the potential therapeutic use of LPS as an immune adjuvant in different diseases is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea.
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea.
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Solov’eva T, Davydova V, Krasikova I, Yermak I. Marine compounds with therapeutic potential in gram-negative sepsis. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2216-29. [PMID: 23783404 PMCID: PMC3721230 DOI: 10.3390/md11062216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper concerns the potential use of compounds, including lipid A, chitosan, and carrageenan, from marine sources as agents for treating endotoxemic complications from Gram-negative infections, such as sepsis and endotoxic shock. Lipid A, which can be isolated from various species of marine bacteria, is a potential antagonist of bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide (LPSs)). Chitosan is a widespread marine polysaccharide that is derived from chitin, the major component of crustacean shells. The potential of chitosan as an LPS-binding and endotoxin-neutralizing agent is also examined in this paper, including a discussion on the generation of hydrophobic chitosan derivatives to increase the binding affinity of chitosan to LPS. In addition, the ability of carrageenan, which is the polysaccharide of red alga, to decrease the toxicity of LPS is discussed. We also review data obtained using animal models that demonstrate the potency of carrageenan and chitosan as antiendotoxin agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viktoria Davydova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch, the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; E-Mails: (T.S.); (I.K.); (I.Y.)
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7
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Brown DB, Muszyński A, Salas O, Speed K, Carlson RW. Elucidation of the 3-O-deacylase gene, pagL, required for the removal of primary β-hydroxy fatty acid from the lipid A in the nitrogen-fixing endosymbiont Rhizobium etli CE3. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:12004-13. [PMID: 23511636 PMCID: PMC3636886 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.470484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Until now, the gene responsible for the 3-O-deacylation of lipid A among nitrogen-fixing endosymbionts has not been characterized. Several Gram-negative animal pathogens such as Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bordetella bronchiseptica contain an outer membrane 3-O-deacylase (PagL) that has been implicated in host immune evasion. The role of 3-O-deacylated lipid A among nitrogen-fixing endosymbionts, plant endophytes, and plant pathogens has not been studied. However, D'Haeze et al. (D'Haeze, W., Leoff, C., Freshour, G., Noel, K. D., and Carlson, R. W. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 17101-17113) reported that the lipopolysaccharide from Rhizobium etli CE3 bacteroids isolated from host bean root nodules contained exclusively tetraacylated lipid A that lacked a lipid A β-hydroxymyristyl residue, an observation that is consistent with the possibility of PagL activity being important in symbiosis. A putative pagL gene was identified in the R. etli genome sequence. With this information, we created a pagL(-) mutant strain derived from R. etli CE3. Using mass spectrometry, we demonstrated that the mutant lacks 3-O-deacylated lipid A. The parent and mutant LPS were very similar as determined by gel electrophoresis and glycosyl composition analysis using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. However, fatty acid analysis showed that the mutant lipid A contained larger amounts of β-hydroxypentadecanoic acid than that of the parent. Furthermore, the mutant was adversely affected in establishing symbiosis with its host, Phaseolus vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusty B. Brown
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Artur Muszyński
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Omar Salas
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Kacie Speed
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Russell W. Carlson
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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8
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Han Y, Li Y, Chen J, Tan Y, Guan F, Wang X. Construction of monophosphoryl lipid A producing Escherichia coli mutants and comparison of immuno-stimulatory activities of their lipopolysaccharides. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:363-76. [PMID: 23434832 PMCID: PMC3640385 DOI: 10.3390/md11020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid A moiety of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide is a hexaacylated disaccharide of glucosamine phosphorylated at the 1- and 4'-positions. It can be recognized by the TLR4/MD-2 complex of mammalian immune cells, leading to release of proinflammatory cytokines. The toxicity of lipid A depends on its structure. In this study, two E. coli mutants, HW001 and HW002, were constructed by deleting or integrating key genes related to lipid A biosynthesis in the chromosome of E. coli W3110. HW001 was constructed by deleting lacI and replacing lacZ with the Francisella novicida lpxE gene in the chromosome and only synthesizes monophosphoryl lipid A. HW002 was constructed by deleting lpxM in HW001 and synthesizes only the pentaacylated monophosphoryl lipid A. The structures of lipid A made in HW001 and HW002 were confirmed by thin layer chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. HW001 and HW002 grew as well as the wild-type W3110. LPS purified from HW001 or HW002 was used to stimulate murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells, and less TNF-α were released. This study provides a feasible way to produce interesting lipid A species in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Han
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mails: (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (Y.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mail:
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mails: (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (Y.T.)
| | - Jiuzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mails: (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yanzhen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mails: (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (Y.T.)
| | - Feng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mail:
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mails: (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (Y.T.)
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Carillo S, Pieretti G, Lindner B, Romano I, Nicolaus B, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Corsaro MM. The Lipid A from the haloalkaliphilic bacterium Salinivibrio sharmensis strain BAG(T). Mar Drugs 2013; 11:184-93. [PMID: 23337252 PMCID: PMC3564166 DOI: 10.3390/md11010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid A is a major constituent of the lipopolysaccharides (or endotoxins), which are complex amphiphilic macromolecules anchored in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The glycolipid lipid A is known to possess the minimal chemical structure for LPSs endotoxic activity, able to cause septic shock. Lipid A isolated from extremophiles is interesting, since very few cases of pathogenic bacteria have been found among these microorganisms. In some cases their lipid A has shown to have an antagonist activity, i.e., it is able to interact with the immune system of the host without triggering a proinflammatory response by blocking binding of substances that could elicit such a response. However, the relationship between the structure and the activity of these molecules is far from being completely clear. A deeper knowledge of the lipid A chemical structure can help the understanding of these mechanisms. In this manuscript, we present our work on the complete structural characterization of the lipid A obtained from the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the haloalkaliphilic bacterium Salinivibrio sharmensis. Lipid A was obtained from the purified LPS by mild acid hydrolysis. The lipid A, which contains different number of fatty acids residues, and its partially deacylated derivatives were completely characterized by means of electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron (ESI FT-ICR) mass spectrometry and chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (G.P.); (R.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Giuseppina Pieretti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (G.P.); (R.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Buko Lindner
- Division of Immunochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 10, D-23845 Borstel, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Ida Romano
- CNR Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB-CNR), National Research Council (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; E-Mails: (I.R.); (B.N.)
| | - Barbara Nicolaus
- CNR Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB-CNR), National Research Council (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; E-Mails: (I.R.); (B.N.)
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (G.P.); (R.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Michelangelo Parrilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (G.P.); (R.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Maria Michela Corsaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (G.P.); (R.L.); (M.P.)
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Sun W, Six D, Kuang X, Roland KL, Raetz CR, Curtiss R. A live attenuated strain of Yersinia pestis KIM as a vaccine against plague. Vaccine 2011; 29:2986-98. [PMID: 21320544 PMCID: PMC3073832 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is a potential weapon of bioterrorism. Y. pestis evades the innate immune system by synthesizing tetra-acylated lipid A with poor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-stimulating activity at 37°C, whereas hexa-acylated lipid A, a potent TLR4 agonist, is made at lower temperatures. Synthesis of Escherichia coli LpxL, which transfers the secondary laurate chain to the 2'-position of lipid A, in Y. pestis results in production of hexa-acylated lipid A at 37°C, leading to significant attenuation of virulence. Previously, we described a Y. pestis vaccine strain in which crp expression is under the control of the arabinose-regulated araC P(BAD) promoter, resulting in a 4-5 log reduction in virulence. To reduce the virulence of the crp promoter mutant further, we introduced E. coli lpxL into the Y. pestis chromosome. The χ10030(pCD1Ap) (ΔlpxP32::P(lpxL)lpxL ΔP(crp21)::TT araC P(BAD)crp) construct likewise produced hexa-acylated lipid A at 37°C and was significantly more attenuated than strains harboring each individual mutation. The LD(50) of the mutant in mice, when administered subcutaneously or intranasally was >10(7)-times and >10(4)-times greater than wild type, respectively. Mice immunized subcutaneously with a single dose of the mutant were completely protected against a subcutaneous challenge of 3.6×10(7) wild-type Y. pestis and significantly protected (80% survival) against a pulmonary challenge of 1.2×10(4) live cells. Intranasal immunization also provided significant protection against challenges by both routes. This mutant is an immunogenic, highly attenuated live Y. pestis construct that merits further development as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University. Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - David Six
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3711 DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaoying Kuang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University. Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Kenneth L Roland
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University. Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Christian R.H. Raetz
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3711 DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University. Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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11
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Barb AW, Jiang L, Raetz CRH, Zhou P. Assignment of 1H, 13C and 15N backbone resonances of Escherichia coli LpxC bound to L-161,240. Biomol NMR Assign 2010; 4:37-40. [PMID: 19941092 PMCID: PMC3631426 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-009-9201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase LpxC catalyzes the committed reaction of lipid A biosynthesis, an essential pathway in Gram-negative bacteria. We report the backbone resonance assignments of the 34 kDa LpxC from Escherichia coli in complex with the antibiotic L-161,240 using multidimensional, multinuclear NMR experiments. The (1)H chemical shifts of complexed L-161,240 are also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Barb
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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12
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Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of acute bacterial diarrhea worldwide and is implicated in development of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Two major surface features, the outer membrane lipooligosaccharide and flagella, are highly variable and are often targets for modification. Presumably, these modifications provide a competitive advantage to the bacterium. In this work, we identify a gene encoding a phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) transferase (Cj0256) that serves a dual role in modifying not only the lipooligosaccharide lipid anchor lipid A with pEtN, but also the flagellar rod protein FlgG. Generation of a mutant in C. jejuni 81-176 by interruption of cj0256 resulted in the absence of pEtN modifications on lipid A as well as FlgG. The cj0256 mutant showed a 20-fold increase in sensitivity to the cationic antimicrobial peptide, polymyxin B, as well as a decrease in motility. Transmission EM of the cj0256 mutant revealed a population (approximately 95%) lacking flagella, indicating that, without pEtN modification of FlgG, flagella production is hindered. Most intriguing, this research identifies a pEtN transferase showing preference for two periplasmic substrates linking membrane biogenesis and flagellar assembly. Cj0256 is a member of a large family of mostly uncharacterized proteins that may play a larger role in the decoration of bacterial surface structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Stephen Trent
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and
- The Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
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13
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Tang S, Wang Q, Guo Z. Synthesis of a monophosphoryl derivative of Escherichia coli lipid A and its efficient coupling to a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen. Chemistry 2010; 16:1319-25. [PMID: 19943286 PMCID: PMC2867242 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Monophosphoryl lipid A is a safe and potent immunostimulant and vaccine adjuvant, which is potentially useful for the development of effective carbohydrate-based conjugate vaccines. This paper presents a convergent and efficient synthesis of a monophosphoryl derivative of E. coli lipid A that has an alkyne functionality at the reducing end, which is suitable for coupling with various molecules. The coupling of this derivative to an N-modified analogue of tumor-associated antigen GM3 through click chemistry is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouchu Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA, Fax: (+) 1-313-557-8822
| | - Qianli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA, Fax: (+) 1-313-557-8822
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA, Fax: (+) 1-313-557-8822
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14
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Kusumoto S, Fukase K, Shiba T. Key structures of bacterial peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide triggering the innate immune system of higher animals: chemical synthesis and functional studies. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2010; 86:322-337. [PMID: 20431259 PMCID: PMC3417798 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.86.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Chemistry-based investigation is reviewed which led to identification of the active entities responsible for the immunostimulating potencies of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. Though these glycoconjugates which ubiquitously occur in wide range of bacteria as the essential components of their cell envelopes have long been known to enhance the immunological responses of higher animals, neither the precise chemical structures required nor the mechanism of their action had been [corrected] elucidated until early 1970s. Chemical synthesis of partial structures of peptidoglycan proved N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine to be the minimum structure responsible for the activity and led to later identification of its receptor protein Nod2 present in animal cells. Another active partial structure of peptidoglycan, gamma-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid, and its receptor Nod1 were also identified as well. With regard to lipopolysaccharide, its glycolipid part named lipid A was purified and the structure studied. Chemically synthesized lipid A according to the newly elucidated structure exhibited full activity described for lipopolysaccharide known as endotoxin. Synthetic homogeneous lipid A and its structural analogues and labeled derivatives enabled precise studies of their interaction with receptor proteins and the mechanism of their action. Chemical synthesis of homogeneous partial structures of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide gave unequivocal evidences for the concept that definite small molecular parts of these complex macromolecular bacterial glycoconjugates are specifically recognized by their respective receptors and trigger our defense system now widely recognized as innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Kusumoto
- Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Wakayamadai 1-1-1, Shimamotocho, Osaka, Japan.
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15
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Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a ubiquitous environmental Gram-negative bacterium found in soil and water. This opportunistic pathogen can cause infections in individuals with impaired phagocytic function, such as those with burns, exposure to chemotherapy, or cystic fibrosis (CF). PA infects the lungs of most individuals with CF, and is associated with severe progressive pulmonary disease that is the major cause of premature death in this disorder. The specific adaptations of PA to the CF airway responsible for bacterial persistence and antibiotic tolerance are not completely understood but may include increased alginate production (i.e., mucoid phenotype), biofilm formation, and specific lipid A modifications. During adaptation to the CF airway, PA synthesizes a variety of lipid A structures that alter host innate immune responses and promote bacterial persistence and chronic infection. The synthesis of specific lipid A structures is attributable to bacterial enzymes that: (1) remove the 3OH-C10:0 acyl chain from the 3-position (PagL); (2) add a C16:0 acyl chain to the 3OH-C10:0 chain at the 3'-position (PagP); (3) add C12:0 and 2OH-C12:0 acyl chains to the 3OH-C12:0 chains at the 2- and 2'-positions (HtrB and LpxO); and (4) add aminoarabinose to phosphate groups at the 1- and 4'-positions (PmrH, PmrF, PmrI, PmrJ, PmrK, and PmrE). These lipid A modifications represent an essential aspect of PA adaptation to the CF airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Moskowitz
- Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN-3-830, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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16
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Kusumoto S, Fukase K, Shiba T. Key structures of bacterial peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide triggering the innate immune system of higher animals: chemical synthesis and functional studies. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2010; 86:322-37. [PMID: 20431259 PMCID: PMC3417798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Chemistry-based investigation is reviewed which led to identification of the active entities responsible for the immunostimulating potencies of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. Though these glycoconjugates which ubiquitously occur in wide range of bacteria as the essential components of their cell envelopes have long been known to enhance the immunological responses of higher animals, neither the precise chemical structures required nor the mechanism of their action had been [corrected] elucidated until early 1970s. Chemical synthesis of partial structures of peptidoglycan proved N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine to be the minimum structure responsible for the activity and led to later identification of its receptor protein Nod2 present in animal cells. Another active partial structure of peptidoglycan, gamma-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid, and its receptor Nod1 were also identified as well. With regard to lipopolysaccharide, its glycolipid part named lipid A was purified and the structure studied. Chemically synthesized lipid A according to the newly elucidated structure exhibited full activity described for lipopolysaccharide known as endotoxin. Synthetic homogeneous lipid A and its structural analogues and labeled derivatives enabled precise studies of their interaction with receptor proteins and the mechanism of their action. Chemical synthesis of homogeneous partial structures of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide gave unequivocal evidences for the concept that definite small molecular parts of these complex macromolecular bacterial glycoconjugates are specifically recognized by their respective receptors and trigger our defense system now widely recognized as innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Kusumoto
- Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Wakayamadai 1-1-1, Shimamotocho, Osaka, Japan.
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17
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Zhang Y, Gaekwad J, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Synthetic tetra-acylated derivatives of lipid A from Porphyromonas gingivalis are antagonists of human TLR4. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3371-81. [PMID: 18802645 PMCID: PMC2793594 DOI: 10.1039/b809090d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tetra-acylated lipid As derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS have been synthesized using a key disaccharide intermediate functionalized with levulinate (Lev), allyloxycarbonate (Alloc) and anomeric dimethylthexylsilyl (TDS) as orthogonal protecting groups and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbamate (Fmoc) and azido as amino protecting groups. Furthermore, an efficient cross-metathesis has been employed for the preparation of the unusual branched R-(3)-hydroxy-13-methyltetradecanic acid and (R)-3-hexadecanoyloxy-15-methylhexadecanoic acid of P. gingivalis lipid A. Biological studies have shown that the synthetic lipid As cannot activate human and mouse TLR2 and TLR4 to produce cytokines. However, it has been found that the compounds are potent antagonist of cytokine secretion by human monocytic cells induced by enteric LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jidnyasa Gaekwad
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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18
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Abstract
Multi-drug resistant (MDR), pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria pose a serious health threat, and novel antibiotic targets must be identified to combat MDR infections. One promising target is the zinc-dependent metalloamidase UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC), which catalyzes the committed step of lipid A (endotoxin) biosynthesis. LpxC is an essential, single copy gene that is conserved in virtually all Gram-negative bacteria. LpxC structures, revealed by NMR and X-ray crystallography, demonstrate that LpxC adopts a novel 'beta-alpha-alpha-beta sandwich' fold and encapsulates the acyl chain of the substrate with a unique hydrophobic passage. Kinetic analysis revealed that LpxC functions by a general acid-base mechanism, with a glutamate serving as the general base. Many potent LpxC inhibitors have been identified, and most contain a hydroxamate group targeting the catalytic zinc ion. Although early LpxC-inhibitors were either narrow-spectrum antibiotics or broad-spectrum in vitro LpxC inhibitors with limited antibiotic properties, the recently discovered compound CHIR-090 is a powerful antibiotic that controls the growth of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with an efficacy rivaling that of the FDA-approved antibiotic ciprofloxacin. CHIR-090 inhibits a wide range of LpxC enzymes with sub-nanomolar affinity in vitro, and is a two-step, slow, tight-binding inhibitor of Aquifex aeolicus and E. coli LpxC. The success of CHIR-090 suggests that potent LpxC-targeting antibiotics may be developed to control a broad range of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Barb
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
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19
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Abstract
Differences in the pattern and chemical nature of fatty acids of lipid A of Neisseria meningitides lipooligosaccharides (LOS) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) may account for differences in inflammatory properties. Furthermore, there are indications that dimeric 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO) moieties of LOS and LPS enhance biological activities. Heterogeneity in the structure of lipid A and possible contaminations with other inflammatory components have made it difficult to confirm these observations. To address these problems, a highly convergent approach for the synthesis of a lipid A derivative containing KDO has been developed, which relies on the ability to selectively remove or unmask in a sequential manner an isopropylidene acetal, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), allyloxycarbonate (Alloc), azide, and thexyldimethylsilyl (TDS) ether. The strategy was employed for the synthesis of N. meningitidis lipid A containing KDO (3). Mouse macrophages were exposed to the synthetic compound and its parent LOS, E. coli lipid A (2), and a hybrid derivative (4) that has the asymmetrical acylation pattern of E. coli lipid A, but the shorter lipids of meningococcal lipid A. The resulting supernatants were examined for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon beta (IFN-beta) production. The lipid A derivative containing KDO was much more active than lipid A alone and just slightly less active than its parent LOS, indicating that one KDO moiety is sufficient for full activity of TNF-alpha and IFN-beta induction. The lipid A of N. meningitidis was a significantly more potent inducer of TNF-alpha and IFN-beta than E. coli lipid A, which is due to a number of shorter fatty acids. The compounds did not demonstrate a bias towards a MyD88- or TRIF-dependent response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Jidnyasa Gaekwad
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
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20
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Barb AW, Jiang L, Raetz CRH, Zhou P. Structure of the deacetylase LpxC bound to the antibiotic CHIR-090: Time-dependent inhibition and specificity in ligand binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:18433-8. [PMID: 18025458 PMCID: PMC2141794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709412104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxyacyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase LpxC is an essential enzyme of lipid A biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacteria and a promising antibiotic target. CHIR-090, the most potent LpxC inhibitor discovered to date, displays two-step time-dependent inhibition and kills a wide range of Gram-negative pathogens as effectively as ciprofloxacin or tobramycin. In this study, we report the solution structure of the LpxC-CHIR-090 complex. CHIR-090 exploits conserved features of LpxC that are critical for catalysis, including the hydrophobic passage and essential active-site residues. CHIR-090 is adjacent to, but does not occupy, the UDP-binding pocket of LpxC, suggesting that a fragment-based approach may facilitate further optimization of LpxC inhibitors. Additionally, we identified key residues in the Insert II hydrophobic passage that modulate time-dependent inhibition and CHIR-090 resistance. CHIR-090 shares a similar, although previously unrecognized, chemical scaffold with other small-molecule antibiotics such as L-161,240 targeting LpxC, and provides a template for understanding the binding mode of these inhibitors. Consistent with this model, we provide evidence that L-161,240 also occupies the hydrophobic passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. Barb
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710
| | | | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710
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21
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Zhang Y, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. The influence of the long chain fatty acid on the antagonistic activities of Rhizobium sin-1 lipid A. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4800-12. [PMID: 17513113 PMCID: PMC1950268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The lipid A from nitrogen-fixing bacterial species Rhizobium sin-1 is structurally unusual due to lack of phosphates and the presence of a 2-aminogluconolactone and a very long chain fatty acid, 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid (27OHC28:0), moiety. This structurally unusual lipid A can antagonize TNF-alpha production by human monocytes induced by Escherichia coli LPS. To establish the relevance of the unusual long chain 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid for antagonistic properties, a highly convergent strategy for the synthesis of several derivatives of the lipid A of R. sin-1 has been developed. Compound 1 is a natural R. sin-1 lipid A having a 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid at C-2', compound 2 contains an octacosanoic acid moiety at this position, and compound 3 is modified by a short chain tetradecanoic acid. Cellular activation studies with a human monocytic cell line have shown that the octacosanoic acid is important for optimal antagonistic properties. The hydroxyl of the natural 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic moiety does, however, not account for inhibitory activity. The resulting structure-activity relationships are important for the design of compounds for the treatment of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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22
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Abstract
LPS from Rhizobium sin-1 (R. sin-1) can antagonize the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by E. coli LPS in human monocytic cells. Therefore these compounds provide interesting leads for the development of therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of septic shock. Detailed structure activity relationship studies have, however, been hampered by the propensity of these compounds to undergo beta-elimination to give biological inactive enone derivatives. To address this problem, we have chemically synthesized in a convergent manner a R. sin-1 lipid A derivative in which the beta-hydroxy ester at C-3 of the proximal sugar unit has been replaced by an ether linked moiety. As expected, this derivative exhibited a much-improved chemical stability. Furthermore, its ability to antagonize TNF-alpha production induced by enteric LPS was only slightly smaller than that of the parent ester modified derivative demonstrating that the ether-linked lipids affect biological activities only marginally. Furthermore, it has been shown for the first time that R. sin-1 LPS and the ether modified lipid A are also able to antagonize the production of the cytokine interferon-inducible protein 10, which arises from the TRIF-dependent pathway. The latter pathway was somewhat more potently inhibited than the MyD88-dependent pathway. Furthermore, it was observed that the natural LPS possesses much greater activity than the synthetic and isolated lipid As, which indicates that di-KDO moiety is important for optimal biological activity. It has also been found that isolated R. sin-1 LPS and lipid A agonize a mouse macrophage cell line to induce the production of TNF-alpha and interferon beta in a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent manner demonstrating species specific properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalakshmi Vasan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 Fax (+)706-542-4412
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 Fax (+)706-542-4412
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 Fax (+)706-542-4412
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23
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Abstract
The structure of recombinant Aquifex aeolicus UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) in complex with UDP has been determined to a resolution of 2.2 A. Previous studies have characterized the binding sites of the fatty-acid and sugar moieties of the substrate, UDP-(3-O-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine, but not that of the nucleotide. The uracil-binding site is constructed from amino acids that are highly conserved across species. Hydrophobic associations with the Phe155 and Arg250 side chains in combination with hydrogen-bonding interactions with the main chain of Glu154 and the side chains of Tyr151 and Lys227 position the base. The phosphate and ribose groups are directed away from the active site and interact with Arg137, Lys156, Glu186 and Arg250. The orientation of the phosphate-ribose tail is not conducive to catalysis, perhaps owing to the position of an inhibitory Zn(2+). However, based on the position of uracil revealed in this study and on the previously reported complex of LpxC with an inhibitor, a model is proposed for substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Buetow
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Alice Dawson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - William N. Hunter
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
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Albrecht MT, Wang W, Shamova O, Lehrer RI, Schiller NL. Binding of protegrin-1 to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia. Respir Res 2002; 3:18. [PMID: 11980587 DOI: 10.1186/rr167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2001] [Revised: 01/29/2002] [Accepted: 01/31/2002] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia infections of cystic fibrosis patients' lungs are often resistant to conventional antibiotic therapy. Protegrins are antimicrobial peptides with potent activity against many bacteria, including P. aeruginosa. The present study evaluates the correlation between protegrin-1 (PG-1) sensitivity/resistance and protegrin binding in P. aeruginosa and B. cepacia. METHODS The PG-1 sensitivity/resistance and PG-1 binding properties of P. aeruginosa and B. cepacia were assessed using radial diffusion assays, radioiodinated PG-1, and surface plasmon resonance (BiaCore). RESULTS The six P. aeruginosa strains examined were very sensitive to PG-1, exhibiting minimal active concentrations from 0.0625-0.5 microg/ml in radial diffusion assays. In contrast, all five B. cepacia strains examined were greater than 10-fold to 100-fold more resistant, with minimal active concentrations ranging from 6-10 microg/ml. When incubated with a radioiodinated variant of PG-1, a sensitive P. aeruginosa strain bound considerably more protegrin molecules per cell than a resistant B. cepacia strain. Binding/diffusion and surface plasmon resonance assays revealed that isolated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipid A from the sensitive P. aeruginosa strains bound PG-1 more effectively than LPS and lipid A from resistant B. cepacia strains. CONCLUSION These findings support the hypothesis that the relative resistance of B. cepacia to protegrin is due to a reduced number of PG-1 binding sites on the lipid A moiety of its LPS.
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25
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Ishida H, Fujii E, Irie K, Yoshioka T, Muraki T, Ogawa R. Role of inflammatory mediators in lipid A analogue (ONO-4007)-induced vascular permeability change in mouse skin. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:1235-40. [PMID: 10903960 PMCID: PMC1572185 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Endotoxin shock is accompanied by an increase in peripheral vascular permeability. It has been postulated that most biological activities of LPS are derived from lipid A moiety. Here we examined the effect of lipid A analogue ONO-4007 in increasing vascular permeability and the possible mediators in mouse skin by a dye leakage method. 2. Subcutaneous injection of ONO-4007 (1 - 2 mg site(-1)) induced a dose-dependent increase in vascular permeability which was evident after 120 min. 3. ONO-4007-induced dye leakage was significantly attenuated by pretreatments with anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and anti-interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) antibodies, but not with indomethacin (5 mg kg(-1)) or diphenhydramine (10 mg kg(-1)). ONO-4007-induced dye leakage was significantly inhibited by a pretreatment with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (10 mg kg(-1)) but not with aminoguanidine (50 mg kg(-1)). In inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-deficient mice, ONO-4007 significantly increased the dye leakage, while ONO-4007 dilated rat thoracic aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine, and the L-NAME pretreatment inhibited the dilation. 4. Thus, TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha and constitutive NOSs-derived nitric oxide but not prostaglandins or histamine play a role in ONO-4007-induced increase in vascular permeability. Although ONO-4007 mimics LPS in increasing vascular permeability, mechanisms of permeability change elicited by ONO-4007 were not identical to those of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ishida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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26
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Kawata T, Bristol JR, Rossignol DP, Rose JR, Kobayashi S, Yokohama H, Ishibashi A, Christ WJ, Katayama K, Yamatsu I, Kishi Y. E5531, a synthetic non-toxic lipid A derivative blocks the immunobiological activities of lipopolysaccharide. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127:853-62. [PMID: 10433491 PMCID: PMC1566082 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The major pathological responses to Gram-negative bacterial sepsis are triggered by endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide. As endotoxin is shed from the bacterial outer membrane, it induces immunological responses that lead to release of a variety of cytokines and other cellular mediators. As part of a program aimed at developing a therapeutic agent for septic shock, we have developed E5531, a novel synthetic lipopolysaccharide antagonist. 2. As measured by release by tumour necrosis factor-alpha, human monocytes or whole blood can be activated by lipopolysaccharide, lipid A, and lipoteichoic acid (from Gram-positive bacteria). E5531 potently antagonizes activation by all these agents while itself being devoid of agonistic activity. 3. The inhibitory activity of E5531 was dependent on time of addition. When 10 nM E5531 was added simultaneously with lipopolysaccharide or 1 - 3 h before addition of lipopolysaccharide, production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha was inhibited by more than 98%. The addition of E5531 1 h after lipopolysaccharide reduced the efficacy of E5531 by 47%. 4. Antagonistic activity of E5531 was specific for lipopolysaccharide as it was ineffective at inhibiting interferon-gamma mediated NO release of RAW 264.7 cells, phorbor 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulated superoxide anion production in human neutrophils, concanavalin A stimulated mitogenic activity in murine thymocytes and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced E-selectin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. 5. E5531 as well as MY4, an anti-CD14 antibody, inhibited radiolabelled lipopolysaccharide binding in human monocytes. 6. These results support our contention that E5531 is a potent antagonist of lipopolysaccharide-induced release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and other cellular mediators and may be an effective therapeutic agent for human septic shock due to Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kawata
- Eisai Research Institute of Boston, Inc., MA 01810-2441, USA.
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27
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Yang D, Satoh M, Ueda H, Tsukagoshi S, Yamazaki M. Activation of tumor-infiltrating macrophages by a synthetic lipid A analog (ONO-4007) and its implication in antitumor effects. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994; 38:287-93. [PMID: 8162610 PMCID: PMC11038506 DOI: 10.1007/bf01525505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/1993] [Accepted: 12/23/1993] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
ONO-4007 is a novel synthetic analog of lipid A subunit and has been shown to exert antitumor activities on various experimental tumors with less toxicity than lipopolysaccharide. It remains unclear, however, what biological activities of this compound are relevant to its antitumor effects. We therefore investigated the activation of macrophages by ONO-4007 in vitro and in vivo and its implication in antitumor effects, using mouse MM46 mammary tumor as an experimental model. Intravenous injection of ONO-4007 produced significant therapeutic effects on this solid tumor. ONO-4007 could stimulate glycogen-elicited peritoneal macrophages in vitro, not only to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF), but also to exert cytocidal activities against MM46 cells in vitro. Substantial TNF production was induced in tumor tissue by i. v. injection of ONO-4007, and its successive administration to tumor-bearing mice gave tumor-infiltrating macrophages a prominent in vitro tumoricidal activity and primed them for in vitro TNF secretion. These results suggest that activation of tumor-infiltrating macrophages to a direct tumoricidal state as well as to TNF secretion in tumor tissues may be at least some of the antitumor effects of this novel lipid A analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan
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28
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Kumazawa E, Tohgo A, Soga T, Kusama T, Osada Y. Significant antitumor effect of a synthetic lipid A analogue, DT-5461, on murine syngeneic tumor models. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1992; 35:307-14. [PMID: 1394335 PMCID: PMC11038454 DOI: 10.1007/bf01741143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/1991] [Accepted: 03/25/1992] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The antitumor effect of a synthetic lipid A analogue, DT-5461, was investigated using syngeneic tumor models in mice. Intravenous injection of DT-5461 into mice transplanted with solid tumors of MethA fibrosarcoma, MH134 hepatoma, MM46 mammary carcinoma, Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL), and colon adenocarcinomas 26 and 38 resulted in significant reductions in the weight of all tumors except Colon 26, with marked hemorrhagic necrosis of tumor tissues. Efficacy was almost equal to that of an Escherichia coli-type synthetic lipid A (compound 506), and also to those of some chemotherapeutics including Adriamycin, mitomycin C, fluorouracil and cisplatin. Furthermore, DT-5461 was more effective than other immunotherapeutics, including picibanil (OK-432) and lentinan. However, its antitumor effects were inferior to those of Adriamycin or OK-432 against the malignant ascites caused by intraperitoneal inoculation with MethA or with MH134 cells; life span was not prolonged by either intraperitoneal or intravenous administration. In addition, although DT-5461 showed direct inhibitory effects on the in vitro growth of MethA or MH134, these were much weaker than those of Adriamycin. These findings clearly indicated that DT-5461 with systemic administration is a highly effective antitumor agent on solid tumors, and suggest that the antitumor effect of DT-5461 with potent necrotizing activity might derive from indirect mechanisms related to the activation of host immune systems and not to the weak direct cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kumazawa
- Exploratory Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Abstract
A clone of mouse leukemia M1 cells was induced to differentiate by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (LPS-sensitive clone) while another clone of the same cells was resistant (LPS-resistant clone). LPS and lipid A preparations from Pseudomonas diminuta and Pseudomonas vesicularis were as active as Escherichia coli LPS in the induction of differentiation of the LPS-sensitive clone. Synthetic lipid A precursor Ia (compound 406), which has no interleukin 1 (IL-1)-inducing activity toward monocytes, had strong differentiation-inducing activity toward the LPS-sensitive clone. The combined treatment of the LPS-sensitive clone with LPS and recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF) did not further increase the degree of differentiation induced by LPS alone. By contrast, the LPS-resistant clone was markedly induced to differentiate by LPS in the presence of rTNF. Combined treatment of the LPS-resistant clone with LPS and other cytokines such as recombinant IL-1 alpha, recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and interferon-gamma was not effective in inducing marked synergistic differentiation. These results raise the possibility that rTNF changes the sensitivity of M1 cells to induction of differentiation by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakaya
- Laboratory of Biological, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo
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30
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Arata S, Nakaya K, Furuhashi H, Nakamura Y, Hirayama T, Mashimo J, Kasai N. Tumor necrosis factor-inducing activities of lipid A preparations from Pseudomonas diminuta and Pseudomonas vesicularis. Jpn J Cancer Res 1988; 79:626-31. [PMID: 3136115 PMCID: PMC5917557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1988.tb00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-inducing activities of lipid A preparations from P. diminuta and P. vesicularis, which contain mainly 2 mol of 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose and 1 mol of nonglycosidic phosphate as the backbone component and have partly different fatty acid compositions, were examined. TNF was induced by injecting various lipid A fractions into mice that had previously been sensitized with Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine. A major component of lipid A of both strains, referred to as A3 fraction, exhibited stronger TNF-inducing activity than A2 fraction having incomplete acyl residues. The removal of ester-linked fatty acyl groups by mild hydrazinolysis of the P. diminuta lipid A results in a marked decrease of the activity. These results suggest that the structure of the hydrophobic part, including the amide-linked acyloxyacyl group(s), of the lipid A molecule play an important role in inducing TNF in the sera of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arata
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo
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31
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Abstract
Peritoneal exudate macrophages, when exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in culture, were found to produce collagenase (EC 3.4.24.3). This enzyme was not detected in extracts of the macrophages or in media from nonstimulated macrophage cultures. Lipidcontaining fractions of the lipopolysaccharide, including a glycolipid from the rough mutant of Salmonella minnesota (R595) and lipid A, were potent stimulators of collagenase production. The lipid-free polysaccharide fraction had no effect. Cycloheximide prevented the production of collagenase by endotoxin-treated macrophages, suggesting that it was newly synthesized.
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32
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Chiller JM, Skidmore BJ, Morrison DC, Weigle WO. Relationship of the structure of bacterial lipopolysaccharides to its function in mitogenesis and adjuvanticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:2129-33. [PMID: 4579014 PMCID: PMC433681 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.7.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of bacterial lipopolysaccharides to induce lymphocyte mitogenesis and to act as an adjuvant of antibody formation was attributable to the lipid-A region of the molecule. Measured by induction of DNA synthesis, lipid A was mitogenic for bone marrow-derived lymphocytes obtained from spleens of congenitally athymic mice but not for thymocytes obtained from thymuses of normal mice. Adjuvanticity was demonstrated by the ability of lipid A to convert a tolerogenic regimen of antigen into one eliciting an immune response and by its ability to markedly enhance the antibody response to a weak antigen.
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