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De Diana E, Rizzotto E, Inciardi I, Menilli L, Coppola M, Polverino de Laureto P, Miolo G. Towards a better understanding of light-glucose induced modifications on the structure and biological activity of formulated Nivolumab. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123926. [PMID: 38401872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
In the last years, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have rapidly escalated as biopharmaceuticals into cancer treatments, mainly for their target specificity accompanied by less side effects than the traditional chemotherapy, and stimulation of reliable long-term anti-tumoral responses. They are potentially unstable macromolecules under shaking, temperature fluctuations, humidity, and indoor and outdoor light exposure, all stressors occurring throughout their production, transport, storage, handling, and administration steps. The chemical and physical modifications of mAbs can lead not only to the loss of their bioactivity, but also to the enhancement of their immunogenicity with increasing risk of severe hypersensitivity reactions in treated patients because of aggregation. The photostability of Nivolumab, the active principle of Opdivo®, has been here studied. The chemical modifications detected by LC-MS/MS after the light stressor showed Trp and Met mono and double oxidations as primary damage induced by light on this mAb. The oxidations were stronger when the mAb was diluted in sterile glucose solution where 5-HMF, a major heat glucose degradation product, acted as singlet oxygen producer under irradiation. However, no significant changes in the mAb conformation were found. On the contrary, formation of a significant extent of aggregates has been detected after shining high simulated sunlight doses. This again took place particularly when Nivolumab was diluted in sterile glucose, thus raising a direct correlation between the aggregation and the oxidative processes. Finally, the biological activity under light stress assessed by a blockade assay test demonstrated the maintenance of the PD-1 target recognition even under high light doses and in glucose solution, in line with the preservation of the secondary and tertiary structures of the mAb. Based on our results, as sterile glucose is mostly used for children's therapies, special warnings, and precautions for healthcare professionals should be included for their use to the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta De Diana
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Rizzotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ilenia Inciardi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Menilli
- IOV, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35 128 Padova, Italy
| | - Marina Coppola
- IOV, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35 128 Padova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Polverino de Laureto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Miolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Lempp FA, Volz T, Cameroni E, Benigni F, Zhou J, Rosen LE, Noack J, Zatta F, Kaiser H, Bianchi S, Lombardo G, Jaconi S, Vincenzetti L, Imam H, Soriaga LB, Passini N, Belnap DM, Schulze A, Lütgehetmann M, Telenti A, Cathcart AL, Snell G, Purcell LA, Hebner CM, Urban S, Dandri M, Corti D, Schmid MA. Potent broadly neutralizing antibody VIR-3434 controls hepatitis B and D virus infection and reduces HBsAg in humanized mice. J Hepatol 2023; 79:1129-1138. [PMID: 37459920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic hepatitis B is a global public health problem, and coinfection with hepatitis delta virus (HDV) worsens disease outcome. Here, we describe a hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg)-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb) with the potential to treat chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis D. METHODS HBsAg-specific mAbs were isolated from memory B cells of HBV vaccinated individuals. In vitro neutralization was determined against HBV and HDV enveloped with HBsAg representing eight HBV genotypes. Human liver-chimeric mice were treated twice weekly with a candidate mAb starting 3 weeks post HBV inoculation (spreading phase) or during stable HBV or HBV/HDV coinfection (chronic phase). RESULTS From a panel of human anti-HBs mAbs, VIR-3434 was selected and engineered for pre-clinical development. VIR-3434 targets a conserved, conformational epitope within the antigenic loop of HBsAg and neutralized HBV and HDV infection with higher potency than hepatitis B immunoglobulins in vitro. Neutralization was pan-genotypic against strains representative of HBV genotypes A-H. In the spreading phase of HBV infection in human liver-chimeric mice, a parental mAb of VIR-3434 (HBC34) prevented HBV dissemination and the increase in intrahepatic HBV RNA and covalently closed circular DNA. In the chronic phase of HBV infection or co-infection with HDV, HBC34 treatment decreased circulating HBsAg by >1 log and HDV RNA by >2 logs. CONCLUSIONS The potently neutralizing anti-HBs mAb VIR-3434 reduces circulating HBsAg and HBV/HDV viremia in human liver-chimeric mice. VIR-3434 is currently in clinical development for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B or D. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus and co-infection with hepatitis D virus place approximately 290 million individuals worldwide at risk of severe liver disease and cancer. Available treatments result in low rates of functional cure or require lifelong therapy that does not eliminate the risk of liver disease. We isolated and characterized a potent human antibody that neutralizes hepatitis B and D viruses and reduces infection in a mouse model. This antibody could provide a new treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B and D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tassilo Volz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems and Heidelberg Sites, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Cameroni
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Laura E Rosen
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Julia Noack
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Kaiser
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Siro Bianchi
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gloria Lombardo
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Jaconi
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Vincenzetti
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Hasan Imam
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | | | - Nadia Passini
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - David M Belnap
- School of Biological Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Andreas Schulze
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems and Heidelberg Sites, Germany; Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Gyorgy Snell
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | | | | | - Stephan Urban
- German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems and Heidelberg Sites, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems and Heidelberg Sites, Germany
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Schmid
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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Buccellato FR, D’Anca M, Tartaglia GM, Del Fabbro M, Scarpini E, Galimberti D. Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Beyond Symptomatic Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13900. [PMID: 37762203 PMCID: PMC10531090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In an ever-increasing aged world, Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the first cause of dementia and one of the first chronic diseases in elderly people. With 55 million people affected, the WHO considers AD to be a disease with public priority. Unfortunately, there are no final cures for this pathology. Treatment strategies are aimed to mitigate symptoms, i.e., acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) and the N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist Memantine. At present, the best approaches for managing the disease seem to combine pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies to stimulate cognitive reserve. Over the last twenty years, a number of drugs have been discovered acting on the well-established biological hallmarks of AD, deposition of β-amyloid aggregates and accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in cells. Although previous efforts disappointed expectations, a new era in treating AD has been working its way recently. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave conditional approval of the first disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for the treatment of AD, aducanumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) designed against Aβ plaques and oligomers in 2021, and in January 2023, the FDA granted accelerated approval for a second monoclonal antibody, Lecanemab. This review describes ongoing clinical trials with DMTs and non-pharmacological therapies. We will also present a future scenario based on new biomarkers that can detect AD in preclinical or prodromal stages, identify people at risk of developing AD, and allow an early and curative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca R. Buccellato
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna D’Anca
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Nguyen KD, Kajiura H, Kamiya R, Yoshida T, Misaki R, Fujiyama K. Production and N-glycan engineering of Varlilumab in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1215580. [PMID: 37615027 PMCID: PMC10442953 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1215580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
N-glycan engineering has dramatically evolved for the development and quality control of recombinant antibodies. Fc region of IgG contains two N-glycans whose galactose terminals on Fc-glycan have been shown to increase the stability of CH2 domain and improve effector functions. Nicotiana benthamiana has become one of the most attractive production systems for therapeutic antibodies. In this study, Varlilumab, a CD27-targeting monoclonal antibody, was transiently produced in fresh leaves of soil-grown and hydroponic-grown N. benthamiana, resulted in the yield of 174 and 618 µg/gram, respectively. However, the IgG produced in wild-type N. benthamiana lacked the terminal galactose residues in its N-glycan. Therefore, N-glycan engineering was applied to fine-tune recombinant antibodies produced in plant platforms. We further co-expressed IgG together with murine β1,4-galactosyltransferase (β1,4-GALT) to modify plant N-glycan with β1,4-linked Gal residue(s) and Arabidopsis thaliana β1,3-galactosylatransferase (β1,3-GALT) to improve galactosylation. The co-expression of IgG with each of GALTs successfully resulted in modification of N-glycan structures on the plant-produced IgG. Notably, IgG co-expressed with murine β1,4-GALT in soil-grown N. benthamiana had 42.5% of N-glycans variants having galactose (Gal) residues at the non-reducing terminus and 55.3% of that in hydroponic-grown N. benthamiana plants. Concomitantly, N-glycan profile analysis of IgG co-expressed with β1,3-GALT demonstrated that there was an increased efficiency of galactosylation and an enhancement in the formation of Lewis a structure in plant-derived antibodies. Taken together, our findings show that the first plant-derived Varlilumab was successfully produced with biantennary β1,4-galactosylated N-glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Dua Nguyen
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Kamiya
- GreenLand-Kidaya Group Co Ltd., Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Misaki
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka University Cooperative Research Station in Southeast Asia (OU: CRS), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ren Y, Tian R, Wang T, Cao J, Li J, Deng A. An Extremely Highly Sensitive ELISA in pg mL -1 Level Based on a Newly Produced Monoclonal Antibody for the Detection of Ochratoxin A in Food Samples. Molecules 2023; 28:5743. [PMID: 37570711 PMCID: PMC10420233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, an extremely highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on a newly produced monoclonal antibody (mAb) for the detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) in food samples was developed. OTA-Bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate was prepared and used as the immunogen for the production of the mAb. Among four hybridoma clones (8B10, 5C2, 9B7, and 5E11), the antibody from 8B10 displayed the highest affinity recognition for OTA. Based on the mAb (8B10), the IC50 and LOD of the ELISA for OTA were 34.8 pg mL-1 and 1.5 pg mL-1, respectively, which was 1.53~147 times lower than those in published ELISAs, indicating the ultra-sensitivity of our assay. There was no cross-reactivity of the mAb with the other four mycotoxins (AFB1, ZEN, DON, and T-2). Due to the high similarity in molecular structures among OTA, ochratoxin B (OTB), and ochratoxin C (OTC), the CR values of the mAb with OTB and OTC were 96.67% and 22.02%, respectively. Taking this advantage, the ELISA may be able to evaluate total ochratoxin levels in food samples. The recoveries of the ELISA for OTA in spiked samples (corn, wheat, and feed) were 96.5-110.8%, 89.5-94.4%, and 91.8-113.3%; and the RSDs were 5.2-13.6%, 8.2-13.0%, and 7.7-13.7% (n = 3), respectively. The spiked food samples (corn) were measured by ELISA and HPLC-FLD simultaneously. A good correlation between ELISA (x) and HPLC-FLD (y) with the linear regression equation of y = 0.918x - 0.034 (R2 = 0.985, n = 5) was obtained. These results demonstrated that the newly produced mAb-based ELISA was a feasible and ultra-sensitive analytical method for the detection of OTA in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jianguo Li
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, China; (Y.R.); (R.T.); (T.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Anping Deng
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, China; (Y.R.); (R.T.); (T.W.); (J.C.)
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Esqueda A, Sun H, Bonner J, Lai H, Jugler C, Kibler KV, Steinkellner H, Chen Q. A Monoclonal Antibody Produced in Glycoengineered Plants Potently Neutralizes Monkeypox Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1179. [PMID: 37514995 PMCID: PMC10416152 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2022 global outbreaks of monkeypox virus (MPXV) and increased human-to-human transmission calls for the urgent development of countermeasures to protect people who cannot benefit from vaccination. Here, we describe the development of glycovariants of 7D11, a neutralizing monoclonal IgG antibody (mAb) directed against the L1 transmembrane protein of the related vaccinia virus, in a plant-based system as a potential therapeutic against the current MPVX outbreak. Our results indicated that 7D11 mAb quickly accumulates to high levels within a week after gene introduction to plants. Plant-produced 7D11 mAb assembled correctly into the tetrameric IgG structure and can be easily purified to homogeneity. 7D11 mAb exhibited a largely homogeneous N-glycosylation profile, with or without plant-specific xylose and fucose residues, depending on the expression host, namely wild-type or glycoengineered plants. Plant-made 7D11 retained specific binding to its antigen and displayed a strong neutralization activity against MPXV, as least as potent as the reported activity against vaccinia virus. Our study highlights the utility of anti-L1 mAbs as MPXV therapeutics, and the use of glycoengineered plants to develop mAb glycovariants for potentially enhancing the efficacy of mAbs to combat ever-emerging/re-emerging viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Esqueda
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Haiyan Sun
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - James Bonner
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Huafang Lai
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Collin Jugler
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Karen V. Kibler
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Yamashita S, Kojima M, Onda N, Shibutani M. In Vitro Comparative Study of Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3400. [PMID: 37444510 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a new phototherapy that utilizes a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against cancer antigens and a phthalocyanine dye, IRDye700DX (IR700) conjugate (mAb-IR700). Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a combination therapy that utilizes photoreactive agents and light irradiation as well as NIR-PIT. In the present study, we compared these therapies in vitro. The characterization of cellular binding/uptake specificity and cytotoxicity were examined using two mAb-IR700 forms and a conventional PDT agent, talaporfin sodium, in three cell lines. As designed, mAb-IR700 had high molecular selectivity and visualized target molecule-positive cells at the lowest concentration examined. NIR-PIT induced necrosis and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), a surrogate maker of immunogenic cell death. In contrast, talaporfin sodium was taken up by cells regardless of cell type, and its uptake was enhanced in a concentration-dependent manner. PDT induced cell death, with the pattern of cell death shifting from apoptosis to necrosis depending on the concentration of the photosensitizer. Induction of DAMPs was observed at the highest concentration, but their sensitivity differed among cell lines. Overall, our data suggest that molecule-specific NIR-PIT may have potential advantages compared with PDT in terms of the efficiency of tumor visualization and induction of DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Yamashita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
- Medical Evaluation Engineering, Olympus Medical Systems Corporation, 2-3 Kuboyama-cho, Hachioji 192-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Kojima
- Medical Evaluation Engineering, Olympus Medical Systems Corporation, 2-3 Kuboyama-cho, Hachioji 192-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Onda
- Medical Evaluation Engineering, Olympus Medical Systems Corporation, 2-3 Kuboyama-cho, Hachioji 192-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
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Kang J, Mateu-Borrás M, Monroe HL, Sen-Kilic E, Miller SJ, Dublin SR, Huckaby AB, Yang E, Pyles GM, Nunley MA, Chapman JA, Amin MS, Damron FH, Barbier M. Monoclonal antibodies against lipopolysaccharide protect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge in mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1191806. [PMID: 37424774 PMCID: PMC10326049 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1191806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of hospital-acquired infections, including central line-associated bloodstream infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Unfortunately, effective control of these infections can be difficult, in part due to the prevalence of multi-drug resistant strains of P. aeruginosa. There remains a need for novel therapeutic interventions against P. aeruginosa, and the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is a promising alternative strategy to current standard of care treatments such as antibiotics. To develop mAbs against P. aeruginosa, we utilized ammonium metavanadate, which induces cell envelope stress responses and upregulates polysaccharide expression. Mice were immunized with P. aeruginosa grown with ammonium metavanadate and we developed two IgG2b mAbs, WVDC-0357 and WVDC-0496, directed against the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide of P. aeruginosa. Functional assays revealed that WVDC-0357 and WVDC-0496 directly reduced the viability of P. aeruginosa and mediated bacterial agglutination. In a lethal sepsis model of infection, prophylactic treatment of mice with WVDC-0357 and WVDC-0496 at doses as low as 15 mg/kg conferred 100% survival against challenge. In both sepsis and acute pneumonia models of infection, treatment with WVDC-0357 and WVDC-0496 significantly reduced bacterial burden and inflammatory cytokine production post-challenge. Furthermore, histopathological examination of the lungs revealed that WVDC-0357 and WVDC-0496 reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. Overall, our results indicate that mAbs directed against lipopolysaccharide are a promising therapy for the treatment and prevention of P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Margalida Mateu-Borrás
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Hunter L. Monroe
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Emel Sen-Kilic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Sarah Jo Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Spencer R. Dublin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Annalisa B. Huckaby
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Evita Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Gage M. Pyles
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Mason A. Nunley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Josh A. Chapman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Md Shahrier Amin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - F. Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
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9
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Sun H, Yang M, Lai H, Neupane B, Teh AYH, Jugler C, Ma JKC, Steinkellner H, Bai F, Chen Q. A Dual-Approach Strategy to Optimize the Safety and Efficacy of Anti-Zika Virus Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics. Viruses 2023; 15:1156. [PMID: 37243242 PMCID: PMC10221487 DOI: 10.3390/v15051156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE) is clinically relevant to Dengue virus (DENV) infection and poses a major risk to the application of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics against related flaviviruses such as the Zika virus (ZIKV). Here, we tested a two-tier approach for selecting non-cross-reactive mAbs combined with modulating Fc glycosylation as a strategy to doubly secure the elimination of ADE while preserving Fc effector functions. To this end, we selected a ZIKV-specific mAb (ZV54) and generated three ZV54 variants using Chinese hamster ovary cells and wild-type (WT) and glycoengineered ΔXF Nicotiana benthamiana plants as production hosts (ZV54CHO, ZV54WT, and ZV54ΔXF). The three ZV54 variants shared an identical polypeptide backbone, but each exhibited a distinct Fc N-glycosylation profile. All three ZV54 variants showed similar neutralization potency against ZIKV but no ADE activity for DENV infection, validating the importance of selecting the virus/serotype-specific mAbs for avoiding ADE by related flaviviruses. For ZIKV infection, however, ZV54CHO and ZV54ΔXF showed significant ADE activity while ZV54WT completely forwent ADE, suggesting that Fc glycan modulation may yield mAb glycoforms that abrogate ADE even for homologous viruses. In contrast to the current strategies for Fc mutations that abrogate all effector functions along with ADE, our approach allowed the preservation of effector functions as all ZV54 glycovariants retained antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the ZIKV-infected cells. Furthermore, the ADE-free ZV54WT demonstrated in vivo efficacy in a ZIKV-infection mouse model. Collectively, our study provides further support for the hypothesis that antibody-viral surface antigen and Fc-mediated host cell interactions are both prerequisites for ADE, and that a dual-approach strategy, as shown herein, contributes to the development of highly safe and efficacious anti-ZIKV mAb therapeutics. Our findings may be impactful to other ADE-prone viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Sun
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Ming Yang
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Huafang Lai
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Biswas Neupane
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Audrey Y.-H. Teh
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Collin Jugler
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Julian K.-C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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10
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Yang M, Sun H, Lai H, Neupane B, Bai F, Steinkellner H, Chen Q. Plant-Produced Anti-Zika Virus Monoclonal Antibody Glycovariant Exhibits Abrogated Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:755. [PMID: 37112665 PMCID: PMC10144123 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the envelope (E) protein of Zika virus (ZIKV) have shown great potential as therapeutics against the Zika epidemics. However, their use as a therapy may predispose treated individuals to severe infection by the related dengue virus (DENV) via antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE). Here, we generated a broadly neutralizing flavivirus mAb, ZV1, with an identical protein backbone but different Fc glycosylation profiles. The three glycovariants, produced in wild-type (WT) and glycoengineered ΔXF Nicotiana benthamiana plants and in Chinese hamster ovary cells (ZV1WT, ZV1ΔXF, and ZV1CHO), respectively, showed equivalent neutralization potency against both ZIKV and DENV. By contrast, the three mAb glycoforms demonstrated drastically different ADE activity for DENV and ZIKV infection. While ZV1CHO and ZV1ΔXF showed ADE activity upon DENV and ZIKV infection, ZV1WT totally forwent its ADE. Importantly, all three glycovariants exhibited antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against virus-infected cells, with increased potency by the fucose-free ZV1ΔXF glycoform. Moreover, the in vivo efficacy of the ADE-free ZV1WT was demonstrated in a murine model. Collectively, we demonstrated the feasibility of modulating ADE by Fc glycosylation, thereby establishing a novel approach for improving the safety of flavivirus therapeutics. Our study also underscores the versatile use of plants for the rapid expression of complex human proteins to reveal novel insight into antibody function and viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85225, USA
| | - Haiyan Sun
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85225, USA
| | - Huafang Lai
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85225, USA
| | - Biswas Neupane
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85225, USA
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11
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Conte E, Di Girolamo R, D’Antonio F, Raffone A, Neola D, Saccone G, Dell’Aquila M, Sarno L, Miceli M, Carbone L, Maruotti GM. Do Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies Have an Impact on Pregnancy Outcome? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020344. [PMID: 36851222 PMCID: PMC9962092 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been used as a rescue strategy for pregnant women affected by COVID-19. To explore its impact on maternal-fetal health, we included all observational studies reporting maternal, fetal, delivery and neonatal outcomes in women who underwent mAbs infusion for COVID-19. Primary outcome was the percentage of preterm delivery. We used meta-analyses of proportions to combine data for maternal, fetal, delivery and neonatal outcome of women treated with mAbs for COVID-19 and reported pooled proportions and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for categorical variables or mean difference (MD) with their 95% confidence intervals for continuous variables. Preterm birth was observed in 22.8% of cases (95% CI 12.9-34.3). Fetal distress was reported in 4.2% (95% CI 1.6-8.2). Gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia were observed in 3.0% (95% CI 0.8-6.8) and 3.4% (95% CI 0.8-7.5) of cases, respectively. Fetal growth restriction was observed in 3.2% of fetuses (95% CI 0.8-7.0). Secondary prophylaxis with mAbs is currently considered the best treatment option for people with mild to moderate COVID-19 disease. More attention should be paid to infants born from mothers who were treated with mAbs, for the risk of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ennio Conte
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Girolamo
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-746-2941
| | - Francesco D’Antonio
- Center for Fetal Care and High-Risk Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Raffone
- Division of Gynaecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Sant’Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Neola
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Saccone
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Dell’Aquila
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Sarno
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Miceli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Carbone
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Maruotti
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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12
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Chia PL, Ang KH, Thura M, Zeng Q. PRL3 as a therapeutic target for novel cancer immunotherapy in multiple cancer types. Theranostics 2023; 13:1876-1891. [PMID: 37064866 PMCID: PMC10091880 DOI: 10.7150/thno.79265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver-3 (PRL3) was discovered in 1998 and was subsequently found to be correlated with cancer progression and metastasis in 2001. Extensive research in the past two decades has produced significant findings on PRL3-mediated cancer signaling and functions, as well as its clinical relevance in diverse types of cancer. PRL3 has been established to play a role in many cancer-related functions, including but not limited to metastasis, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Importantly, the tumor-specific expression of PRL3 protein in multiple cancer types has made it an attractive therapeutic target. Much effort has been made in developing PRL3-targeted therapy with small chemical inhibitors against intracellular PRL3, and notably, the development of PRL3-zumab as a novel cancer immunotherapy against PRL3. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of PRL3 in cancer-related cellular functions, its prognostic value, as well as perspectives on PRL3 as a target for unconventional immunotherapy in the clinic with PRL3-zumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ling Chia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138673; ; ;
| | - Koon Hwee Ang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138673; ; ;
| | - Min Thura
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138673; ; ;
| | - Qi Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138673; ; ;
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13
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Moonen L, Derks JL, Lap LMV, Marijnissen BJCA, Hillen LM, den Bakker MA, von der Thüsen JH, van Suylen RJ, Timens W, Bintanel M, Kuteeva E, Dingemans AMC, Speel EJM. Development and verification of new monoclonal orthopedia homeobox (OTP) specific antibodies for pulmonary carcinoid diagnostics. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2022; 11:2181-2191. [PMID: 36519022 PMCID: PMC9742615 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-22-418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Orthopedia homeobox (OTP) has shown to be a useful prognostic marker to predict outcome in pulmonary carcinoids, which is also supported by the World Health Organization. However, the discontinuation of the initially used polyclonal antibody and absence of a reliable routinely applicable monoclonal OTP antibody hampers implementation in routine diagnostics. Here, new monoclonal antibodies directed against OTP were developed and verified on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) for clinical diagnostics. Methods OTP specific monoclonal antibodies were produced from mice immunised with a recombinant human OTP protein fragment. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) positive hybridomas were evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Following epitope-mapping and isotyping, purified monoclonal antibodies were validated for IHC in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, the optimal dilution was determined, and results were cross validated with the OTP polyclonal antibody (HPA039365, Atlas Antibodies). Staining protocols were optimized on two automated staining platforms and performance was harmonized using a tissue microarray (TMA). Results Two clones (CL11222 and CL11225) were selected for purified monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. Intratumor heterogeneity assessment revealed similar performance for both clones. While clone CL11225 displayed a unique epitope compared to those present in the polyclonal antibody, this clone performed most similar to the polyclonal antibody. Cross-platform assessment revealed an excellent agreement for clone CL11225 while clone CL11222 showed somewhat discordant results on Dako. Conclusions New monoclonal OTP specific antibodies have been developed and verified on different automated immunohistochemical staining platforms. The OTP specific monoclonal antibodies showed excellent agreement with the often-used polyclonal antibody allowing application in routine diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moonen
- Department of Pathology GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jules L. Derks
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa M. V. Lap
- Department of Pathology GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Britney J. C. A. Marijnissen
- Department of Pathology GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa M. Hillen
- Department of Pathology GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan H. von der Thüsen
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anne-Marie C. Dingemans
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands;,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst-Jan M. Speel
- Department of Pathology GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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14
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Ji Y, Zhang Q, Cheng L, Ge J, Wang R, Fang M, Mucker EM, Chen P, Ma J, Zhang R, Li C, Hammond H, Baracco L, Holbrook M, Frieman M, Zhang Z, Wang X, Hooper JW, Zhang L, Zhu Q. Preclinical characterization of amubarvimab and romlusevimab, a pair of non-competing neutralizing monoclonal antibody cocktail, against SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:980435. [PMID: 36189212 PMCID: PMC9518701 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein have demonstrated clinical efficacy in preventing or treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), resulting in the emergency use authorization (EUA) for several SARS-CoV-2 targeting mAb by regulatory authority. However, the continuous virus evolution requires diverse mAb options to combat variants. Here we describe two fully human mAbs, amubarvimab (BRII-196) and romlusevimab (BRII-198) that bind to non-competing epitopes on the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein and effectively neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants. A YTE modification was introduced to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of both mAbs to prolong serum half-life and reduce effector function. The amubarvimab and romlusevimab combination retained activity against most mutations associated with reduced susceptibility to previously authorized mAbs and against variants containing amino acid substitutions in their epitope regions. Consistently, the combination of amubarvimab and romlusevimab effectively neutralized a wide range of viruses including most variants of concern and interest in vitro. In a Syrian golden hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, animals receiving combination of amubarvimab and romlusevimab either pre- or post-infection demonstrated less weight loss, significantly decreased viral load in the lungs, and reduced lung pathology compared to controls. These preclinical findings support their development as an antibody cocktail therapeutic option against COVID-19 in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji
- Brii Biosciences Inc., Durham, NC, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiwan Ge
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoke Wang
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqi Fang
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Eric M. Mucker
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Peng Chen
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Ma
- Brii Biosciences Inc., Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rui Zhang
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Holly Hammond
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lauren Baracco
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Matthew Frieman
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jay W. Hooper
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Brii Biosciences Inc., Durham, NC, United States
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15
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Kanthe AD, Carnovale MR, Katz JS, Jordan S, Krause ME, Zheng S, Ilott A, Ying W, Bu W, Bera MK, Lin B, Maldarelli C, Tu RS. Differential Surface Adsorption Phenomena for Conventional and Novel Surfactants Correlates with Changes in Interfacial mAb Stabilization. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3100-3113. [PMID: 35882380 PMCID: PMC9450885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein adsorption on surfaces can result in loss of drug product stability and efficacy during the production, storage, and administration of protein-based therapeutics. Surface-active agents (excipients) are typically added in protein formulations to prevent undesired interactions of proteins on surfaces and protein particle formation/aggregation in solution. The objective of this work is to understand the molecular-level competitive adsorption mechanism between the monoclonal antibody (mAb) and a commercially used excipient, polysorbate 80 (PS80), and a novel excipient, N-myristoyl phenylalanine-N-polyetheramine diamide (FM1000). The relative rate of adsorption of PS80 and FM1000 was studied by pendant bubble tensiometry. We find that FM1000 saturates the interface faster than PS80. Additionally, the surface-adsorbed amounts from X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements show that FM1000 blocks a larger percentage of interfacial area than PS80, indicating that a lower bulk FM1000 surface concentration is sufficient to prevent protein adsorption onto the air/water interface. XRR models reveal that with an increase in mAb concentration (0.5-2.5 mg/mL: IV based formulations), an increased amount of PS80 concentration (below critical micelle concentration, CMC) is required, whereas a fixed value of FM1000 concentration (above its relatively lower CMC) is sufficient to inhibit mAb adsorption, preventing mAb from co-existing with surfactants on the surface layer. With this observation, we show that the CMC of the surfactant is not the critical factor to indicate its ability to inhibit protein adsorption, especially for chemically different surfactants, PS80 and FM1000. Additionally, interface-induced aggregation studies indicate that at minimum surfactant concentration levels in protein formulations, fewer protein particles form in the presence of FM1000. Our results provide a mechanistic link between the adsorption of mAbs at the air/water interface and the aggregation induced by agitation in the presence of surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit D Kanthe
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Miriam R Carnovale
- Pharma Solutions R&D, International Flavors and Fragrances, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Joshua S Katz
- Pharma Solutions R&D, International Flavors and Fragrances, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Susan Jordan
- Pharma Solutions R&D, International Flavors and Fragrances, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Mary E Krause
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Songyan Zheng
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Andrew Ilott
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - William Ying
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Wei Bu
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606371, United States
| | - Mrinal K Bera
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606371, United States
| | - Binhua Lin
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606371, United States
| | - Charles Maldarelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States.,Levich Institute, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Raymond S Tu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
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16
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Das NC, Chakraborty P, Bayry J, Mukherjee S. In Silico Analyses on the Comparative Potential of Therapeutic Human Monoclonal Antibodies Against Newly Emerged SARS-CoV-2 Variants Bearing Mutant Spike Protein. Front Immunol 2022; 12:782506. [PMID: 35082779 PMCID: PMC8784557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the start of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has already infected more than 250 million people globally, with more than five million fatal cases and huge socio-economic losses. In addition to corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs like remdesivir, various immunotherapies including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to S protein of SARS-CoV-2 have been investigated to treat COVID-19 patients. These mAbs were initially developed against the wild-type SARS-CoV-2; however, emergence of variant forms of SARS-CoV-2 having mutations in the spike protein in several countries including India raised serious questions on the potential use of these mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this study, using an in silico approach, we have examined the binding abilities of eight mAbs against several SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7) and Delta (B.1.617.2) lineages. The structure of the Fab region of each mAb was designed in silico and subjected to molecular docking against each mutant protein. mAbs were subjected to two levels of selection based on their binding energy, stability, and conformational flexibility. Our data reveal that tixagevimab, regdanvimab, and cilgavimab can efficiently neutralize most of the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha strains while tixagevimab, bamlanivimab, and sotrovimab can form a stable complex with the Delta variants. Based on these data, we have designed, by in silico, a chimeric antibody by conjugating the CDRH3 of regdanivimab with a sotrovimab framework to combat the variants that could potentially escape from the mAb-mediated neutralization. Our finding suggests that though currently available mAbs could be used to treat COVID-19 caused by the variants of SARS-CoV-2, better results could be expected with the chimeric antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chandra Das
- Integrative Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, India
| | - Pritha Chakraborty
- Integrative Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, India
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, India
| | - Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, India
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17
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Yang Y, Bastani N, Lagler SK, Harris D, Nagy A, Chen P, Patel A, Li Y, Gowetski DB, Lei QP. Development and Application of an Analytical Approach to Assess an Antibody's Potential for Disulfide Reduction. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 38:e3229. [PMID: 34962716 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) interchain disulfide bond reduction has been observed in a recent large-scale clinical manufacturing operation. A massive reduction/precipitation at post-clarification steps has occurred. This note presents the development of a novel analytical approach to identify the "potential reduction" - a unique approach to predict the propensity of a monomeric-profiled mAb to be reduced in the post-harvest stage, such as harvest clarification and/or purification steps. The core of this new approach includes comparing the non-reducing capillary electrophoresis profiles of pre- and post-vacuum treated mAb in harvest cell culture fluid (HCCF). Using this approach, the potential reductions of two in-house mAbs in the unclarified and clarified cell culture harvest were assessed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Yang
- Analytical Development, Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Niutish Bastani
- Analytical Development, Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sara K Lagler
- Purification Development, Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Doug Harris
- Purification Development, Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Attila Nagy
- Purification Development, Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Peifeng Chen
- Cell Culture Development, Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Aakash Patel
- Analytical Development, Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yile Li
- Analytical Development, Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Daniel B Gowetski
- Purification Development, Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Q Paula Lei
- Analytical Development, Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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18
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Jugler C, Sun H, Chen Q. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Induced Interleukin 6 Signaling Is Blocked by a Plant-Produced Anti-Interleukin 6 Receptor Monoclonal Antibody. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111365. [PMID: 34835296 PMCID: PMC8623585 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic, has caused more than 4.5 million deaths worldwide. Severe and fatal cases of COVID-19 are often associated with increased proinflammatory cytokine levels including interleukin 6 (IL-6) and acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using plants to produce an anti-IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) monoclonal antibody (mAb) and examined its utility in reducing IL-6 signaling in an in vitro model, which simulates IL-6 induction during SARS-CoV-2 infection. The anti-IL6R mAb (IL6RmAb) was quickly expressed and correctly assembled in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Plant-produced IL6RmAb (pIL6RmAb) could be enriched to homogeneity by a simple purification scheme. Furthermore, pIL6RmAb was shown to effectively inhibit IL-6 signaling in a cell-based model system. Notably, pIL6RmAb also suppressed IL-6 signaling that was induced by the exposure of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. This is the first report of a plant-made anti-IL-6R mAb and its activity against SARS-CoV-2-related cytokine signaling. This study demonstrates the capacity of plants for producing functionally active mAbs that block cytokine signaling and implies their potential efficacy to curb cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Jugler
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (C.J.); (H.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Haiyan Sun
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (C.J.); (H.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (C.J.); (H.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-480-965-8110; Fax: +1-480-727-7615
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19
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Vogt AS, Roesti ES, Mohsen MO, Leonchiks A, Vogel M, Bachmann MF. Anti-IAPP Monoclonal Antibody Improves Clinical Symptoms in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1316. [PMID: 34835247 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic progressive disease, defined by insulin resistance and insufficient insulin secretion to maintain normoglycemia. Amyloidogenic aggregates are a hallmark of T2DM patients; they are cytotoxic for the insulin producing β-cells, and cause inflammasome-dependent secretion of IL-1β. To avoid the associated β-cell loss and inflammation in advanced stage T2DM, we developed a novel monoclonal therapy targeting the major component of aggregates, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). The here described monoclonal antibody (mAb) m81, specific for oligomeric and fibrils, but not for soluble free IAPP, is able to prevent oligomer growth and aggregate formation in vitro, and blocks islet inflammation and disease progression in vivo. Collectively, our data show that blocking fibril formation and prevention of new amyloidogenic aggregates by monoclonal antibody therapy may be a potential therapy for T2DM.
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20
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Wang J, Lundström SL, Seelow S, Rodin S, Meng Z, Astorga-Wells J, Jia Q, Zubarev RA. First Immunoassay for Measuring Isoaspartate in Human Serum Albumin. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216709. [PMID: 34771115 PMCID: PMC8587401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoaspartate (isoAsp) is a damaging amino acid residue formed in proteins mostly as a result of spontaneous deamidation of asparaginyl residues. An association has been found between isoAsp in human serum albumin (HSA) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we report on a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1A3 with excellent specificity to isoAsp in the functionally important domain of HSA. Based on 1A3 mAb, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed, and the isoAsp occupancy in 100 healthy plasma samples was quantified for the first time, providing the average value of (0.74 ± 0.13)%. These results suggest potential of isoAsp measurements for supplementary AD diagnostics as well as for assessing the freshness of stored donor blood and its suitability for transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijing Wang
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.W.); (S.L.L.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (Z.M.); (J.A.-W.); (Q.J.)
| | - Susanna L. Lundström
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.W.); (S.L.L.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (Z.M.); (J.A.-W.); (Q.J.)
| | - Sven Seelow
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.W.); (S.L.L.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (Z.M.); (J.A.-W.); (Q.J.)
| | - Sergey Rodin
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.W.); (S.L.L.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (Z.M.); (J.A.-W.); (Q.J.)
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Zhaowei Meng
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.W.); (S.L.L.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (Z.M.); (J.A.-W.); (Q.J.)
| | - Juan Astorga-Wells
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.W.); (S.L.L.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (Z.M.); (J.A.-W.); (Q.J.)
- HDXperts AB, 183 48 Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Qinyu Jia
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.W.); (S.L.L.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (Z.M.); (J.A.-W.); (Q.J.)
- HDXperts AB, 183 48 Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Roman A. Zubarev
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Biochemistry, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.W.); (S.L.L.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (Z.M.); (J.A.-W.); (Q.J.)
- Department of Pharmacological & Technological Chemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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21
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Lin PH, Tseng CL, Cheng YC, Ho CH, Chen SC, Wang Y, Liu E, Issafras H, Jiang W. Distinguishing features of a novel humanized anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody based on cetuximab with superior antitumor efficacy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1491-1507. [PMID: 34632911 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1988072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cetuximab, the first approved EGFR targeting therapeutic antibody, is currently used to treat colorectal cancer and head and neck cancer. While effective, cetuximab is associated with a higher rate of skin rash, infusion reactions, and gastrointestinal toxicity, which was suggested to be linked to the presence of heterogeneous glycan contents on the Fab of the SP2/0-produced cetuximab. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To improve efficacy and minimize toxicity of EGFR inhibition treatment, we re-engineered cetuximab by humanizing its Fab regions and minimizing its glycan contents to generate HLX07. RESULTS HLX07 binds to EGFR with similar affinity as cetuximab and shows better bioactivity compared to cetuximab in vitro. In vivo studies demonstrated that HLX07 significantly inhibited the growth of A431, FaDu, NCI-H292, and WiDr tumor cells and synergized them with chemotherapeutics and immune simulator agents such as anti-PD-1. In cynomolgus monkeys, 13-week repeat-dose GLP toxicokinetic studies showed minimal-to-mild toxicities in the dose range of up to 60 mg/kg/wk. In the preliminary phase 1 dose-escalation study, HLX07 had showed lower incidence of skin rashes with grade >2 severities. CONCLUSION HLX07 is currently under phase 1/2 clinical development. We believe HLX07 would potentially be an alternative for patients who have been suffering from cetuximab-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hua Lin
- Department of Lead Discovery, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Chi-Ling Tseng
- Department of Research and Development, Henlix Biotech, Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan. Current Company: HanchorBio Co., Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chih Cheng
- Department of Research and Development, Henlix Biotech, Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan. Current Company: HanchorBio Co., Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Ho
- Department of Research and Development, Henlix Biotech, Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan. Current Company: HanchorBio Co., Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih Chieh Chen
- Department of Protein Purification & Analytical, Henlix, Inc. Fremont, CA, USA. Currently Company: Anwita Biosciences, Inc, San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Protein Expression, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Eugene Liu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hassan Issafras
- Department of Lead Discovery, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
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22
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Tomic MT, Farr-Jones S, Syar ES, Niemuth N, Kobs D, Hackett MJ, Espinoza Y, Martinez Z, Pham K, Snow DM, Marks JD, Cobb RR. Neutralizing Concentrations of Anti-Botulinum Toxin Antibodies Positively Correlate with Mouse Neutralization Assay Results in a Guinea Pig Model. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:671. [PMID: 34564675 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are some of the most toxic proteins known and can induce respiratory failure requiring long-term intensive care. Treatment of botulism includes the administration of antitoxins. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) hold considerable promise as BoNT therapeutics and prophylactics, due to their potency and safety. A three-mAb combination has been developed that specifically neutralizes BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A), and a separate three mAb combination has been developed that specifically neutralizes BoNT serotype B (BoNT/B). A six mAb cocktail, designated G03-52-01, has been developed that combines the anti-BoNT/A and anti-BoNT/B mAbs. The pharmacokinetics and neutralizing antibody concentration (NAC) of G03-52-01 has been determined in guinea pigs, and these parameters were correlated with protection against an inhalation challenge of BoNT/A1 or BoNT/B1. Previously, it was shown that each antibody demonstrated a dose-dependent mAb serum concentration and reached maximum circulating concentrations within 48 h after intramuscular (IM) or intraperitoneal (IP) injection and that a single IM injection of G03-52-01 administered 48 h pre-exposure protected guinea pigs against an inhalation challenge of up to 93 LD50s of BoNT/A1 and 116 LD50s of BoNT/B1. The data presented here advance our understanding of the relationship of the neutralizing NAC to the measured circulating antibody concentration and provide additional support that a single IM or intravenous (IV) administration of G03-52-01 will provide pre-exposure prophylaxis against botulism from an aerosol exposure of BoNT/A and BoNT/B.
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23
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Branstetter E, Duff RJ, Kuhns S, Padaki R. Fc glycan sialylation of biotherapeutic monoclonal antibodies has limited impact on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:2943-2949. [PMID: 34355537 PMCID: PMC8564094 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well-documented that the terminal sugars of Fc glycans can play a critical role in the safety and efficacy of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, many of the effects of highly heterogeneous Fc glycan structures have yet to be fully characterized. Different glycosylation patterns can affect Fc-dependent activities such as the ability of mAbs to bind Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on the effector cell surface, which is critical to immune effector functions such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Previous studies on the impact of sialic acid in the Fc glycan on ADCC has not resulted in consistent conclusions. In our study we tested sialic acid enriched species from a chimeric murine/human kappa light chain IgG1 (mAb1) with known FcγRIIIa binding and ADCC activities. These enriched species contained up to a four-fold increase in sialic acid-containing glycans relative to the typical levels present in therapeutic mAbs, along with other attributes such as oxidized and deamidated species. The ADCC analysis of sialylated and asialo mAb1 provided herein shows evidence that sialic acids have little or no impact on ADCC activity. Altogether, our results highlight the value of novel glycan engineering strategies in designing therapeutic mAbs with high quality attributes and in improving production process controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert J Duff
- Department of Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, USA
| | - Scott Kuhns
- Department of Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, USA
| | - Rupa Padaki
- Department of Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, USA
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24
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Chemmalil L, Wasalathanthri DP, Zhang X, Kuang J, Shao C, Barbour R, Bhavsar S, Prabhakar T, Knihtila R, West J, Puri N, McHugh K, Rehmann MS, He Q, Xu J, Borys MC, Ding J, Li Z. Online monitoring and control of upstream cell culture process using 1D and 2D-LC with SegFlow interface. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3593-3603. [PMID: 34185315 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical industry is transitioning from currently deployed batch-mode bioprocessing to a highly efficient and agile next-generation bioprocessing with the adaptation of continuous bioprocessing, which reduces capital investment and operational costs. Continuous bioprocessing, aligned with FDA's quality-by-design platform, is designed to develop robust processes to deliver safe and effective drugs. With the deployment of knowledge-based operations, product quality can be built into the process to achieve desired critical quality attributes (CQAs) with reduced variability. To facilitate next-generation continuous bioprocessing, it is essential to embrace a fundamental shift-in-paradigm from "quality-by-testing" to "quality-by-design," which requires the deployment of process analytical technologies (PAT). With the adaptation of PAT, a systematic approach of process and product understanding and timely process control are feasible. Deployment of PAT tools for real-time monitoring of CQAs and feedback control is critical for continuous bioprocessing. Given the current deficiency in PAT tools to support continuous bioprocessing, we have integrated Infinity 2D-LC with a post-flow-splitter in conjunction with the SegFlow autosampler to the bioreactors. With this integrated system, we have established a platform for online measurements of titer and CQAs of monoclonal antibodies as well as amino acid analysis of bioreactor cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letha Chemmalil
- BMS Process Development Analytical Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Xin Zhang
- BMS Analytical Development & Analytical Attribute Science in Biologics, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - June Kuang
- BMS Analytical Development & Analytical Attribute Science in Biologics, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chun Shao
- BMS Process Development Analytical Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sohil Bhavsar
- BMS Analytical Development & Analytical Attribute Science in Biologics, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Jay West
- BMS Process Development Analytical Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neha Puri
- BMS Process Development Analytical Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle McHugh
- BMS Process Development Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Qin He
- BMS Process Development Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jianlin Xu
- BMS Process Development Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Julia Ding
- BMS Process Development Analytical Group, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhengjian Li
- BMS Analytical Development & Analytical Attribute Science in Biologics, Devens, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Cao L, Fabry D, Lan K. Rapid and comprehensive monoclonal antibody Characterization using microfluidic CE-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 204:114251. [PMID: 34265486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification and control of monoclonal antibody (mAb) critical quality attributes (CQAs) is a key component of quality by design (QbD). In this work, rapid peptide mapping and native intact charge variants analysis have been developed to comprehensively characterize and monitor mAb CQAs using a microfluidic capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry (CE-MS) platform. The ultrafast peptide mapping simultaneously analyzed multiple CQAs, including protein primary structure, oxidation, deamidation, succinimide, C-terminal lysine (Lys) clipping, N-terminal cyclization, and glycosylation. The microfluidic CE-MS based peptide mapping acquired results comparable to conventional but lengthy liquid chromatography - MS (LC-MS) based approach. The native intact analysis resolved mAb charge variants with a comparable resolution as commonly achieved using capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF). Charge variants' identities were assigned based on characteristic mass shifts, knowledge learned from peptide mapping, and changes in electrophoretic mobility. Major mAb glycoforms of each charge variants were resolved and identified in the deconvoluted mass spectra. Furthermore, a model simulation was performed to reconstruct intact deconvoluted mass spectra using peptide mapping results. The reconstructed and experimentally determined intact deconvoluted mass spectra were highly correlated, suggesting that our data collected at the peptide level and intact level were consistent and highly comparable. Overall, the microfluidic CE-MS based peptide mapping and native intact charge variants analysis are high-throughput methods that have great potential to support biopharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, UP 1400, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA.
| | - Daniel Fabry
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, UP 1400, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Kevin Lan
- CMC Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, UP 1400, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
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26
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Segu Z, Stone T, Berdugo C, Roberts A, Doud E, Li Y. A rapid method for relative quantification of N-glycans from a therapeutic monoclonal antibody during trastuzumab biosimilar development. MAbs 2021; 12:1750794. [PMID: 32249667 PMCID: PMC7188402 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1750794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification and critical quality attribute that can modulate the efficacy of therapeutic proteins. In the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), quantifying the glycoform profile is a vital characterization step. Traditional glycan analysis is time consuming and involves steps at extreme temperature or pH, which may alter glycans. Here, we describe a rapid method for glycan analysis in which glycans are released from mAb samples that are bound to protein A columns. Since host cell proteins, which may also contain glycans, were already removed, this step enables analysis of cell culture products. Glycans released from the mAb samples are then derivatized with InstantPC™ labeling agent and analyzed by HILIC-FLD-MS. To illustrate the method, the glycan profiles of six trastuzumab (Herceptin®) antibody lots and four biosimilar developmental lots were analyzed. The results derived from our novel method, which takes less than 90 min, are compared with those from a typical glycan preparation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaneer Segu
- Process Development, Catalent Biologics, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Todd Stone
- Process Development, Catalent Biologics, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Claudia Berdugo
- Process Development, Catalent Biologics, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Anthony Roberts
- Process Development, Catalent Biologics, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Yunsong Li
- Process Development, Catalent Biologics, Bloomington, IN, USA
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27
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Abstract
Animal-derived antibody sources, particularly, transgenic mice that are engineered with human immunoglobulin loci, along with advanced antibody generation technology platforms have facilitated the discoveries of human antibody therapeutics. For example, isolation of antigen-specific B cells, microfluidics, and next-generation sequencing have emerged as powerful tools for identifying and developing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). These technologies enable not only antibody drug discovery but also lead to the understanding of B cell biology, immune mechanisms and immunogenetics of antibodies. In this perspective article, we discuss the scientific merits of animal immunization combined with advanced methods for antibody generation as compared to animal-free alternatives through in-vitro-generated antibody libraries. The knowledge gained from animal-derived antibodies concerning the recombinational diversity, somatic hypermutation patterns, and physiochemical properties is found more valuable and prerequisite for developing in vitro libraries, as well as artificial intelligence/machine learning methods to discover safe and effective mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponraj Prabakaran
- Biologics Research US, Global Large Molecules Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Sambasiva P Rao
- Biologics Research US, Global Large Molecules Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Maria Wendt
- Biologics Research US, Global Large Molecules Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
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28
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Zhang R, Prabakaran P, Yu X, Mackness BC, Boudanova E, Hopke J, Sancho J, Saleh J, Cho H, Zhang N, Simonds-Mannes H, Stimple SD, Hoffmann D, Park A, Chowdhury PS, Rao SP. A platform-agnostic, function first-based antibody discovery strategy using plasmid-free mammalian expression of antibodies. MAbs 2021; 13:1904546. [PMID: 33899674 PMCID: PMC8078661 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1904546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybridoma technology has been valuable in the development of therapeutic antibodies. More recently, antigen-specific B-cell selection and display technologies are also gaining importance. A major limitation of these approaches used for antibody discovery is the extensive process of cloning and expression involved in transitioning from antibody identification to validating the function, which compromises the throughput of antibody discovery. In this study, we describe a process to identify and rapidly re-format and express antibodies for functional characterization. We used two different approaches to isolate antibodies to five different targets: 1) flow cytometry to identify antigen-specific single B cells from the spleen of immunized human immunoglobulin transgenic mice; and 2) panning of phage libraries. PCR amplification allowed recovery of paired VH and VL sequences from 79% to 96% of antigen-specific B cells. All cognate VH and VL transcripts were formatted into transcription and translation compatible linear DNA expression cassettes (LEC) encoding whole IgG or Fab. Between 92% and 100% of paired VH and VL transcripts could be converted to LECs, and nearly 100% of them expressed as antibodies when transfected into Expi293F cells. The concentration of IgG in the cell culture supernatants ranged from 0.05 µg/ml to 145.8 µg/ml (mean = 18.4 µg/ml). Antigen-specific binding was displayed by 78–100% of antibodies. High throughput functional screening allowed the rapid identification of several functional antibodies. In summary, we describe a plasmid-free system for cloning and expressing antibodies isolated by different approaches, in any format of choice for deep functional screening that can be applied in any research setting during antibody discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Zhang
- Therapeutic Antibody Discovery, Sanofi Genzyme, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | | - Xiaocong Yu
- Therapeutic Antibody Discovery, Sanofi Genzyme, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Brian C Mackness
- Therapeutic Antibody Discovery, Sanofi Genzyme, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Ekaterina Boudanova
- Protein Engineering, Biologics Research, Sanofi Genzyme, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Joern Hopke
- Molecular Expression and Screening Technologies, Sanofi Genzyme, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Jose Sancho
- Neuroinflammation, Sanofi Genzyme, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | | - HyunSuk Cho
- Therapeutic Antibody Discovery, Sanofi Genzyme, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Therapeutic Antibody Discovery, Sanofi Genzyme, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | | - Samuel D Stimple
- Therapeutic Antibody Discovery, Sanofi Genzyme, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Dietmar Hoffmann
- Molecular Expression and Screening Technologies, Sanofi Genzyme, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Anna Park
- Protein Engineering, Biologics Research, Sanofi Genzyme, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | | - Sambasiva P Rao
- Therapeutic Antibody Discovery, Sanofi Genzyme, Framingham, MA, USA
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Dean AQ, Luo S, Twomey JD, Zhang B. Targeting cancer with antibody-drug conjugates: Promises and challenges. MAbs 2021; 13:1951427. [PMID: 34291723 PMCID: PMC8300931 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1951427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a rapidly expanding class of biotherapeutics that utilize antibodies to selectively deliver cytotoxic drugs to the tumor site. As of May 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved ten ADCs, namely Adcetris®, Kadcyla®, Besponsa®, Mylotarg®, Polivy®, Padcev®, Enhertu®, Trodelvy®, Blenrep®, and Zynlonta™ as monotherapy or combinational therapy for breast cancer, urothelial cancer, myeloma, acute leukemia, and lymphoma. In addition, over 80 investigational ADCs are currently being evaluated in approximately 150 active clinical trials. Despite the growing interest in ADCs, challenges remain to expand their therapeutic index (with greater efficacy and less toxicity). Recent advances in the manufacturing technology for the antibody, payload, and linker combined with new bioconjugation platforms and state-of-the-art analytical techniques are helping to shape the future development of ADCs. This review highlights the current status of marketed ADCs and those under clinical investigation with a focus on translational strategies to improve product quality, safety, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Q. Dean
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shen Luo
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Julianne D. Twomey
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Huang X, Tang X, Jallow A, Qi X, Zhang W, Jiang J, Li H, Zhang Q, Li P. Development of an Ultrasensitive and Rapid Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for Ochratoxin A in Rice. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110682. [PMID: 33138019 PMCID: PMC7693749 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a known food contaminant that affects a wide range of food and agricultural products. The presence of this fungal metabolite in foods poses a threat to human health. Therefore, various detection and quantification methods have been developed to determine its presence in foods. Herein, we describe a rapid and ultrasensitive tracer-based fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for the detection of OTA in rice samples. Four fluorescent tracers OTA-fluorescein thiocarbamoyl ethylenediamine (EDF), OTA-fluorescein thiocarbamoyl butane diamine (BDF), OTA-amino-methyl fluorescein (AMF), and OTA-fluorescein thiocarbamoyl hexame (HDF) with fluorescence polarization values (δFP = FPbind-FPfree) of 5, 100, 207, and 80 mP, respectively, were synthesized. The tracer with the highest δFP value (OTA-AMF) was selected and further optimized for the development of an ultrasensitive FPIA with a detection range of 0.03-0.78 ng/mL. A mean recovery of 70.0% to 110.0% was obtained from spiked rice samples with a relative standard deviation of equal to or less than 20%. Good correlations (r2 = 0.9966) were observed between OTA levels in contaminated rice samples obtained by the FPIA method and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a reference method. The rapidity of the method was confirmed by analyzing ten rice samples that were analyzed within 25 min, on average. The sensitivity, accuracy, and rapidity of the method show that it is suitable for screening and quantification of OTA in food samples without the cumbersome pre-analytical steps required in other mycotoxin detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.H.); (X.T.); (A.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China;
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.Q.); (W.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.H.); (X.T.); (A.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China;
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.Q.); (W.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Abdoulie Jallow
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.H.); (X.T.); (A.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China;
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.Q.); (W.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Wen Zhang
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.Q.); (W.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Jun Jiang
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.Q.); (W.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China;
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.Q.); (W.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.H.); (X.T.); (A.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China;
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.Q.); (W.Z.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (P.L.); Tel.: +86-27-8681-2943 (P.L.)
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.H.); (X.T.); (A.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China;
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China; (X.Q.); (W.Z.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (P.L.); Tel.: +86-27-8681-2943 (P.L.)
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Fratz-Berilla EJ, Angart P, Graham RJ, Powers DN, Mohammad A, Kohnhorst C, Faison T, Velugula-Yellela SR, Trunfio N, Agarabi C. Impacts on product quality attributes of monoclonal antibodies produced in CHO cell bioreactor cultures during intentional mycoplasma contamination events. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2802-2815. [PMID: 32436993 PMCID: PMC7496122 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A mycoplasma contamination event in a biomanufacturing facility can result in costly cleanups and potential drug shortages. Mycoplasma may survive in mammalian cell cultures with only subtle changes to the culture and penetrate the standard 0.2‐µm filters used in the clarification of harvested cell culture fluid. Previously, we reported a study regarding the ability of Mycoplasma arginini to persist in a single‐use, perfusion rocking bioreactor system containing a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DG44 cell line expressing a model monoclonal immunoglobulin G 1 (IgG1) antibody. Our previous work showed that M. arginini affects CHO cell growth profile, viability, nutrient consumption, oxygen use, and waste production at varying timepoints after M. arginini introduction to the culture. Careful evaluation of certain identified process parameters over time may be used to indicate mycoplasma contamination in CHO cell cultures in a bioreactor before detection from a traditional method. In this report, we studied the changes in the IgG1 product quality produced by CHO cells considered to be induced by the M. arginini contamination events. We observed changes in critical quality attributes correlated with the duration of contamination, including increased acidic charge variants and high mannose species, which were further modeled using principal component analysis to explore the relationships among M. arginini contamination, CHO cell growth and metabolites, and IgG1 product quality attributes. Finally, partial least square models using NIR spectral data were used to establish predictions of high levels (≥104 colony‐forming unit [CFU/ml]) of M. arginini contamination, but prediction of levels below 104 CFU/ml were not reliable. Contamination of CHO cells with M. arginini resulted in significant reduction of antibody product quality, highlighting the importance of rapid microbiological testing and mycoplasma testing during particularly long upstream bioprocesses to ensure product safety and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Fratz-Berilla
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Phillip Angart
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ryan J Graham
- Division of Product Quality Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - David N Powers
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Division of Product Quality Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Talia Faison
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sai Rashmika Velugula-Yellela
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Cyrus Agarabi
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Jugler C, Joensuu J, Chen Q. Hydrophobin-Protein A Fusion Protein Produced in Plants Efficiently Purified an Anti-West Nile Virus Monoclonal Antibody from Plant Extracts via Aqueous Two-Phase Separation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2140. [PMID: 32244994 PMCID: PMC7139538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has provided vast opportunities to treat a wide range of diseases from cancer to viral infections. While plant-based production of mAbs has effectively lowered the upstream cost of mAb production compared to mammalian cell cultures, further optimization of downstream processing, especially in extending the longevity of Protein A resin by an effective bulk separation step, will further reduce the overall prohibitive cost of mAb production. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using aqueous two-phase separation (ATPS) in capturing and separating plant-made mAbs from host proteins. Our results demonstrated that an anti-West Nile virus mAb (E16) was efficiently separated from most plant host proteins by a single ATPS step, comprising the mixing of plant extracts containing Hydrophobin-Protein A fusion protein (HPA) and E16 and the subsequent incubation with an inexpensive detergent. This simple ATPS step yielded a highly enriched E16 mAb preparation with a recovery rate comparable to that of Protein A chromatography. The ATPS-enriched E16 retained its structural integrity and was fully functional in binding its target antigen. Notably, HPA-based ATPS was also effective in enriching E16 from plant host proteins when both HPA and E16 were produced in the same leaves, supporting the potential of further streamlining the downstream purification process. Thus, ATPS based on plant-produced HPA in unpurified extract is a cost-effective yet efficient initial capture step for purifying plant-made mAbs, which may significantly impact the approach of mAb purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Jugler
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Mail Zone 5401, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jussi Joensuu
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Mail Zone 5401, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Xu L, Suo XY, Zhang Q, Li XP, Chen C, Zhang XY. ELISA and Chemiluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay for Sensitive and Specific Determination of Lead (II) in Water, Food and Feed Samples. Foods 2020; 9:foods9030305. [PMID: 32182696 PMCID: PMC7143091 DOI: 10.3390/foods9030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead is a heavy metal with increasing public health concerns on its accumulation in the food chain and environment. Immunoassays for the quantitative measurement of environmental heavy metals offer numerous advantages over other traditional methods. ELISA and chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA), based on the mAb we generated, were developed for the detection of lead (II). In total, 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of lead (II) were 9.4 ng/mL (ELISA) and 1.4 ng/mL (CLEIA); the limits of detection (LOD) were 0.7 ng/mL (ic-ELISA) and 0.1 ng/mL (ic-CLEIA), respectively. Cross-reactivities of the mAb toward other metal ions were less than 0.943%, indicating that the obtained mAb has high sensitivity and specificity. The recovery rates were 82.1%–108.3% (ic-ELISA) and 80.1%–98.8% (ic-CLEIA), respectively. The developed methods are feasible for the determination of trace lead (II) in various samples with high sensitivity, specificity, fastness, simplicity and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China; (L.X.); (Q.Z.); (C.C.)
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Department of Biology, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Xiao-yi Suo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.-y.S.); (X.-p.L.)
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China; (L.X.); (Q.Z.); (C.C.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.-y.S.); (X.-p.L.)
| | - Xin-ping Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.-y.S.); (X.-p.L.)
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China; (L.X.); (Q.Z.); (C.C.)
| | - Xiao-ying Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China; (L.X.); (Q.Z.); (C.C.)
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Department of Biology, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.-y.S.); (X.-p.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Sheen DA, Shen VK, Brinson RG, Arbogast LW, Marino JP, Delaglio F. Chemometric Outlier Classification of 2D-NMR Spectra to Enable Higher Order Structure Characterization of Protein Therapeutics. Chemometr Intell Lab Syst 2020; 199:10.1016/j.chemolab.2020.103973. [PMID: 34135539 PMCID: PMC8204403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemolab.2020.103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics are vitally important clinically and commercially, with monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutic sales alone accounting for $115 billion in revenue for 2018.[1] In order for these therapeutics to be safe and efficacious, their protein components must maintain their high order structure (HOS), which includes retaining their three-dimensional fold and not forming aggregates. As demonstrated in the recent NISTmAb Interlaboratory nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Study[2], NMR spectroscopy is a robust and precise approach to address this HOS measurement need. Using the NISTmAb study data, we benchmark a procedure for automated outlier detection used to identify spectra that are not of sufficient quality for further automated analysis. When applied to a diverse collection of all 252 1H,13C gHSQC spectra from the study, a recursive version of the automated procedure performed comparably to visual analysis, and identified three outlier cases that were missed by the human analyst. In total, this method represents a distinct advance in chemometric detection of outliers due to variation in both measurement and sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Sheen
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Vincent K. Shen
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Robert G. Brinson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850 USA
| | - Luke W. Arbogast
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850 USA
| | - John P. Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850 USA
| | - Frank Delaglio
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850 USA
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Zalles M, Smith N, Ziegler J, Saunders D, Remerowski S, Thomas L, Gulej R, Mamedova N, Lerner M, Fung K, Chung J, Hwang K, Jin J, Wiley G, Brown C, Battiste J, Wren JD, Towner RA. Optimized monoclonal antibody treatment against ELTD1 for GBM in a G55 xenograft mouse model. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:1738-1749. [PMID: 31863639 PMCID: PMC6991683 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive brain tumour found in adults, and the therapeutic approaches available have not significantly increased patient survival. Recently, we discovered that ELTD1, an angiogenic biomarker, is highly expressed in human gliomas. Polyclonal anti-ELTD1 treatments were effective in glioma pre-clinical models, however, pAb binding is potentially promiscuous. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of an optimized monoclonal anti-ELTD1 treatment in G55 xenograft glioma models. MRI was used to assess the effects of the treatments on animal survival, tumour volumes, perfusion rates and binding specificity. Immunohistochemistry and histology were conducted to confirm and characterize microvessel density and Notch1 levels, and to locate the molecular probes. RNA-sequencing was used to analyse the effects of the mAb treatment. Our monoclonal anti-ELTD1 treatment significantly increased animal survival, reduced tumour volumes, normalized the vasculature and showed higher binding specificity within the tumour compared with both control- and polyclonal-treated mice. Notch1 positivity staining and RNA-seq results suggested that ELTD1 has the ability to interact with and interrupt Notch1 signalling. Although little is known about ELTD1, particularly about its ligand and pathways, our data suggest that our monoclonal anti-ELTD1 antibody is a promising anti-angiogenic therapeutic in glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Zalles
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Oklahoma Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Jadith Ziegler
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Dean McGee Eye InstituteUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Shannon Remerowski
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Center for Veterinary SciencesOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKUSA
| | - Lincy Thomas
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- The Jimmy Everest Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders in ChildrenUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Rafal Gulej
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Pharmaceutical DepartmentMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Nadya Mamedova
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Megan Lerner
- Surgery Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Kar‐Ming Fung
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Cardiovascular BiologyOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Stephenson Cancer CenterUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Kyusang Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Junyeong Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Graham Wiley
- Clinical Genomics CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Chase Brown
- Oklahoma Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Genes & Human DiseaseOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - James Battiste
- Stephenson Cancer CenterUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Jonathan D. Wren
- Genes & Human DiseaseOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Rheal A. Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance CenterOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Oklahoma Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
- Stephenson Cancer CenterUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOKUSA
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Fratz-Berilla EJ, Faison T, Kohnhorst CL, Velugula-Yellela SR, Powers DN, Brorson K, Agarabi C. Impacts of intentional mycoplasma contamination on CHO cell bioreactor cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3242-3252. [PMID: 31478189 PMCID: PMC6900124 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination events in biomanufacturing facilities can result in loss of production and costly cleanups. Mycoplasma may survive in mammalian cell cultures with only subtle changes to the culture and may penetrate the 0.2 µm filters often used in the primary clarification of harvested cell culture fluid. Culture cell‐based and indicator cell‐based assays that are used to detect mycoplasma are highly sensitive but can take up to 28 days to complete and cannot be used for real‐time decision making during the biomanufacturing process. To support real‐time measurements of mycoplasma contamination, there is a push to explore nucleic acid testing. However, cell‐based methods measure growth or colony forming units and nucleic acid testing measures genome copy number; this has led to ambiguity regarding how to compare the sensitivity of the methods. In addition, the high risk of conducting experiments wherein one deliberately spikes mycoplasma into bioreactors has dissuaded commercial groups from performing studies to explore the multiple variables associated with the upstream effects of a mycoplasma contamination in a manufacturing setting. Here we studied the ability of Mycoplasma arginini to persist in a single‐use, perfusion rocking bioreactor system containing a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DG44 cell line expressing a model monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody. We examined M. arginini growth and detection by culture methods, as well as the effects of M. arginini on mammalian cell health, metabolism, and productivity. We compared process parameters and controls normally measured in bioreactors including dissolved oxygen, gas mix, and base addition to maintain pH, to examine parameter changes as potential indicators of contamination. Our work showed that M. arginini affects CHO cell growth profile, viability, nutrient consumption, oxygen use, and waste production at varying timepoints after M. arginini introduction to the culture. Importantly, how the M. arginini contamination impacts the CHO cells is influenced by the concentration of CHO cells and rate of perfusion at the time of M. arginini spike. Careful evaluation of dissolved oxygen, pH control parameters, ammonia, and arginine over time may be used to indicate mycoplasma contamination in CHO cell cultures in a bioreactor before a read‐out from a traditional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Fratz-Berilla
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Product Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Talia Faison
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Product Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Sai Rashmika Velugula-Yellela
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Product Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - David N Powers
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Product Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kurt Brorson
- Currently with Parexel International Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Cyrus Agarabi
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Product Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Abstract
Introduction: B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) contributes to MM pathophysiology and is a target antigen for novel MM immunotherapy. Complete responses have been observed in heavily pretreated MM patients after treatment with BCMA antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), chimeric antigen receptor T, and bi-specific T cell engagers (BiTE®). These and other innovative BCMA-targeted therapies transform the treatment landscape and patient outcome in MM. Areas covered: The immunobiological rationale for targeting BCMA in MM is followed by key preclinical studies and available clinical data on efficacy and safety of therapies targeting BCMA from recent phase I/II studies. Expert opinion: BCMA is the most selective MM target antigen, and BCMA-targeted approaches have achieved high responses even in relapse and refractory MM as a monotherapy. Long-term follow-up and correlative studies using immuno-phenotyping and -sequencing will delineate mechanisms of overcoming the immunosuppressive MM bone marrow microenvironment to mediate additive or synergistic anti-MM cytotoxicity. Moreover, they will delineate cellular and molecular events underlying the development of resistance underlying relapse of disease. Most importantly, targeted BCMA-based immunotherapies used earlier in the disease course and in combination (adoptive T cell therapy, mAbs/ADCs, checkpoint and cytokine blockade, and vaccines) have great promise to achieve long-term disease control and potential cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tzu Tai
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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AbouGhaly MHH, Du J, Patel SM, Topp EM. Effects of ionic interactions on protein stability prediction using solid-state hydrogen deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (ssHDX-MS). Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118512. [PMID: 31301464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deuterium incorporation in solid-state hydrogen deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (ssHDX-MS) has been correlated with protein aggregation on storage in sugar-based solid matrices. Here, the effects of sucrose, arginine and histidine buffer on the rate of aggregation of a lyophilized monoclonal antibody (mAb) were assessed using design of experiments (DoE) and response surface methodology. Lyophilized formulations were characterized using ssHDX-MS and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ssFTIR) to assess potential correlation with stability in solid state. The samples were subjected to storage stability at 5 °C and stressed stability at 40 °C/75% RH for 6 months, and the aggregation rate was measured using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Different levels of arginine had no significant effect on deuterium uptake in ssHDX-MS, although stability studies showed that aggregation rate decreased with increasing arginine concentration. Similarly, when histidine buffer was replaced with phosphate buffer at the same pH and molarity, ssHDX-MS showed no differences in deuterium uptake, but storage stability studies showed a significant increase in aggregation rate. The results suggest that proteins can be stabilized in amorphous solids by ionic interactions which ssHDX-MS does not detect, an important indication of the limitations of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H H AbouGhaly
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Jiali Du
- Dosage Form Design & Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Sajal M Patel
- Dosage Form Design & Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Topp
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Haeri HH, Blaffert J, Schöffmann FA, Blech M, Hartl J, Garidel P, Hinderberger D. Concentration Effects in the Interaction of Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) with their Immediate Environment Characterized by EPR Spectroscopy. Molecules 2019; 24:E2528. [PMID: 31295948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are often needed and applied in high concentration solutions, >100 mg/mL. Due to close intermolecular distances between mAbs at high concentrations (~10–20 nm at 200 mg/mL), intermolecular interactions between mAbs and mAbs and solvent/co-solute molecules become non-negligible. Here, EPR spectroscopy is used to study the high-concentration solutions of mAbs and their effect on co-solvated small molecules, using EPR “spin probing” assay in aqueous and buffered solutions. Such, information regarding the surrounding environments of mAbs at high concentrations were obtained and comparisons between EPR-obtained micro-viscosities (rotational correlation times) and macroscopic viscosities measured by rheology were possible. In comparison with highly viscous systems like glycerol-water mixtures, it was found that up to concentrations of 50 mg/mL, the mAb-spin probe systems have similar trends in their macro- (rheology) and micro-viscosities (EPR), whereas at very high concentrations they deviate strongly. The charged spin probes sense an almost unchanged aqueous solution even at very high concentrations, which in turn indicates the existence of large solvent regions that despite their proximity to large mAbs essentially offer pure water reservoirs for co-solvated charged molecules. In contrast, in buffered solutions, amphiphilic spin probes like TEMPO interact with the mAb network, due to slight charge screening. The application of EPR spectroscopy in the present work has enabled us to observe and discriminate between electrostatic and hydrophobic kinds of interactions and depict the potential underlying mechanisms of network formation at high concentrations of mAbs. These findings could be of importance as well for the development of liquid-liquid phase separations often observed in highly concentrated protein solutions.
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Abstract
Although peroxide and leachable metal-induced chemical modifications are among the most important quality attributes in bioprocess development, there is no mainstream characterization method covering all common modifications theoretically possible on therapeutic proteins that also gives consistent results quickly. Here, we describe a method for rapid and consistent global characterization of leachable metals- or peroxide-stressed immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Using two independent protease digestions, data-independent acquisition and data-dependent acquisition liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry, we monitored 55 potential chemical modifications on trastuzumab, a humanized IgG1 mAb. Processing templates including all observed peptides were developed on Skyline to consistently monitor all modifications throughout the stress conditions for both enzymatic digestions. The Global Characterization Data Processing Site, a universal automated data processing application, was created to batch process data, plot modification trends for peptides, generate sortable and downloadable modification tables, and produce Jmol code for three-dimensional structural models of the analyzed protein. In total, 53 sites on the mAb were found to be modified. Oxidation rates generally increased with the peroxide concentration, while leachable metals alone resulted in lower rates of modifications but more oxidative degradants. Multiple chemical modifications were found on IgG1 surfaces known to interact with FcɣRIII, complement protein C1q, and FcRn, potentially affecting activity. The combination of Skyline templates and the Global Characterization Data Processing Site results in a universally applicable assay allowing users to batch process numerous modifications. Applying this new method to stability studies will promote a broader and deeper understanding of stress modifications on therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- a Process Development, Catalent Pharma Solutions, Inc , Bloomington , IN , USA
| | - Emma Doud
- a Process Development, Catalent Pharma Solutions, Inc , Bloomington , IN , USA
| | - Todd Stone
- a Process Development, Catalent Pharma Solutions, Inc , Bloomington , IN , USA
| | - Lun Xin
- a Process Development, Catalent Pharma Solutions, Inc , Bloomington , IN , USA
| | - Wei Hong
- a Process Development, Catalent Pharma Solutions, Inc , Bloomington , IN , USA
| | - Yunsong Li
- a Process Development, Catalent Pharma Solutions, Inc , Bloomington , IN , USA
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Bertrand V, Karst DJ, Bachmann A, Cantalupo K, Soos M, Morbidelli M. Transcriptome and proteome analysis of steady-state in a perfusion CHO cell culture process. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1959-1972. [PMID: 30997936 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-term continuous protein production can be reached by perfusion operation. Through the continuous removal of waste metabolites and supply of nutrients, steady-state (SS) conditions are achieved after a certain transient period, where the conditions inside the reactor are not only uniform in space but also constant in time. Such stable conditions may have beneficial influences on the reduction of product heterogeneities. In this study, we investigated the impact of perfusion cultivation on the intracellular physiological state of a CHO cell line producing a monoclonal antibody (mAb) by global transcriptomics and proteomics. Despite stable viable cell density was maintained right from the beginning of the cultivation time, productivity decrease, and a transition phase for metabolites and product quality was observed before reaching SS conditions. These were traced back to three sources of transient behaviors being hydrodynamic flow rates, intracellular dynamics of gene expression as well as metabolism and cell line instability, superimposing each other. However, 99.4% of all transcripts and proteins reached SS during the first week or were at SS from the beginning. These results demonstrate that the stable extracellular conditions of perfusion lead to SS also of the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Bertrand
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Karst
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Bachmann
- RBM S.p.A. Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A.Marxer, Merck, Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Cantalupo
- RBM S.p.A. Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A.Marxer, Merck, Rome, Italy
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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42
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Thornton CR. Molecular Imaging of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Using ImmunoPET/MRI: The Future Looks Bright. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:691. [PMID: 29686661 PMCID: PMC5900000 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life-threatening lung disease of immuno-compromised humans caused by the ubiquitous environmental mold Aspergillus. Biomarker tests for the disease lack sensitivity and specificity, and culture of the fungus from invasive lung biopsy is slow, insensitive, and undesirable in critically ill patients. A computed tomogram (CT) of the chest offers a simple non-intrusive diagnostic procedure for rapid decision making, and so is used in many hematology units to drive antifungal treatment. However, radiological indicators that raise the suspicion of IPA are either transient signs in the early stages of the disease or not specific for Aspergillus infection, with other angio-invasive molds or bacterial pathogens producing comparable radiological manifestations in a chest CT. Improvements to the specificity of radiographic imaging of IPA have been attempted by coupling CT and positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG), a marker of metabolic activity well suited to cancer imaging, but with limited use in invasive fungal disease diagnostics due to its inability to differentiate between infectious etiologies, cancer, and inflammation. Bioluminescence imaging using single genetically modified strains of Aspergillus fumigatus has enabled in vivo monitoring of IPA in animal models of disease. For in vivo detection of Aspergillus lung infections in humans, radiolabeled Aspergillus-specific monoclonal antibodies, and iron siderophores, hold enormous potential for clinical diagnosis. This review examines the different experimental technologies used to image IPA, and recent advances in state-of-the-art molecular imaging of IPA using antibody-guided PET/magnetic resonance imaging (immunoPET/MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Thornton
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,ISCA Diagnostics Ltd., Exeter, United Kingdom
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43
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Burke CW, Froude JW, Miethe S, Hülseweh B, Hust M, Glass PJ. Human-Like Neutralizing Antibodies Protect Mice from Aerosol Exposure with Western Equine Encephalitis Virus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040147. [PMID: 29587363 PMCID: PMC5923441 DOI: 10.3390/v10040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) causes symptoms in humans ranging from mild febrile illness to life-threatening encephalitis, and no human medical countermeasures are licensed. A previous study demonstrated that immune serum from vaccinated mice protected against lethal WEEV infection, suggesting the utility of antibodies for pre- and post-exposure treatment. Here, three neutralizing and one binding human-like monoclonal antibodies were evaluated against WEEV aerosol challenge. Dose-dependent protection was observed with two antibodies administered individually, ToR69-3A2 and ToR68-2C3. In vitro neutralization was not a critical factor for protection in this murine model, as ToR69-3A2 is a strong neutralizing antibody, and ToR68-2C3 is a non-neutralizing antibody. This result highlights the importance of both neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies in the protection of mice from WEEV lethality.
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MESH Headings
- Aerosols
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/mortality
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/prevention & control
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/virology
- Immunization
- Mice
- Morbidity
- Mortality
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal W Burke
- United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jeffrey W Froude
- United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Sebastian Miethe
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Spielmannstr.7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Birgit Hülseweh
- Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut für Schutztechnologien (WIS)-ABC-Schutz, Humboldtstr. 1, 29623 Munster, Germany.
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Spielmannstr.7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
- YUMAB GmbH, Science Campus Braunschweig Süd, Inhoffenstr.7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Pamela J Glass
- United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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44
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Sun H, Chen Q, Lai H. Development of Antibody Therapeutics against Flaviviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:E54. [PMID: 29295568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) highlight the urgent need to develop efficacious interventions against flaviviruses, many of which cause devastating epidemics around the world. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been at the forefront of treatment for cancer and a wide array of other diseases due to their specificity and potency. While mammalian cell-produced mAbs have shown promise as therapeutic candidates against several flaviviruses, their eventual approval for human application still faces several challenges including their potential risk of predisposing treated patients to more severe secondary infection by a heterologous flavivirus through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). The high cost associated with mAb production in mammalian cell cultures also poses a challenge for the feasible application of these drugs to the developing world where the majority of flavivirus infection occurs. Here, we review the current therapeutic mAb candidates against various flaviviruses including West Nile (WNV), Dengue virus (DENV), and ZIKV. The progress of using plants for developing safer and more economical mAb therapeutics against flaviviruses is discussed within the context of their expression, characterization, downstream processing, neutralization, and in vivo efficacy. The progress of using plant glycoengineering to address ADE, the major impediment of flavivirus therapeutic development, is highlighted. These advancements suggest that plant-based systems are excellent alternatives for addressing the remaining challenges of mAb therapeutic development against flavivirus and may facilitate the eventual commercialization of these drug candidates.
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45
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O'Flaherty R, Trbojević-Akmačić I, Greville G, Rudd PM, Lauc G. The sweet spot for biologics: recent advances in characterization of biotherapeutic glycoproteins. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 15:13-29. [PMID: 29130774 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1404907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycosylation is recognized as a Critical Quality Attribute for therapeutic glycoproteins such as monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins and therapeutic replacement enzymes. Hence, efficient and quantitative glycan analysis techniques have been increasingly important for their discovery, development and quality control. The aim of this review is to highlight relevant and recent advances in analytical technologies for characterization of biotherapeutic glycoproteins. Areas covered: The review gives an overview of the glycosylation trends of biotherapeutics approved in 2016 and 2017 by FDA. It describes current and novel analytical technologies for characterization of therapeutic glycoproteins and is explored in the context of released glycan, glycopeptide or intact glycoprotein analysis. Ultra performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis technologies are explored in this context. Expert commentary: There is a need for the biopharmaceutical industry to incorporate novel state of the art analytical technologies into existing and new therapeutic glycoprotein workflows for safer and more efficient biotherapeutics and for the improvement of future biotherapeutic design. Additionally, at present, there is no 'gold-standard' approach to address all the regulatory requirements and as such this will involve the use of orthogonal glycoanalytical technologies with a view to gain diagnostic information about the therapeutic glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín O'Flaherty
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | | | - Gordon Greville
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | - Gordan Lauc
- b Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory , 10000 , Zagreb , Croatia.,c Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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46
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Chang X, Xu Q, Hou Y, Li C, Xu Y, Stewart AK. Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies Generated from Full Length Human Cereblon: Detection of Cereblon Protein in Patients with Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1999. [PMID: 28926977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) are profoundly active compounds in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). However, despite the fact that treatment with IMiDs has dramatically improved survival for patients with MM, the majority of MM patients develop IMiDs resistance over time. We have found that expression of functional cereblon is required for IMiDs' action. In addition, it has been reported that cells expressing high levels of cereblon are resistant to proteasome inhibitor, implying that patients with high levels of cereblon should be resistant to proteasome inhibitor. If the above conclusions are correct, cereblon could be considered as a biomarker to determine which standard regimens should be used to treat patients with MM. Unfortunately, the conclusions mentioned above have not been clinically confirmed. In order to confirm these conclusions, we have generated three highly specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against full-length human cereblon. These mAbs can be used to do western blot, immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry staining. In addition, their epitopes have been precisely determined and the peptides covering their epitopes completely blocked the antibody binding to cereblon in western blot analysis or in immunohistochemistry staining of MM patients' specimens.
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47
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Gupta SK, Shukla P. Sophisticated Cloning, Fermentation, and Purification Technologies for an Enhanced Therapeutic Protein Production: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:419. [PMID: 28725194 PMCID: PMC5495827 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein productions strategies are crucial towards the development of application based research and elucidating the novel purification strategies for industrial production. Currently, there are few innovative avenues are studies for cloning, upstream, and purification through efficient bioprocess development. Such strategies are beneficial for industries as well as proven to be vital for effectual therapeutic protein development. Though, these techniques are well documented, but, there is scope of addition to current knowledge with novel and new approaches and it will pave new avenues in production of recombinant microbial and non-microbial proteins including secondary metabolites. In this review, we have focussed on the recent development in clone selection, various modern fermentation and purification technologies and future directions in these emerging areas. Moreover, we have also highlighted notable perspectives and challenges involved in the bioengineering of such proteins, including quality by design, gene editing and pioneering ideas. The biopharmaceutical industries continue to shift towards more flexible, automated platforms and economical product development, which in turn can help in developing the cost effective processes and affordable drug development for a large community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Gupta
- Advanced Biotech Lab, Ipca Laboratories Ltd.,Mumbai, India.,Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtak, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtak, India
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48
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Zhao J, Saunders J, Schussler SD, Rios S, Insaidoo FK, Fridman AL, Li H, Liu YH. Characterization of a novel modification of a CHO-produced mAb: Evidence for the presence of tyrosine sulfation. MAbs 2017; 9:985-995. [PMID: 28590151 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1332552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe the investigation of a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-expressed human mAb molecule found partially modified by a +80 Da adduct. This mass difference, suggestive of a single sulfation or phosphorylation addition, was observed by mass analysis of the intact and reduced molecule by mass spectrometry (MS). The modification was located on tyrosine 31 (Y31) of the light chain in the complementarity-determining region 1 by liquid chromatography (LC)-MS peptide mapping and electron transfer dissociation fragmentation. The complete loss of the 80 Da modification moiety during collision induced dissociation fragmentation suggested this modification could not be a tyrosine phosphorylation. Treatment of the mAb with alkaline phosphatase confirmed our hypothesis. Western blot experiment using anti-tyrosine sulfation antibody and LC retention time correlation with corresponding synthetic sulfated peptides further confirmed the identification of tyrosine sulfation on the light chain. The unique sequence motif with neighboring acidic amino acids and local secondary structure might play a role to make Y31 a substrate residue for sulfation. This type of modification, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported for CHO-produced human IgG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- a Protein Mass Spectrometry, Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Bioprocess Development , Merck Research Laboratories , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Jason Saunders
- b Preclinical Development, New Modalities, Bioprocess Development , Merck Research Laboratories , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Svetlana Dukleska Schussler
- c Purification Process Development & In-Process Analytical, Bioprocess Development , Merck Research Laboratories , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Sandra Rios
- c Purification Process Development & In-Process Analytical, Bioprocess Development , Merck Research Laboratories , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Francis Kobina Insaidoo
- c Purification Process Development & In-Process Analytical, Bioprocess Development , Merck Research Laboratories , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Aleksandr L Fridman
- a Protein Mass Spectrometry, Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Bioprocess Development , Merck Research Laboratories , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Huijuan Li
- a Protein Mass Spectrometry, Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Bioprocess Development , Merck Research Laboratories , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- a Protein Mass Spectrometry, Sterile Product and Analytical Development, Bioprocess Development , Merck Research Laboratories , Kenilworth , NJ , USA
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Abstract
There are many factors that can influence the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a mAb or Fc-fusion molecule with the primary determinant being FcRn-mediated recycling. Through Fab or Fc engineering, IgG-FcRn interaction can be used to generate a variety of therapeutic antibodies with significantly enhanced half-life or ability to remove unwanted antigen from circulation. Glycosylation of a mAb or Fc-fusion protein can have a significant impact on the PK of these molecules. mAb charge can be important and variants with pI values of 1–2 unit difference are likely to impact PK with lower pI values being favorable for a longer half-life. Most mAbs display target mediated drug disposition (TMDD), which can have significant consequences on the study designs of preclinical and clinical studies. The PK of mAb can also be influenced by anti-drug antibody (ADA) response and off-target binding, which require careful consideration during the discovery stage. mAbs are primarily absorbed through the lymphatics via convection and can be conveniently administered by the subcutaneous (sc) route in large doses/volumes with co-formulation of hyaluronidase. The human PK of a mAb can be reasonably estimated using cynomolgus monkey data and allometric scaling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Liu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, West Point, PA, 19486, USA.
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Zheng S, Qiu D, Adams M, Li J, Mantri RV, Gandhi R. Investigating the Degradation Behaviors of a Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Associated with pH and Buffer Species. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:42-48. [PMID: 26340951 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed in understanding the degradation behaviors of an IgG 1 subtype therapeutic monoclonal antibody A (mAb-A) associated with pH and buffer species. The information obtained in this study can augment conventional, stability-based screening paradigms by providing the direction necessary for efficient experimental design. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used for studying conformational stability. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was utilized to generate B 22*, a modified second virial coefficient for the character of protein-protein interaction. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) were employed to separate degradation products. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used for determining the molecular size and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used for identifying the sequence of the separated fragments. The results showed that both pH and buffer species played the roles in controlling the degradation behaviors of mAb-A, but the pH was more significant. In particular, pH 4.5 induced additional thermal transition peaks occurring at a low temperature compared with pH 6.5. A continual temperature-stress study illustrated that the additional thermal transition peaks related to the least stable structure and a greater fragmentation. Although mAb-A showed the comparable conformational structures and an identical amount of aggregates at time zero between the different types of buffer species at pH 6.5, the aggregation formation rate showed a buffer species-dependent discrepancy over a temperature-stress period. It was found that the levels of aggregations associated with the magnitudes of protein-protein interaction forces.
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