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Hashizume M, Takashima A, Iwasaki M. An mRNA-LNP-based Lassa virus vaccine induces protective immunity in mice. J Virol 2024:e0057824. [PMID: 38767352 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00578-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammarenavirus Lassa virus (LASV) causes the life-threatening hemorrhagic fever disease, Lassa fever. The lack of licensed medical countermeasures against LASV underscores the urgent need for the development of novel LASV vaccines, which has been hampered by the requirement for a biosafety level 4 facility to handle live LASV. Here, we investigated the efficacy of mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP)-based vaccines expressing the LASV glycoprotein precursor (LASgpc) or nucleoprotein (LCMnp) of the prototypic mammarenavirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), in mice. Two doses of LASgpc- or LCMnp-mRNA-LNP administered intravenously (i.v.) protected C57BL/6 mice from a lethal challenge with a recombinant (r) LCMV expressing a modified LASgpc (rLCMV/LASgpc2m) inoculated intracranially. Intramuscular (i.m.) immunization with two doses of LASgpc- or LCMnp-mRNA-LNP significantly reduced the viral load in C57BL/6 mice inoculated i.v. with rLCMV/LASgpc2m. High levels of viremia and lethality were observed in CBA mice inoculated i.v. with rLCMV/LASgpc2m, which were abrogated by i.m. immunization with two doses of LASgpc-mRNA-LNP. The protective efficacy of two i.m. doses of LCMnp-mRNA-LNP was confirmed in a lethal hemorrhagic disease model of FVB mice i.v. inoculated with wild-type rLCMV. In all conditions tested, negligible and high levels of LASgpc- and LCMnp-specific antibodies were detected in mRNA-LNP-immunized mice, respectively, but robust LASgpc- and LCMnp-specific CD8+ T cell responses were induced. Accordingly, plasma from LASgpc-mRNA-LNP-immunized mice did not exhibit neutralizing activity. Our findings and surrogate mouse models of LASV infection, which can be studied at a reduced biocontainment level, provide a critical foundation for the rapid development of mRNA-LNP-based LASV vaccines.IMPORTANCELassa virus (LASV) is a highly pathogenic mammarenavirus responsible for several hundred thousand infections annually in West African countries, causing a high number of lethal Lassa fever (LF) cases. Despite its significant impact on human health, clinically approved, safe, and effective medical countermeasures against LF are not available. The requirement of a biosafety level 4 facility to handle live LASV has been one of the main obstacles to the research and development of LASV countermeasures. Here, we report that two doses of mRNA-lipid nanoparticle-based vaccines expressing the LASV glycoprotein precursor (LASgpc) or nucleoprotein (LCMnp) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a mammarenavirus genetically closely related to LASV, conferred protection to recombinant LCMV-based surrogate mouse models of lethal LASV infection. Notably, robust LASgpc- and LCMnp-specific CD8+ T cell responses were detected in mRNA-LNP-immunized mice, whereas no virus-neutralizing activity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hashizume
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayako Takashima
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaharu Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and Drug Delivery System, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- RNA Frontier Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Liu C, Nagashima H, Fernando N, Bass V, Gopalakrishnan J, Signorella S, Montgomery W, Lim AI, Harrison O, Reich L, Yao C, Sun HW, Brooks SR, Jiang K, Nagarajan V, Zhao Y, Jung S, Phillips R, Mikami Y, Lareau CA, Kanno Y, Jankovic D, Aryee MJ, Pękowska A, Belkaid Y, O'Shea J, Shih HY. A CTCF-binding site in the Mdm1-Il22-Ifng locus shapes cytokine expression profiles and plays a critical role in early Th1 cell fate specification. Immunity 2024; 57:1005-1018.e7. [PMID: 38697116 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Cytokine expression during T cell differentiation is a highly regulated process that involves long-range promoter-enhancer and CTCF-CTCF contacts at cytokine loci. Here, we investigated the impact of dynamic chromatin loop formation within the topologically associating domain (TAD) in regulating the expression of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-22 (IL-22); these cytokine loci are closely located in the genome and are associated with complex enhancer landscapes, which are selectively active in type 1 and type 3 lymphocytes. In situ Hi-C analyses revealed inducible TADs that insulated Ifng and Il22 enhancers during Th1 cell differentiation. Targeted deletion of a 17 bp boundary motif of these TADs imbalanced Th1- and Th17-associated immunity, both in vitro and in vivo, upon Toxoplasma gondii infection. In contrast, this boundary element was dispensable for cytokine regulation in natural killer cells. Our findings suggest that precise cytokine regulation relies on lineage- and developmental stage-specific interactions of 3D chromatin architectures and enhancer landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Liu
- Neuro-Immune Regulome Unit, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Nagashima
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nilisha Fernando
- Neuro-Immune Regulome Unit, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victor Bass
- Neuro-Immune Regulome Unit, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jaanam Gopalakrishnan
- Neuro-Immune Regulome Unit, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sadie Signorella
- Neuro-Immune Regulome Unit, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Will Montgomery
- Neuro-Immune Regulome Unit, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ai Ing Lim
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Oliver Harrison
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren Reich
- Neuro-Immune Regulome Unit, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chen Yao
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen R Brooks
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kan Jiang
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vijayaraj Nagarajan
- Neuro-Immune Regulome Unit, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yongbing Zhao
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seolkyoung Jung
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rachael Phillips
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yohei Mikami
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Caleb A Lareau
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yuka Kanno
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dragana Jankovic
- Immunoparasitology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martin J Aryee
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Aleksandra Pękowska
- Dioscuri Center of Chromatin Biology and Epigenomics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John O'Shea
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Han-Yu Shih
- Neuro-Immune Regulome Unit, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Johnson DM, Khakhum N, Wang M, Warner NL, Jokinen JD, Comer JE, Lukashevich IS. Pathogenic and Apathogenic Strains of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Have Distinct Entry and Innate Immune Activation Pathways. Viruses 2024; 16:635. [PMID: 38675975 PMCID: PMC11053560 DOI: 10.3390/v16040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Lassa virus (LASV) share many genetic and biological features including subtle differences between pathogenic and apathogenic strains. Despite remarkable genetic similarity, the viscerotropic WE strain of LCMV causes a fatal LASV fever-like hepatitis in non-human primates (NHPs) while the mouse-adapted Armstrong (ARM) strain of LCMV is deeply attenuated in NHPs and can vaccinate against LCMV-WE challenge. Here, we demonstrate that internalization of WE is more sensitive to the depletion of membrane cholesterol than ARM infection while ARM infection is more reliant on endosomal acidification. LCMV-ARM induces robust NF-κB and interferon response factor (IRF) activation while LCMV-WE seems to avoid early innate sensing and failed to induce strong NF-κB and IRF responses in dual-reporter monocyte and epithelial cells. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) signaling appears to play a critical role in NF-κB activation and the silencing of TLR-2 shuts down IL-6 production in ARM but not in WE-infected cells. Pathogenic LCMV-WE infection is poorly recognized in early endosomes and failed to induce TLR-2/Mal-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokines. Following infection, Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1) expression is diminished in LCMV-ARM- but not LCMV-WE-infected cells, which indicates it is likely involved in the LCMV-ARM NF-κB activation. By confocal microscopy, ARM and WE strains have similar intracellular trafficking although LCMV-ARM infection appears to coincide with greater co-localization of early endosome marker EEA1 with TLR-2. Both strains co-localize with Rab-7, a late endosome marker, but the interaction with LCMV-WE seems to be more prolonged. These findings suggest that LCMV-ARM's intracellular trafficking pathway may facilitate interaction with innate immune sensors, which promotes the induction of effective innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M. Johnson
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY 94202, USA (I.S.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 94202, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (N.K.); (J.E.C.)
- Sandia National Laboratories, Department of Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Nittaya Khakhum
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (N.K.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 94202, USA;
| | - Nikole L. Warner
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY 94202, USA (I.S.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 94202, USA
| | - Jenny D. Jokinen
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY 94202, USA (I.S.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 94202, USA;
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (N.K.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Igor S. Lukashevich
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY 94202, USA (I.S.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 94202, USA;
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Mehl C, Adeyemi OA, Wylezich C, Höper D, Beer M, Triebenbacher C, Heckel G, Ulrich RG. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Lineage V in Wood Mice, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:399-401. [PMID: 38270110 PMCID: PMC10826776 DOI: 10.3201/eid3002.230868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We identified a novel lineage of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, tentatively named lineage V, in wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) from Germany. Wood mouse-derived lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus can be found across a substantially greater range than previously thought. Increased surveillance is needed to determine its geographic range and zoonotic potential.
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5
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Hamele CE, Spurrier MA, Leonard RA, Heaton NS. Segmented, Negative-Sense RNA Viruses of Humans: Genetic Systems and Experimental Uses of Reporter Strains. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:261-282. [PMID: 37774125 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-120445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Negative-stranded RNA viruses are a large group of viruses that encode their genomes in RNA across multiple segments in an orientation antisense to messenger RNA. Their members infect broad ranges of hosts, and there are a number of notable human pathogens. Here, we examine the development of reverse genetic systems as applied to these virus families, emphasizing conserved approaches illustrated by some of the prominent members that cause significant human disease. We also describe the utility of their genetic systems in the development of reporter strains of the viruses and some biological insights made possible by their use. To conclude the review, we highlight some possible future uses of reporter viruses that not only will increase our basic understanding of how these viruses replicate and cause disease but also could inform the development of new approaches to therapeutically intervene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cait E Hamele
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - M Ariel Spurrier
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Rebecca A Leonard
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Hogeboom C. Does multiple sclerosis have a zoonotic origin? Correlations with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1217176. [PMID: 37398653 PMCID: PMC10313729 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1217176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
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7
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Klein S, Mischke J, Beruldsen F, Prinz I, Antunes DA, Cornberg M, Kraft ARM. Individual Epitope-Specific CD8 + T Cell Immune Responses Are Shaped Differently during Chronic Viral Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050716. [PMID: 37242386 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark in chronic viral infections are exhausted antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses and the inability of the immune system to eliminate the virus. Currently, there is limited information on the variability of epitope-specific T cell exhaustion within one immune response and the relevance to the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. The aim of this study was a comprehensive analysis and comparison of three lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) epitope-specific CD8+ T cell responses (NP396, GP33 and NP205) in a chronic setting with immune intervention, e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, in regard to the TCR repertoire. These responses, though measured within the same mice, were individual and independent from each other. The massively exhausted NP396-specific CD8+ T cells revealed a significantly reduced TCR repertoire diversity, whereas less-exhausted GP33-specific CD8+ T cell responses were rather unaffected by chronicity in regard to their TCR repertoire diversity. NP205-specific CD8+ T cell responses showed a very special TCR repertoire with a prominent public motif of TCR clonotypes that was present in all NP205-specific responses, which separated this from NP396- and GP33-specific responses. Additionally, we showed that TCR repertoire shifts induced by ICI therapy are heterogeneous on the epitope level, by revealing profound effects in NP396-, less severe and opposed effects in NP205-, and minor effects in GP33-specific responses. Overall, our data revealed individual epitope-specific responses within one viral response that are differently affected by exhaustion and ICI therapy. These individual shapings of epitope-specific T cell responses and their TCR repertoires in an LCMV mouse model indicates important implications for focusing on epitope-specific responses in future evaluations for therapeutic approaches, e.g., for chronic hepatitis virus infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Klein
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jasmin Mischke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Finn Beruldsen
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dinler A Antunes
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CIIM), c/o CRC Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anke R M Kraft
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CIIM), c/o CRC Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Moon-Walker A, Zhang Z, Zyla DS, Buck TK, Li H, Diaz Avalos R, Schendel SL, Hastie KM, Crotty S, Saphire EO. Structural basis for antibody-mediated neutralization of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:403-411.e4. [PMID: 36990092 PMCID: PMC11090681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The mammarenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a globally distributed zoonotic pathogen that can be lethal in immunocompromised patients and can cause severe birth defects if acquired during pregnancy. The structure of the trimeric surface glycoprotein, essential for entry, vaccine design, and antibody neutralization, remains unknown. Here, we present the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the LCMV surface glycoprotein (GP) in its trimeric pre-fusion assembly both alone and in complex with a rationally engineered monoclonal neutralizing antibody termed 18.5C-M28 (M28). Additionally, we show that passive administration of M28, either as a prophylactic or therapeutic, protects mice from LCMV clone 13 (LCMVcl13) challenge. Our study illuminates not only the overall structural organization of LCMV GP and the mechanism for its inhibition by M28 but also presents a promising therapeutic candidate to prevent severe or fatal disease in individuals who are at risk of infection by a virus that poses a threat worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Moon-Walker
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MI 63110, USA
| | - Zeli Zhang
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dawid S Zyla
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tierra K Buck
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haoyang Li
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shane Crotty
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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9
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Marx AF, Kallert SM, Brunner TM, Villegas JA, Geier F, Fixemer J, Abreu-Mota T, Reuther P, Bonilla WV, Fadejeva J, Kreutzfeldt M, Wagner I, Aparicio-Domingo P, Scarpellino L, Charmoy M, Utzschneider DT, Hagedorn C, Lu M, Cornille K, Stauffer K, Kreppel F, Merkler D, Zehn D, Held W, Luther SA, Löhning M, Pinschewer DD. The alarmin interleukin-33 promotes the expansion and preserves the stemness of Tcf-1 + CD8 + T cells in chronic viral infection. Immunity 2023; 56:813-828.e10. [PMID: 36809763 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
T cell factor 1 (Tcf-1) expressing CD8+ T cells exhibit stem-like self-renewing capacity, rendering them key for immune defense against chronic viral infection and cancer. Yet, the signals that promote the formation and maintenance of these stem-like CD8+ T cells (CD8+SL) remain poorly defined. Studying CD8+ T cell differentiation in mice with chronic viral infection, we identified the alarmin interleukin-33 (IL-33) as pivotal for the expansion and stem-like functioning of CD8+SL as well as for virus control. IL-33 receptor (ST2)-deficient CD8+ T cells exhibited biased end differentiation and premature loss of Tcf-1. ST2-deficient CD8+SL responses were restored by blockade of type I interferon signaling, suggesting that IL-33 balances IFN-I effects to control CD8+SL formation in chronic infection. IL-33 signals broadly augmented chromatin accessibility in CD8+SL and determined these cells' re-expansion potential. Our study identifies the IL-33-ST2 axis as an important CD8+SL-promoting pathway in the context of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Friederike Marx
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra M Kallert
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias M Brunner
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - José A Villegas
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florian Geier
- Department of Biomedicine, Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Fixemer
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tiago Abreu-Mota
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Reuther
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Weldy V Bonilla
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jelizaveta Fadejeva
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Leo Scarpellino
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Charmoy
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniel T Utzschneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Claudia Hagedorn
- Witten/Herdecke University (UW/H), Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen Cornille
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Stauffer
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Kreppel
- Witten/Herdecke University (UW/H), Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Stockumer Str. 10, 58453 Witten, Germany
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Max Löhning
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
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10
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Gill AL, Hudson WH, Valanparambil RM, Ahn E, McGuire DJ, Wieland A, McManus DT, Kissick HT, Akondy RS, Ahmed R. Longitudinal Analysis of the Phenotype, Transcriptional Profile, and Anatomic Location of Memory CD8 T Cell Subsets after Acute Viral Infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0155622. [PMID: 36541799 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01556-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased demand for novel, highly effective vaccination strategies necessitates a better understanding of long-lived memory CD8 T cell differentiation. To achieve this understanding, we used the mouse model of acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. We reexamined classical memory CD8 T cell subsets and performed in-depth, longitudinal analysis of their phenotype, transcriptional programming, and anatomic location within the spleen. All analyses were performed at multiple time points from 8 days to 1 year postinfection. Memory subsets are conventionally defined by their expression of KLRG1 and IL-7Rα, as follows: KLRG1+IL-7Rα- terminal effectors (TEs) and KLRG1-IL-7Rα+ memory precursors (MPs). But we also characterized a third KLRG1+IL-7Rα+ subset which we refer to as KLRG1+ MPs. In these analyses, we defined a comprehensive memory phenotype that is associated with higher levels of CD28 expression. We also demonstrated that MPs, KLRG1+ MPs, and TEs have distinct localization programs within the spleen. We found that MPs became preferentially enriched in the white pulp as early as 1 to 2 weeks postinfection, and their predominance in the white pulp was maintained throughout the course of a year. On the other hand, KLRG1+ MPs and TEs localized to the red pulp just as early, and they consistently localized to the red pulp thereafter. These findings indicate that location may be crucial for memory formation and that white pulp-derived signals may contribute to long-term memory survival. Achieving robust memory responses following vaccination may require more deliberate consideration of which memory phenotypes are induced, as well as where they traffic, as these factors could impact their longevity. IMPORTANCE CD8 T cells play a critical role in viral immunity and it is important to understand how memory cells are formed and what processes lead to their long-term maintenance. Here, we use a mouse model of acute infection to perform an in-depth, longitudinal analysis of memory CD8 T cell differentiation, examining the phenotype and location of memory cells out to 1 year postinfection.
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11
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Sakabe S, Cubitt B, Martinez-Sobrido L, de la Torre JC. Molecular Engineering of a Mammarenavirus with Unbreachable Attenuation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0138522. [PMID: 36533953 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01385-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mammarenaviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fever (HF) disease in humans and pose important public health problems in their regions of endemicity. There are no United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved mammarenavirus vaccines, and current anti-mammarenavirus therapy is limited to an off-label use of ribavirin that has limited efficacy. Mammarenaviruses are enveloped viruses with a bi-segmented negative-strand RNA genome. Each genome segment contains two open reading frames (ORF) separated by a noncoding intergenic region (IGR). The large (L) segment encodes the RNA dependent RNA polymerase, L protein, and the Z matrix protein, whereas the small (S) segment encodes the surface glycoprotein precursor (GPC) and nucleoprotein (NP). In the present study, we document the generation of a recombinant form of the prototypic mammarenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) expressing a codon deoptimized (CD) GPC and containing the IGR of the S segment in both the S and L segments (rLCMV/IGR-CD). We show that rLCMV/IGR-CD is fully attenuated in C57BL/6 (B6) mice but able to provide complete protection upon a single administration against a lethal challenge with LCMV. Importantly, rLCMV/IGR-CD exhibited an unbreachable attenuation for its safe implementation as a live-attenuated vaccine (LAV). IMPORTANCE Several mammarenaviruses cause severe disease in humans and pose important public health problems in their regions of endemicity. Currently, no FDA-licensed mammarenavirus vaccines are available, and anti-mammarenaviral therapy is limited to an off-label use of ribavirin whose efficacy is controversial. Here, we describe the generation of recombinant version of the prototypic mammarenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (rLCMV) combining the features of a codon deoptimized (CD) GPC and the noncoding intergenic region (IGR) of the S segment in both S and L genome segments, called rLCMV/IGR-CD. We present evidence that rLCMV/IGR-CD has excellent safety and protective efficacy features as live-attenuated vaccine (LAV). Importantly, rLCMV/IGR-CD prevents, in coinfected mice, the generation of LCMV reassortants with increased virulence. Our findings document a well-defined molecular strategy for the generation of mammarenavirus LAV candidates able to trigger long-term protective immunity, upon a single immunization, while exhibiting unique enhanced safety features, including unbreachable attenuation.
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12
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Lee IG, Joo YH, Jeon H, Jeong R, Kim EH, Chung H, Eyun SI, Kim J, Seo YJ, Hong SH. Galectin-4 increases the ability of M2 macrophages to enhance antiviral CD4+ T-cell responses. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:71-83. [PMID: 36822160 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-4 (Gal-4) is a β-galactoside-binding protein belonging to the galectin family. Although Gal-4 is known to be involved in several physiologic processes of the gastrointestinal tract, its immunomodulatory roles remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether Gal-4 influences the function of M1 and M2 macrophages. Gal-4 treatment drove more robust changes in the gene expression of M2 macrophages compared to M1 macrophages. Antiviral immune response-related genes were significantly upregulated in Gal-4-treated M2 macrophages. Gal-4 significantly enhanced the immunostimulatory activity of M2 macrophages upon Toll-like receptor 7 stimulation or infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Moreover, the antibody production against LCMV infection and the antiviral CD4+ T-cell responses, but not the antiviral CD8+ T-cell responses, were greatly increased by Gal-4-treated M2 macrophages in vivo. The present results indicate that Gal-4 enhances the ability of M2 macrophages to promote antiviral CD4+ T-cell responses. Thus, Gal-4 could be used to boost antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Gu Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Joo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyeon Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Raehyuk Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Ho Kim
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16 Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Chung
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seong-Il Eyun
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkyu Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Seo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hee Hong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro 2-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
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Mehl C, Wylezich C, Geiger C, Schauerte N, Mätz-Rensing K, Nesseler A, Höper D, Linnenbrink M, Beer M, Heckel G, Ulrich RG. Use of Zoo Mice in Study of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Mammarenavirus, Germany (Response). Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 30:205-206. [PMID: 38146988 PMCID: PMC10756383 DOI: 10.3201/eid3001.231521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
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14
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Caly L, Porter AF, Chua J, Collet JP, Druce JD, Catton MG, Duchene S. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1713-1715. [PMID: 35876533 PMCID: PMC9328903 DOI: 10.3201/eid2808.220119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During a mouse plague in early 2021, a farmer from New South Wales, Australia, sought treatment for aseptic meningitis and was subsequently diagnosed with locally acquired lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Whole-genome sequencing identified a divergent and geographically distinct lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain compared with other published sequences.
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15
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Aaron L, McMahon J, Taylor C, Pyke AT, Brischetto A, Aminzadeh Z, Beale M. Locally acquired lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections in South-East Queensland: an outbreak of a pathogen rarely described in Australia. Intern Med J 2022; 52:1415-1418. [PMID: 35973951 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a zoonotic virus that can cause clinically significant illnesses in humans. Although cases of LCMV infection are well described globally, and there is evidence that the virus is present in Australian rodent populations, there has been only one case of domestically acquired LCMV infection published previously. Here, we describe a cluster of LCMV infections in South-East Queensland identified in early 2021, and the diagnostic testing processes implemented. This identifies LCMV as an under-recognised human pathogen in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Aaron
- Physician Training Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie McMahon
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carmel Taylor
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alyssa T Pyke
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna Brischetto
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zohreh Aminzadeh
- Physician Training Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Beale
- Physician Training Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Guijas C, Horton LE, Hoang L, Domingo-Almenara X, Billings EM, Ware BC, Sullivan B, Siuzdak G. Microbial Metabolite 3-Indolepropionic Acid Mediates Immunosuppression. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070645. [PMID: 35888769 PMCID: PMC9317520 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbial-derived metabolite, 3-indolepropionic acid (3-IPA), has been intensely studied since its origins were discovered in 2009; however, 3-IPA's role in immunosuppression has had limited attention. Untargeted metabolomic analyses of T-cell exhaustion and immunosuppression, represented by dysfunctional under-responsive CD8+ T cells, reveal a potential role of 3-IPA in these responses. T-cell exhaustion was examined via infection of two genetically related mouse strains, DBA/1J and DBA/2J, with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Clone 13 (Cl13). The different mouse strains produced disparate outcomes driven by their T-cell responses. Infected DBA/2J presented with exhausted T cells and persistent infection, and DBA/1J mice died one week after infection from cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)-mediated pulmonary failure. Metabolomics revealed over 70 metabolites were altered between the DBA/1J and DBA/2J models over the course of the infection, most of them in mice with a fatal outcome. Cognitive-driven prioritization combined with statistical significance and fold change were used to prioritize the metabolites. 3-IPA, a tryptophan-derived metabolite, was identified as a high-priority candidate for testing. To test its activity 3-IPA was added to the drinking water of the mouse models during LCMV Cl13 infection, with the results showing that 3-IPA allowed the mice to survive longer. This negative immune-modulation effect might be of interest for the modulation of CTL responses in events such as autoimmune diseases, type I diabetes or even COVID-19. Moreover, 3-IPA's bacterial origin raises the possibility of targeting the microbiome to enhance CTL responses in diseases such as cancer and chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guijas
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (C.G.); (L.H.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Lucy E. Horton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.E.H.); (B.C.W.)
| | - Linh Hoang
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (C.G.); (L.H.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Xavier Domingo-Almenara
- Computational Metabolomics for Systems Biology Lab, Omics Sciences Unit, Eurecat—Technology Centre of Catalonia, 08005 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Elizabeth M. Billings
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (C.G.); (L.H.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Brian C. Ware
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.E.H.); (B.C.W.)
| | - Brian Sullivan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (L.E.H.); (B.C.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (G.S.); Tel.: +1-858-784-9425 (G.S.)
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (C.G.); (L.H.); (E.M.B.)
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular, and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (G.S.); Tel.: +1-858-784-9425 (G.S.)
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17
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Liu J, Knopp KA, Rackaityte E, Wang CY, Laurie MT, Sunshine S, Puschnik AS, DeRisi JL. Genome-Wide Knockout Screen Identifies Human Sialomucin CD164 as an Essential Entry Factor for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. mBio 2022; 13:e0020522. [PMID: 35502904 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00205-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a well-studied mammarenavirus that can be fatal in congenital infections. However, our understanding of LCMV and its interactions with human host factors remains incomplete. Here, host determinants affecting LCMV infection were investigated through a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen in A549 cells, a human lung adenocarcinoma line. We identified and validated a variety of novel host factors that play a functional role in LCMV infection. Among these, knockout of the sialomucin CD164, a heavily glycosylated transmembrane protein, was found to ablate infection with multiple LCMV strains but not other hemorrhagic mammarenaviruses in several cell types. Further characterization revealed a dependency of LCMV entry on the cysteine-rich domain of CD164, including an N-linked glycosylation site at residue 104 in that region. Given the documented role of LCMV with respect to transplacental human infections, CD164 expression was investigated in human placental tissue and placental cell lines. CD164 was found to be highly expressed in the cytotrophoblast cells, an initial contact site for pathogens within the placenta, and LCMV infection in placental cells was effectively blocked using a monoclonal antibody specific to the cysteine-rich domain of CD164. Together, this study identifies novel factors associated with LCMV infection of human tissues and highlights the importance of CD164, a sialomucin that previously had not been associated with viral infection. IMPORTANCE Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a human-pathogenic mammarenavirus that can be fatal in congenital infections. Although frequently used in the study of persistent infections in the field of immunology, aspects of this virus's life cycle remain incomplete. For example, while viral entry has been shown to depend on a cell adhesion molecule, DAG1, genetic knockout of this gene allows for residual viral infection, implying that additional receptors can mediate cell entry. The significance of our study is the identification of host factors important for successful infection, including the sialomucin CD164, which had not been previously associated with viral infection. We demonstrated that CD164 is essential for LCMV entry into human cells and can serve as a possible therapeutic target for treatment of congenital infection.
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18
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Bakkers MJG, Moon-Walker A, Herlo R, Brusic V, Stubbs SH, Hastie KM, Saphire EO, Kirchhausen TL, Whelan SPJ. CD164 is a host factor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119676119. [PMID: 35235462 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119676119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is the prototypic arenavirus and has been utilized for decades as a model to understand the host immune response against viral infection. LCMV infection can lead to fatal meningitis in immunocompromised people and can lead to congenital birth defects and spontaneous abortion if acquired during pregnancy. Using a genetic screen, we uncover host factors involved in LCMV entry that were previously unknown and are candidate therapeutic targets to combat LCMV infection. This study expands our understanding of the entry pathway of LCMV, revealing that its glycoprotein switches from utilizing the known receptor α-DG and heparan sulfate at the plasma membrane to binding the lysosomal mucin CD164 at pH levels found in endolysosomal compartments, facilitating membrane fusion. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a rodent-borne zoonotic arenavirus that causes congenital abnormalities and can be fatal for transplant recipients. Using a genome-wide loss-of-function screen, we identify host factors required for LCMV entry into cells. We identify the lysosomal mucin CD164, glycosylation factors, the heparan sulfate biosynthesis machinery, and the known receptor alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG). Biochemical analysis revealed that the LCMV glycoprotein binds CD164 at acidic pH and requires a sialylated glycan at residue N104. We demonstrate that LCMV entry proceeds by the virus switching binding from heparan sulfate or α-DG at the plasma membrane to CD164 prior to membrane fusion, thus identifying additional potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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19
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Ertuna YI, Fallet B, Marx AF, Dimitrova M, Kastner AL, Wagner I, Merkler D, Pinschewer DD. Vectored antibody gene delivery restores host B and T cell control of persistent viral infection. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110061. [PMID: 34852228 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive antibody therapy and vectored antibody gene delivery (VAGD) in particular offer an innovative approach to combat persistent viral diseases. Here, we exploit a small animal model to investigate synergies of VAGD with the host's endogenous immune defense for treating chronic viral infection. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector delivering the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-neutralizing antibody KL25 (AAV-KL25) establishes protective antibody titers for >200 days. When therapeutically administered to chronically infected immunocompetent wild-type mice, AAV-KL25 affords sustained viral load control. In contrast, viral mutational escape thwarts therapeutic AAV-KL25 effects when mice are unable to mount LCMV-specific antibody responses or lack CD8+ T cells. VAGD augments antiviral germinal center B cell and antibody-secreting cell responses and reduces inhibitory receptor expression on antiviral CD8+ T cells. These results indicate that VAGD fortifies host immune defense and synergizes with B cell and CD8 T cell responses to restore immune control of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf I Ertuna
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benedict Fallet
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Friederike Marx
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirela Dimitrova
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lena Kastner
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland.
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20
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Fornůsková A, Hiadlovská Z, Macholán M, Piálek J, de Bellocq JG. New Perspective on the Geographic Distribution and Evolution of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus, Central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2638-2647. [PMID: 34545789 PMCID: PMC8462312 DOI: 10.3201/eid2710.210224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is an Old World mammarenavirus found worldwide because of its association with the house mouse. When LCMV spills over to immunocompetent humans, the virus can cause aseptic meningitis; in immunocompromised persons, systemic infection and death can occur. Central Europe is a strategic location for the study of LCMV evolutionary history and host specificity because of the presence of a hybrid zone (genetic barrier) between 2 house mouse subspecies, Mus musculus musculus and M. musculus domesticus. We report LCMV prevalence in natural mouse populations from a Czech Republic–Germany transect and genomic characterization of 2 new LCMV variants from the Czech Republic. We demonstrate that the main division in the LCMV phylogenetic tree corresponds to mouse host subspecies and, when the virus is found in human hosts, the mouse subspecies found at the spillover location. Therefore, LCMV strains infecting humans can be predicted by the genetic structure of house mice.
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Takenaga T, Zhang Z, Muramoto Y, Fehling SK, Hirabayashi A, Takamatsu Y, Kajikawa J, Miyamoto S, Nakano M, Urata S, Groseth A, Strecker T, Noda T. CP100356 Hydrochloride, a P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor, Inhibits Lassa Virus Entry: Implication of a Candidate Pan-Mammarenavirus Entry Inhibitor. Viruses 2021; 13:1763. [PMID: 34578344 DOI: 10.3390/v13091763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV)—a member of the family Arenaviridae—causes Lassa fever in humans and is endemic in West Africa. Currently, no approved drugs are available. We screened 2480 small compounds for their potential antiviral activity using pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus harboring the LASV glycoprotein (VSV-LASVGP) and a related prototypic arenavirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Follow-up studies confirmed that CP100356 hydrochloride (CP100356), a specific P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, suppressed VSV-LASVGP, LCMV, and LASV infection with half maximal inhibitory concentrations of 0.52, 0.54, and 0.062 μM, respectively, without significant cytotoxicity. Although CP100356 did not block receptor binding at the cell surface, it inhibited low-pH-dependent membrane fusion mediated by arenavirus glycoproteins. P-gp downregulation did not cause a significant reduction in either VSV-LASVGP or LCMV infection, suggesting that P-gp itself is unlikely to be involved in arenavirus entry. Finally, our data also indicate that CP100356 inhibits the infection by other mammarenaviruses. Thus, our findings suggest that CP100356 can be considered as an effective virus entry inhibitor for LASV and other highly pathogenic mammarenaviruses.
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Vilibic-Cavlek T, Savic V, Ferenc T, Mrzljak A, Barbic L, Bogdanic M, Stevanovic V, Tabain I, Ferencak I, Zidovec-Lepej S. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis-Emerging Trends of a Neglected Virus: A Narrative Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6020088. [PMID: 34070581 PMCID: PMC8163193 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a neglected rodent-borne zoonotic virus distributed worldwide. Since serologic assays are limited to several laboratories, the disease has been underreported, often making it difficult to determine incidence and seroprevalence rates. Although human clinical cases are rarely recorded, LCMV remains an important cause of meningitis in humans. In addition, a fatal donor-derived LCMV infection in several clusters of solid organ transplant recipients further highlighted a pathogenic potential and clinical significance of this virus. In the transplant populations, abnormalities of the central nervous system were also found, but were overshadowed by the systemic illness resembling the Lassa hemorrhagic fever. LCMV is also an emerging fetal teratogen. Hydrocephalus, periventricular calcifications and chorioretinitis are the predominant characteristics of congenital LCMV infection, occurring in 87.5% of cases. Mortality in congenitally infected children is about 35%, while 70% of them show long-term neurologic sequelae. Clinicians should be aware of the risks posed by LCMV and should consider the virus in the differential diagnosis of aseptic meningitis, especially in patients who reported contact with rodents. Furthermore, LCMV should be considered in infants and children with unexplained hydrocephalus, intracerebral calcifications and chorioretinitis. Despite intensive interdisciplinary research efforts, efficient antiviral therapy for LCMV infection is still not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (I.F.)
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-4863-238
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Laboratory for Virology and Serology, Poultry Center, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Thomas Ferenc
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Merkur University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Anna Mrzljak
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljubo Barbic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Maja Bogdanic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Vladimir Stevanovic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.B.); (V.S.)
| | - Irena Tabain
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Ivana Ferencak
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (I.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Snjezana Zidovec-Lepej
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr Fran Mihaljevic”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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23
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Vilibic-Cavlek T, Oreski T, Korva M, Kolaric B, Stevanovic V, Zidovec-Lepej S, Tabain I, Jelicic P, Miklausic-Pavic B, Savic V, Barbic L, Avsic-Zupanc T. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection in Continental Croatian Regions. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:67. [PMID: 33947040 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a neglected human pathogen associated with aseptic meningitis, severe systemic infections in immunocompromised persons, and congenital anomalies. Data on the prevalence of LCMV infections are scarce. We analyzed the seroprevalence of LCMV in continental Croatian regions. A total of 338 serum samples of professionally exposed (forestry workers, hunters, agriculture workers in contact with rodents) and non-exposed populations (general population, pregnant women) were tested for the presence of LCMV antibodies using indirect immunofluorescence assay. No participants reported recent febrile disease. LCMV IgG antibodies were detected in 23/6.8% of participants: 9.8% exposed persons and 5.1% non-exposed persons (6.1% in the general population and 3.9% in pregnant women). No participants were LCMV IgM positive. Although higher seropositivity was found in males compared to females (8.9% vs. 4.7%), inhabitants of suburban/rural areas compared to inhabitants of urban areas (9.2% vs. 4.6%), and persons who used well as a source of water compared to those who used tap (11.4% vs. 5.6%), these differences did not reach statistical significance. Results of logistic regression showed that the presence of rodents in the house/yard and cleaning rodent nests were associated with an elevated risk for LCMV infection (OR = 2.962, 95% CI = 1.019-8.607).
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24
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Bonilla WV, Kirchhammer N, Marx AF, Kallert SM, Krzyzaniak MA, Lu M, Darbre S, Schmidt S, Raguz J, Berka U, Vincenti I, Pauzuolis M, Kerber R, Hoepner S, Günther S, Magnus C, Merkler D, Orlinger KK, Zippelius A, Pinschewer DD. Heterologous arenavirus vector prime-boost overrules self-tolerance for efficient tumor-specific CD8 T cell attack. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100209. [PMID: 33763654 PMCID: PMC7974551 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination regimens inducing clinically effective tumor-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) responses are an unmet medical need. We engineer two distantly related arenaviruses, Pichinde virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, for therapeutic cancer vaccination. In mice, life-replicating vector formats of these two viruses delivering a self-antigen in a heterologous prime-boost regimen induce tumor-specific CTL responses up to 50% of the circulating CD8 T cell pool. This CTL attack eliminates established solid tumors in a significant proportion of animals, accompanied by protection against tumor rechallenge. The magnitude of CTL responses is alarmin driven and requires combining two genealogically distantly related arenaviruses. Vector-neutralizing antibodies do not inhibit booster immunizations by the same vector or by closely related vectors. Rather, CTL immunodominance hierarchies favor vector backbone-targeted responses at the expense of self-reactive CTLs. These findings establish an arenavirus-based immunotherapy regimen that allows reshuffling of immunodominance hierarchies and breaking self-directed tolerance for efficient tumor control. Engineered arenaviruses induce potent tumor self-specific CD8 T cell (CTL) response Combinations of distantly but not closely related arenavirus vectors eliminate tumors Vector backbone-targeted CTL responses compete against tumor self-reactive CTLs Optimized vector combinations reshuffle immunodominance to break self-tolerance
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Affiliation(s)
- Weldy V Bonilla
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sandra M Kallert
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Min Lu
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Darbre
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Ilena Vincenti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mindaugas Pauzuolis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romy Kerber
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoepner
- Tumor Immunology, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Günther
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Magnus
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Alfred Zippelius
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Puiffe ML, Dupont A, Sako N, Gatineau J, Cohen JL, Mestivier D, Lebon A, Prévost-Blondel A, Castellano F, Molinier-Frenkel V. IL4I1 Accelerates the Expansion of Effector CD8 + T Cells at the Expense of Memory Precursors by Increasing the Threshold of T-Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:600012. [PMID: 33343572 PMCID: PMC7746639 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IL4I1 is an immunoregulatory enzyme that inhibits CD8 T-cell proliferation in vitro and in the tumoral context. Here, we dissected the effect of IL4I1 on CD8 T-cell priming by studying the differentiation of a transgenic CD8 T-cell clone and the endogenous repertoire in a mouse model of acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. Unexpectedly, we show that IL4I1 accelerates the expansion of functional effector CD8 T cells during the first several days after infection and increases the average affinity of the elicited repertoire, supporting more efficient LCMV clearance in WT mice than IL4I1-deficient mice. Conversely, IL4I1 restrains the differentiation of CD8 T-cells into long-lived memory precursors and favors the memory response to the most immunodominant peptides. IL4I1 expression does not affect the phenotype or antigen-presenting functions of dendritic cells (DCs), but directly reduces the stability of T-DC immune synapses in vitro, thus dampening T-cell activation. Overall, our results support a model in which IL4I1 increases the threshold of T-cell activation, indirectly promoting the priming of high-affinity clones while limiting memory T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Line Puiffe
- Virus-Immunity-Cancer Department, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Aurélie Dupont
- Virus-Immunity-Cancer Department, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Nouhoum Sako
- Virus-Immunity-Cancer Department, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Jérôme Gatineau
- Virus-Immunity-Cancer Department, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - José L Cohen
- Virus-Immunity-Cancer Department, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Denis Mestivier
- Bioinformatics Core Laboratory, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Agnès Lebon
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Flavia Castellano
- Virus-Immunity-Cancer Department, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,Pathobiology Department, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier-Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Valérie Molinier-Frenkel
- Virus-Immunity-Cancer Department, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,Pathobiology Department, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier-Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France
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26
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Fallet B, Hao Y, Florova M, Cornille K, de Los Aires AV, Girelli Zubani G, Ertuna YI, Greiff V, Menzel U, Hammad K, Merkler D, Reddy ST, Weill JC, Reynaud CA, Pinschewer DD. Chronic Viral Infection Promotes Efficient Germinal Center B Cell Responses. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1013-1026.e7. [PMID: 31995746 PMCID: PMC6996002 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent viral infections subvert key elements of adaptive immunity. To compare germinal center (GC) B cell responses in chronic and acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, we exploit activation-induced deaminase (AID) fate-reporter mice and perform adoptive B cell transfer experiments. Chronic infection yields GC B cell responses of higher cellularity than acute infections do, higher memory B cell and antibody secreting cell output for longer periods of time, a better representation of the late B cell repertoire in serum immunoglobulin, and higher titers of protective neutralizing antibodies. GC B cells of chronically infected mice are similarly hypermutated as those emerging from acute infection. They efficiently adapt to viral escape variants and even in hypermutation-impaired AID mutant mice, chronic infection selects for GC B cells with hypermutated B cell receptors (BCRs) and neutralizing antibody formation. These findings demonstrate that, unlike for CD8+ T cells, chronic viral infection drives a functional, productive, and protective GC B cell response. Chronic viral infection elicits potent and sustained germinal center (GC) responses Chronic infection triggers prolonged plasma cell and memory B cell output from GCs GC B cells hypermutate efficiently and are potently selected in chronic infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédict Fallet
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Haus Petersplatz, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yi Hao
- Development of the Immune System, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1151-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8253, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Marianna Florova
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Haus Petersplatz, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen Cornille
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Haus Petersplatz, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alba Verge de Los Aires
- Development of the Immune System, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1151-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8253, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Girelli Zubani
- Development of the Immune System, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1151-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8253, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yusuf I Ertuna
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Haus Petersplatz, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrike Menzel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karim Hammad
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University & University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University & University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Claude Weill
- Development of the Immune System, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1151-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8253, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claude-Agnès Reynaud
- Development of the Immune System, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1151-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8253, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Haus Petersplatz, 4009 Basel, Switzerland.
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27
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Chang YM, Wieland A, Li ZR, Im SJ, McGuire DJ, Kissick HT, Antia R, Ahmed R. T Cell Receptor Diversity and Lineage Relationship between Virus-Specific CD8 T Cell Subsets during Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:e00935-20. [PMID: 32759317 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00935-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on chronic viral infections have defined a novel programmed cell death 1-positive (PD-1+) T cell factor 1-positive (TCF1+) stem-like CD8 T cell subset that gives rise to the terminally differentiated exhausted CD8 T cells. In this study, we performed T cell receptor beta (TCRβ) sequencing of virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection to examine the TCR diversity and lineage relationship of these two functionally distinct subsets. We found that >95% of the TCR repertoire of the exhausted CD8 T cell subset was shared with the stem-like CD8 T cells. The TCR repertoires of both CD8 T cell subsets were composed mostly of a few dominant clonotypes, but there was slightly more breadth and diversity in the stem-like CD8 T cells than their exhausted counterpart (∼40 versus ∼15 GP33+ clonotypes; ∼20 versus ∼7 GP276+ clonotypes). Interestingly, the breadth of the TCR repertoire was broader during the early stages (day 8) of the chronic infection than the later stages (days 45 to 60), showing that there was a narrowing of the TCR repertoire during chronic infection (∼2-fold GP33+ and GP276+ stem-like subset; ∼10-fold GP33+ and ∼5-fold GP276+ exhausted subset). In contrast, during acute LCMV infection, the TCR repertoire was much broader in both GP33-specific effector (∼160 clonotypes) and memory CD8 T cells (∼160 clonotypes). Overall, our data demonstrate that the virus-specific CD8 T cell TCR repertoire is broad and remains stable after acute LCMV infection, but it contracts and is narrower during chronic infection. Our study also shows that the repertoire of the exhausted CD8 T cell subset is almost completely derived from the stem-like CD8 T cell subset during established chronic LCMV infection.IMPORTANCE CD8 TCR repertoires responding to chronic viral infections (HIV, hepatitis C virus [HCV], Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], and cytomegalovirus [CMV]) have limited breadth and diversity. How these repertoires change and are maintained throughout the chronic infection are unknown. We thus characterized the LCMV-specific CD8 TCR repertoires of stem-like and terminally exhausted subsets generated during chronic LCMV infections. During chronic LCMV infections, the repertoires started as diverse but became more clonal at the late time point. Further, the exhausted subset was composed of dominant clonotypes that were shared with the stem-like subset. Together, we demonstrate that the TCR repertoire contracts over time and is almost exclusively derived from the stem-like subset late during the persistent viral infection. Our data suggest that dominant clonotypes in the exhausted subset are derived from a diverse pool of stem-like clonotypes, which may be contributing to the clonality observed during chronic viral infections.
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Klein S, Ghersi D, Manns MP, Prinz I, Cornberg M, Kraft ARM. PD-L1 Checkpoint Inhibition Narrows the Antigen-Specific T Cell Receptor Repertoire in Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:e00795-20. [PMID: 32641478 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00795-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors are effective in restoring exhausted CD8+ T cell responses in persistent viral infections or tumors. Several compounds are in clinical use for different malignancies, but trials in patients with chronic viral infections have also been conducted. In a mouse model of persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, it was shown that checkpoint inhibitor treatment increased T cell proliferation and functionality, but its influence on the antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is unknown. NP396-specific CD8+ T cells dominate during acute LCMV infection and are predominantly exhausted during chronic infection. Next-generation sequencing of NP396-specific TCRs showed that exhaustion corresponds with a significantly reduced NP396-specific TCR repertoire diversity: Shannon indices of 4 in immunized mice to 2.6 in persistently infected mice. Anti-PD-L1 treatment during persistent LCMV infection restored NP396-specific T cell responses and reduced viral titers. Nevertheless, anti-PD-L1-treated mice showed an even more narrowed TCR repertoire, with reduced TCR diversity compared to that of persistently infected control mice (Shannon indices of 2.1 and 2.6, respectively). Interestingly, anti-PD-L1 treatment-induced narrowing of the TCR repertoire negatively correlates with functional and physical restoration of the antigen-specific T cell response. Further, we found that private, hyperexpanded TCR clonotypes dominated the T cell response after anti-PD-L1 treatment. Although being private, these top clonotypes from anti-PD-L1-treated mice revealed a more closely related CDR3 motif than those of top clonotypes from persistently infected control mice. In conclusion, although targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway reinvigorates exhausted CD8+ T cells, it fails to restore T cell repertoire diversity.IMPORTANCE Checkpoint inhibitors are effective immunotherapeutics to restore cancer- and virus-induced exhausted CD8+ T cells, by enhancing the quality and survival of immune responses. Although checkpoint inhibitors are already used as therapy against various cancers, not much is known about their multifaceted impact on the exhausted CD8+ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. This report describes for the first time the evolvement of an exhausted antigen-specific CD8+ TCR repertoire under checkpoint inhibitor treatment. By using a well-established virus model, we were able to show major shifts toward oligoclonality of the CD8+ TCR repertoire response against a massively exhausted lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) epitope. While supporting viral control in the LCMV model, oligoclonality and more private of TCR repertoires may impact future pathogenic challenges and may promote viral escape. Our results may explain the ongoing problems of viral escapes, unpredictable autoimmunity, and heterogeneous responses appearing as adverse effects of checkpoint inhibitor treatments.
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29
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Alves-Peixoto P, Férez M, Knudson CJ, Stotesbury C, Melo-Silva CR, Wong EB, Correia-Neves M, Sigal LJ. Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Infection Causes Susceptibility to Mousepox and Impairs Natural Killer Cell Maturation and Function. J Virol 2020; 94:e01831-19. [PMID: 31776282 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01831-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections. like those of humans with cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus (even when under antiretroviral therapy), and hepatitis C virus or those of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13), result in immune dysfunction that predisposes the host to severe infections with unrelated pathogens. It is known that C57BL/6 (B6) mice are resistant to mousepox, a lethal disease caused by the orthopoxvirus ectromelia virus (ECTV), and that this resistance requires natural killer (NK) cells and other immune cells. We show that most B6 mice chronically infected with CL13 succumb to mousepox but that most of those that recovered from acute infection with the LCMV Armstrong (Arm) strain survive. We also show that B6 mice chronically infected with CL13 and those that recovered from Arm infection have a reduced frequency and a reduced number of NK cells. However, at steady state, NK cells in mice that have recovered from Arm infection mature normally and, in response to ECTV, get activated, become more mature, proliferate, and increase their cytotoxicity in vivo Conversely, in mice chronically infected with CL13, NK cells are immature and residually activated, and following ECTV infection, they do not mature, proliferate, or increase their cytotoxicity. Given the well-established importance of NK cells in resistance to mousepox, these data suggest that the NK cell dysfunction caused by CL13 persistence may contribute to the susceptibility of CL13-infected mice to mousepox. Whether chronic infections similarly affect NK cells in humans should be explored.IMPORTANCE Infection of adult mice with the clone 13 (CL13) strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is extensively used as a model of chronic infection. In this paper, we show that mice chronically infected with CL13 succumb to challenge with ectromelia virus (ECTV; the agent of mousepox) and that natural killer (NK) cells in CL13-infected mice are reduced in numbers and have an immature and partially activated phenotype but do respond to ECTV. These data may provide additional clues why humans chronically infected with certain pathogens are less resistant to viral diseases.
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30
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Alves-Peixoto P, Férez M, Knudson CJ, Melo-Silva CR, Stotesbury C, Wong EB, Correia-Neves M, Sigal LJ. Loss of Resistance to Mousepox during Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection Is Associated with Impaired T-Cell Responses and Can Be Rescued by Immunization. J Virol 2020; 94:e01832-19. [PMID: 31826990 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01832-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that chronic viral infections can cause immune suppression, resulting in increased susceptibility to other infectious diseases. However, the effects of chronic viral infection on T-cell responses and vaccination against highly pathogenic viruses are not well understood. We have recently shown that C57BL/6 (B6) mice lose their natural resistance to wild-type (WT) ectromelia virus (ECTV) when chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13). Here we compared the T-cell response to ECTV in previously immunologically naive mice that were chronically infected with CL13 or that were convalescent from acute infection with the Armstrong (Arm) strain of LCMV. Our results show that mice that were chronically infected with CL13 but not those that had recovered from Arm infection have highly defective ECTV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses to WT ECTV. These defects are at least partly due to the chronic infection environment. In contrast to mice infected with WT ECTV, mice chronically infected with CL13 survived without signs of disease when infected with ECTV-Δ036, a mutant ECTV strain that is highly attenuated. Strikingly, mice chronically infected with CL13 mounted a strong CD8+ T-cell response to ECTV-Δ036 and survived without signs of disease after a subsequent challenge with WT ECTV. Our work suggests that enhanced susceptibility to acute viral infections in chronically infected individuals can be partly due to poor T-cell responses but that sufficient T-cell function can be recovered and resistance to acute infection can be restored by immunization with highly attenuated vaccines.IMPORTANCE Chronic viral infections may result in immunosuppression and enhanced susceptibility to infections with other pathogens. For example, we have recently shown that mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13) are highly susceptible to mousepox, a disease that is caused by ectromelia virus and that is the mouse homolog of human smallpox. Here we show chronic CL13 infection severely disrupts the expansion, proliferation, activation, and cytotoxicity of T cells in response due at least in part to the suppressive effects of the chronic infection milieu. Notably, despite this profound immunodeficiency, mice chronically infected with CL13 could be protected by vaccination with a highly attenuated variant of ECTV. These results demonstrate that protective vaccination of immunosuppressed individuals is possible, provided that proper immunization tools are used.
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Hamdan TA, Bhat H, Cham LB, Adomati T, Lang J, Li F, Murtaza A, Hardt C, Lang PA, Duhan V, Lang KS. Map3k14 as a Regulator of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response during Acute Viral Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:E96. [PMID: 32033109 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The replication of virus in secondary lymphoid organs is crucial for the activation of antigen-presenting cells. Balanced viral replication ensures the sufficient availability of antigens and production of cytokines, and both of which are needed for virus-specific immune activation and viral elimination. Host factors that regulate coordinated viral replication are not fully understood. In the study reported here, we identified Map3k14 as an important regulator of enforced viral replication in the spleen while performing genome-wide association studies of various inbred mouse lines in a model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. When alymphoplasia mice (aly/aly, Map3k14aly/aly, or Nikaly/aly), which carry a mutation in Map3k14, were infected with LCMV or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), they display early reductions in early viral replication in the spleen, reduced innate and adaptive immune activation, and lack of viral control. Histologically, scant B cells and the lack of CD169+ macrophages correlated with reduced immune activation in Map3k14aly/aly mice. The transfer of wildtype B cells into Map3k14aly/aly mice repopulated CD169+ macrophages, restored enforced viral replication, and resulted in enhanced immune activation and faster viral control.
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Lledó L, Serrano JL, Giménez-Pardo C, Gegúndez I. Wild Red Foxes ( Vulpes vulpes) as Sentinels of Rodent-Borne Hantavirus and Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus in the Province of Soria, Northern Spain. J Wildl Dis 2020; 56:658-61. [PMID: 32011204 DOI: 10.7589/2019-09-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred and fourteen red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the province of Soria, Spain, were examined for hantavirus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection (and were likely to have been infected by feeding on infected rodents). Immunofluorescence and western blot assays confirmed 3.5% (11/314) to have antibodies to hantaviruses, and the immune fluorescence assay showed 2.2% (7/314) to have antibodies to LCMV. The serologic status of the animals showed no statistically significant association with sex or age. Although studies on the prevalence of hantaviruses and LCMV normally focus on rodents, our results showed that foxes can provide complementary information in determined areas.
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Cardoso Alves L, Berger MD, Koutsandreas T, Kirschke N, Lauer C, Spörri R, Chatziioannou A, Corazza N, Krebs P. Non-apoptotic TRAIL function modulates NK cell activity during viral infection. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48789. [PMID: 31742873 PMCID: PMC6945065 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of death receptor signaling for pathogen control and infection-associated pathogenesis is multifaceted and controversial. Here, we show that during viral infection, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) modulates NK cell activity independently of its pro-apoptotic function. In mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Trail deficiency led to improved specific CD8+ T-cell responses, resulting in faster pathogen clearance and reduced liver pathology. Depletion experiments indicated that this effect was mediated by NK cells. Mechanistically, TRAIL expressed by immune cells positively and dose-dependently modulates IL-15 signaling-induced granzyme B production in NK cells, leading to enhanced NK cell-mediated T cell killing. TRAIL also regulates the signaling downstream of IL-15 receptor in human NK cells. In addition, TRAIL restricts NK1.1-triggered IFNγ production by NK cells. Our study reveals a hitherto unappreciated immunoregulatory role of TRAIL signaling on NK cells for the granzyme B-dependent elimination of antiviral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Cardoso Alves
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Thodoris Koutsandreas
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & BiotechnologyNHRFAthensGreece
- e‐NIOS PCKallithea‐AthensGreece
| | - Nick Kirschke
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Roman Spörri
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & BiotechnologyNHRFAthensGreece
- e‐NIOS PCKallithea‐AthensGreece
| | - Nadia Corazza
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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Abstract
Over the past decades, infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) has provided an invaluable insight into our understanding of immune responses to viruses. In particular, this model has clarified the central roles that type I interferons play in initiating and regulating host responses. The use of different strains of LCMV and routes of infection has allowed us to understand how type I interferons are critical in controlling virus replication and fostering effective antiviral immunity, but also how they promote virus persistence and functional exhaustion of the immune response. Accordingly, these discoveries have formed the foundation for the development of novel treatments for acute and chronic viral infections and even extend into the management of malignant tumors. Here we review the fundamental insights into type I interferon biology gained using LCMV as a model and how the diversity of LCMV strains, dose, and route of administration have been used to dissect the molecular mechanisms underpinning acute versus persistent infection. We also identify gaps in the knowledge regarding LCMV regulation of antiviral immunity. Due to its unique properties, LCMV will continue to remain a vital part of the immunologists' toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Suprunenko
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Markus J Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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35
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Page N, Klimek B, De Roo M, Steinbach K, Soldati H, Lemeille S, Wagner I, Kreutzfeldt M, Di Liberto G, Vincenti I, Lingner T, Salinas G, Brück W, Simons M, Murr R, Kaye J, Zehn D, Pinschewer DD, Merkler D. Expression of the DNA-Binding Factor TOX Promotes the Encephalitogenic Potential of Microbe-Induced Autoreactive CD8 + T Cells. Immunity 2019; 48:937-950.e8. [PMID: 29768177 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infections are thought to trigger CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses during autoimmunity. However, the transcriptional programs governing the tissue-destructive potential of CTLs remain poorly defined. In a model of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, we found that infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), but not Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), drove autoimmunity. The DNA-binding factor TOX was induced in CTLs during LCMV infection and was essential for their encephalitogenic properties, and its expression was inhibited by interleukin-12 during Lm infection. TOX repressed the activity of several transcription factors (including Id2, TCF-1, and Notch) that are known to drive CTL differentiation. TOX also reduced immune checkpoint sensitivity by restraining the expression of the inhibitory checkpoint receptor CD244 on the surface of CTLs, leading to increased CTL-mediated damage in the CNS. Our results identify TOX as a transcriptional regulator of tissue-destructive CTLs in autoimmunity, offering a potential mechanistic link to microbial triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Page
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bogna Klimek
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathias De Roo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karin Steinbach
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hadrien Soldati
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Lemeille
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Di Liberto
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ilena Vincenti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, 6250 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rabih Murr
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Kaye
- Research Division of Immunology, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, Haus Petersplatz, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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36
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Nath PR, Gangaplara A, Pal-Nath D, Mandal A, Maric D, Sipes JM, Cam M, Shevach EM, Roberts DD. CD47 Expression in Natural Killer Cells Regulates Homeostasis and Modulates Immune Response to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2985. [PMID: 30643501 PMCID: PMC6320676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a ubiquitous cell surface receptor that directly regulates T cell immunity by interacting with its inhibitory ligand thrombospondin-1 and limits clearance of cells by phagocytes that express its counter-receptor signal-regulatory protein-α. Murine natural killer (NK) cells express higher levels of CD47 than other lymphocytes, but the role of CD47 in regulating NK cell homeostasis and immune function remains unclear. Cd47 -/- mice exhibited depletion of NK precursors in bone marrow, consistent with the antiphagocytic function of CD47. In contrast, antisense CD47 knockdown or gene disruption resulted in a dose dependent accumulation of immature and mature NK cells in spleen. Mature Cd47 -/- NK cells exhibited increased expression of NK effector and interferon gene signatures and an increased proliferative response to interleukin-15 in vitro. Cd47 -/- mice showed no defect in their early response to acute Armstrong lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection but were moderately impaired in controlling chronic Clone-13 LCMV infection, which was associated with depletion of splenic NK cells and loss of effector cytokine and interferon response gene expression in Cd47 -/- NK cells. Broad CD47-dependent differences in NK activation, survival, and exhaustion pathways were observed in NK cell transcriptional signatures in LCMV infected mice. These data identify CD47 as a cell-intrinsic and systemic regulator of NK cell homeostasis and NK cell function in responding to a viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak Ranjan Nath
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dipasmita Pal-Nath
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ajeet Mandal
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute and Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dragan Maric
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John M Sipes
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maggie Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute and Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David D Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Bentivoglio M, Kristensson K, Rottenberg ME. Circumventricular Organs and Parasite Neurotropism: Neglected Gates to the Brain? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2877. [PMID: 30619260 PMCID: PMC6302769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circumventricular organs (CVOs), neural structures located around the third and fourth ventricles, harbor, similarly to the choroid plexus, vessels devoid of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). This enables them to sense immune-stimulatory molecules in the blood circulation, but may also increase chances of exposure to microbes. In spite of this, attacks to CVOs by microbes are rarely described. It is here highlighted that CVOs and choroid plexus can be infected by pathogens circulating in the bloodstream, providing a route for brain penetration, as shown by infections with the parasites Trypanosoma brucei. Immune responses elicited by pathogens or systemic infections in the choroid plexus and CVOs are briefly outlined. From the choroid plexus trypanosomes can seed into the ventricles and initiate accelerated infiltration of T cells and parasites in periventricular areas. The highly motile trypanosomes may also enter the brain parenchyma from the median eminence, a CVO located at the base of the third ventricle, by crossing the border into the BBB-protected hypothalamic arcuate nuclei. A gate may, thus, be provided for trypanosomes to move into brain areas connected to networks of regulation of circadian rhythms and sleep-wakefulness, to which other CVOs are also connected. Functional imbalances in these networks characterize human African trypanosomiasis, also called sleeping sickness. They are distinct from the sickness response to bacterial infections, but can occur in common neuropsychiatric diseases. Altogether the findings lead to the question: does the neglect in reporting microbe attacks to CVOs reflect lack of awareness in investigations or of gate-opening capability by microbes?
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bentivoglio
- Department of Neuroscience Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Martin E. Rottenberg
- Department Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Tanveer F, Younas M, Fishbain J. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus meningoencephalitis in a renal transplant recipient following exposure to mice. Transpl Infect Dis 2018; 20:e13013. [PMID: 30325104 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR) are at increased risk for a wide variety of typical and atypical infections as a consequence of impaired cell mediated and humoral immunity. We report a case of meningoencephalitis in a renal transplant recipient caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) acquired by exposure to mice excreta. The clinical course was complicated by the development of hydrocephalus, requiring a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of LCMV infection in a SOTR that was not organ donor derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Tanveer
- Division of Infectious Disease, St. John Hospital and Medical Center, Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan
| | - Mariam Younas
- Division of Infectious Disease, St. John Hospital and Medical Center, Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan
| | - Joel Fishbain
- Division of Infectious Disease, St. John Hospital and Medical Center, Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan
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Hickerson BT, Westover JB, Jung KH, Komeno T, Furuta Y, Gowen BB. Effective Treatment of Experimental Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection: Consideration of Favipiravir for Use With Infected Organ Transplant Recipients. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:522-527. [PMID: 29762684 PMCID: PMC6047442 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) poses a substantial risk to immunocompromised individuals. The case fatality rate in recent clusters of LCMV infection in immunosuppressed organ transplantation recipients has exceeded 70%. In the present study, we demonstrate potent antiviral activity of favipiravir against acute, disseminated LCMV infection in NZB mice. Treatment resulted in complete protection against mortality and dramatic reductions in viral loads. In contrast, ribavirin, the current antiviral of choice, was mostly ineffective. Our findings, and the high lethality associated with LCMV infection in transplant recipients, support the consideration of favipiravir as a first-line therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady T Hickerson
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan
| | - Jonna B Westover
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan
| | - Kie-Hoon Jung
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan
| | | | | | - Brian B Gowen
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan
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40
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Zhang L, Li S, Huang SJ, Wang ZD, Wei F, Feng XM, Jiang DX, Liu Q. Isolation and genomic characterization of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in ticks from northeastern China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1733-1739. [PMID: 29992783 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a rodent-borne arenavirus that is considered a neglected cause of neurologic diseases in humans. In this study, we described genomic characterization of newly isolated LCMVs in Haemaphysalis longicornis, Dermacentor nuttalli, Dermacentor silvarum and Ixodes persulcatus in Jilin Province, northeastern China. The complete sequences of the small (S) and large (L) segments of LCMVs in ticks contained 3,375 and 7,235-7,241 nucleotides, respectively. Sequence comparison showed 82.1%-86.0% identity of S segment with other lineage I strains at the nucleotide level and 91.2%-97.5% at the deduced amino acid level, while a lower identity was observed in the L segment at both nucleotide (75.4%-82.2%) and amino acid (82.4%-93.4%) levels. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the tick LCMVs together with the lineage I strains, but in an isolated cluster with a high bootstrap value. Bayesian analysis indicated that the molecular evolutionary rate was estimated to be 3.3 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year for the S segment and 6.3 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year for the L segment, and the time to most recent common ancestor was 1980 and 1970 years ago, respectively, showing that tick LCMVs were predicted to originate between 1970s and 1980s. A long evolutionary history and high prevalence of LCMV in H. longicornis were found compared to other tick species. This study represented the first report on isolation of LCMV in China, showing that LCMV is circulating among ticks in Jilin Province, but the role of ticks in the epidemiology of LCMV remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shu-Jiang Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ze-Dong Wang
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medial Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Wei
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | | | | | - Quan Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China.,Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medial Sciences, Changchun, China
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41
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Smalley HK, Anand N, Buczek D, Buczek N, Lin T, Rajore T, Wacker M, Basavaraju SV, Gurbaxani BM, Hammett T, Keskinocak P, Sokol J, Kuehnert MJ. Assessment of risk for transplant-transmissible infectious encephalitis among deceased organ donors. Transpl Infect Dis 2018; 20:e12933. [PMID: 29809311 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There were 13 documented clusters of infectious encephalitis transmission via organ transplant from deceased donors to recipients during 2002-2013. Hence, organs from donors diagnosed with encephalitis are often declined because of concerns about the possibility of infection, given that there is no quick and simple test to detect causes of infectious encephalitis. METHODS We constructed a database containing cases of infectious and non-infectious encephalitis. Using statistical imputation, cross-validation, and regression techniques, we determined deceased organ donor characteristics, including demographics, signs, symptoms, physical exam, and laboratory findings, predictive of infectious vs non-infectious encephalitis, and developed a calculator which assesses the risk of infection. RESULTS Using up to 12 predictive patient characteristics (with a minimum of 3, depending on what information is available), the calculator provides the probability that a donor may have infectious vs non-infectious encephalitis, improving the prediction accuracy over current practices. These characteristics include gender, fever, immunocompromised state (other than HIV), cerebrospinal fluid elevation, altered mental status, psychiatric features, cranial nerve abnormality, meningeal signs, focal motor weakness, Babinski's sign, movement disorder, and sensory abnormalities. CONCLUSION In the absence of definitive diagnostic testing in a potential organ donor, infectious encephalitis can be predicted with a risk score. The risk calculator presented in this paper represents a prototype, establishing a framework that can be expanded to other infectious diseases transmissible through solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Smalley
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Health and Humanitarian Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nishi Anand
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dylan Buczek
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas Buczek
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy Lin
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tanay Rajore
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Muriel Wacker
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sridhar V Basavaraju
- Office of Blood, Organ, and Other Tissue Safety, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian M Gurbaxani
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Office of the Associate Director for Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Teresa Hammett
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pinar Keskinocak
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Health and Humanitarian Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel Sokol
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew J Kuehnert
- Office of Blood, Organ, and Other Tissue Safety, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Blass E, Aid M, Martinot AJ, Larocca RA, Kang ZH, Badamchi-Zadeh A, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Reeves RK, Barouch DH. Adenovirus Vector Vaccination Impacts NK Cell Rheostat Function following Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:e02103-17. [PMID: 29514912 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02103-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells respond rapidly as a first line of defense against infectious pathogens. In addition, NK cells may provide a "rheostat" function and have been shown to reduce the magnitude of antigen-specific T cell responses following infection to avoid immunopathology. However, it remains unknown whether NK cells similarly modulate vaccine-elicited T cell responses following virus challenge. We used the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 infection model to address whether NK cells regulate T cell responses in adenovirus vector-vaccinated mice following challenge. As expected, NK cell depletion in unvaccinated mice resulted in increased virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and immunopathology following LCMV challenge. In contrast, NK cell depletion had minimal to no impact on antigen-specific T cell responses in mice that were vaccinated with an adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-GP vector prior to LCMV challenge. Moreover, NK cell depletion in vaccinated mice prior to challenge did not result in immunopathology and did not compromise protective efficacy. These data suggest that adenovirus vaccine-elicited T cells may be less sensitive to NK cell rheostat regulation than T cells primed by LCMV infection.IMPORTANCE Recent data have shown that NK cell depletion leads to enhanced virus-elicited T cell responses that can result in severe immunopathology following LCMV infection in mice. In this study, we observed that NK cells exerted minimal to no impact on vaccine-elicited T cells following LCMV challenge, suggesting that adenovirus vaccine-elicited T cells may be less subject to NK cell regulation. These data contribute to our understanding of NK cell regulatory functions and T cell-based vaccines.
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Delaine M, Weingertner AS, Nougairede A, Lepiller Q, Fafi-Kremer S, Favre R, Charrel R. Microcephaly Caused by Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1548-1550. [PMID: 28820372 PMCID: PMC5572864 DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.170775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report congenital microencephaly caused by infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in the fetus of a 29-year-old pregnant women at 23 weeks’ gestation. The diagnosis was made by ultrasonography and negative results for other agents and confirmed by a positive PCR result for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in an amniotic fluid sample.
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44
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Dahotre SN, Chang YM, Wieland A, Stammen SR, Kwong GA. Individually addressable and dynamic DNA gates for multiplexed cell sorting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4357-62. [PMID: 29632190 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714820115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to analyze and isolate cells based on the expression of specific surface markers has increased our understanding of cell biology and produced numerous applications for biomedicine. However, established cell-sorting platforms rely on labels that are limited in number due to biophysical constraints, such as overlapping emission spectra of fluorophores in FACS. Here, we establish a framework built on a system of orthogonal and extensible DNA gates for multiplexed cell sorting. These DNA gates label target cell populations by antibodies to allow magnetic bead isolation en masse and then selectively unlock by strand displacement to sort cells. We show that DNA gated sorting (DGS) is triggered to completion within minutes on the surface of cells and achieves target cell purity, viability, and yield equivalent to that of commercial magnetic sorting kits. We demonstrate multiplexed sorting of three distinct immune cell populations (CD8+, CD4+, and CD19+) from mouse splenocytes to high purity and show that recovered CD8+ T cells retain proliferative potential and target cell-killing activity. To broaden the utility of this platform, we implement a double positive sorting scheme using DNA gates on peptide-MHC tetramers to isolate antigen-specific CD8+ T cells from mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). DGS can potentially be expanded with fewer biophysical constraints to large families of DNA gates for applications that require analysis of complex cell populations, such as host immune responses to disease.
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45
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Fabianova A, Barathova M, Csaderova L, Simko V, Zatovicova M, Labudova M, Pastorek J. Hypoxic marker CA IX and adhesion mediator β-catenin are downregulated by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus persistent infection. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12879-12893. [PMID: 29560117 PMCID: PMC5849181 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma is one of the most frequent cancer diseases with high resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Mutation of VHL gene is frequent in these tumors leading to simulation of hypoxic conditions. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, belonging to RNA viruses, is a neglected human pathogen and teratogen. We have found that infection of renal cell carcinoma cells by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain MX causes a decrease of carbonic anhydrase IX protein and RNA level. Lower expression of carbonic anhydrase IX on the cell surface provides less target for carbonic anhydrase IX-targeted immunotherapy. What more, reduced levels of adhesion mediating protein β-catenin as well as E-cadherin, as a consequence of infection, suggest a possible increase in metastatic potential of cells infected by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain MX. These results might help elucidate differences in patients susceptibility to immunotherapy directed against carbonic anhydrase IX or in developing new therapeutical strategies. Our data indicate that presence of infection can significantly affect patient response to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fabianova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Barathova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Csaderova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Simko
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Miriam Zatovicova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Labudova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava 917 01, Slovak Republic
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46
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Ziegler CM, Eisenhauer P, Kelly JA, Dang LN, Beganovic V, Bruce EA, King BR, Shirley DJ, Weir ME, Ballif BA, Botten J. A Proteomics Survey of Junín Virus Interactions with Human Proteins Reveals Host Factors Required for Arenavirus Replication. J Virol 2018; 92:e01565-17. [PMID: 29187543 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01565-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses are negative-strand, enveloped RNA viruses that cause significant human disease. In particular, Junín mammarenavirus (JUNV) is the etiologic agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. At present, little is known about the cellular proteins that the arenavirus matrix protein (Z) hijacks to accomplish its various functions, including driving the process of virus release. Furthermore, there is little knowledge regarding host proteins incorporated into arenavirus particles and their importance for virion function. To address these deficiencies, we used mass spectrometry to identify human proteins that (i) interact with the JUNV matrix protein inside cells or within virus-like particles (VLPs) and/or (ii) are incorporated into bona fide JUNV strain Candid#1 particles. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that multiple classes of human proteins were overrepresented in the data sets, including ribosomal proteins, Ras superfamily proteins, and endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins. Several of these proteins were required for the propagation of JUNV (ADP ribosylation factor 1 [ARF1], ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 38-kDa, V0 subunit d1 [ATP6V0D1], and peroxiredoxin 3 [PRDX3]), lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus (LCMV) (Rab5c), or both viruses (ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide [ATP5B] and IMP dehydrogenase 2 [IMPDH2]). Furthermore, we show that the release of infectious JUNV particles, but not LCMV particles, requires a functional ESCRT pathway and that ATP5B and IMPDH2 are required for JUNV budding. In summary, we have provided a large-scale map of host machinery that associates with JUNV and identified key human proteins required for its propagation. This data set provides a resource for the field to guide antiviral target discovery and to better understand the biology of the arenavirus matrix protein and the importance of host proteins for virion function.IMPORTANCE Arenaviruses are deadly human pathogens for which there are no U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved vaccines and only limited treatment options. Little is known about the host proteins that are incorporated into arenavirus particles or that associate with its multifunctional matrix protein. Using Junín mammarenavirus (JUNV), the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, as a model organism, we mapped the human proteins that are incorporated into JUNV particles or that associate with the JUNV matrix protein. Functional analysis revealed host machinery that is required for JUNV propagation, including the cellular ESCRT pathway. This study improves our understanding of critical arenavirus-host interactions and provides a data set that will guide future studies to better understand arenavirus pathogenesis and identify novel host proteins that can be therapeutically targeted.
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47
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Hulseberg CE, Fénéant L, Szymańska KM, White JM. Lamp1 Increases the Efficiency of Lassa Virus Infection by Promoting Fusion in Less Acidic Endosomal Compartments. mBio 2018; 9:e01818-17. [PMID: 29295909 PMCID: PMC5750398 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01818-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is an arenavirus whose entry into host cells is mediated by a glycoprotein complex (GPC) comprised of a receptor binding subunit, GP1, a fusogenic transmembrane subunit, GP2, and a stable signal peptide. After receptor-mediated internalization, arenaviruses converge in the endocytic pathway, where they are thought to undergo low-pH-triggered, GPC-mediated fusion with a late endosome membrane. A unique feature of LASV entry is a pH-dependent switch from a primary cell surface receptor (α-dystroglycan) to an endosomal receptor, lysosomal-associated membrane protein (Lamp1). Despite evidence that the interaction between LASV GP1 and Lamp1 is critical, the function of Lamp1 in promoting LASV infection remains poorly characterized. Here we used wild-type (WT) and Lamp1 knockout (KO) cells to show that Lamp1 increases the efficiency of, but is not absolutely required for, LASV entry and infection. We then used cell-cell and pseudovirus-cell surface fusion assays to demonstrate that LASV GPC-mediated fusion occurs at a significantly higher pH when Lamp1 is present compared to when Lamp1 is missing. Correspondingly, we found that LASV entry occurs through less acidic endosomes in WT (Lamp1-positive) versus Lamp1 KO cells. We propose that, by elevating the pH threshold for fusion, Lamp1 allows LASV particles to exit the endocytic pathway before they encounter an increasingly acidic and harsh proteolytic environment, which could inactivate a significant percentage of incoming viruses. In this manner Lamp1 increases the overall efficiency of LASV entry and infection.IMPORTANCE Lassa virus is the most clinically important member of the Arenaviridae, a family that includes six additional biosafety level 4 (BSL4) hemorrhagic fever viruses. The lack of specific antiviral therapies for Lassa fever drives an urgent need to identify druggable targets, and interventions that block infection at the entry stage are particularly attractive. Lassa virus is only the second virus known to employ an intracellular receptor, the first being Ebola virus. Here we show that interaction with its intracellular receptor, Lamp1, enhances and upwardly shifts the pH dependence of fusion and consistently permits Lassa virus entry into cells through less acidic endosomes. We propose that in this manner, Lamp1 increases the overall efficiency of Lassa virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucie Fénéant
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Judith M White
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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48
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Chang YH, Wang KC, Chu KL, Clouthier DL, Tran AT, Torres Perez MS, Zhou AC, Abdul-Sater AA, Watts TH. Dichotomous Expression of TNF Superfamily Ligands on Antigen-Presenting Cells Controls Post-priming Anti-viral CD4 + T Cell Immunity. Immunity 2017; 47:943-958.e9. [PMID: 29150240 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cell antigen-presenting cell (APC) interactions early during chronic viral infection are crucial for determining viral set point and disease outcome, but how and when different APC subtypes contribute to these outcomes is unclear. The TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) member GITR is important for CD4+ T cell accumulation and control of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). We found that type I interferon (IFN-I) induced TNFSF ligands GITRL, 4-1BBL, OX40L, and CD70 predominantly on monocyte-derived APCs and CD80 and CD86 predominantly on classical dendritic cells (cDCs). Mice with hypofunctional GITRL in Lyz2+ cells had decreased LCMV-specific CD4+ T cell accumulation and increased viral load. GITR signals in CD4+ T cells occurred after priming to upregulate OX40, CD25, and chemokine receptor CX3CR1. Thus IFN-I (signal 3) induced a post-priming checkpoint (signal 4) for CD4+ T cell accumulation, revealing a division of labor between cDCs and monocyte-derived APCs in regulating T cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Chang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kuan Chung Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kuan-Lun Chu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Derek L Clouthier
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anh T Tran
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Angela C Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ali A Abdul-Sater
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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49
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Saroha A, Pewzner-Jung Y, Ferreira NS, Sharma P, Jouan Y, Kelly SL, Feldmesser E, Merrill AH, Trottein F, Paget C, Lang KS, Futerman AH. Critical Role for Very-Long Chain Sphingolipids in Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Development and Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1386. [PMID: 29163475 PMCID: PMC5672022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of sphingolipids (SLs) in the immune system has come under increasing scrutiny recently due to the emerging contributions that these important membrane components play in regulating a variety of immunological processes. The acyl chain length of SLs appears particularly critical in determining SL function. Here, we show a role for very-long acyl chain SLs (VLC-SLs) in invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell maturation in the thymus and homeostasis in the liver. Ceramide synthase 2-null mice, which lack VLC-SLs, were susceptible to a hepatotropic strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, which is due to a reduction in the number of iNKT cells. Bone marrow chimera experiments indicated that hematopoietic-derived VLC-SLs are essential for maturation of iNKT cells in the thymus, whereas parenchymal-derived VLC-SLs are crucial for iNKT cell survival and maintenance in the liver. Our findings suggest a critical role for VLC-SL in iNKT cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Saroha
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Pewzner-Jung
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Natalia S Ferreira
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Piyush Sharma
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Youenn Jouan
- INSERM U1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Samuel L Kelly
- School of Biology and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ester Feldmesser
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alfred H Merrill
- School of Biology and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - François Trottein
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, University of Lille, CHU Lille- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- INSERM U1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France.,Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, University of Lille, CHU Lille- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karl S Lang
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Immunology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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50
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Huber M, Suprunenko T, Ashhurst T, Marbach F, Raifer H, Wolff S, Strecker T, Viengkhou B, Jung SR, Obermann HL, Bauer S, Xu HC, Lang PA, Tom A, Lang KS, King NJC, Campbell IL, Hofer MJ. IRF9 Prevents CD8 + T Cell Exhaustion in an Extrinsic Manner during Acute Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:e01219-17. [PMID: 28878077 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01219-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective CD8+ T cell responses play an important role in determining the course of a viral infection. Overwhelming antigen exposure can result in suboptimal CD8+ T cell responses, leading to chronic infection. This altered CD8+ T cell differentiation state, termed exhaustion, is characterized by reduced effector function, upregulation of inhibitory receptors, and altered expression of transcription factors. Prevention of overwhelming antigen exposure to limit CD8+ T cell exhaustion is of significant interest for the control of chronic infection. The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) is a component of type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling downstream of the IFN-I receptor (IFNAR). Using acute infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) strain Armstrong, we show here that IRF9 limited early LCMV replication by regulating expression of interferon-stimulated genes and IFN-I and by controlling levels of IRF7, a transcription factor essential for IFN-I production. Infection of IRF9- or IFNAR-deficient mice led to a loss of early restriction of viral replication and impaired antiviral responses in dendritic cells, resulting in CD8+ T cell exhaustion and chronic infection. Differences in the antiviral activities of IRF9- and IFNAR-deficient mice and dendritic cells provided further evidence of IRF9-independent IFN-I signaling. Thus, our findings illustrate a CD8+ T cell-extrinsic function for IRF9, as a signaling factor downstream of IFNAR, in preventing overwhelming antigen exposure resulting in CD8+ T cell exhaustion and, ultimately, chronic infection.IMPORTANCE During early viral infection, overwhelming antigen exposure can cause functional exhaustion of CD8+ T cells and lead to chronic infection. Here we show that the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) plays a decisive role in preventing CD8+ T cell exhaustion. Using acute infection of mice with LCMV strain Armstrong, we found that IRF9 limited early LCMV replication by regulating expression of interferon-stimulated genes and Irf7, encoding a transcription factor crucial for type I interferon (IFN-I) production, as well as by controlling the levels of IFN-I. Infection of IRF9-deficient mice led to a chronic infection that was accompanied by CD8+ T cell exhaustion due to defects extrinsic to T cells. Our findings illustrate an essential role for IRF9, as a mediator downstream of IFNAR, in preventing overwhelming antigen exposure causing CD8+ T cell exhaustion and leading to chronic viral infection.
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